2023届高三英语复习：阅读表达10篇（含解析）

2023届高三英语复习—— 阅读表达10篇
（2023·北京·一模）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。
One of the basic expectations the public have of doctors is honesty. But what would you think if I told you that research has shown that 70 percent of doctors admitted to lying to their patients It is inexcusable, surely Extremely unprofessional and uncaring; a clear break of the doctor-patient relationship. Some of the lies told included reassuring patients that their wives or husbands were still alive, when in fact they were dead. This seems unimaginable but, if I am honest, I have told exactly the same lie to several patients whose spouses had died. Mrs. Walton was in her eighties and desperate to see her husband. She’d been in hospital after a fall and was in pain. She called out for him frequently and couldn’t understand why he wasn’t there to comfort her. She was becoming more and more distressed and would try to get up to find him, despite being at risk of falling again.
“He’s on his way, don’t worry,” the nurses would say and this would calm her down. I confess I said the same thing to her. She’d smile and roll her eyes and say how he was always late for things and tell the same story about him being late for their wedding nearly 60 years ago. But he wasn’t on his way. It was a lie. He’d died two years ago. The truth, if I can use that word, is that it is a kindness to lie sometimes.
Part of the natural history of many of the dementias, in particular Alzheimer’s disease which is what Mrs. Walton had, is that the sufferer loses their short-term memory and the memory of recent events, but retains memories from the distant past. Sufferers are trapped forever in a bewildering past that many realise bares little connection to the present, but are at a loss to explain. It is very distressing and tormenting and many of the behavioural difficulties that I have encountered in those with dementia relate to them feeling upset, scared and confused that they are in a strange place, surrounded by strange people, even when they are in their own homes surrounded by their family, because they have returned back to decades ago.
They look at their adult children confused and wonder who they could be because they think their children are still toddlers. How does one deal with this I have had countless families break down in tears in outpatient clinics or on wards, not knowing what to say or how to react as their loved one moves further and further away from them back into their distant past and they are left behind in the present. And how, as the doctor or nurse caring for these patients, does one manage the anger and outbursts of distress that comes with having no knowledge of your life for the past 10 or 20 years The lies that doctors, nurses, carers and families tell these patients are not big, elaborate lies — they are brief reassurances intended to calm and allow the subject to be swiftly changed.
Colluding (串通) with them about this false reality they find themselves flung into is not heartless or unprofessional — it is, when done in the right way, kind and tender-hearted. That’s not to say that lying to patients with dementia unnecessarily is right or defensible or that there are not times when of course they have the right to know the truth. But what compassionate person would put another human being through the unimaginable pain of learning, for the first time again and again, repeatedly throughout the day, that their beloved one has died. It would be an unthinkable cruelness.
Sometimes, surely, honesty is simply not the best policy.
1．Write a title for this article.
2．Why do people with dementia feel upset, scared, and confused even when they are in their own homes surrounded by their family
3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
The public expect doctors to be honest with their patients and the author also believes that it is heartless and unprofessional to lie to patients.
4．The author says sometimes, surely, honesty is simply not the best policy. Do you agree or disagree Why (In about 40 words)
（2022·北京房山·统考二模）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
Is it possible to improve your brain function The answer is “yes”.
Information in your brain is collected, stored and recalled by neural pathways. These pathways are responsible for your abilities to solve problems, remember familiar faces and tasks, without paying a ton of efforts. Millions of these neural pathways begin developing from the time when you are growing into a baby. To keep our memory healthy, we need to create new pathways continually.
As we age, our lifestyles often change, stopping those pathways from being developed. Two frequent changes are a decrease in exercise and less attention to our diet, which have a negative effect on our brain and memory. Our brain requires consistent stimulation, regardless of our age, and looking for ways to excite the production of new pathways is critical. Just like your physical muscles need to be used in different ways to make them stronger, our brain needs change to help challenge its abilities.
One simple way to stimulate the production of new pathways is trying something new.
Challenge your brain with puzzles, a new language or learning how to play an instrument. Anything different and new can stimulate your brain and memory. The best activities are the ones outside of your comfort zone. They push you as you develop new neural pathways. The effort involved in learning and committing to memory a new skill, with new terms and language, is a great way to exercise your brain.
Another way to stimulate the production of new pathways is doing exercise. When you exercise your body, you are also working out your mind, because regular activity helps to improve the chemicals in your brain and to protect brain cells.
5．According to the passage, what can negatively affect our brain and memory
6．Why are the best activities the ones outside of your comfort zone
7．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
The two ways mentioned in the passage to help create new pathways are trying something new and exercising your brain by challenging your brain with different tasks.
8．What else can you do to improve your brain function (In about 40 words)
（2022·北京·北京八十中校考三模）阅读下面短文，根据短文内容写下相关信息，完成对该问题的回答。
I’m addicted to volunteering. Is that selfish
“You can use me as a last resort, and if nobody else volunteers, then I will do it.” This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids’ lacrosse club.
I guess that there’s probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren’t even on… At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, “Alright. Yes, I’ll do it.”
I’m secretly relieved because I know there’s real power in sharing volunteer responsibilities among many. The unwilling parent organizes the meal schedule, sends out emails, and collects money for end-of-season gifts. Somewhere along the way, the same parent ends up becoming an invaluable member of the team. The coach is able to focus on the kids while the other parents are relieved to be off the hook for another season. Handing out sliced oranges to bloodthirsty kids can be as exciting as watching your own kid score a goal.
Still, most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a close. That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more: Connecting to the community as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy. Volunteering just feels so good.
In that sense, I’m pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than I’d freely like to admit. However, if others benefit in the process, and I get some reward too, does it really matter where my motivation lies
9．What is the parent’s attitude towards the request for volunteers
10．How do the parents feel in the process of volunteering
11．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
The writer admits volunteering is of a selfish act because her motivation lies in the material rewards.
