外研版（2019）高中英语选择性必修第一册 Unit4Meeting the muse 单元达标检测（含答案）
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Unit 4 Meeting the muse Review 单元达标检测原题版
I.阅读理解
A
Thomas Hardy, probably the most searching and knowledgeable novelist of his time, was born on June 2,1840, in Dorsetshire, England. He died on January 11,1928. In his youth, Hardy read much and dreamt of becoming a poet, but he studied and practiced architecture as an assistant to a London architect, winning a prize for design. The fine descriptions of structure in his novels were probably somewhat due to his architectural training.
For five years Hardy worked hard to practice writing poetry, but when he was twenty seven, he turned to fiction. His first novel finished by 1867, but according to the advice of George Meredith he decided not to publish it. After he abandoned his first novel, his another novel Desperate Remedies, appeared in 1871. During the next twenty five years he published ten more novels and two collections of short stories.
Under the Greenwood Tree (1872) was never surpassed (超越) in happy and delicate perfection of art. This and his next novel, A Pair of Blue Eyes (1873), began to show deep irony (讽刺) which is so obvious throughout Hardy’s writings.
Far from the Madding Crowd (1874) was his first popular success. It shows Hardy’s amazing power of describing nature as symbolic background for his characters, an organic part of the action of his story. This was the earliest of what he called his novels of character and environment, which included The Return of the Native, Tess of the d’Urbervilles, his masterpiece, and Jude the Obscure. Not until he was fifty eight years old was his first collection of poems published, and he was sixty four when the first part of his drama The Dynasts surprised the literary world.
1．How did Thomas Hardy benefit from his architectural career
A．He could practice writing while working.
B．He made a lot of money to support his writing.
C．He found material for his novels and poems.
D．He applied architectural knowledge in his novels.
2．What is Thomas Hardy’s Under the Greenwood Tree considered to be
A．One of his masterworks.
B．His first popular success.
C．His best novel in perfection of art.
D．One of his best collections of poems.
3．Which of the following is one of his novels of character and environment
A．Desperate Remedies
B．A Pair of Blue Eyes
C．Tess of the d’Urbervilles
D．The Dynasts
B
Robert Frost(1874－1963) was the statesman of American letters in the twentieth century, a rare national poet who was read and respected by both university professors and everyday citizens. In his life, Frost won four Pulitzer Prizes for his works—more than any other poet in American history. His most famous poems include The Road Not Taken, Fire and Ice and Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening. Though he is widely read, Frost is also one of the most misunderstood writers in the United States for the complexity of his poems.
Though born in California, Frost was brought up in New England, where he is inseparably linked. After dropping out of Dartmouth College to seek his literary dream, he remained upset for years, producing collections of works but failing to get enough of them published to make his efforts financially worthwhile. Finally, Frost left the United States in 1912 to see whether his work might be better received in London. It was, and in 1913 his first full collection was published in Great Britain. Fellow American poet Amy Lowell adored Frost’s work and brought it back to the United States, publicizing it insistently. Soon afterwards Frost’s collections became bestsellers, and he became a famous figure.
From then on, Frost was on his way to the lifelong respect and recognition for his achievements in poetry. In 1961, he was invited to read a poem for the presidential inauguration(总统就职典礼) of John F．Kennedy. He recited his poem, The Gift Outright, from memory at the ceremony. This was perhaps his last poetry reading in front of a wide national audience before his death in 1963.More importantly, Frost became the first poet to read a poem at a presidential inauguration.
4．What makes Frost “the statesman of American letters”？
A．The comments of other writers.
B．His literary achievements.
C．The complexity of his poems.
D．His political activities.
5．What do we know about Frost before 1912
A．He continued writing after his graduation from Dartmouth College.
B．He was well received in London for his first collection.
C．He failed to make much money with his publication.
D．He produced enough works to achieve literary success.
6．According to the passage, what brought Frost immediate success in the US
A．The literary value of his poetry.
B．The publication of his first collection.
C．The invitation from John F．Kennedy.
D．The recommendation by Amy Lowell.
