专攻解题方法与技巧
阅读理解标题的3大特点 巧用三大方法确定文章标题
(1)正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。
(2)反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想如果它们作标题写出来的文章将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除不符选项。
(3)研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等
[典例] (2022·全国乙卷)
Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and，at the same time，help railway operators save billions of euros each year？That is the very likely future of applying today's “eyes in the sky”technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high tension electrical lines.They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points.The more regularly they can be inspected，the more railway safety，reliability and on time performance will be improved.Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient(高效)across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety.It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance，including sending maintenance staff，often at night，to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews' efforts.
By using the latest technologies，drones could also start providing higher value services for railways，detecting faults in the rail or switches，before they can cause any safety problems.To perform these tasks，drones for rail don't need to be flying overhead.Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future.They will be moving on the track ahead of the train，and programmed to run autonomously.Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co pilot.With their ability to see ahead，they could signal any problem，so that fast moving trains would be able to react in time.
31．Which is the most suitable title for the text
A．What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones B．How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C．What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face D．How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
[解题示范]
第一步：读文章，理清结构
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety.By using the latest technologies，drones could also start providing higher value services for railways，detecting faults in the rail or switches，before they can cause any safety problems.
第二步：析选项，斟酌判断
A 无人机可以检测到哪些故障
本文在最后一段提到检测到故障，但文中说在“轨道或开关出现任何安全问题之前”
B 如何扩大无人机生产
文中并未提到扩大无人机生产
C 无人机发展将面临什么困难
文中并未提到无人机发展的困难
D 无人机将如何改变铁路的未来
从无人机在铁路领域的应用的介绍以及对未来无人机的发展展望可知，在未来，无人机将会保证铁路的安全性和可靠性，或许会成为铁路安全的新未来。此标题全面、精炼地概括了文章内容
第三步：对比选项得出答案
[答案] D
类型2 文章大意题 文章大意是作者在文章中所要表达的主要内容，是全文的核心思想，也是作者在文章中通过行文逻辑和各种细节来阐明的中心话题。应掌握寻找文章主题的三个小窍门，快速确定文章大意
主题
句法
解答文章大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍两种快速找出主题句的方法。
(1)根据文体和写作手法来定位主题句：
①新闻报道类文章首句是主题句
②首句语言精炼，中间段多角度说明论证，且与尾段句子相呼应，则首句是文章主题句
(2)根据行文标志来定位主题句：
转折词 如 but、however、in fact、actually等，其后的内容往往是作者真正想要表达的观点
总结词 如therefore、thus、in short、conclude等，其后的内容往往是文章的主题句
疑问句 若首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答可能是文章的主题句
高频词法 若全文无明显主题句，我们可以利用文章中的高频词找出文章的主题句。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章最明显的特点之一是文中有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住它，便容易抓住文章的中心
逆向思维法 在两个选项看上去都十分正确且无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容相比较，接近的即为正确选项
[典例] (2021·全国甲卷)
When I was 9，we packed up our home in Los Angeles and arrived at Heathrow，London on a gray January morning.Everyone in the family settled quickly into the city except me.Without my beloved beaches and endless blue sky days，I felt at a loss and out of place.Until I made a discovery.
Southbank，at an eastern bend in the Thames，is the center of British skateboarding，where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing.I loved it.I soon made friends with the local skaters.We spoke our own language.And my favorite: Safe.Safe meant cool.It meant hello.It meant don't worry about it.Once，when trying a certain trick on the beam (横杆)，I fell onto the stones，damaging a nerve in my hand，and Toby came over，helping me up：Safe，man.Safe.A few minutes later，when I landed the trick，my friends beat their boards loud，shouting: “Safe！Safe！Safe！”And that's what mattered — landing tricks，being a good skater.
When I was 15，my family moved to Washington.I tried skateboarding there，but the locals were far less welcoming.Within a couple of years，I'd given it up.
When I returned to London in 2004，I found myself wandering down to Southbank，spending hours there.I've traveled back several times since，most recently this past spring.The day was cold but clear；tourists and Londoners stopped to watch the skaters.Weaving(穿梭)among the kids who rushed by on their boards，I found my way to the beam.Then a rail thin teenager，in a baggy white T shirt，skidded(滑)up to the beam.He sat next to me.He seemed not to notice the man next to him.But soon I caught a few of his glances.“I was a local here 20 years ago，”I told him.Then，slowly，he began to nod his head.“Safe，man.Safe.”
“Yeah，”I said.“Safe.”
31.What message does the author seem to convey in the text？
A.Children should learn a second language. B．Sport is necessary for children's health.
C.Children need a sense of belonging. D．Seeing the world is a must for children.
[解题示范]
第一步：读文章，概括文意
eq \x(Part 1
Paragraph 1：When I was 9，we packed up our home in Los Angeles and arrived at Heathrow，London on a gray January morning.Everyone in the family settled quickly into the city except me.Paragraph 2：I soon made friends with the local skaters.We spoke our own language.And my favorite： Safe.Safe meant cool.It meant hello.It meant don't worry about it.Paragraph 3： When I was 15，my family moved to Washington.Paragraph 4： But soon I caught a few of his glances.“I was a local here 20 years ago，”I told him.Then，slowly，he began to nod his head.“Safe，man.Safe.”