12．Briefly present the benefits that a memorable volunteering experience brings to you. (In about 40 words)
（2022·北京·北京师大附中校考三模）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
Almost every community in the world has some form of rules and some way of carrying them out. A community is a group of people who are united by a number of factors, including geography, language, and values. So why do we have rules, and what makes people follow them Studies have suggested that the reason we don’t like cheating and rule-breaking is that fairness is programmed into our brains. They have found that the brain reacts in a particular way when we feel we are being treated unfairly. The findings concluded that fairness is a basic human need along with food and social contact.
Our sense of fairness depends on the influences in our culture, the immediate situation we are in, and our own self-interest. Arriving at a feeling of fairness means considering different, often conflicting, points of view. Regardless of the disagreement, people almost always need to compromise. But it can be difficult to arrive at a compromise (妥协) when there are conflicting interests. This is why communities have rules that everyone must follow.
Social controls are an important factor in setting and following rules. They influence the way we behave and can be internal or external. Internal controls come from within and are based on our values and fears. Most of us don’t steal, for example, because we believe that theft is unfair and wrong. In other words, our internal controls keep us from behaving in ways that cause conflict.
External controls include rewards and punishments. They do not come from within but are implemented by an authority — this could be the government, the police, a teacher or parents, depending on the situation. Rewards, such as job promotions, awards, and praise, are designed to encourage people to behave and act in the interest of the whole community. Punishments, such as public embarrassment, fines, and even imprisonment can prevent people from acting against the community’s best interests.
People need their communities to function smoothly. Because of this, humans most often behave in orderly, fair, and predictable ways. If there were no rules, the majority of people would probably continue to interact positively. However, there would always be a minority who would not, with serious consequences. This is why a society without rules is unlikely to become a reality any time soon — at least not in the real world. (390 words)
13．Why do we have rules and follow them
14．How do social controls influence our behavior
15．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then change it and explain why.
Our internal control comes from rewards and punishments from an authority like our school.
16．If you could change a rule at your school/home/community, which one would you like to change Why (In about 40 words)
（2022·北京·人大附中校考三模）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。
For millions of Facebook users, choosing which photo to use for an online profile is an important decision. According to a study by researchers at the UT Dallas Center, the photos we select may reflect individual preferences, but they also appear to reflect more deeply rooted, unconscious cultural differences. Previous research has shown that culture can affect not only language and custom, but also how we experience the world and process information. Western cultures, for example, condition people to think of themselves as highly independent entities (实体), whereas East Asian cultures stress collectivism and interdependence.
Dr. Denise Park, co-director of the Center at UT Dallas, and former graduate student Dr. Chih-Mao Huang of the University of Illinois, were curious about whether these patterns of cultural influence extend to cyberspace. In a paper published in the International Journal of Psychology, they examined the profile photographs of more than 500 active Facebook users from the United States and East Asia. Overall, they found that profile photos of Americans are more likely to focus on the individual’s face, while the profiles of East Asians tend to less emphasize the face and include more background features. Americans also show greater smile intensity compared to East Asian Facebook users.
The findings show marked cultural differences in the focus of attention among East Asian and American Facebook users. Moreover, they echo previous research on cultural influences on visual perception (感知), attention, and reasoning in the offline world.
“We believe these findings relate to a cultural bias to be more individualistic and independent in the US and more communal and interdependent in Asia,” said Park.
The research also found that cultural influences over our self-presentation online can shift over time and from place to place. In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan and Japanese studying in the United States both showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country.
“Facebook constitutes an extended social context in which personal profiles mirror various individual characteristics, private thoughts, and social behaviors,” noted Huang. “As such, the study presents a new approach to investigate cognition and behaviors across cultures by using Facebook as a data collection platform.”
17．What may an online profile photo reflect
18．According to the research, how are American and East Asian Facebook users different in choosing their profile photos
19．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of America.
20．Apart from cultural differences, what other factors might influence one’s choice of profile photo on social media
（2022·北京·北京市十一学校校考三模）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。
In life, once on a path, we tend to follow it, for better or worse. What’s sad is that even if it’s the latter, we often follow a certain path anyway because we are so used to the way things are that we don’t even recognize that they could be different. Psychologists call this phenomenon functional fixedness.
This classic experiment will give you an idea of how it works — and a sense of whether you may have fallen into the same trap:
People are given a box of tacks (大头钉) and some matches and asked to find a way to attach a candle to a wall so that it burns properly. Typically, the subjects try tacking the candle to the wall or lighting it to fix it with melted wax (石蜡). The tacks are too short, and the candle doesn’t fasten to the wall. So how can you accomplish the task The successful technique is to use the tack box as a candle holder. You empty it, tack it to the wall, and stand the candle inside it.
To think of that, you have to look beyond the box’s usual role as a container just for tacks and reimagine it serving an entirely new purpose. That is difficult because we all suffer — to one degree or another — from functional fixedness. The inability to think in new ways affects people in every corner of society. The political theorist Hannah Arend coined the phrase frozen thoughts to describe deeply held ideas that we no longer question but should. In Arendt’s eyes, the complacent reliance on such accepted “truths” also made people blind to ideas that didn’t fit their worldview, even when there was ample evidence for them. Frozen thinking has nothing to do with intelligence, she said, “It can be found in highly intelligent people.”
Another context in which frozen thinking can turn truly dangerous is medicine. If you land in the hospital, it’s natural to want to be treated by the most experienced physicians on staff. But according to a 2014 study in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), you’d be better off being treated by the relative novices.
21．What does “functional fixedness” mean
22．How is the candle attached to the wall
23．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
Frozen thinking is common among ordinary people but less found in those with high IQ.
24．How can you avoid frozen thoughts in your daily life (In about 40 words)
（2022·北京东城·统考模拟预测）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
Everyone needs it, but no one wants to ask for it. “Help” has become a sort of dirty word, implying weakness and neediness, that we can’t handle our problems on our own. However, whether it be for your physical, mental or academic health, getting words of advice or encouragement from an outside source can make all the difference.