7．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage
A．The Literary Life of Robert Frost：An Overview
B．Robert Frost and the Twentieth Century
C．Robert Frost：A Historical Figure
D．The Popularity of Robert Frost
C
J．K. Rowling frequently shows there is magic every day.Her Harry Potter series has helped people through times of stress and depression and she is always there to deliver wise words of encouragement.
She is one celebrity who is very active on Twitter. So when a single dad named Matt Burke sent her a message thanking her for the series, she noticed. Her series had helped strengthen his relationship with his 9 year old daughter Bailey.
He included a link to his article titled Being a Broke Parent. He explained how he hadn’t found a level of financial stability that allowed him to pay bills on time and take his daughter on more activities and events. The family also doesn’t have the Internet or TV, which means there’s no “digital babysitter” and he has to rely on his own creative ways to bond with his daughter. Since he received the series, the main thing that has occupied them these days is reading books together.
Burke admits that he thought he was “too cool” for the books when they first came out and he was in his twenties, but he’s loving reading them now. “We switch off chapter by chapter reading them out loud，” Burke explains. “This not only allows her to get more used to reading aloud in front of someone, but it gets me directly involved in something she loves, and it gives me the chance to be very dramatic when I read my chapters and bring myself into the characters in the book, which has proven to be a ton of fun.”
After hearing Burke’s story, Rowling said how honored she was when Harry Potter was a part of his family’s life and offered Burke more books. Besides, people are also offering to send Burke more books as gifts. For Burke, this experience, far more than gifts, will be what he treasures.
8．Why did Burke thank J．K.Rowling according to the text
A．She guided him how to write a good story.
B．She encouraged him when he was in trouble.
C．Her books helped him through times of confusion.
D．Her books helped him improve his bond with his daughter.
9．What is implied in Burke’s words in Paragraph 4
A．He has found it interesting to read the series.
B．He was too old to understand the series better.
C．He has chosen a better way of reading the series.
D．He hopes to play a role in the drama in the future.
10．Which word can best describe Burke’s experience according to the text
A．Unique. B．Normal.
C．Precious. D．Funny.
11．What is the main idea of this text
A．J.K.Rowling chooses to help improve kids’ health.
B．J.K.Rowling gives a magical gift to a single father.
C．J.K.Rowling has a deep influence on others’ growth.
D．Burke comes to know J．K.Rowling through her series.
D
As evolution tends to remove waste, how come we evolved such large, energy consuming brains The dominant hypothesis (假设) suggests that tough social interactions are the driving force. But our new study done in an unusual way shows that human brain expansion is likely driven by ecology．
Scientists have tested the ecological and social hypotheses before. The common approach is to look at many species and investigate whether large brains are associated with specific problems. For example, do primates or other animals with large brains have a diet that is challenging to find but nutritionally rewarding This would indicate an ecological origin. Or do they live in large groups where they face lots of social problems
While many studies have found such associations, there is a problem. It cannot tell whether large brains evolved to solve the difficult problems or whether they evolved for other reasons and then enabled their bearers to deal with the hard problems.
To find out the causes of brain expansion, we recreated the scenarios (可能出现的情况) of the two hypotheses using a mathematical model. We found that a combination of ecological and social challenges do produce the brain size we see in humans. But it was ecological challenges that expanded brains. In contrast to the dominant view and our own expectation, we found that social challenges contributed by decreasing brain size. But you need both factors to get the brain size we see today—if there were no social challenges our brains would have been even larger but likely poorly suited to social life. Bigger isn’t necessarily better.
But many animals face hard ecological problems. Why don’t they all have large brains We found that ecological problems only lead to human sized brains when individuals can keep learning hard skills as they grow. So our results and those of others’ suggest that hard ecology and the accumulation of cultural knowledge could act together to produce a human sized brain.
Will the human brain expand further The complexity of the systems involved makes it impossible to say much with certainty at present.
12．In most people’s view, what makes human evolve large brains
A．Social challenges.
B．Social and ecological challenges.
C．Ecological challenges.
D．Competition with other large animals.
13．What’s the problem of the common approach
A．Its model is not reliable enough.