第二步：析选项，斟酌判断
A 儿童应当学习第二外语。
文中没有这种说法 无中生有，生搬硬套
B 体育运动对儿童健康是非常必要的。
文中虽提到了滑板运动，但并未涉及滑板运动对健康的作用 无中生有，曲解文意
C 儿童需要归属感。
文章描述了作者通过滑板运动融入新生活、结交当地人的经历，表达了归属感、集体感对于儿童的必要性，因此该选项符合文章主旨 涵盖性强，覆盖全文
D 看世界对于儿童来说是件必要的事情。
文中没有这种说法 无中生有，生搬硬套
第三步：对比选项得出答案
[答案] C
类型3 段落大意题 段落大意题主要考查段落的主要意思，是对某个段落基本内容的简缩和概括。概括、总结、归纳段落大意就是用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来
定位段落主题句，首尾兼顾定段意 常用的写作架构
每一文段都要围绕一个特定的主题，按照一定的逻辑顺序展开，所以段落的结构也有一定的规律性。做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即问题所涉及段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下判断主旨，其准确性更高 段落开头列举具体事例，通过事例得出结论，这个结论就是段落主题句，后面的内容只是继续或拓展该结论
[典例] （2021·全国乙卷）
When almost everyone has a mobile phone，why are more than half of Australian homes still paying for a landline（座机）？
These days you'd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn't own a mobile phone.In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket.Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere，anytime.
24.What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones？
A.Their target users. B.Their wide popularity. C.Their major functions.D.Their complex design.
[解题示范]
第一步：首尾兼顾定段意
根据第二段中的“These days you'd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn't own a mobile phone”以及“Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere，anytime”可知，移动电话在澳大利亚几乎随处可见，即本段主要谈及移动电话在澳大利亚的普及程度。
第二步：析选项，斟酌判断
A 它们的目标用户。
文中提到了年轻人，但他们并不是用于介绍移动电话的目标用户 以偏概全，曲解文意
B 它们广泛的普及度。
本段主旨就是举例说明手机在澳大利亚非常普遍，该项是对本段内容的精炼总结和概括 涵盖性强，覆盖全段
C 它们的主要功能。
原文未提及相关内容 无中生有，生搬硬套
D 它们复杂的设计。
原文未提及相关内容 无中生有，生搬硬套
第三步：对比选项得出答案
[答案] B专攻解题方法与技巧
语法填空-判断词形转换的4则技法
技法（一） 提示词为动词的词形转换
提示词为动词，如果既不是谓语动词，也不是非谓语动词，则考虑动词词形转换。动词是转换成名词还是形容词，则根据句式结构以及空格所充当成分进一步分析
典例导引 头脑风暴
1.（2022·全国甲卷）Cao believes this will make the hiking trip even more （meaning）.
解析：考查形容词。此处为“make＋宾语＋宾补（形容词）”的固定结构，空处应填所给词的形容词形式，故填meaningful。
答案：meaningful
2.（2022·浙江卷）When the answer was no，she declined the （invite）.
解析：考查名词。此处应填入名词作动词decline的宾语，故填invitation。
答案：invitation 1.动词转换为形容词。
①v.＋（ able）转换为形容词。
accept→acceptable 可接受的
adapt→adaptable 能适应的
adjust→adjustable 可调节的
afford→affordable 负担得起的
典例导引 头脑风暴
3.China has a （ responsible）to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry.It can help to build a community with a shared future for mankind，he said.
解析：考查词性转换。分析句子成分可知，空处位于不定冠词a后，应填名词的单数形式，故填responsibility。have a responsibility to do...为固定搭配，意为“有责任去做……”。
答案：responsibility
4.（2022·潍坊高考模拟）They use kite photography，geophysical surveys and seismometers（地震仪）to make learning （excite）.
解析：考查词形转换。此处作learning的宾语补足语应用动词 ing形式的形容词。故填exciting。
答案：exciting
5.（2022·陕西模拟一）Antonio Morgan says that Robinson drove past him fast and just moments later he heard a （frighten）crash.
解析：考查词形转换。空处修饰名词crash，应用形容词作定语，crash指物，应用动词 ing形式的形容词。故填frightening。
答案：frightening
6.（2022·福建莆田模拟）Chinese weddings are as much about the happy couple as they are about their respective families.The weddings are （impress） affairs that focus on blessings of happiness.
解析：考查词形转换。句中affairs是名词，应用形容词来修饰，所给词impress是动词，应用其形容词作定语。故填impressive。
答案：impressive
7.（2022·南昌二模）Zoetis started development on a COVID 19 vaccine for dogs and cats after the first dog tested positive over a year ago.It was considered safe and （use） eight months later.
解析：考查词形转换。分析句子成分可知，空处应用形容词，和safe并列作主语补足语，补充说明it的情况。故填useful。
答案：useful
8.（2022·襄阳五中高三冲刺）Come to Zhangjiajie to enjoy its （amaze） natural scenery and breathtaking Avatar Hallelujah Mountain if you are a fan of Avatar movie！
解析：考查词形转换。根据句意可知，空处修饰名词scenery（指物），因此应用动词 ing形式的形容词。故填amazing。
答案：amazing
9.（2021·泰安模拟）In the eyes of the Yi people，fire is the symbol of light，which is believed to have the ability to drive away insects and pests and protect the （grow）of crops.
