【经典之作】2014届牛津高三英语二轮复习语法专题-专题11--介词与介词短语

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名称 【经典之作】2014届牛津高三英语二轮复习语法专题-专题11--介词与介词短语
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2014届牛津高三英语二轮复习语法专题
专题11 介词与介词短语
一.语法概念巧掌握:
(一)概念
1 介词的分类
介词是用于名词词组或相当于名词词组的结构之前,表示词语之间意义关系的词类。 英语常用的介词大致可分为四类:
(1.)简单介词
顾名思义,简单介词是指由一个单词构成的介 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )词,也是使用最频繁的一类介词。简单介词也可能由形容词、副词、分词、名词、连词等转变而来。常用的简单介词有:at,about,above,across,after,among, against,before,behind,below,beside,between,beyond,but,despite,during,except,for,in,of,on,over,near,past, round,since,through,till,until,with,up等。
(2.)合成介词
指由介词+其它介词或副词构成的介词。常用的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )合成介词有:inside,into,onto, outside,throughout,towards,within,without等。
(3.)二重介词
指由两个单一的介词并列在一起,作为一个介词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )使用并表达一个完整意思的介词。常见的二重介词有:from among,from behind,from under,until /till after等。
(4.)短语介词
指由介词+介词、介词+名词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )、介词+分词、介词+动词、介词+形容词、介词+副词等构成的短语.常用的有:according to, along with,in front of,by means of,in spite of,together with,with regard to等。短语介词与介词短语不同。介词短语是由介词加宾语构成,本身可作句子成分,如定语或状语等,可单独使用;而短语介词是用作介词的短语,不可独立使用,本身不能作句子成分,后面要跟名词、动名词或代词等。
2介词的用法及应注意的问题
(1.)介词的搭配与介词的选择
介词不能在句子中独立充当一个成分,而需 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )要与其后面的宾语相结合,成为介词短语,在句中充当一个成分。所以选用什么介词要根据其后面所接的宾语而定。但是,有时介词也受其前面用词的限制,因此,许多情况下也应根据介词前面的词选用相应的介词。
(2.)介词的宾语
介词的宾语可以是名词、代词或其他词类或句子等。例如:
名词:The car ran into a wall,and two men were killed.21世纪教育网版权所有
代词:Wherever he went,he carried the photo with him.
形容词:Your plan is far from perfect.
副词:I can't see the tower clearly from here.She came from afar.
动名词:He entered the room without taking off his hat.
不定式:He did nothing but cry.
介词短语:She often studies till after midnight.
数词:In nine out often he won't come.
疑问词+不定式:The probl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )em of how to get enough money is difficult to settle.
疑问词引导从句:He does not care about who will be promoted.
that引导的从句:Man dif ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )fers from other animals in that man can laugh and speak.
(3.)介词的语法功能
介词与其他词类或成分结合后方能在句子中充当语 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )法成分,构成介词短语。介词短语可以作定语(须后置)、状语、表语、宾语补足语、另一个介词的宾语,间或作主语等。
例如:
The skyscraper in the distance isa five-star hotel.(定语)
Her eyes were tired from long reading.(状语)
The decision is of great importance to me.(表语)
They found the machine in a bad state.(宾语补足语)
A pretty girl appeared from behind the curtain.(介词宾语)
On purpose or not on purpose is of great difference.(主语)
3 介词的固定搭配
在英语中固定搭配的介词词组 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )和短语介词很多,平时需要加强记忆。此处讲解几个常见的动词与介词的固定搭配,并且就较容易混淆的介词搭配进行比较、分辨。
1.act as 担任 act for 代理
2.apply to 应用于,适合于,向……申请 apply for 申请,要求
3.belong to 属于 belong in住在,应该…… belong with 应归于(类别,范畴等)
4.call on 号 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )召,请求,拜访 call at 探访(at后接地方) call in 请医生,召集,收集 call to 高声唤(某人)
5.compare with 跟……相比较 compare to 把……比作,与……相比
6.correspond with 与……通信;适合 correspond to 相当于
7.deal in 做生意,经营(=engage in) deal with 对付,论及,与……交往(=cope with)
8.play with 玩(某物) play at玩(某种游戏) play on 玩(某种乐器)
9.suffer from 患(病),受……祸患.
