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2014届牛津高三英语二轮复习语法专题
专题2 名词性从句
一.语法概念巧掌握:
(一)概念
名词性从句,即指性质相当于名词的从句,它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
(二)名词性从句的一般引导词
1. 连接词 that 引导名词性从句时 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ),只起连接作用,没有任何意思,也不充当句子成分,在宾语从句中可省略,但引导其他名词性从句时通常不省略。如:21·cn·jy·com
I hope (that) you enjoy your holiday. 希望你假期过得好。
That he likes you is very obvious. 很显然他喜欢你。
2. 连接词 whether 引导名词性从 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )句也不充当句子成分,但有自己的意思,表示“是否”;引导宾语从句时,可换成 if,但引导其他名词性从句时不能换成 if。如:
He asked whether [if] I would show him the way. 他问我是否可以给他带路。
Whether it will do us ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) harm remains to be seen. 是否对我们有害还要看一看。(引导主语从句,不能用 if 代替 whether)
3. 连接代词 who(m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )), whose, which, what 等引导名词性从句时,均有各自的意义,在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等。如:
That’s why she wanted to leave. 这就是她想离开的原因。
When we arrive doesn't matter. 什么时候到没有关系。
Tell me which one you like best. 告诉我你最喜欢哪一个。
4. 连接副词 when, where, why, how 等引导名词性从句,也各自有自己的意义,在从句中作状语。如:
The question is how we should carry out the plan. 问题是怎样执行这个计划。
When she’ll be back depends much on the weather. 她什么时候回来在很大程度上要看天气。
Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever. 他为什么这样做将永远是一个谜。
(三)名词性从句的重要引导词
1. what 用于引导名词性从句是一 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )个十分重要的引导词,它可引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句,但不用于引导同位语从句。它引导的名词性从句有两个意思是:一是表示“什么”,带有疑问意味;二是表示“…所…的”,相当于一个先行词后接一个关系代词。如:
I don’t know what you want. 我不知道你想要什么。
I don’t know what you want is this. 我不知道你所想要的是这个。
2. what 引导名词性从句时可用作限定词,其后修饰名词。如:
I gave him what books I had. 我把我所有的书都给他了。
He gave me what money he had about him. 他把身边带有的钱全给了我。
注:what 后的名词可以是复数名 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )词或不可数名词,但通常不能是单数可数名词,并且后接不可数名词时,有时可有little修饰,两者的区别是:what+不可数名词=所有的都,what little+不可数名词=虽少但全部。如:2·1·c·n·j·y
What friends she has are out of the country. 她有的那些朋友全在国外。
We gave him what (little) help we could. 我们给了他我们力所能及的帮助。
3. whoever, whate ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ver, whichever 等也可引导名词性从句,其意分别为“所…的一切事或东西”、“任何…的人”、““…的任可人或物”等。如:www-2-1-cnjy-com
Whoever wants the book may have it. 任何人要这书都可拿去。
I’ll do whatever I can to help him. 我们将尽我们所能来挽救他。
Buy whichever is cheapest. 买最便宜的。
注意以下受汉语意思影响而弄错的句子:
任何人来都欢迎。
误:Who comes will be welcome. / Anyone comes will be welcome.
正:Whoever comes will be welcome. / Anyone who comes will be welcome.
另外,它们也可引导让步状语从句,其意为“无论…”、“不管…”,其意相当于 no matter who [what, which]。如:
Whatever happens, you ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )must be calm. 不管发生什么情况,你都必须镇静。(whatever = no matter what)
He won't eat ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )you, whoever he is. 不管他是谁,他也不能把你吃掉。(whoever = no matter who)【出处:21教育名师】
注:whoever 引导 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )名词性从句时既用作主格也用作宾语;作宾语时不宜用 whomever,因为在现代英语中 whomever 这个已几乎废弃不用。
4. why 与 because 的用法区别。两者均可引导表语从句,但前者强调结果,后者强调的原因。如:
I had a cold. That’s why I didn't come. 我感冒了,因此我没来。
I didn’t come. That’s because I had a cold. 我没有来,那是因为我感冒了。
(四)名词性从句的语序
名词性从句的词序与陈述句语序相同,尤其 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )注意那些由连接代词who(m), whose, which, what 和连接副词 when, where, why 等引导的名词性从句,不要受它们在特殊疑问句中用法的影响而误用疑问句词序。如:
Why was she crying 她为什么在哭?