解析：考查词形转换。空处作宾语，表示“生长”，应用grow的名词形式，表示抽象概念，不可数。故填growth。
答案：growth
10.（2021 · 安庆模拟）This （achieve） marks that China has reached the first great breakthrough on the path to full scale quantum computing—a quantum computational advantage，also known as “quantum supremacy”.
解析：考查词形转换。空处作主语，表示“成就”应用名词，this修饰可数名词单数。故填achievement。
答案：achievement
②v.＋（ ed/ ing）转换为形容词。
confuse→confused 感到困惑的
worry→worried 担心的
excite→exciting 令人激动的；令人兴奋的
③v.＋词缀 ive转换为形容词。
impress→impressive 给人深刻印象的
instruct→instructive 有教育意义的
④v.＋词缀 ful/ less转换为形容词。
doubt→doubtful 怀疑的
forget→forgetful 健忘的
thank→thankful 感激的
hope→hopeless 不抱希望的
2.动词转换为名词。
①v.＋（ ion/ tion/ ation/ sion）转换为名词，表示“状态或行为”。
celebrate→celebration 庆祝
compete→competition 比赛
pollute→pollution 污染
educate→education 教育
possess→possession 拥有
②v.＋（ ment）转换为名词，表示“行为或结果”。
achieve→achievement 成就
announce→announcement 宣布
argue→argument 争论，论据
③v.＋（ er/ or）转换为名词，表示“人”。
perform→performer 表演者
settle→settler 移民者
educate→educator 教育家
direct→director 导演
visit→visitor 访问者
技法（二） 提示词为名词的词形转换
典例导引 头脑风暴
1.（2022·新高考卷Ⅰ）The GPNP's main goal is to improve connectivity between separate （population） and homes of giant pandas，and eventually achieve a desired level of population in the wild.
解析：考查名词的数。population在此处表示“种群”，为可数名词；根据空前的separate“不同的；分开的”可知，此处应用名词的复数形式。故填populations。
答案：populations
2.（2021·新高考卷Ⅰ）The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we （human） are.
解析：考查词形转换。空处作宾语从句中we的同位语，应用名词的复数形式。故填humans。
答案：humans
3.（2021·全国乙卷）Provide （finance） aid and other benefits for local peoples.
解析：考查词形转换。空处在名词 aid之前，应用形容词作定语。故填financial。
答案：financial
4.（2020·新高考卷Ⅰ）In the 18th and 19th centuries， （wealth）people travelled and collected plants，historical objects and works of art.
解析：考查词形转换。根据空后的名词people可知，这里应用形容词作定语。故填wealthy。
答案：wealthy
5.Judges will choose up to 50 （honour）mention winners，who will each receive a T shirt in memory of Earhart's final flight.
解析：考查词形转换。winners为名词，应用honour的形容词形式来修饰。故填honourable。
答案：honourable
6.（2022·浙江三地市质检）Tai chi chuan employs flowing，rhythmic，deliberate movements，with carefully appointed stances（站姿）and （position），but in practice no two masters teach the system exactly alike.
解析：考查名词复数。太极拳采用流畅、有节奏、从容不迫的动作，有精心指定的站姿和姿势，但实际上，没有哪两位大师教的是完全相同的体系。该空和stances并列，作with的宾语，且position“姿势”是可数名词，故填positions。
答案：positions
7.（2022·浙江台州二模）There were also （compete） for figure skating，ice acrobatics（杂技），and speed skating that were held for the benefit of the royal family.
解析：考查构词法。还有为王室举办的花样滑冰、冰上杂技和速度滑冰比赛。根据句意，此处应用名词表示“比赛”，且根据空前的were可知，此处为复数意义，故填competitions。
答案：competitions
8.（2022·江苏南通如皋适应性考试）Affordable childcare is at once one of the most appealing （promise） of contemporary American life，and the most broken.
解析：考查名词复数。负担得起的幼儿保育既是当代美国生活中最诱人的承诺之一，也是最不能被履行的承诺之一。promise作“承诺”讲时为可数名词，此处为固定用法“one of＋形容词最高级＋可数名词复数”。故填promises。
答案：promises 1.名词的单复数。
若提示词是可数名词单数，分析句子成分后发现词性不需要改变，此时应考虑填名词的复数。若有以下情况时要考虑名词的复数。
（1）有数词或these、those、several、few、many、all、both、various、different等词修饰时用名词的复数形式。
（2）名词前有one of时用名词的复数形式。
（3）若谓语动词是复数形式，则空处应填名词的复数形式。
2.名词转换为形容词。
提示词为名词，如果作定语修饰后面的名词时，则一般考查名词变形容词。注意名词变形容词的后缀。
①n.＋（ able）：honour→honourable 可敬的
②n.＋（ al）：nature→natural 自然的；天生的
music→musical音乐的；悦耳的
③n.＋（ ful）：colour→colourful颜色鲜艳的
meaning→meaningful有意义的；重要的
④n.＋（ en）：wood→wooden木质的
⑤n.＋（ y）：wealth→wealthy富有的
3.名词转换为动词。
提示词为名词，如果作谓语或非谓语，则一般考查名词变动词。熟记名词变动词的前缀和后缀
①加前缀en ：courage→encourage 鼓励
danger→endanger危及；使遭到危险
②加后缀 en：strength→strengthen 加强
③加后缀 ize：apology→apologize道歉
典例导引 头脑风暴
9.（2022·辽宁沈阳三模）The success of China's Shenzhou ? mission represents a major victory in the （country）plan to explore space，said experts from different countries.