10.wait on 伺候 wait for等待
二.解题方法灵活用
解题方法或策略:
(一)在考试中应注意的一些常用介词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
??1.in 表示某种状态或情况,例如:
??He had never been in love before.他以前从未恋爱过。
??The roses were in flower.玫瑰在盛开。
??His clothes were in rags.他衣衫褴褛。
??属于该类搭配的还有:in danger,in(dis)order,in
??poverty,in retirement,in tears,in trouble等。
??2.at用在某些表示情感的形容词、具有形容词作用的-ed分词以及某些动词后面,表示原因,例如:
??We felt glad at what he had said.他说的话使我们感到高兴。
??They were shocked at his idea of being an artist.他们对他要当艺术家的想法感到震惊。
??类似的形容词还有:alarmed,amazed,angry,delighted,disappointed,disgusted,happy,indignant,overjoyed,pleased,surprised;动词有:blush,brighten,grieve, marvel,tremble,wonder等。
??3.by与某些名词连用,表示"按……计算","成……地买(或卖)"之意,例如:
??We were paid by the day /week /month /year.我们按日/周/月/年领工资。
??Sugar is sold by the pound,petrol by the gallon.糖按磅出售,而汽油按加仑卖。
??We do nothing by halves.我们干什么都是彻底的。
??这样的用法还有:by the dozen,by the hundreds / thousands /millions,by the ounce,by the yard,by twos and threes等。
??4.for与某些动词、形容词以及具有形容词作用的 ed分词连用,表示原因,译法较活,例如:
Thank you for your gift.谢谢你的礼物。
??I must apologize for coming to school late.我必须就上课迟到道歉。
??下面的词亦属于此类:blame,(dis)like,forgive, weep;be grateful,be obliged,be shamed等。
??5.to后面加上物主代词和表感彩的名词,意为"使某人……的是",该结构一般为插入语,表结果。例如:
??To my surprise,he began to cry.使我惊讶的是,他哭了。
??To our delight,our team has won the game.使我们高兴的是,我们的队赢了比赛。
??其他词还有:amazement,annoyance,astonishment, disappointment,distress,horror,joy,satisfaction,等。
??6.from用在某些动词和表人或物的名词之后,这种用法往往具有"保护"、"使不受……之害"或"阻止"的意思,例如:
??The shed will protect us from the rain.这个棚子能使我们避雨。
??She saved the child from the fire.她从火中救出了孩子。
??下列各词的用法类似:bar,discourage,dissuade, hinder,keep,preserve,refrain,restrain,shelter等。
??7.out of 后面跟一抽象名词,表示"出于(某种动机等)",例如:
??The boy opened the box out of curiosity.那男孩出于好奇打开了盒子。
??He did that not only out of necessity,but also out of a sense of duty.他做那件事不仅仅因为必要,而且出于责任感。
??类似的词还有:desperation,fear,gratitude,interest, kindness,pity,sympathy等。
(二)某些派生词后的介词用法
?? ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )注意部分派生出来的抽象名词或形容词后面的介词,与其同源的动词或形容词后面的介词是一致的,例如: ?A man’s success depends chiefly on himself.一个人的成功主要靠自己。 The sample was different from the goods furnished.样品和所提供的货物不一样。
??这样的词还有:able /ability to,capable /capability of,congratulate /congratulation on,excited /excitement about,independent /independence of,insist /insistence on,loyal /loyalty to,patient /patience with,succeed / success /successful in,superior /superiority to等。21教育名师原创作品
三.高考真题大演练:
1.I am always del ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ighted when I receive an e mail from you.________the party on July 1st,I shall be pleased to attend. (2013·江苏,26)
A.On account of B.In response to
C.In view of D.With regard to
2.—Thank God you’re safe!
—I stepped back, jus ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t________to avoid the racing car. (2012·江苏,29)
A.in time B.in case
C.in need D.in vain
3.We’d better disc ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )uss everything ________ before we work out the plan. (2011·江苏,32)
A.in detail B.in general
C.on purpose D.on time
4.The manager wants ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) to see changes in the company,and I am sure he will ________.
(2013·陕西,24)
A.in particular B.in turn
C.in charge D.in time
5.A serious stu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )dy of physics is impossible________some knowledge of mathematics.
(2013·大纲全国,31)
A.against B.before C.beyond D.without
6.I have an appoint ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ment ________ Dr.Smith,but I need to change it. (2013·北京,26)
A.to B.off
C.with D.from
7.________everyone h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ere,I wish you a pleasant journey back to your country.(2013·辽宁,25)
A.By means of B.On behalf of
C.In search of D.For fear of
8.Mrs.Smith fi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nds it hard to clear up the mess,as her children are always ________ whenever she tries to. (2013·福建,29)
A.in the way B.on watch
C.in sight D.on the line
9.It was a real rac ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e________time to get the project done.Luckily,we made it.