I don’t know why he was crying. 我不知道她为什么哭。
(五)名词性从句的时态问题
1. 当主句的谓语动词是过去式时,宾语从句若不是一个客观事实或真理,其谓语动词也必须用某种过去时态。如:
She said that she didn't want to know. 她说她不想知道。
I asked her whether she would agree. 我问她是否会同意。
2. when, if 这两个词既可引 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )导名词性从句,也可引导状语从句。当它们引导名词性从句且表示将来意义时,要直接使用将来时态;但当它们引导状语从句且表示将来意义时,则必须用一般现在时表示将来意义。如:
I don’t know when ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) he will come, but when he comes, I’ll call you. 我不知道他什么时候,但当他来的时候,我会打电话给你。
句中第一个when 引导的是宾语从句,故用将来时态表示将来意义;第二个when 引导的是时间状语从句,故用一般现在时表示将来意义。
三.解题方法灵活用
从句的解题方法或步骤:
第一步:先分析出大的类别—— 定从?/名从?/状从?
即分析所缺部分在主句中的成分
从而确定从句大的类别
第二步:口诀逐一解决:
(I)名词性从句。口诀——先成分后含义
(II)定语从句。口诀——先成分后先行词
(III)状语从句。口诀——翻译即可
在本专题中,名词性从句的口诀执行方法是:
分析引导词在从句中的成分
A 做名词性成分——what/which/who/as(+wh-ever型)
B 做非名词性成分
a 不做成分:that/if/whether(whether霸王原则)
b 做状语成分:when/where/why/how
一旦分出AB两类,剩余的靠含义直接翻译即可解决。
例如A computer can o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nly do _________ you have instructed it to do. (01年31题)
A. how B. after C. what D. when
解:第一步:先分析出大的类别
A computer can only do中的do是及物动词,后面缺少do的对象,所以考察名词性从句问题
第二步:口诀——先成分后含义
从句you have instr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ucted it to do中的do是及物动词,后面缺少do的对象,所以前面的空在后面的从句内充当名词性成分,所以可以选择的引导词就可以排除AD(因为这两个引导词在从句中是充当状语的),而选项B是名词性从句中不存在的引导词,所以B也不对,最后就剩下一个正确选项C
如此这样一步一步下来,逐一进行排除 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )和选择,最终总是可以直接定位到正确的答案。而这个过程应该是完全被熟化在脑中的一个过程,按部就班的操作直至正确答案自然而然的浮出水面。
其他类别的题目也应该仿照此类,依次完成。
四.高考真题大演练:
1.The notice ca ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )me around two in the afternoon________the meeting would be postponed.
(2012·江苏,27)
A.when B.that
C.whether D.how
2.It was never clea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r________the man hadn’t reported the accident sooner. (2011·江苏,26)
A.that B.how
C.when D.why
3.________ you said a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t the meeting describes a bright future for the company. (2013·四川,6)
A.When B.How
C.What D.That
4.________make ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s the book so extraordinary is the creative imagination of the writer.
(2013·北京,31)
A.That B.What
C.Who D.Which
5.Experts believe__ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )______people can waste less food by shopping only when it is necessary. (2013·北京,33)
A.why B.where
C.that D.what
6.________I want to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) tell you is the deep love and respect I have for my parents.(2013·天津,15)
A.That B.Which
C.Whether D.What
7.Do not let any fai ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lures discourage you,for you can never tell________close you may be to victory. (2013·湖南,28)
A.how B.that
C.which D.where
8.Police have found___ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )_____appears to be the lost ancient statue. (2013·新课标全国Ⅰ,26)
A.which B.where
C.how D.what
9.The only way to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )succeed at the highest level is to have total belief ________ you are better than anyone else on the sports field. (2013·浙江,16)
A.how B.that
C.which D.whether
10.It’s good to kno ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )w________the dogs will be well cared for while we’re away.