解析：考查名词所有格。根据语境可知，此处表示“中国‘神舟十三号’任务的成功代表着中国探索太空计划的重大胜利”，此处应用country的所有格形式。故填country's。
答案：country's
10.（2021·浙江卷）It is calculated by dividing a （person） weight in kg by their height in metres squared，and a BMI of between 19 and 25 is considered healthy.
解析：考查词形转换。空前是冠词a，空后是名词weight，此处表示“一个人的体重”，应用所给词的所有格形式。故填 person's。
答案：person's 4.名词的所有格。
提示词与其后的名词是所属关系，应考虑名词的所有格。
（1）单数名词和不以 s结尾的复数名词通常在词尾加 's。
（2）以 s或 es结尾的复数名词，通常在词尾加'
[技法点金]
牢记名词变复数的6种变化形式
（1）一般情况下，在词尾直接加 s：book→books，mouth →mouths，house→houses，girl→girls。
（2）以 s， x， ch， sh结尾的名词，在词尾加 es：glass→glasses，box→boxes，match→matches，brush→brushes。
（3）以辅音字母＋（ y）结尾的名词，变y为i再加 es：city → cities，country→ countries，party→ parties，factory→factories。
（4）以 o结尾的名词：
①常在词尾加 s：radio→radios，zoo→zoos，piano→pianos，kilo→kilos，photo→photos。
②加 es的有：hero→heroes，tomato→tomatoes，potato→potatoes。
（5）以 f， fe结尾的名词：
①一般以 f或 fe结尾的名词，要变f或fe为v再加 es：
self→selves，life→lives，thief→thieves，wife→wives，knife→knives，leaf→leaves，shelf→shelves，wolf→wolves，half→halves。
②少数直接加 s：roof→roofs，belief→beliefs。
（6）一些不规则变化的名词复数，如：child→children，man→men，woman→women，tooth→teeth，foot→feet 等。
技法（三） 提示词为形容词、副词的词形转换
典例导引 头脑风暴
（2022·全国乙卷）As a main promoter of the International Tea Day，the birthplace of tea and the
（large） tea producing country，China has a responsibility to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry.
解析：考查形容词的最高级。分析句子结构可知，the后接形容词的最高级。句意：作为国际茶日的主要发起者、茶的发源地和最大的茶叶生产国，中国有责任与其他国家合作来推动茶产业的健康发展。故填largest。
答案：largest
2.（2022·新高考卷Ⅰ）The GPNP's main goal is to improve connectivity between separate populations and homes of giant pandas，and （eventual） achieve a desired level of population in the wild.
解析：考查副词。空处修饰谓语动词achieve，故用所给形容词的副词形式。故填eventually。
答案：eventually
3.（2021·浙江卷）This may be due to some disadvantages for people living in the countryside，including （low）levels of income and education，higher costs of healthy foods，and fewer sports facilities.
解析：考查词形转换。根据后面的higher，fewer可知，此处也应用形容词比较级，故填lower。
答案：lower
4.（2020·浙江卷）The first is declining birth rates，which means old generations are large compared to younger generations，and so，on average，the population becomes （old）than before.
解析：考查词形转换。结合句意及空后的than before可知，这里意为“比以前更加年老”，故填比较级older。
答案：older 1.形容词、副词的词形转换。
（1）分析句子结构发现提示词是形容词且需要改变词性时，应考虑用派生的副词或名词。
（2）若空处作定语、表语则应考虑填形容词形式。
（3）若空处修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，则应考虑填副词形式。
（4）若空处在介词后，应考虑名词作宾语。
典例导引 头脑风暴
5.（2022·湖南邵阳联考）Scientists say soft robot jellyfish that can swim through openings （narrow） than their bodies could be used to observe coral reefs.
解析：考查形容词比较级。科学家说，能够游过比它们的身体更窄的缺口的软体机器人水母可以被用来观察珊瑚礁。根据句意和空后的than可知，此处应填形容词的比较级，故填narrower。
答案：narrower
6.（2022·山东枣庄二模）Such a virtue of honesty earned Ji Bu a good reputation，and there was a saying （wide）spread： It is better to have a promise from Ji Bu than to get hundreds of ounces of gold.
解析：考查构词法。这种诚实的美德为季布赢得了良好的声誉，有一句谚语广为流传：“与其得到几百盎司的黄金，不如得到季布的承诺。”此处修饰动词spread，应用副词，故填widely，表示“普遍地，广泛地，范围广地”。
答案：widely
7.（2022·湖南岳阳二检）The association also said that customers should consume （scientific）and rationally and resist undesirable consumption behaviour.
解析：考查构词法。该协会还表示，消费者应该科学合理地消费，抵制不良消费行为。空处与副词rationally并列，修饰动词consume，故填副词scientifically。
答案：scientifically
8.（2022·广东佛山一检） （incredible），around 1，500 workers spent just nine hours completing the construction of a new train station in Fujian Province，southern China.