During a time of such uncertainty, the frequency of people requesting help for anxiety and depression has increased. The current situation has made people realize they can’t be alone with their thoughts, and that asking for help from professionals is the best way to get their problems off their chests and their minds on the road to wellness.
Still, requesting help carries a societal weight. The British Psychology Society found that two types of stigmas (羞耻、耻辱) exist: public stigma and self stigma. A “public stigma” is external, a collection of beliefs from around us, which holds a heavy weight on our ideas on seeking help. A “self stigma” is internal, assigning ourselves labels based on our state of mental health, claiming we are worthless and undeserving of help. “Public” and “self” stigmas go hand in hand, and when we hear the stigmas being voiced by those around us, we tend to apply them to ourselves because of social influences, especially those concerning mental health.
To be our better selves, we have to break the stigma around “help” and accept the fact that some problems are too tough to overcome on our own. If we fail to break the stigma around the word “help”, we ignore the increasingly more relevant necessity of getting ourselves assistance in times of need. Despite what society may tell us, it’s not odd or wrong to get help — it’s probably one of the most insightful and courageous things we can do for ourselves.
Each one of us should be able to openly admit that we need help, whether it be for problems we face with school or for internalized struggles with mental health. Sometimes we need support, and that isn’t bad — it’s healthy, and remarkably brave.
25．According to the passage, why is “help” considered a “dirty word”
26．What is explained in paragraph 3
27．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
● Breaking the stigma around “help” can increase our need of seeking help.
28．What do you think are some other benefits of asking for help (In about 40 words)
（2022·北京·北师大实验中学校考三模）阅读下面短文, 根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
Don’t put your elbows(肘) on the table. The soup spoon should never be put into the mouth. These are some of the examples of table manners. They show the way people behave while eating a meal. Actually, every family follows table manners in its own way. Even in families where no one mentions elbows, there are always behaviours taking effect when sharing meals.
Interestingly, different cultures have different thoughts on table manners-elbows on the table, for example, is very British. Some countries think burping(打嗝) after a meal is a sign that it was delicious. While it is important to keep silent while eating, in some areas it is actually as important to keep up the tradition of eating at the table as a family, with conversations and no mobile phones.
Table manners matter much. They are a reflection of your character. It’s about respect for others. When you are with others in a social setting, you want to be considerate to those around you. Table manners also mean your “ticket” to social success. Good manners will open doors that the best education cannot. Few will want an ill-mannered person in their workplace, or social circle, and this is as relevant today as it was hundreds of years ago.
While globalization has led to the intermixing of cultures, the essence of table manners remains. “I was brought up to have table manners,” says celebrated chef Tony Tan, who grew up in Malaysia, eating Indian, Chinese and Malay cuisines with chopsticks, hands, spoon and fork. Tan, who went on to train as a chef in Paris and London, is an expert in Asian cuisines from Cantonese to Malaysian, which he teaches at his school in country Victoria-but the etiquette(礼节), particularly of his Chinese tradition, has remained. He says, “You’ve got to invite your elders to start eating, or say, ‘We are now eating’, so the elders can say, ‘Go ahead’. It’s a sign of respect to the elderly. When people don’t do that anymore, they lack manners and they lack good upbringing. ”
29．What are table manners
30．Why are table manners important
31．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
>Tony Tan says that it is impolite for younger generations to start eating before the elders do even after they get permission from the elders.
32．Apart from the rules mentioned in the passage, what other table manners do you have in your home （In about 40 words）
（2022·北京海淀·统考二模）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
For many students, having classes online makes them easily distracted. They face challenges when learning online.
A main source of distraction is digital technology. While electronic devices are required for online learning, they easily steal attention for long periods of time. Most students will hold their phones or leave them on their desks while studying. There is no doubt that during this time a text message from a friend can start a conversation that results in totally ignoring an assignment. Students might open new tabs to watch a fun video or scroll through social media threads. To overcome this challenge, students are encouraged to put all devices out of sight while working and build a solid timetable.
In addition to electronic devices, background noises can be a huge obstacle when it comes to online learning. In fact, sitting in a silent environment often emphasizes background noises even more. Television, family members, pets running in the house, or siblings listening to loud music can all be sources of interruption. Even weather can be a distraction! Imagine a strong wind blowing through the trees or a loud thunderstorm with rain. All these noises can end up disrupting students and affecting their study. A pair of headphones can minimize noise and help students stay on task.
Indeed, where and how we study can be a source of distraction as well. Some students wear comfortable pajamas while lying on their beds with laptops to watch class lectures. This can be a problem for concentration because humans mentally associate the bed with resting. Likewise, kitchens raise even more problems! Thinking about food frequently can disturb studying or cause a student to miss part of the class. This problem can be solved by trying to slowly train the brain to separate school time from resting and eating time. Also, a student can grab a light snack before class starts or even before starting an assignment.
Different students face different challenges at home. Students need to figure out ways to ensure they stay on track to achieve their academic goals.
33．According to the passage,what can students do to overcome distractions caused by digital technology while learning online
34．Why do kitchens raise problems for students studying at home
35．Please decide which part is false in the following statement,then underline it and explain why.
To avoid being disturbed by background noises, students could sit in a silent environment or wear a pair of headphones.
36．Please briefly introduce how online learning benefits you.(In about 40 words)
（2022·北京西城·北京十四中统考二模）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
A new study asks the question: Do conversations end when people want them to The answer is no.
The study included two parts.
The first part was an online survey that asked 806 people whether there was a moment recently they had wanted to end a conversation with a close friend and to estimate when that moment was in relation to when the talk reached its conclusion. The second part involved 252 people paired up with strangers in a lab to chat about whatever they felt like for anywhere between one and 45 minutes.
67 percent of the respondents in the first part of the study said they wanted the conversation to end before it actually did, and most had secretly wished the chat had been either 50 percent longer or 50 percent shorter than it was.