(2013·新课标全国Ⅰ,34)
A.over B.by
C.for D.against
10.It will be a big ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) help if you go to the store and get what we need for dinner.________,I’ll set the table. (2013·浙江,14)
A.As a result B.On the whole
C.In the meanwhile D.As a matter of fact
11.The Smiths are pr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )aised________the way they bring up their children. (2013·山东,34)
A.from B.by C.at D.for
12.Nothing is so easy ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )as ________ parents to raise their expectations of their children too high. (2012·福建,33)
A.of B.to
C.by D.for
13.—Thank God you’re safe!
—I stepped back,just________to avoid the racing car. (2012·江苏,29)
A.in time B.in case
C.in need D.in vain
14.You can change ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )your job,you can move house,but friendship is meant to be________life. (2012·安徽,25)
A.of B.on
C.to D.for
15.The Well Hotel s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tands in a quiet place ________the main road at the far end of the lake. (2012·辽宁,27)
A.to B.for
C.off D.out
16.China has been pu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )shing the reform of public hospitals ________ all its citizens.(2012·福建,26)21cnjy.com
A.in charge of B.for the purpose of
C.in honor of D.for the benefit of
17.Brown said he ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )was by no means annoyed;________he was glad to be able to make himself clearly understood. (2012·浙江,14)
A.all in all B.for one thing
C.on the contrary D.by the way
18.________all the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) animals I’ve ever had,these two dogs are the most sensitive to the spoken word. (2012·浙江,6)
A.From B.Of
C.For D.With
19.An agreement see ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ms to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are ________ it. (2012·陕西,11)
A.against B.for
C.to D.with
20.Do you thin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )k this shirt is too tight ________ the shoulders? (2012·北京,34)
A.at B.on
C.to D.across
【答案及解析】:
1答案 D 
解析 考查介词短语辨析。句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )意为:当我收到你的e mail时,我总是很高兴。至于7月1日的聚会,我将很乐意参加。on account of由于,因为;in response to响应,回答;in view of鉴于,考虑到;with regard to至于,关于。21·cn·jy·com
2答案 A
解析 in time及时;in case万 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )一,以防;in need需要;in vain徒劳,无济于事。句意为:——谢天谢地,你是安全的!——我后退了一步,及时躲过了那辆赛车。由句意知选A项。21·世纪*教育网
3答案 A
解析 句意为:在制订计划之前我们最好详细地讨 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )论一下各方面的事情。in detail详细地,详实地;in general通常,大体上,从总体上看;on purpose故意地;on time按时。只有“详细”讨论才能制订计划,故选A项。www-2-1-cnjy-com
4答案 D
解析 句意为:经理想看到公司的变化,我坚信他 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )最终会看到的。in particular尤其;in turn轮流,反过来;in charge掌管;in time最终。  21*cnjy*com
5答案 D
解析 句意为:不掌握一定的数学知识是没有办法对物理学进行系统地研究的。without没有,缺乏,符合句意。【版权所有:21教育】
6答案 C
解析 考查介词用法。句意为: ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )我与史密斯博士有约,但我需要做出调整。have an appointment with...与……有约,为固定搭配。
7答案 B
解析 考查短语辨析。句意为:我谨 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )代表大家祝愿你归国旅途愉快。by means of用,凭借;on behalf of代表;in search of寻找;for fear of 唯恐。
8答案 A
解析 句意为:Mrs.Smith发现很难清 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )理混乱局面,因为当她尽力清理时她的孩子总是妨碍她。in the way妨碍;on watch值班,监视;in sight在视力范围内,在即;on the line处于危险中,(对方)在接电话。
9答案 D
解析 考查介词辨析。句意为:完成这项任务真是一场与时间的赛跑,值得庆幸的是,我们做到了。与时间赛跑,显然是对抗,用against。
10答案 C
解析 考查固定短语。as a resu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lt作为结果;on the whole整体看来;in the meanwhile在这时候,与此同时;as a matter of fact事实上。根据句意“如果你去商店把我们晚餐需要的东西买来,那可算帮我大忙了。你在做这事的时候,我会在家布置好桌子。”知C项符合逻辑。
11答案 D
解析 考查介词。根据固定搭配praise sb.for sth.可知答案为D项。
12答案 D
解析 句意为:对父母而言,没有什么 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )能比把对孩子的期望值提得太高再简单的事情了。本题把介词短语置于句中提高了试题的难度,实际上就是For parents nothing is so easy as...。for parents对父母来说。【来源:21cnj*y.co*m】
13答案 A
解析 in time及时;in ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )case万一,以防;in need需要;in vain徒劳,无济于事。句意为:——谢天谢地,你是安全的!——我后退了一步,及时躲过了那辆赛车。由句意知选A项。
14答案 D
解析 句意为:你可以换工作,也可以搬家,但友谊却可以终身受用。for life终身。故选D项。
15答案 C
解析 off表示“离开,偏离”的意思。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )句意为:Well宾馆坐落在一个安静的地方,在湖的尽头与主干街道隔着一定的距离。off the main road意为“与主干街道偏离”。