解析：考查构词法。分析句子结构可知，此处需用副词作状语，修饰后面整个句子，表示“难以置信地”；注意首字母要大写。故填Incredibly。
答案：Incredibly 2.形容词、副词添加词缀变反义词。
根据句意和前后逻辑关系，确定句意表示否定时，添加否定前缀（un 、im 、dis 等）或否定后缀（ less）变为反义词。
3.形容词、副词转换为比较级、最高级。
（1）利用标志词确定比较等级。
①题目中有much，far，still，even，rather，a little，a bit，a lot，a great deal，than 等标志性词汇时用比较级。
②设空后有表示范围的标志词in，of，among等时用最高级。
③设空前有 one of the等修饰词时，用最高级。
（2）利用固定句型。
“the＋比较级，the＋比较级”表示“越……，就越……”。
4.利用隐含信息判断。
句中虽没有标志词，但暗含比较，也需要用比较级或最高级
[技法点金]
形容词变副词的规则
（1）以 e结尾的形容词一般不去e，直接加 ly：immediate→immediately，brave→bravely。
（2）一些以 e 结尾的形容词去e加 （l）y：true→truly，simple→simply，gentle→gently，possible→possibly。
（3）“辅音字母＋（ y）”结尾，改y为i，再加 ly：happy→happily，easy→easily。
（4）以 ic结尾的形容词加 ally：economic→economically，basic→basically。
技法（四） 提示词为代词的词形转换
典例导引 头脑风暴
1.（2022·全国乙卷）The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum was officially unveiled（揭幕）at the ceremony， opening （it） first exhibition：The Avenue of Truth—A Special Exhibition of Pu'er Tea.
解析：考查代词。分析句子成分可知，空处应填代词，空后有名词exhibition，故应填形容词性物主代词its。
答案：its
2.（2021·新高考卷Ⅰ）As the song goes，this long and winding road “will never disappear”，and it will always stick in the visitor's memory.It sure does in （I）.
解析：考查代词。与前面的“it will always stick in the visitor's memory”呼应，这里表示It sure sticks in my memory，因此空处应用名词性物主代词，故填mine。
答案：mine
3.Among the four，high speed rail and online shopping aren't from China，but we bring the inventions to the world's top level with our intelligence and innovation，and make （they）China's calling card.
解析：考查代词。在动词 make 后应用人称代词的宾格作宾语，故填them。
答案：them 提示词为代词，当句子缺少主语、宾语、定语或表语时，一般填代词；确定填代词之后，再看一下设空处所填代词是否与前文提到的人或物有指代关系。
续上表
典例导引 头脑风暴
4.（2020·新高考卷Ⅰ）As well as looking at exhibits，visitors can play with computer simulations（模拟）and imagine （they）living at a different time in the history or walking through a rainforest.
解析：考查代词。根据语境可知，主语visitors发出的动作imagine作用于自身，此处应用反身代词，故填themselves。
答案：themselves
5.（2020·全国卷Ⅰ）Data about the moon's composition，such as how much ice and other treasures it contains，could help China decide whether （it）plans for a future lunar （月球的） base are practical.
解析：考查代词。此处表示“它的计划”，应用形容词性物主代词，故填its。
答案：its
6.She recognized （I）potential and showed me that I could write with creativity and enthusiasm.
解析：考查代词。分析句子结构可知，此处的potential是名词，意为“潜力”，空处应用形容词性物主代词修饰名词，故填my。
答案：my （1）分析句子结构发现提示词作主语，应考虑人称代词的主格形式。
（2）分析句子结构发现提示词作宾语，应考虑人称代词的宾格形式。
（3）分析句子结构发现提示词作定语，应考虑形容词性物主代词。
（4）分析句子结构发现提示词作动词或介词的宾语，且和主语是同一人时，应考虑反身代词
[技法点金]
一、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词一览表
人称 类型 单数 复数
第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
人称代词 主格 I you he/she/it we you they
宾格 me you him/her/it us you them
物主代词 形容词性 my your his/her/its our your their
名词性 mine yours his/hers/its ours yours theirs
反身代词 myself yourself himself/herself/itself ourselves yourselves themselves
二、牢记代词的句法功能
1.作主语：人称代词主格（I、we、you、he等）。
2.作宾语/表语：人称代词宾格（me、us、him、them、it 等）、名词性物主代词（mine、ours、yours、its等）。
3.作定语：形容词性物主代词（my、our、your、their等）。
4.如果宾语与主语是指同一人，用反身代词（myself、yourself、itself等）。
5.填it的情况：作形式主语或形式宾语；指代前面提到的同一个事物或情况。
6.that、those作替代词，用来代替已提到的名词，以避免重复。专攻解题方法与技巧
英语书面表达写作策略
策略（一） “包装”让词汇高端起来
1.用词无重复原则——求雅变异
写作时，应尽量避免重复使用相同的词语。恰当地使用同义词（组）不仅可以体现雅致的文彩，还有利于增强段落的统一性和连贯性。例如：
（1）old people→the elderly/senior citizens 老人
（2）a way to do sth.→an approach to doing sth.做某事的方法
（3）all kinds of→a variety of/various/a wide range of各种各样的
（4）finish→accomplish完成
（5）hard/difficult→tough/challenging困难的
（6）different→various 不同的
（7）free→available有空的
（8）sorry→upset 难过的
（9）glad→pleased/delighted/cheerful/joyful
高兴的
（10）inspire→spark 激发，鼓舞
（11）be busy with→be absorbed in/be occupied with/be engaged in忙于
[针对训练1] 同义词替换。
1.In order to enrich students' after school life，an exhibition of students' traditional Chinese paintings is being held by our school，which inspires a growing love for traditional art.