“Whatever you think the other person wants, you may well be wrong,” says Adam Mastroianni, a psychology researcher at Harvard University and the study’s lead author. “So you might as well leave when it seems appropriate, because it’s better to be left wanting more than less.”
In the second part of the study, nearly 70 percent of the people reported wanting the conversation to be over before it ended. Just two percent of the conversations wrapped up at a time both people were happy with, and 30 percent of them ended when one of the parties wanted.
The researchers also asked study participants to guess when their conversational partners had wanted to stop talking. Those guesses were wrong, either over or underestimating the other person’s desire to continue the talk, by about 64 percent of the conversation’s actual length.
Taken together, the results suggest that we aren’t very skilled at estimating each others’ desires about when to end a conversation.
Thalia Wheatley, a social psychologist at Dartmouth College says the findings are important, adding that conversations are “an elegant expression of joint cooperation”. However, she says, “It all falls apart at the end because we just can’t figure out when to stop.”
Mastroianni says his takeaway is that trying to guess what someone you’re chatting with wants is almost pointless. “You really have no idea when the other person wants to go. So maybe, stop trying and just relax and enjoy the conversation.”
37．Where were the two parts of the study carried out
38．In what way were the participants’ guesses wrong in the second part of the study
39．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
It’s easy to find a proper time to end a conversation with a close friend.
40．If you desire to end a conversation, would you tell the other person directly Why or why not （In about 40 words）
参考答案：
1．White lies don’t hurt 2．Because people with dementia have returned back to decades ago, they think they are in a strange place, surrounded by strange people. 3．The public expect doctors to be honest with their patients and the author also believes that it is heartless and unprofessional to lie to patients.
Because lying to patients is kind and tender-hearted when done in the right way, not heartless or unprofessional. 4．Yes, I couldn’t agree more. Because sometimes being honest pays a price, the truth of which will hurt someone who can’t accept the reality.
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章通过医生和护士对患有老年痴呆症的沃尔顿太太说谎的事例得出医生和护士喜欢说谎的原因。
1．考查主旨大意。由第一段中的“Some of the lies told included reassuring patients that their wives or husbands were still alive, when in fact they were dead. (一些谎言包括让患者放心，说他们的妻子或丈夫还活着，而事实上他们已经死了)”，第二段中的“The truth, if I can use that word, is that it is a kindness to lie sometimes. (事实上，如果我能用这个词的话，那就是有时候撒谎是一种善意)”和倒数第二段中的“The lies that doctors, nurses, carers and families tell these patients are not big, elaborate lies—they are brief reassurances intended to calm and allow the subject to be swiftly changed. (医生、护士、护理人员和家属对这些患者说的谎话并不是什么大谎话，它们只是简单的保证，旨在让患者平静下来，并让话题迅速改变)”可知，有时候说谎并不是为了欺骗，而是为了改变话题，让患者平静下来、放心，因此，从这篇文章，我们能学到“善意的谎言无伤大雅”。故答案为：White lies don’t hurt
2．考查细节理解。由第三段中的“It is very distressing and tormenting and many of the behavioural difficulties that I have encountered in those with dementia relate to them feeling upset, scared and confused that they are in a strange place, surrounded by strange people, even when they are in their own homes surrounded by their family, because they have returned back to decades ago. (这是非常痛苦和折磨的，我在痴呆症患者中遇到的许多行为困难都与他们感到不安、害怕和困惑有关，因为他们在一个陌生的地方，被陌生的人包围，甚至当他们在自己的家里，被家人包围时，因为他们回到了几十年前)”可知，痴呆症患者即使在自己的家里被家人包围，也会感到不安、害怕和困惑，是因为痴呆症患者回到了几十年前，他们认为自己身处一个陌生的地方，周围都是陌生的人。故答案为：Because people with dementia have returned back to decades ago, they think they are in a strange place, surrounded by strange people.
3．考查细节理解。由最后一段中的“Colluding (串通) with them about this false reality they find themselves flung into is not heartless or unprofessional — it is, when done in the right way, kind and tender-hearted. (就他们陷入的虚假现实与他们串通（即说谎）并不是无情的或不专业的——当以正确的方式进行时，它是善良和温柔的)”可知，当以正确的方式对患者撒谎时，它是善良和温柔的，而不是无情或不专业的，“heartless and unprofessional”错误。故答案为：The public expect doctors to be honest with their patients and the author also believes that it is heartless and unprofessional to lie to patients.
Because lying to patients is kind and tender-hearted when done in the right way, not heartless or unprofessional.
4．开放题，答案不唯一，言之有理即可。考生结合自身实际发表见解并说明原因。例如，考生同意“诚实并不是最好的政策”此观点，因为有时候诚实是要付出代价的，真相会伤害那些不能接受现实的人。故参考答案为：Yes, I couldn’t agree more. Because sometimes being honest pays a price, the truth of which will hurt someone who can’t accept the reality.
5．A decrease in exercise and less attention to the diet. 6．Because they can stimulate one’s brain and memory to develop new neutral pathways. 7．The two ways mentioned in the passage to help create new pathways are trying something new and exercising your brain by challenging your brain with different tasks. Because the other way mentioned in the passage to stimulate the production of new pathways is doing exercise。 8．To improve brain function, we should pay more attention to the diet. And we should get enough mental exercise like reading and doing math. In addition, mediation is a good way to improve memory and learning.