B．It doesn’t tell the cause and effect clearly.
C．Its hypothesis cannot be proved effectively.
D．It doesn’t find brain size is connected with problems.
14．Why don’t many animals have large brains
A．They don’t learn from each other.
B．They don’t face hard ecological problems.
C．They don’t need to cooperate with each other.
D．They don’t keep learning tough skills as they grow.
15．Which of the following do the researchers find most surprising
A．Animals don’t have large brains.
B．Social challenges decrease brain size.
C．Ecological challenges increase brain size.
D．It’s unclear whether human brains will expand further.
II. 阅读七选五
Thanks to the world famous Colombian writer Garcia Marquez, many people think of Latin America as a land of magic. In his books, impossible things happen.1.________
It may come from the mix of different cultures and ethnicities (种族) in Latin America. Although some of these differences have caused conflicts, they have also been a source of beauty, as well as encouraged people in Latin America to be more open minded.
Latin America includes more than 30 countries and areas located south of the United States in the American continent. From north to south, it starts from Mexico in North America, goes through the Caribbean and ends at the southernmost tip of South America.
________ People can enjoy sunshine in the Caribbean islands, ride horses on the green grasslands of the Pampas, and explore volcanoes and snow capped mountains in the Andes. It even has the world’s biggest rainforest—the Amazon. Many of the world’s most unique plants and animals live there.
There is also a diverse mix of people in Latin America. 3.________ In countries like Mexico and Colombia, over half of the population is of mixed ethnicity. However, most of them speak the same languages—Spanish or Portuguese.
4. ________ Latin American people have created the samba, rumba, cha cha and tango. These dance styles require dancers to hold each other closely and move passionately.5.________
Latin America is an open and romantic place. Its impressive natural environment, historical contributions and cultural traditions have made it unique and influential.
A．It has natives, Africans and Europeans.
B．Latin America’s environment is quite diverse.
C．Where does the magic in his books come from
D．They are cheerful and can bring strangers together.
E．The music and dance of Latin America are quite well known.
F．Many people in Latin America have open and romantic hearts.
G．To most people, Latin America is a land of happiness and passion.
III.完形填空
The happy new mother asked eagerly to see her baby. However, when she looked at his tiny face, she was __1__. The baby had been born without __2__．
Fortunately, time __3__ that the baby’s hearing was perfect except his ruined appearance. He grew up, __4__ if there were not his misfortune. As a favorite with his classmates, he might have been class president, __5__ the misfortune. He developed a talent for literature and music. His parents __6__hoped that he had a perfect life.
One day, his father spoke with the doctor, “Could __7__ be done？” “I believe I could __8__ a pair of outer ears __9__ they could be accessible.” The doctor decided. Therefore the __10__ began for a person who would make such a sacrifice.
Two years went by. One day, his father said to the son, “You’re going to the __11__， son. We have someone who will __12__ the ears you need. But the identity of the donor is a secret.”
The operation was a brilliant __13__， and a new person turned up. His talents blossomed into genius. Later, he married and entered the Diplomatic Service. One day, he asked his father, “Who gave me the ears Who gave me so much I could never do __14__ for him or her.” “I do not believe you could，” said the father, “but the agreement was that you are not __15__．..not yet.”
The secret was __16__ for years, but the day did come. He stood with his father beside his mother’s casket(棺材). Slowly, __17__， the father reached out his hand and raised the thick, reddish brown __18__ to find that the mother had no outer ears.