(2013·山东,30)
A.what B.whose
C.which D.that
11.________ struck m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e most in the movie was the father’s deep love for his son.(2013·重庆,28)
A.That B.It
C.What D.Which
12.It is by no me ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ans clear ________ the president can do to end the strike.(2012·新课标全国,24)
A.how B.which
C.that D.what
13.It doesn’t matt ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )er ________ you pay by cash or credit card in this store. (2012·山东,25)
A.how B.whether
C.what D.why
14.The limits of a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )person’s intelligence,generally speaking,are fixed at birth,but________he reaches these limits will depend on his environment. (2012·安徽,27)
A.where B.whether
C.that D.why
15.I made a pr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )omise to myself________this year,my first year in high school,would be different. (2012·浙江,4)
A.whether B.what
C.that D.how
16.It doesn’t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) matter________you turn right or left at the crossing—both roads lead to the park. (2012·天津,9)
A.whether B.how
C.if D.when
17.As many as five co ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )urses are provided,and you are free to choose ________ suits you best. (2012·陕西,20)
A.whatever B.whichever
C.whenever D.wherever
18.Jerry did not regre ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t giving the comment but felt ________ he could have expressed it differently. (2012·北京,24)
A.why B.how
C.that D.whether
19.It suddenly occurre ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d to him________he had left his keys in the office. (2012·江西,25)
A.whether B.where
C.which D.that
20.Scientists ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )study ________ human brains work to make computers. (2012·四川,17)
A.when B.how
C.that D.whether
【答案及解析】:
1答案 B
解析 句意为:会议将被延期的通知 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )大约下午两点发布。空格后的句子解释说明名词the notice,作同位语从句,连接词在从句中不作任何成分,所以用that。
2答案 D
解析 句意为:那个人为什么没尽快地报道那场事故还没弄清楚。由句意可知只有D项符合题意。
3答案 C
解析 本题考查名词性从句的用法。句意为:你 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )在会上所说的话为公司勾画了一个光明的未来。选项中只有what既可以引导主语从句,又可以在从句中作宾语,因此符合题意。21世纪教育网版权所有
4答案 B
解析 考查名词性从句。句意为:这本书的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )非凡之处在于作者富有创造性的想像力。________ makes the book so extraordinary为主语从句,从句缺少主语,要用what引导,故选B项。21教育网
5答案 C
解析 考查名词性从句。句意为:专家 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )们相信,人们只有当有必要购物时去买东西,这样才可以少浪费食物。believe后跟宾语从句,且宾语从句不缺任何成分。故选C项。
6 答案 D
解析 考查名词性从句。what引 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )导主语从句并在从句中作宾语。that引导主语从句但不作任何成分;which表示哪一个;whether表示是否。 21*cnjy*com
7答案 A
解析 考查宾语从句引导词的辨析。句意为 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ):不要让任何的失败阻碍你,因为你永远不知道成功离你有多近。分析句子成分后可知,tell后接的是宾语从句;根据语境可知此处用副词how修饰形容词close。【版权所有:21教育】
8答案 D
解析 考查宾语从句引导词的辨析。句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )意为:警察发现了疑似曾失窃的古代雕像。分析句子结构可知found后为宾语从句,从句中缺少主语,因此用what引导宾语从句,同时作从句的主语。21教育名师原创作品
9答案 B
解析 考查同位语从句连接词。空格后面的从句解释说明belief的具体内容,是同位语从句,且从句中不缺少任何成分,所以用that引导。21cnjy.com
10答案 D
解析 考查名词性从句——宾语从句。根据语境可知,know后是宾语从句,从句完整,用that起连接作用。所以答案选D项。21*cnjy*com
11答案 C
解析 考查名词性从句连接词辨析。句意 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )为:电影中给我留下深刻印象的是父亲对儿子深深的爱。“________ struck me most in the movie”在句中作主语,且该主语从句中谓语动词struck缺少主语,故选择what (=the thing that)。that引导主语从句不担任成分;it不是连词;which“(无论)哪一个”,表示在一个限定范围内进行选择,均不符合题意。
12答案 D
解析 it是形式主语,空格后是一个主语 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )从句,从句中的谓语动词do缺少宾语,此处所填单词既要引导主语从句,又在从句中作宾语,四个选项中有此功能的只有what。句意为:总统能采取什么措施来结束这场罢工根本不为人所知。
13答案 B
解析 句意为:在这家商店 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )里,无论你用现金支付还是用信用卡支付都无关紧要。由It doesn’t matter“没关系”可知后面的意思应该是“无论(不管)……还是……”,又根据题干中的关键词or就很容易确定选B项,构成固定搭配whether...or...。how如何;what什么;why为什么,均不符合题意。
14答案 B
解析 句意为:一个人的智力极限,通 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )常来说,出生时就已经定型了。但他是否能够达到这些极限则取决于他所处的环境。根据depend on可知,主语从句含有不确定因素,可排除C项。where表示地点;why表示原因,用于此处不合适;而使用whether表示“是否”,与题意吻合。
15答案 C
解析 that引导同位语从句,在从句中不作句子成分,补充说明promise的内容。
16答案 A
解析 句意为:在这个十字 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )路口你向左或向右转弯都没有关系,因为两条路都通向公园。题干中it作形式主语,所以所选的连词在句中引导主语从句。whether引导名词性从句表示“是否”之意,而且题干中出现了关键信息词or。whether...or...表示“是……还是……”。if引导名词性从句也表示“是否”,但引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句等只能用whether而不能用if。【来源:21·世纪·教育·网】