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章指出大脑的功能是可以主动提升的，并介绍了两种促进神经通路形成、提升大脑功能的方法。
5．细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“Two frequent changes are a decrease in exercise and less attention to our diet, which have a negative effect on our brain and memory.(两种常见的改变有，体育锻炼的减少和对自身饮食的不加注意，它们对我们的大脑和记忆力都有着消极的影响)”可知，体育锻炼减少和不注意自身饮食会对大脑和记忆力产生负面影响。故答案为A decrease in exercise and less attention to the diet。
6．推理判断题。根据第五段中“The best activities are the ones outside of your comfort zone. They push you as you develop new neural pathways. The effort involved in learning and committing to memory a new skill, with new terms and language, is a great way to exercise your brain.(最好的活动是那些舒适区之外的活动。它们会促使你发展新的神经通路。那些用于学习和致力于记住一项新技能、新术语或是语言所付出的努力，是锻炼大脑的极佳方式)”可知，舒适区之外的活动，也就是新奇的活动和经历可以激励大脑和记忆力，使人发展出新的神经通路，因此是最好的活动。故答案为Because they can stimulate one’s brain and memory to develop new neutral pathways。
7．细节理解题。根据第四段“One simple way to stimulate the production of new pathways is trying something new.(一种简单的刺激新通路形成的方式是，尝试新鲜的事物)”和第七段中“Another way to stimulate the production of new pathways is doing exercise.(另一个刺激新通路形成的方式是体育锻炼)”可知，文中提到的两种促进新的神经通路形成的方式分别是尝试新鲜事物和增加体育锻炼，即所给句子中“exercising your brain by challenging your brain with different tasks”部分有误，应画线，故答案（所述理由）为The two ways mentioned in the passage to help create new pathways are trying something new and exercising your brain by challenging your brain with different tasks. Because the other way mentioned in the passage to stimulate the production of new pathways is doing exercise。
8．推理判断题。根据第三段第二句“Two frequent changes are a decrease in exercise and less attention to our diet, which have a negative effect on our brain and memory.( 两种常见的改变有，体育锻炼的减少和对自身饮食的不加注意，它们对我们的大脑和记忆力都有着消极的影响)”可知，不注意自身饮食会阻碍新的神经通路形成，因此要避免这种行为，此外根据文中已经提到的提高大脑功能的方法还可联想到，适当地进行一些头脑训练，比如阅读、做数学题、练习冥想等。故答案为To improve brain function, we should pay more attention to the diet. And we should get enough mental exercise like reading and doing math. In addition, mediation is a good way to improve memory and learning。
9．Unwilling. 10．The parent feels so good. 11．The writer admits volunteering is of a selfish act because her motivation lies in the material rewards.
Because her motivation lies in the good feeling she gets when others benefits in the process of volunteering. 12．(1)Meet New People and Build Community. Everyone loves new friends!
(2)Gain Knowledge and Understanding of Other Ways of Life. Volunteering might take me to a new part of my community I have never been to before.
【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者通过这篇文章主要向我们描述了一位母亲因为一次志愿者活动而爱上了做志愿者，开始积极帮助他人。
9．考查推理判断。根据第二段““You can use me as a last resort, and if nobody else volunteers, then I will do it.” This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids' lacrosse club. (“你可以把我当作最后的救命稻草，如果没有其他人自愿，那我就去做。”这是一位家长在我为孩子的长曲棍球俱乐部征集志愿者后的真实回复)”和第三段“At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, “Alright. Yes, I’ll do it.”(这时不情愿的父母说：“好吧。是的，我愿意。”)”可推断，家长对志愿者的要求是不愿意的。故答案为Unwilling.
10．考查推理判断。根据第四段“The unwilling parent organizes the meal schedule, sends out emails, and collects money for end-of-season gifts. Somewhere along the way, the same parent ends up becoming an invaluable member of the team. The coach is able to focus on the kids while the other parents are relieved to be off the hook for another season. Handing out sliced oranges to bloodthirsty kids can be as exciting as watching your own kid score a goal. (这名不情愿的家长会安排用餐时间，发邮件，收钱买季末礼物。在这个过程中，同一位家长最终会成为团队中宝贵的成员。教练可以把注意力集中在孩子们身上，而其他家长则可以放心地度过下一个赛季。给嗜血的孩子们分发切片橙子就像看着自己的孩子进球一样令人兴奋)”可推断，这名家长在志愿者的过程中感觉很好。故答案为The parent feels so good.
11．考查细节理解。根据第五段“That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more: Connecting to the community as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy. Volunteering just feels so good. (这种解脱伴随着对为什么同样的人会不断回来寻求更多的深刻理解：通过免费奉献你的时间、金钱、技能或服务而与社区建立联系会带来真正的快乐。做志愿者的感觉真好)”和第六段“In that sense, I’m pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than I’d freely like to admit.(从这个意义上说，我很确定志愿服务比我愿意承认的更自私)”可知，作者承认志愿服务是一种自私的行为，因为她的动机在于当别人在志愿服务过程中受益时，她得到的良好感觉。由此可知，她的动机并非在于物质奖励。故答案为The writer admits volunteering is of a selfish act because her motivation lies in the material rewards.
Because her motivation lies in the good feeling she gets when others benefits in the process of volunteering.
12．开放性试题。考生言之有理即可，注意词数限制。参考答案为(1)Meet New People and Build Community. Everyone loves new friends!
(2)Gain Knowledge and Understanding of Other Ways of Life. Volunteering might take me to a new part of my community I have never been to before.
13．To promote fairness. 14．Social controls influence the way we behave and can be internal or external. 15．Our external controls comes from rewards and punishments from an authority like our school.
Because external controls include rewards and punishments. They do not come from within but are implemented by an authority—this could be the government, the police, a teacher or parents, depending on the situation. 16．In my home, all housework is done by my mom, which I think should be changed. Because it is unfair to do all the housework by my mom. We should do it with her to show fairness, our love and share of responsibility.