“Mother said she was __19__ she never had her hair cut，” his father whispered, “and nobody ever thought Mother less __20__， did they？”
A. angry B．embarrassed
C．shocked D．curious
2． A. eyes B．feet
C．fingers D．ears
3． A. proved B．lasted
C．flew D．ignored
4． A. tall B．handsome
C．short D．bad looking
5． A. with B．in spite of
C．for D．but for
6． A. still B．hardly
C．almost D．ever
7． A. somebody B．everything
C．nobody D．nothing
8． A. operate B．destroy
C．transplant D．repair
9． A. if B．while
C．although D．since
10．A. experiment B．search
C．analysis D．operation
11．A. school B．library
C．hospital D．bedroom
12．A. donate B．repair
C．make D．sell
13．A. failure B．success
C．honor D．damage
14．A. harm B．enough
C．bad D．good
15．A. signed B．realized
C．understood D．allowed
16．A. changed B．discussed
C．spread D．kept
17．A. carelessly B．gently
C．excitedly D．gradually
18．A. skirt B．hand
C．hair D．quilt
19．A. depressed B．worried
C．glad D．regretful
20．A. beautiful B．ugly
C．respectable D．fashionable
IV.短文语法填空
Ancient people across Europe might have known more about the stars 1_________ we give them credit for,
according to a new analysis of cave art from the University of Edinburgh.
Some of the world's 2_________ (old)cave paintings are now thought to depict not wild animals as was previously thought, but constellations (星座）in the night sky. This 3_________ (suggest)that in these artworks, people were using the positions of constellations 4_________ (represent)dates, and mark events such as comets hitting Earth.
The researchers looked at Palaeolithic and Neolithic art featuring animal symbols at sites in Turkey, Spain, France and Germany. The 5_________ (example)of art they looked at varied in age by tens of thousands of years, but the system for representing dates with constellations appears to be constant throughout. Some of the art in question dates back as far as 40,000 years ago. Scientists work out the age of cave art by chemically 6_________ (date) the paint used. The team compared these dates to 7_________ the night sky would have looked like during known points in history, by using software to simulate (模拟）the ancient sky. The positions of the stars in the night sky change 8_________（slow)over thousands of years, as the Earth's rotational axis shifts. This new analysis shows
that ancient people could define dates to within 250 years by using constellations as 9 _________ reference.
＂Early cave art shows that people had advanced knowledge of the night sky within the last ice age, "said study leader Dr.Martin Sweatman. "Intellectually, hey were hardly any 10_________ (difference)from us today."
V. 概要写作 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Dogs are called man's best friends for good reasons. Dogs seem to have the natural ability to feed off human emotions. Through an understanding of things like happiness, fear and empathy each other, dogs and their caretakers are able to form a bond.
Clarissa Black has devoted her career to understanding the minds of animals. As an animal trainer with a master's degree in anthrozoology---the study of interactions between humans and other animals, Black spent years working with elephants and dolphins. But it was a trip to the local Veterans Affairs Hospital with her dog that sparked the idea.
Watching how the veterans(退伍军人）lit up and responded to her dog, named Bear, Black was inspired to use her skills and resources to start training rescue dogs as a means of therapy for America's veterans, particularly those struggling with post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD), traumatic brain injury, anxiety and depression.
She started the non-profit organization Pets for Vets to not only help struggling veterans, but also give a second chance to shelter dogs around the country, many of whom are destined for an unhappy ending.
It’s a win-win for people like Casey, a young Navy veteran struggling with PTSD, who has turned his life around thanks to Jazzy, one of the many rescue dogs released to Pets for Vets from an animal shelter.
Through an extensive matchmaking process, a Pets for Vets team member interviews each veteran to evaluate which animal would be the right fit based on personality and lifestyle. Once the pet is selected, the animal is trained to be obedient and learns skills that will benefit its new owner's condition.
With its development and popularity around the country, not only Pets for Vets is helping shelter dogs find the love they deserve, but also it's a way to say "thank you" to our country's veterans for their service and dedication.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Unit 4 Meeting the muse Review 单元达标检测答案解析
I.阅读理解
A
Thomas Hardy, probably the most searching and knowledgeable novelist of his time, was born on June 2,1840, in Dorsetshire, England. He died on January 11,1928. In his youth, Hardy read much and dreamt of becoming a poet, but he studied and practiced architecture as an assistant to a London architect, winning a prize for design. The fine descriptions of structure in his novels were probably somewhat due to his architectural training.
For five years Hardy worked hard to practice writing poetry, but when he was twenty seven, he turned to fiction. His first novel finished by 1867, but according to the advice of George Meredith he decided not to publish it. After he abandoned his first novel, another novel Desperate Remedies, appeared in 1871. During the next twenty five years he published ten more novels and two collections of short stories.