→In order to enrich students' after school life，an exhibition of students' traditional Chinese paintings is being held by our school，which a growing love for traditional art. （2021·浙江卷满分作文）
2.Due to COVID 19， it is difficult for farmers to sell their produce，making them very hopeless.
→Due to COVID 19，it is for farmers to sell their produce， making them very hopeless.
答案：1.sparks 2.tough/challenging
2.词义具体化原则——生动贴切
写作中尽量避免使用意义广泛、模棱两可的词，而要根据语境使用具体生动的词。
[针对训练2] 补全句子。
1.Listening to songs and watching movies are good for improving their spoken English.
→Listening to songs and watching movies improving their spoken English.（2022·全国乙卷作文）
2.The whole course was extremely difficult.
→The whole course was extremely difficult， （尤其是靠近山的地方，狭窄而不平）.（2020·新高考卷Ⅰ满分作文）
答案：1.are beneficial to
2.especially the part near the mountain，narrow and rough
3.高年级词汇优先原则——新颖高级
为了表现自己的语言功底，吸引阅卷老师的眼球，应尽量使用高年级阶段学到的词汇，而不用低年级阶段学到的词汇。
[针对训练3] 同义词替换。
1.We are supposed to adopt a proper way to protect us from the terrible virus.
→We are supposed to adopt________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________us from the terrible virus.
2.There is all kinds of local operas around China，such as Beijing Opera and Kun Opera.
→There is local operas around China，such as Beijing Opera and Kun Opera.
答案：1.an appropriate approach to protecting 2.a wide range of
4.短语优先原则——凑词增色
用短语代替单词不仅会给文章增加亮点，而且用短语凑词数也是一个很好的选择。
（1）形容词变短语的方法（of＋同根名词）。
very important/useful/valuable/beneficial/helpful→of vital/great importance/use/value/benefit/help
（2）动词变短语的方法——替换升级。
动词 对应短语
know/realize be aware of/be familiar with
understand figure out/make sense of
should be supposed to
use make use of/take advantage of
consider take ...into account/consideration
be coming be approaching/be around the corner
master have a good command of
thank express one's sincere gratitude to
represent on behalf of
succeed make it/achieve one's goals
help do sb.a favour
value attach importance to
visit pay a visit to
like be fond of/be interested in/be crazy about/be addicted to
（3）副词变短语的方法——同义短语替换。
副词 对应短语
very more than
properly in place
quickly without delay
actually as a matter of fact
possibly whenever possible
[针对训练4] 词汇升级。
1.I master English，which enables me to communicate with foreign friends well.
→I________________________________________________________________________English，which
enables me to communicate with foreign friends well.
2.So，it is high time that we did all we can to affect the sustainable development of oceans greatly.
→So，it is high time that we did all we can to the sustainable development of oceans.（2022·全国甲卷作文）
3.I'm very delighted to learn that you take great interest in the Spring Festival.
→I'm delighted to learn that you take great interest in the Spring Festival.（2021·北京高考满分作文）
答案：1.have a good command of 2.make a huge difference to 3.more than
策略（二） “换装”让句子新颖起来
换用句式时，应遵循以下原则：高级但不造作，多变但不离谱，复杂但不晦涩。
1.特殊句式，风景独好
（1）运用强调句：强调句型的使用是为了突出强调句子的某一部分，它是一种比较容易掌握的高级表达方式。其构成为：
①强调句型基本结构为“It＋is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋句子其他部分”。
②借助于助动词do/does/did对谓语动词进行强调。
[针对训练5] 对加黑部分进行强调。
1.In my memory，Youth accompanies me through my whole high school.
→________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________（2021·新高考卷Ⅰ满分作文）
2.He did not know what had happened until he had read the news in the newspaper.
→________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3.I expect Youth can publish more classic works and have a promising future.
→________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________（2021·新高考卷Ⅰ满分作文）
答案：1.In my memory，it is Youth that accompanies me through my whole high school.
2.It was not until he had read the news in the newspaper that he knew what had happened.
3.I do expect Youth can publish more classic works and have a promising future.
（2）运用倒装句，以示强调。
在写作中，倒装句应用比较广泛，涉及的句型也比较多，包括部分倒装和全部倒装。常见的有：
①“only＋状语”置于句首时，句子用部分倒装。
②none、neither、nor、not、never、hardly、little、seldom等否定词以及at no time、by no means等短语置于句首时，句子用部分倒装。
③在so/such...that...结构中，当so/such...位于句首时，其后的句子用部分倒装。
④as、though引起的倒装句。
⑤表方位的副词或者表地点的介词短语置于句首且句子的主语是名词时，句子用全部倒装。
[针对训练6] 句型转换。
1.Ocean pollution can be dramatically highlighted with everyone's involvement.（用only＋介词短语引起倒装）.