【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要讲述一项研究表明，人们生活的社区和社会都需要有规则来促进公平，没有规则，社会就无法运行。
13．细节理解题。根据第二段“Our sense of fairness depends on the influences in our culture, the immediate situation we are in, and our own self-interest. Arriving at a feeling of fairness means considering different, often conflicting, points of view. Regardless of the disagreement, people almost always need to compromise. But it can be difficult to arrive at a compromise (妥协) when there are conflicting interests. This is why communities have rules that everyone must follow.”(我们的公平感取决于我们文化的影响，我们当前的处境，以及我们自身的利益。达到一种公平的感觉意味着考虑不同的，经常是相互矛盾的观点。不管有什么分歧，人们几乎总是需要妥协。但当利益冲突时，可能很难达成妥协。这就是为什么社区有每个人都必须遵守的规则。)可知，我们每个人之所以要遵守规则，原因在于要实现公平。故答案为To promote fairness。
14．细节理解题。根据第三段“Social controls are an important factor in setting and following rules. They influence the way we behave and can be internal or external.”(社会控制是制定和遵守规则的一个重要因素。它们影响我们的行为方式，可以是内在的，也可以是外在的。)可知，社会控制从内在和外在影响我们的行为方式。故答案为Social controls influence the way we behave and can be internal or external.
15．细节理解题。根据第三段“Internal controls come from within and are based on our values and fears.”(内部控制来自内部，基于我们的价值观和恐惧。)和第四段“External controls include rewards and punishments. They do not come from within but are implemented by an authority — this could be the government, the police, a teacher or parents, depending on the situation.”(外部控制包括奖励和惩罚。它们不是来自内部，而是由一个权威机构执行——这可能是政府、警察、教师或家长，具体取决于具体情况。)可知，内部控制来自内部，基于我们的价值观和恐惧；而外部控制是来自像学校这样的权威机构执行的奖励和惩罚。所以，这句话“Our internal control comes from rewards and punishments from an authority like our school.”(我们的内部控制来自于像我们学校这样的权威机构的奖励和惩罚。)是错误的，主语internal control应该改成external control。故答案为Our external controls comes from rewards and punishments from an authority like our school.Because external controls include rewards and punishments. They do not come from within but are implemented by an authority—this could be the government, the police, a teacher or parents, depending on the situation.
16．开放性试题，答案不唯一，言之有理即可。题干问的是：如果您可以更改学校/家庭/社区的规则，您希望更改哪一条？为什么？可以自选一条更改，注意字数。参考答案为In my home, all housework is done by my mom, which I think should be changed. Because it is unfair to do all the housework by my mom. We should do it with her to show fairness, our love and share of responsibility.
17．It may reflect individual preferences and more deeply rooted, unconscious cultural differences. 18．Facebook users in America are more likely to use profile photos that focus on their faces, while the photos of East Asians tend to less emphasize the face and include more background features. Americans also show greater smile intensity compared to East Asian Facebook users. 19．In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of America.
Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country because the culture of their host country has an influence on their self-presentation online. 20．I think apart from cultural differences, age and one’s working area may affect one’s choice of profile photos on social media.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了我们在社交媒体选择的照片作为自己的头像可能反映了个人偏好，但它们似乎也反映了更根深蒂固的、无意识的文化差异。
17．考查细节理解。根据第一段“According to a study by researchers at the UT Dallas Center, the photos we select may reflect individual preferences, but they also appear to reflect more deeply rooted unconscious cultural differences.(根据德克萨斯大学达拉斯中心研究人员的一项研究，我们选择的照片可能反映了个人偏好，但它们似乎也反映了更根深蒂固的、无意识的文化差异。)”可知，在线个人资料照片会反映出个人偏好和更加根深蒂固，无意识的文化差异。故答案为It may reflect individual preferences and more deeply rooted, unconscious cultural differences。
18．考查细节理解。根据第二段“Overall, they found that profile photos of Americans are more likely to focus on the individual’s face, while the profiles of East Asians tend to less emphasize the face and include more backgroundfeatures. Americans also show greater smile intensity compared to East Asian Facebook users.(总的来说，他们发现美国人的头像照片更倾向于关注个人的面部，而东亚人的头像往往不太强调面部，包含更多的背景特征。与东亚脸书用户相比，美国人的微笑程度也更高。)”可知，Facebook用户在美国的档案照片更有可能关注他们的脸，而东亚人的照片往往不太强调面部，包括更多的背景特征。与东亚脸书用户相比，美国人的微笑程度也更高。故答案为Facebook users in America are more likely to use profile photos that focus on their faces, while the photos of East Asians tend to less emphasize the face and include more background features. Americans also show greater smile intensity compared to East Asian Facebook users。
19．考查细节理解。根据第五段“The research also found that cultural influences over our self-presentation online can shift over time and from place to place. In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan and Japanese studying in the United States both showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country.(研究还发现，文化对我们在线自我表达的影响会随着时间和地点的变化而变化。在其中一个研究样本中，在日本留学的美国人和在美国留学的日本人都倾向于根据所在国的总体喜好来调整自己的头像。)”可知，在日本留学的美国人倾向于根据所在国的总体喜好来调整个人资料照片，因为所在国的文化会影响他们在网上的自我表现。故答案为In one of the study samples, Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of America.
Americans studying in Japan showed a tendency to adjust their profile photos to the general preferences of their host country because the culture of their host country has an influence on their self-presentation online。
20．开放性题目，答案不唯一，言之有理即可。参考答案：我认为除了文化差异之外，年龄和一个人的工作领域可能会影响一个人在社交媒体上选择个人资料照片。故答案为I think apart from cultural differences, age and one’s working area may affect one’s choice of profile photos on social media。
21．It means we are used to the way things are that we don’t even recognize that they could be different. 22．The successful technique is to place it into the emptied tack box that is fastened to the wall. 23．Frozen thinking is common among ordinary people but less found in those with high IQ. Because Frozen thinking has nothing to do with intelligence. 24．There are two ways to avoid frozen thoughts. Firstly, I can talk to people who disagree with me, which is good for my brain. What’s more, I always think outside the box, which can broaden my thinking in countless ways.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。作者介绍了一种心理学家称之为功能固着的现象。
21．考查细节理解。根据第一段的“What’s sad is that even if it’s the latter, we often follow a certain path anyway because we are used to the way things are that we don’t even recognize that they could be different. Psychologists call this phenomenon functional fixedness.(可悲的是，即使是后者，我们通常还是会走一条特定的道路，因为我们已经习惯了事物本来的样子，甚至没有意识到它们可能是不同的。心理学家称这种现象为功能性固着)”可知，功能固着指的习惯了事物本来的样子，甚至没有意识到它们可能是不同的。故答案为It means we are used to the way things are that we don’t even recognize that they could be different.