16答案 D
解析 in charge of掌管 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ),负责;for the purpose of为了……目的;in honor of为了纪念……;for the benefit of为了……的利益。句意为:为了所有公民的利益,中国一直在推动公立医院的改革。根据句意可知D项意思最符合。
17答案 C
解析 句意为:布朗说他一点儿都不恼火 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )。相反他很高兴能够让别人清楚地理解他。on the contrary相反,符合句意。all in all总而言之;for one thing首先,一方面;by the way顺便讲一下。解题的关键是对词组by no means=never(决不)的理解。
18答案 B
解析 two dogs属于all animals,故用介词of表示这种关系,如:many of us,我们中的许多人。故B项符合语境。
19答案 A
解析 考查介词。be against反对,符合句意。be for支持,赞成;be to到达;be with和……在一起,都与句意不符。
20答案 D
解析 at在……;on在……之上;to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )关于;across穿过,横穿。across表示的动作是在某一物体的表面进行的,而at和on指在小的位置点上,比如at the corner of the desk在桌角,on the corner of the street在街道拐角处;而题中是衬衫在肩膀处太紧,shoulder应是在一个范围内,故用across。句意为:你觉得这件衬衫在肩膀处太紧吗?
四.模拟试题来检测:
1.—Do you often go fishing at weekends
—Not often,I only go fishing________.
A.at one time B.all the time
C.at a time D.from time to time
2.He was a good student and scored ________ average in most subjects.
A.below B.of
C.on D.above
3.The traveler didn’t know________which direction to go.
A.in B.at
C.to D./
4.I am________your suggestion that we should spend more time on this project.
A.in memory of B.in honour of
C.in favour of D.in need of
5.—Your sister’s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )plan is not quite practical.Why not try to persuade her to give it up
—My sister i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s very stubborn,so it is________to try to change her mind.
A.by chance B.in vain
C.on purpose D.for sure
6.He wanted to pa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ss the exam and stayed up very late,while this ________created further problems.
A.in turn B.in case
C.in doubt D.in short
7.The woman sold ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the eggs ________ seven dollars and they were sold________half price.
A.with;at B.for;at
C.at;in D.by;on
8.He likes his new job,for he is paid ________ the day.【来源:21·世纪·教育·网】
A.through B.during
C.by D.according
9.Shirley,a real ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )book lover,often brings home many books to read ________ the library.
A.in B.for
C.by D.from
10.Nick,it’s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )good for you to read some books ________ China before you start your trip there.
A.in B.for
C.of D.on
11.I always wanted to do the job which I’d been trained ________.
A.on B.for
C.by D.of
12.I’m sorry I ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )didn’t phone you,but I’ve been very busy ________ the past couple of weeks.
A.beyond B.with
C.among D.over
13.There were 252 votes ________ the bill and 186 against.21*cnjy*com
A.in need of B.in favour of
C.in search of D.in case of
14.This shop will be closed for repairs ________ further notice.
A.with B.until
C.for D.at
15.________it is a goo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d thing I did not get the post I had applied for,though I must admit that I was disappointed at the time.
A.By the way B.In a way
C.In the way D.In no way
16.Never put the m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )edicine________the reach of your little child in case he takes it by mistake.
A.beyond B.within
C.across D.from
17.—When did it begin to snow
—It started________the night.
A.during B.by C.from D.at
18.Those ove ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rseas students volunteer 10 hours each week in Paris ________ free food and accommodation.
A.in search of B.in contact with
C.in case of D.in exchange for
19.We’d bett ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )er discuss everything ________ before we work out the plan.
A.in detail B.in general
C.on purpose D.on time
20.The two things are the same in outward form but different________.
A.in addition B.in brief
C.in common D.in essence
21.Mr.Columbus was ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) always ready to help others.________,he was liked by everyone.
A.In conclusion B.In return
C.In turn D.In particular
22.Johnson was to b ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lame for the incident.But ________ his positive attitude,we forgave him because “Every man has his faults.”