→Only with everyone's involvement________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________.
（2022·全国甲卷作文）
2.We had hardly arrived at the farm when we saw many oranges hanging from the branches.
→Hardly at the farm when we saw many oranges hanging from the branches.（2020·全国卷Ⅱ满分作文）
3.She is so patient with each student that we all like her.
→So patient with each student we all like her.（2020·全国卷Ⅰ满分作文）
4.An old temple which dates back to Ming Dynasty stands at the foot of the mountain.
→At the foot of the mountain________________________________________________________________________，
which dates back to Ming Dynasty.
5.Through the exhibition，you can not only admire wonderful pictures，but also understand the art of traditional Chinese painting better.
→Through the exhibition，not only ，but also understand the art of traditional Chinese painting better.（2021·浙江高考满分作文）
答案：1.can ocean pollution be dramatically highlighted 2.had we arrived 3.is she that 4.stands an old temple
5.can you admire wonderful pictures
（3）运用省略句，避免不必要的重复。
[针对训练7] 句型转换。
1.When I feel depressed，I often choose to enjoy the novel part which includes a lot of imaginative stories.
→________________________________________________________________________，I often
choose to enjoy the novel part which includes a lot of imaginative stories.（2021·新高考卷Ⅰ满分作文）
2.If it is possible，avoid going to crowded public places such as cinemas，shopping malls，Internet bars and so on.
→ ，avoid going to crowded public places such as cinemas，shopping malls，Internet bars and so on.
答案：1.When feeling depressed 2.If possible
2.三大句式，编排巧妙
（1）运用定语从句。
[针对训练8] 句型转换。
1.We all know that Chinese food has become increasingly popular around the world.（用as进行转换）
→________________________________________________________________________，Chinese food has
become increasingly popular around the world.
2.Ninety students from twenty classes participated in the race and among them thirty were girls.
→Ninety students from twenty classes participated in the race， thirty were girls.（2020·新高考卷Ⅰ满分作文）
答案：1.As is known to us all 2.among whom
（2）运用名词性从句。
[针对训练9] 补全句子。
1.________________________________________________________________________（令他吃惊的）is that the
little girl knows so many things.
2.I have just found________________________________________________________________________
（我那天下午得参加一个重要会议）.
3.Word came________________________________________________________________________
（我们学校打算举行一次班会）whose topic is related to Chinese traditional customs.（2021·全国甲卷满分作文）
答案：1.What surprises him 2.that I have to attend an important meeting that afternoon 3.that our school is going to hold a class meeting
（3）运用状语从句。
[针对训练10] 补全句子。
1.________________________________________________________________________
（随着世界变成一个地球村），English is getting more and more important.
2.________________________________________________________________________（尽管我被拒
绝了），I still received some great encouragement，which gives me confidence to be a writer.（2021·新高考卷Ⅰ满分作文）
答案：1.As the world is becoming a global village
2.Refused as/though I was/Although/Though/While I was
refused
3.活用非谓语，让表达言简意赅
用非谓语动词整合简单句、并列句或复合句，提升表达档次，使句子凝练高端。
[针对训练11] 句型转换。
1.As the ocean pollution is becoming more and more serious，June 8th is officially named by the United Nations as the World Oceans Day，which is aimed at raising people's awareness of ocean conservation.
→________________________________________________________________________
，June 8th is officially named by the United Nations as the World Oceans Day，which is aimed at raising people's awareness of ocean conservation.（2022·全国甲卷作文）
2.She walked out of the lab and many students followed her.（用非谓语动词短语转换）
→She walked out of the lab，________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________.
3.When we are faced with all kinds of information on the Internet，we can't tell the difference between the true and the false，which may be harmful to our study and life.（用非谓语动词短语转换）
→________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________，we can't tell
the difference between the true and the false，which may be harmful to our study and life.（2021·全国乙卷满分作文）
4.On the other hand，online learning itself has some imperfections，which makes it difficult for us not to be affected.
→On the other hand，online learning itself has some imperfections，________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________.
（2021 · 全国乙卷满分作文）
答案：1.With the ocean pollution becoming more and more serious
2.followed by many students
3.Faced with all kinds of information on the Internet
4.making it difficult for us not to be affected
4.适时感叹，必要强调
[针对训练12] 补全句子。
________________________________________________________________________（我们玩得多么开心啊）！
Not only did it give us relaxation，but also it got us closer to nature.（2020·全国卷Ⅱ满分作文）
答案：What a wonderful time we had
5.it句式表达技高一筹
（1）It is/was＋形容词/名词＋that...
It's necessary/important/natural that sb.（should）do....
某人做……是必要的/重要的/自然的
It is likely that...有可能……
It is（high/about）time that＋主语＋did/should do...
该是……的时候了
It is/was no surprise/wonder that...
……不足为奇
It is a pity that...遗憾的是……
（2）It is/was＋过去分词＋that...
It is widely believed/acknowledged that ...
人们普遍相信/认为……
It is known that...（＝What is known is that.../As we all know，...）众所周知……
It is strongly recommended that...
强烈建议……
It is reported/said/hoped that...
据报道/据说/人们希望……
It is thought/considered that...
……被认为……，大家认为……
（3）It＋be＋名词＋（of/for sb）to do sth.
It's a great honour for sb to do sth.