22．考查细节理解。根据第三段的“The successful technique is to use the tack box as a candle holder. You empty it, tack it to the wall, and stand the candle inside it.(成功的方法是把大头钉盒当作烛台。你把它倒空，钉在墙上，把蜡烛放在里面)”可知，成功的方法是把大头钉盒当作烛台，钉在墙上，把蜡烛放在里面。故答案为The successful technique is to place it into the emptied tack box that is fastened to the wall.
23．考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段的“Frozen thinking has nothing to do with intelligence, she said, “It can be found in highly intelligent people.”(她说，思维僵化与智力无关，“它可以在高智商的人身上找到。”)”可知，“Frozen thinking is common among ordinary people but less found in those with high IQ.”的错误之处是“less found in those with high IQ”，因为思维僵化与智力无关，也可以在高智商的人身上找到。故答案为Frozen thinking is common among ordinary people but less found in those with high IQ. Because Frozen thinking has nothing to do with intelligence.
24．开放性问题，答案不唯一，言之有理即可。题干意为“你如何避免日常生活中的思维僵化？”，结合文章内容，答案符合逻辑即可，注意词数限制。参考答案为：There are two ways to avoid frozen thoughts. Firstly, I can talk to people who disagree with me, which is good for my brain. What’s more, I always think outside the box, which can broaden my thinking in countless ways.
25．Because some people think if they ask for help, it means they are too weak to handle their own problems by themselves. 26．The second paragraph is mainly about the social influence contributing to the “help” becoming a dirty word and introduced two types of stigmas : public stigma and self stigma. 27．Breaking the stigma around “help” can increase our need of seeking help. The underlined part is wrong because breaking the stigma around “help” can improve ourselves. 28．It is likely that if you can ask somebody for help, you can make a good friend because that makes the other feel they are needed and trusted, and also you can learn a lot during the process.
【导语】这是一篇说明文。介绍了现在“帮助”一词竟然被污名化，意味着软弱无能。
25．考查细节理解。根据第一段““Help” has become a sort of dirty word, implying weakness and neediness, that we can’t handle our problems on our own.(“帮助”已经变成了一个肮脏的词，暗示着软弱和需要，我们不能自己处理我们的问题)”可知，“help”被污名化，是因为人们认为自己需要别人帮助就意味着自己弱势，不能把自己的问题处理好。故答案为Because some people think if they ask for help, it means they are too weak to handle their own problems by themselves.
26．考查段落大意。根据第三段“Still, requesting help carries a societal weight. The British Psychology Society found that two types of stigmas (羞耻、耻辱) exist: public stigma and self stigma...(尽管如此，寻求帮助还是有社会影响的。英国心理学会发现存在两种类型的污名:公众污名和自我污名……)”及后面对两种情况详细展开的介绍可知，本段主要讲述了心理学家发现两种类型的求助耻辱心理：公众污名和自我污名。 故答案为The second paragraph is mainly about the social influence contributing to the “help” becoming a dirty word and introduced two types of stigmas : public stigma and self stigma.
27．考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段“To be our better selves, we have to break the stigma around “help” and accept the fact that some problems are too tough to overcome on our own.( 要成为更好的自己，我们必须打破围绕“帮助”的污名，并接受这样一个事实：有些问题很难靠我们自己克服)”可知，作者认为打破这个求助的耻辱感，才可以接受事实，适当求助，完善提升自我，所以说“Breaking the stigma around “help” can increase our need of seeking help.”意为：打破“帮助”的污名会增加我们寻求帮助的需求，就会更多地去求助别人，这个说法是错误的。应改为Breaking the stigma around “help” can improve ourselves. 故答案为Breaking the stigma around “help” can increase our need of seeking help. The underlined part is wrong because breaking the stigma around “help” can improve ourselves.
28．开放题，答案不唯一，言之有理即可。遇到困难自己解决不了，向人求助有很多好处。例如，真心求助会使对方感到被需要，被信任而真心帮助，甚至会成为好朋友，求助者也会向对方学到很多知识。参考答案为It is likely that if you can ask somebody for help, you can make a good friend because that makes the other feel they are needed and trusted, and also you can learn a lot during the process.
29．Table manners are the way people behave while eating a meal. 30．Because table manners can reflect people’s character, such as being respectful and considerate to others, and they can also lead people to social success. 31．Tony Tan says that it is impolite for younger generations to start eating before the elders do even after the get permission from the elders.
According to the passage, if their elders say “Go ahead”, younger generations can start eating before the elders do. So it is acceptable for them to start eating with the permission from the elderly. 32．In my home, when you want something at dinner, don’t point at it with your chopsticks, and don’t speak noisily either. Please use a spoon for soup. When you finish the dinner, and someone is still eating, don’t leave the table.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了餐桌礼仪及其重要性。
29．考查细节理解。根据文章第一段“They show the way people behave while eating a meal.(它们展示了人们吃饭时的行为方式。)”可知，餐桌礼仪是人们吃饭时的行为方式。故答案为Table manners are the way people behave while eating a meal.
30．考查细节理解。根据文章第三段“Table manners matter much. They are a reflection of your character. It’s about respect for others. When you are with others in a social setting, you want to be considerate to those around you. Table manners also mean your “ticket” to social success. (餐桌礼仪很重要。它们是你性格的反映。这是对他人的尊重。当你和别人在一个社会环境中，你想要体谅你周围的人。餐桌礼仪也意味着你获得社交成功的“门票”。)”可知，餐桌礼仪很重要，因为餐桌礼仪可以反映出人的性格，比如尊重和体贴他人，他们也可以导致人们的社会成功。故答案为Because table manners can reflect people’s character, such as being respectful and considerate to others, and they can also lead people to social success.