Under the Greenwood Tree (1872) was never surpassed (超越) in happy and delicate perfection of art. This and his next novel, A Pair of Blue Eyes (1873), began to show deep irony (讽刺) which is so obvious throughout Hardy’s writings.
Far from the Madding Crowd (1874) was his first popular success. It shows Hardy’s amazing power of describing nature as symbolic background for his characters, an organic part of the action of his story. This was the earliest of what he called his novels of character and environment, which included The Return of the Native, Tess of the d’Urbervilles, his masterpiece, and Jude the Obscure. Not until he was fifty eight years old was his first collection of poems published, and he was sixty four when the first part of his drama The Dynasts surprised the literary world.
1．How did Thomas Hardy benefit from his architectural career
A．He could practice writing while working.
B．He made a lot of money to support his writing.
C．He found material for his novels and poems.
D．He applied architectural knowledge in his novels.
2．What is Thomas Hardy’s Under the Greenwood Tree considered to be
A．One of his masterworks.
B．His first popular success.
C．His best novel in perfection of art.
D．One of his best collections of poems.
3．Which of the following is one of his novels of character and environment
A．Desperate Remedies
B．A Pair of Blue Eyes
C．Tess of the d’Urbervilles
D．The Dynasts
【解题导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了作家Thomas Hardy和他的一些作品。
D 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“The fine descriptions of structure in his novels were probably somewhat due to his architectural training.”可知，在他的小说中细腻的结构描述可能得益于他在建筑方面的学习训练，即他把建筑知识应用到了他的小说中。故选D项。
2．C 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“Under the Greenwood Tree(1872) was never surpassed(超越) in happy and delicate perfection of art.”可知，《绿树林下》在艺术的恰当和熟练方面从未被超越。
3．C 解析：细节理解题。根据第四段第三句“This was the earliest of what he called his novels of character and environment, which included The Return of the Native, Tess of the d’Urbervilles, his masterpiece, and Jude the Obscure.”可知，Tess of the d’Urbervilles是性格和环境小说，故选C。
B
Robert Frost(1874－1963) was the statesman of American letters in the twentieth century, a rare national poet who was read and respected by both university professors and everyday citizens. In his life, Frost won four Pulitzer Prizes for his works—more than any other poet in American history. His most famous poems include The Road Not Taken, Fire and Ice and Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening. Though he is widely read, Frost is also one of the most misunderstood writers in the United States for the complexity of his poems.
Though born in California, Frost was brought up in New England, where he is inseparably linked. After dropping out of Dartmouth College to seek his literary dream, he remained upset for years, producing collections of works but failing to get enough of them published to make his efforts financially worthwhile. Finally, Frost left the United States in 1912 to see whether his work might be better received in London. It was, and in 1913 his first full collection was published in Great Britain. Fellow American poet Amy Lowell adored Frost’s work and brought it back to the United States, publicizing it insistently. Soon afterwards Frost’s collections became bestsellers, and he became a famous figure.
From then on, Frost was on his way to the lifelong respect and recognition for his achievements in poetry. In 1961, he was invited to read a poem for the presidential inauguration(总统就职典礼) of John F．Kennedy. He recited his poem, The Gift Outright, from memory at the ceremony. This was perhaps his last poetry reading in front of a wide national audience before his death in 1963.More importantly, Frost became the first poet to read a poem at a presidential inauguration.
4．What makes Frost “the statesman of American letters”？
A．The comments of other writers.
B．His literary achievements.
C．The complexity of his poems.
D．His political activities.
5．What do we know about Frost before 1912
A．He continued writing after his graduation from Dartmouth College.
B．He was well received in London for his first collection.
C．He failed to make much money with his publication.
D．He produced enough works to achieve literary success.
6．According to the passage, what brought Frost immediate success in the US
A．The literary value of his poetry.
B．The publication of his first collection.
C．The invitation from John F．Kennedy.
D．The recommendation by Amy Lowell.