17答案 B
解析 考查名词性从句。所填词引导的从句作动词choose的宾语,引导词在从句中作主语,意为“无论哪件”,故选B。其余选项与句意不符。
18答案 C
解析 句意为:杰里不后悔给出评论, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )但是他觉得他本来可以用另一种不同的方式来表达。felt后面应该是一个宾语从句,分析宾语从句可知,这是一个完整的句子,不缺句子成分,故用that引导。
19答案 D
解析 It occurs/occ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )urred to sb. that...某人想到/想起。it是形式主语,主语从句成分完整,不能用连接代词which引导,whether与where不符合句意。故选D项。
20答案 B
解析 考查名词性从句。句意为:科学 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )家研究人类大脑是如何工作的以制造电脑。分析句子结构可知study后接宾语从句,从句中缺少方式状语,故选B项。
五.模拟试题来检测:
1.________ caused the accident is still a complete mystery.
A.What B.That C.How D.Where
2.I just wonder ________ that makes him so excited.
A.why it does B.what he does
C.how it is D.what it is
3.Water,which ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) seems so simple and common,is ________ makes life possible.
A.what B.that
C.which D.how
4.I’d like to work with ________ is honest and easy to get on with.
A.who B.whoever
C.whomever D.no matter who
5.When you are ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )reading,make a note of ________ you think is of great importance.
A.which B.that
C.what D.when
6.Mr.Smith asked the b ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )oy a question________he could go to the concert with him.
A.whether B.that
C.what D.if
7.A warm thought s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )uddenly came to me ________ I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday.2-1-c-n-j-y
A.if B.when
C.that D.which
8.There is m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )uch chance ________ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.
A.that B.which
C.until D.if
9.When asked ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) ________ they needed most,the kids said they wanted to feel important and loved.
A.what B.why
C.whom D.which
10.The reason ________ he didn’t come is ________ he was ill.
A.why;that B.that;why
C.why;because D.why;what
11.With his work c ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ompleted,the businessman stepped back to his seat,feeling pleased ________ he was a man of action.
A.which B.that
C.what D.whether
12.Nobody believed ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )his reason for being absent from the class ________ he had to meet his uncle at the airport.
A.why B.that
C.where D.because
13.The shopkeeper di ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d not want to sell for ________ he thought was not enough.
A.where B.how
C.what D.which
14.He noticed that ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the straight part of the dance was different in the afternoon from ________ it had been in the morning.
A.that B.where C.what D.which
15.—Can we get everything ready by the weekend
—It all depends on ________ we can get Mr.Green’s cooperation.
A.that B.what C.whether D.if
16.________ wants to stay in a hotel has to pay their own way.
A.Anyone B.The one
C.Whoever D.Who
17.The boss refused to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) sell the car for ________ he thought was not satisfactory.
A.that B.which C.how D.what
18.It makes little difference to me ________we go or stay.
A.whether B.where C.that D.how
19.—The two peo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ple speak different languages and can not communicate with each other well.
—Oh,I see.That’s ________ misunderstanding occurs.
A.when B.what C.that D.why
20.Before the sal ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )es start,I make a list of ________ my kids will need for the coming season.
A.why B.what C.how D.which
21.—We were su ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rprised to hear that the reason ________ she gave for her absence was ________ her mother was ill.www.21-cn-jy.com
—Yes.We saw her mother was at the supermarket that morning.21·世纪*教育网
A.why;that B.which;that
C.that;because D.why;because
22.________ the football match will be played depends on the weather.
A.If B.Whether
C.That D.Where
23.—How did you deal with the order
—I handed it to ________ I think is in charge of sales.