31．考查细节理解。根据文章最后一段“He says, “You’ve got to invite your elders to start eating, or say, ‘We are now eating’, so the elders can say, ‘Go ahead’. It’s a sign of respect to the elderly. (他说：“你必须邀请你的长辈开始吃饭，或者说，‘我们正在吃饭’，这样长辈就会说，‘开始吧’。”这是对老人的尊重。)”可知，如果他们的长辈说“开始吧”，年轻一代可以在长辈之前开始吃东西。所以他们在得到老人的允许后开始吃东西是可以接受的。故答案为>Tony Tan says that it is impolite for younger generations to start eating before the elders do even after the get permission from the elders.
According to the passage, if their elders say “Go ahead”, younger generations can start eating before the elders do. So it is acceptable for them to start eating with the permission from the elderly.
32．开放题。要求考生陈述自己家中的餐桌礼仪，考生言之有理即可。参考答案为In my home, when you want something at dinner, don’t point at it with your chopsticks, and don’t speak noisily either. Please use a spoon for soup. When you finish the dinner, and someone is still eating, don’t leave the table.
33．They can put all devices out of sight while studying and build a solid timetable. 34．Because thinking about food frequently can disturb studying or cause them to miss part of the class. 35．To avoid being disturbed by background noises, students could sit in a silent environment or wear a pair of headphones.
According to the passage, sitting in a silent environment often emphasizes background noises even more. 36．With online learning, I enjoy more flexibility in rearranging courses and completing tasks. It also allows me to learn at my own pace. For instance, I can start and pause the video when it suits me to ensure that I’ve really mastered the material.
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了导致许多学生在线学习时分心的原因。
33．考查细节理解。根据第二段“To overcome this challenge, students are encouraged to put all devices out of sight while working and build a solid timetable.(为了克服这一挑战，学生们被鼓励在学习时将所有设备放在看不见的地方，并制定一个可靠的时间表。)”可知，学生在线学习时，可以把所有设备都放在视线之外，并制定一个可靠的时间表，以克服数码技术造成的分心。故答案为They can put all devices out of sight while studying and build a solid timetable.
34．考查细节理解。根据第四段“Likewise, kitchens raise even more problems! Thinking about food frequently can disturb studying or cause a student to miss part of the class.(同样，厨房也会带来更多的问题！经常想着食物可能会干扰学习或导致学生错过部分课程。)”可知，厨房会给在家里学习的学生带来问题，因为经常想着食物会干扰学习或导致他们错过部分课程。故答案为Because thinking about food frequently can disturb studying or cause them to miss part of the class.
35．考查细节理解。根据第三段“In addition to electronic devices, background noises can be a huge obstacle when it comes to online learning. In fact, sitting in a silent environment often emphasizes background noises even more.(除了电子设备之外，背景噪音也是在线学习的巨大障碍。事实上，坐在静默环境中往往更突出背景噪音。)”可知，静默环境会更突出背景噪音，所以为了避免受到背景噪音的影响，学生们不能坐在静默环境中。故答案为To avoid being disturbed by background noises, students could sit in a silent environment or wear a pair of headphones.
According to the passage, sitting in a silent environment often emphasizes background noises even more.
36．开放性题目。通过在线学习，我可以更灵活地重新安排课程和完成任务。它也让我能够按照自己的节奏学习。例如，我可以在合适的时候启动和暂停视频，以确保我真正掌握了材料。故答案为With online learning, I enjoy more flexibility in rearranging courses and completing tasks. It also allows me to learn at my own pace. For instance, I can start and pause the video when it suits me to ensure that I’ve really mastered the material.
37．Online and in a lab. 38．By either over or underestimating the other person’s desire to continue the talk. 39．It’s easy to find a proper time to end a conversation with a close friend.
It’s difficult to find a proper time to end a conversation with a close friend, because people have no idea when the other person wants to stop talking. 40．If I desire to end a conversation, I would not tell the other person directly beacause I just tend to relax and enjoy the conversation and do not want to hurt others' feelings.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的研究提出了这样一个问题：对话是否会在人们希望结束的时候结束？答案是否定的。
37．考查细节理解。根据文章第三段第一句中“The first part was an online survey(第一部分是一项在线调查)”和第二句中“The second part involved 252 people paired up with strangers in a lab (第二部分，252人与实验室中的陌生人配对)”可知，研究的两个部分是在线上和实验室里进行的。故答案为Online and in a lab.
38．考查细节理解。根据文章第七段最后一句“Those guesses were wrong, either over or underestimating the other person’s desire to continue the talk, by about 64 percent of the conversation’s actual length.(这些猜测是错误的，高估或低估了对方想要继续谈话的欲望，约占实际谈话长度的64%。)”可知，在研究的第二部分，参与者的猜测高估或低估了对方想要继续谈话的欲望。故答案为By either over or underestimating the other person’s desire to continue the talk.
39．考查细节理解。根据文章第八段“Taken together, the results suggest that we aren’t very skilled at estimating each others’ desires about when to end a conversation.(综上所述，研究结果表明，我们并不擅长评估对方何时结束谈话的意愿)”可知，找个合适的时间结束和亲密朋友的谈话是很不容易的，因为我们并不擅长评估对方何时结束谈话的意愿，所以所给句子中easy一词表述有误。故答案为It’s easy to find a proper time to end a conversation with a close friend. It’s difficult to find a proper time to end a conversation with a close friend, because people have no idea when the other person wants to stop talking.
40．本题为开放型题目，言之有理即可，注意词数限制。题干：如果你想结束一段对话，你会直接告诉对方吗？为什么？为什么不？故答案为If I desire to end a conversation, I would not tell the other person directly beacause I just tend to relax and enjoy the conversation and do not want to hurt others’ feelings.