A.in view of B.in search of
C.for fear of D.in exchange for
23.She was told to wear flat shoes ________ her back problem.
A.on account of B.regardless of
C.in terms of D.in case of
24.At the railway st ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ation,he waved goodbye to his friend until the train was ________.
A.out of sight
B.out of reach
C.out of order
D.out of place
25.While in London, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )we paid a visit to the hospital founded ________ Florence Nightingale.
A.in honor of B.in line with
C.in favor of D.in place of
【答案及解析】:
1答案 D
解析 考查介词短语。at one time曾 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )经;all the time始终;at a time每次;from time to time有时。由句意可知D项正确。【出处:21教育名师】
2答案 D
解析 句意为:他是一个好学生, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )大多数科目得分高于平均水平。above average高于平均数;below average低于平均数;on average平均起来,一般说来。
3答案 A
解析 表示“朝……方向去”,用介词in而不用to。
4答案 C
解析 句意为:我很赞成你的建议,那就是我们应该在这个工程上花费更多的时间。in favour of赞成。
5答案 B
解析 句意为:——你妹妹的计划不是 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )很切合实际。为何不劝她放弃?——我妹妹很固执,所以要她改变主意根本就是白费力气。in vain意为“枉费心机,白费力气”。by chance碰巧,凑巧;on purpose故意地;for sure毫无疑问。
6答案 A
解析 考查介词短语的辨析。i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n turn 轮流,反过来,符合句意。in case假使,以防万一;in doubt 不确定,拿不准;in short总之,简言之。
7答案 B
解析 第一空用for“换取”,意为“这位妇女的鸡蛋卖了七美元”;第二空用at,at...price“以……的价格”。故选B。
8答案 C
解析 by意为“按……计算”。
9答案 D
解析 句意为:Shirley,一个读书爱好者,经常从图书馆带些书回家去读。
10答案 D
解析 on 表示关于,some books ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )on China意为“关于中国的一些书”。句意为:Nick,你在去中国旅行之前最好读一些关于中国的书。故选D项。
11答案 B
解析 考查介词。句意为:我经常想做我之前为之受过培训的工作。for表示目的,意为“为了……”,符合题意。21教育网
12答案 D
解析 通过前半句“I’ve been ve ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ry busy”现在完成时,可知搭配用的时间状语为“在过去的几周里”,故选over。句意为:很抱歉没给你打电话,可是这几个星期我一直很忙。
13答案 B
解析 in favour of支持,赞同,符 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )合句意。in need of需要;in search of寻找;in case of以防,万一。
14答案 B
解析 句意为:在另行通知前,这家店将停业整顿。until further notice表示“在另行通知前”。
15答案 B
解析 in a way在某种程 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )度上;in no way决不;by the way顺便提一下;in the way碍事。句意为:我没有得到我申请的工作在某种程度上说是件好事,尽管我承认当时我很失望。
16答案 B
解析 句意为:千万不要把药放在你的小孩够得着的地方,以防他错吃了它。within在……之内。
17答案 A
解析 句意为:——什么时候开始下雪的?——在夜间开始的。“在……期间”应用during。
18答案 D
解析 in exchange for与……交 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )换;in search of寻找;in contact with与……接触;in case of在……情形下。句意为:为了换取免费的食宿,那些在巴黎的留学生们每周义务劳动10个小时。故正确答案为D项。
19答案 A
解析 句意为:在我们制定计 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )划之前,我们最好详细地讨论每件事。in detail详细地;in general通常,大体上;on purpose故意地;on time准时,按时。由句意知选A项。
20答案 D
解析 考查介词短语词义辨析 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )。in essence本质上,符合句意。in addition此外;in brief简短地,简言之;in common共同。
21答案 B
解析 in return作为回报,作 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )为报答。句意为:Columbus先生总是乐于助人,作为回报,大家都喜欢他。in conclusion 最后;in turn轮流;in particular尤其。
22答案 A
解析 句意为:Johnson应为事故负责,但鉴于他态度不错,我们原谅了他,因为人人都有缺点。in view of鉴于,考虑到,符合句意。www.21-cn-jy.com
23答案 A
解析 句意为:因为她背部有问题,她被要求穿平底鞋。on account of表示“因为,由于”,符合句意。2·1·c·n·j·y
24答案 A
解析 句意为:在火车站,他挥手同他的朋友告别直到火车看不见了。out of sight看不见,符合题意。2-1-c-n-j-y
25 答案 A
解析 句意为:我们在伦敦时,参观了为纪念弗罗伦斯·南丁格尔而建的医院。in honor of为纪念……,符合题意。
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