A.who B.when
C.whoever D.whomever
24.________ is known t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o us all is that the old worker,for ________ life was hard in the past,still works hard in his seventies.
A.As;whom B.What;whose
C.It;whose D.What;whom
25.Can you tell me________it was________your cellphone was lost
A.where;that B.which;that
C.that;where D.where;which
【答案及解析】:
1答案 A
解析 主语从句中缺少主语,而能在主语从句中既充当主语又起引导作用的只有what。
2 答案 D
解析 wonder后面的宾语从句本是“what makes him so excited”,但what需要被强调,故用强调句型。【来源:21cnj*y.co*m】
3答案 A
解析 考查名词性从句的连接词。句意为:看似简单平常的水是使生命出现成为可能的东西。what引导表语从句并在句中作主语。
4答案 B
解析 所填词在宾语从句中作主语。who表达 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的意思不对,也不符合句子结构;whomever不能在句中作主语;no matter who不能引导名词性从句。
5答案 C
解析 宾语从句中you think是插入语,从句中缺少主语,which意思不对,故选what。
6答案 A
解析 考查同位语从句。if不能引导同位语从句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com );句中缺少疑问词“是否”,故选A项。句意为:史密斯先生问了男孩一个问题,问他是否能和他一起去音乐会。
7答案 C
解析 考查同位语从句。that ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )引导的从句是对a warm thought的解释说明。句意为:我突然产生了一个温情的想法,在母亲生日那天我可以用零用钱给她买花。
8答案 A
解析 that引导同位语从句,具体说明chance(可能性)的内容。
9答案 A
解析 本题考查宾语从句的连接词。该连接词既引导了宾语从句,又在句中作needed的宾语,故只有what符合题意。
10答案 A
解析 第一空填入的词引导的是定语从句,修饰the reason,故用why;第二空是表语从句,从句中不缺少主要成分,故填that。
11答案 B
解析 pleased后面缺少宾语从句,he was a man of action句意完整,故用that引导。
12答案 B
解析 本题考查同位语从句。reason后面有for引导的短语,接着后面是that引导的同位语从句来说明reason的内容。
13答案 C
解析 本题考查宾语从句。介词for后接宾语从 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )句但宾语从句中缺少主语,he thought是插入语,连词what引导宾语从句且在从句中充当主语,which的意思不符合。
14答案 C
解析 介词from后是宾语从句,但从句中it had been后面少表语,所以what符合语意。
15答案 C
解析 答语句意为:这取决于 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )我们是否能得到Green先生的配合。介词on后跟宾语从句,从句中含有不确定因素,故用whether引导。if不能引导宾语从句。
16答案 C
解析 ________ wants to stay in a hotel为主语从句,从句中缺少主语,A、B两项可作主语,但不是连词,故排除。who只有疑问的意思,意为“谁”;whoever意为anyone who “任何……的人”,符合题意。
17 答案 D
解析 可把此处的he thought作为插入语,what作宾语从句的主语。句意为:那位老板拒绝以不满意的价钱卖车。
18答案 A
解析 whether...or...或者……或者……,whether引导的从句为真正的主语,it为形式主语。
19答案 D
解析 考查表语从句。结合语境“这就是误解产生的原因”可知,此处应用why引导表语从句。
20答案 B
解析 句意为:在大甩卖开始前,我把孩 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )子们在下个季节里要用到的东西列了一个清单。分析句式结构可知,空格处在句中引导宾语从句且在从句中充当need的宾语,所以B项正确。which引导名词性从句时多表示疑问且要有一个明确的范围。
21答案 B
解析 第一空可填which或that来引导定语从句,而第二空的表语从句必须用that引导。
22答案 B
解析 根据句意及句子结构可知该句为主语从 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )句,故排除D项;又因语境中含有“是否”之意,故排除C项;whether引导的主语从句可置于句首,但if引导的主语从句只能用it作形式主语,而把从句放在句末,故排除A项。
23答案 C
解析 句中有介词to,可知空格处引 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )导宾语从句。空格后的I think可看作插入语,句子缺少主语,用whoever,表示“任何……的人”。who没有这种意思;whomever在句中作宾语。
24 答案 D
解析 考查名词性从句和定语从句的引 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )导词。第一个空中what引导一个主语从句,并作从句的主语。第二个空代替先行词the old worker,并作介词for的宾语,用whom。
25 答案 A
解析 where引导宾语从句,且从句中包含强调句型。
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