对某人来说做某事是一件非常荣幸的事情
It's my great privilege to do sth.
做某事是我的莫大荣幸
（4）动词＋it＋其他。
I'd appreciate it if...如果……我将感激不尽
sb.hate（s）/dislike（s）/love（s）/like（s）it when...
某人讨厌/喜欢……
（5）it的其他相关句型：
It goes without saying that...
毫无疑问/不言而喻……
It takes（sb.）some time/energy to do sth.
做某事花费了（某人）一些时间/精力
It is no use/good doing sth.
做某事没有用处/好处
When it comes to...当谈到……
As sb.put（s） it ...正如某人所说的那样……
It has been＋时间段＋since...
自从……有多长时间了
It occurs to/hits/strikes sb.that...
某人突然想到……
It seems/appears that...看起来似乎……
（6）主语＋think/believe/feel/make/find＋it＋形容词/名词＋（of/for sb.＋）to do sth.
[针对训练13] 补全句子/句型转换。
1.________________________________________________________________________
（众所周知），more than two thirds of the Earth's surface is covered by water.（2022·全国甲卷作文）
2.I________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________traditional Chinese culture.
我认为这是进一步了解中国传统文化的一个很好的机会。
3.It is important that everyone________________________________________________________________________
in a new environment.
在新的环境中学会和他人相处对每个人都是重要的。
4.It is known that the Great Wall is one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World，which is located in North China.
→ the Great Wall is one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World，which is located in North China.（主语从句）
→ ，the Great Wall is one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World，which is located in North China.（非限制性定语从句）
答案：1.As we all know 2.consider it a wonderful opportunity to further understand 3.should learn to get along well with others 4.What is known is that As we all know
策略（三） “改装”让细节丰满起来
在英语写作中，适当增加细节内容，能使习作流畅、丰满，达到应有的表达效果。
1.增加同位语或定语从句
[针对训练14] 补全句子。
1.I'm Li Hua，________________________________________________________________________
（一个参加交流项目的中国学生），and I'm studying in this school.
2.To begin with，the theme of the show is Environment Protection，________________________________________________________________________
（这不仅有意义，而且有趣）.
答案：1.a Chinese student on an exchange programme
2.which will be not only meaningful but also interesting
2.列举具体的实例来补充说明
[针对训练15] 补全句子。
1.I'll spend some time staying with my parents，________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
（和他们聊天，做一些家务）.
2.In the past two weeks，we have had the cultural communication in many aspects，________________________________________________________________________
（例如生活、学习、体育、文学、艺术等）.
答案：1.chatting with them and doing some housework
2.such as life，study，sports，literature，arts and so on
3.添加与所给信息有关的原因、结果、条件、让步、手段、目的等内容
[针对训练16] 补全句子。
1.I am more than delighted to share some details with you.
→________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
（知道您对我们的“珍爱生命”活动感兴趣），I am more than delighted to share some details with you.
2.I'm planning to take a part time job in a foreign company.
→________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________（为了获得一些实践经验），
I'm planning to take a part time job in a foreign company.
答案：1.Knowing that you are interested in our Cherish Life activity
2.In order to get some practical experience
4.内容适当具体化
[针对训练17] 补全句子。
1.I'm going to do some shopping in the supermarket.
→I'm going to do some shopping________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
（在超市里，直到下午5点才能回来）.
2.The activity will be held in Classroom 501.
→The activity will be held________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________（4月11日的上午9时至10时）
in Classroom 501.
答案：1.in the supermarket and won't be back until 5 o'clock in the afternoon
2.from 9 a.m.to 10 a.m.on 11 April
5.表达感受、评价、愿望、倡议等
[针对训练18] 补全句子。
1.I think it is a good chance to appreciate local operas，________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
（这肯定能帮助你了解更多的中国文化）.
2.We can set out early________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
（这样我们就可以有更多的时间来阅读和选择书了）.
答案：1.which will surely help you learn more about Chinese culture
2.so that we can have more time to read and select books
策略（四） “化装”让语篇靓丽起来
根据行文或段落需要，在句与句或段与段之间适当增加过渡词语，使文章浑然一体。
1.表示“首先”的词语
如first/firstly，first of all，to begin/start with等。
①First of all，we must make full use of every 45 minute lesson.
②To begin with，smoking should be banned in public areas.
2.表示“其次”的词语
如second/secondly，besides，in addition，what's more，furthermore，moreover等。
①Secondly，we should get up early to memorize idioms and useful expressions.
②What's more，good books can help us to develop good characters.
③In addition，doctors are highly respected in China and in great demand，especially highly qualified professionals.
3.表示“最后”的词语
如last/lastly，last but not least，most importantly等。
①Last but not least，health is also very significant for us students.
②Most importantly，reading those books opened a window for me to another world and gave me a new point of view.
4.表示“总之”的词语
如in short，in brief，in conclusion，in a/one word，to sum up，all in all，on the whole，in general等。
In a word，success is important，and so is failure，because it's the mother of success.
[针对训练19] 补全句子。
1. （首先），as smart online learners，we can make full use of the most extensive educational resources to broaden the horizon.
2. （而且），12% of the students choose to visit English learning websites when enhancing English skill.（2022·全国乙卷作文）
答案：1.First of all 2.What's more