7．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage
A．The Literary Life of Robert Frost：An Overview
B．Robert Frost and the Twentieth Century
C．Robert Frost：A Historical Figure
D．The Popularity of Robert Frost
【解题导语】文章主要介绍了美国伟大的诗人Robert Frost的文学生涯。
4．B 解析：推理判断题。根据第一段中的“a rare national poet who was read and respected by both university professors and everyday citizens...in American history”可知，他的文学成就很高。故选B项。
5．C 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“but failing to get enough of them published to make his efforts financially worthwhile”可知，当时Frost没能靠写作挣到很多钱。
6．D 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Fellow American poet Amy Lowell adored Frost’s work and brought it back to the United States, publicizing it insistently...a famous figure.”可知，美国诗人Amy Lowell喜欢Frost的作品，并把它带去了美国进行宣传，这使得Frost在美国迅速取得成功，故选D项。
7．A 解析：标题归纳题。本文介绍了美国伟大的诗人Robert Frost的文学生涯。A选项意为“Robert Frost的文学生涯概述”，能概括文意，故选A项。
C
J．K. Rowling frequently shows there is magic every day. Her Harry Potter series has helped people through times of stress and depression and she is always there to deliver wise words of encouragement.
She is one celebrity who is very active on Twitter. So when a single dad named Matt Burke sent her a message thanking her for the series, she noticed. Her series had helped strengthen his relationship with his 9 year old daughter Bailey.
He included a link to his article titled Being a Broke Parent. He explained how he hadn’t found a level of financial stability that allowed him to pay bills on time and take his daughter on more activities and events. The family also doesn’t have the Internet or TV, which means there’s no “digital babysitter” and he has to rely on his own creative ways to bond with his daughter. Since he received the series, the main thing that has occupied them these days is reading books together.
Burke admits that he thought he was “too cool” for the books when they first came out and he was in his twenties, but he’s loving reading them now. “We switch off chapter by chapter reading them out loud，” Burke explains. “This not only allows her to get more used to reading aloud in front of someone, but it gets me directly involved in something she loves, and it gives me the chance to be very dramatic when I read my chapters and bring myself into the characters in the book, which has proven to be a ton of fun.”
After hearing Burke’s story, Rowling said how honored she was when Harry Potter was a part of his family’s life and offered Burke more books. Besides, people are also offering to send Burke more books as gifts. For Burke, this experience, far more than gifts, will be what he treasures.
8．Why did Burke thank J．K.Rowling according to the text
A．She guided him how to write a good story.
B．She encouraged him when he was in trouble.
C．Her books helped him through times of confusion.
D．Her books helped him improve his bond with his daughter.
9．What is implied in Burke’s words in Paragraph 4
A．He has found it interesting to read the series.
B．He was too old to understand the series better.
C．He has chosen a better way of reading the series.
D．He hopes to play a role in the drama in the future.
10．Which word can best describe Burke’s experience according to the text
A．Unique. B．Normal.
C．Precious. D．Funny.
11．What is the main idea of this text
A．J.K.Rowling chooses to help improve kids’ health.
B．J.K.Rowling gives a magical gift to a single father.
C．J.K.Rowling has a deep influence on others’ growth.
D．Burke comes to know J．K.Rowling through her series.
【解题导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了英国著名作家J.K. Rowling的作品对一个单亲家庭的影响。
8．D 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“Her series had helped strengthen his relationship with his 9 year old daughter Bailey.”可知，单身父亲Burke感谢J. K. Rowling是因为她的哈利·波特系列丛书帮助他改善了他与女儿之间的关系，故选D。
9．A 解析：推理判断题。根据对第四段的整体理解，尤其是最后一句中的“which has proven to be a ton of fun”可推知，Burke认为朗读这些系列丛书很有趣，故选A。
10．C 解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“For Burke, this experience, far more than gifts, will be what he treasures.”可推知，对Burke来讲，这种经历是非常珍贵的，故选C。
11．B 解析：主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了著名作家J.K. Rowling的作品所具有的魅力——帮助一位单身父亲改善了与其女儿的关系，故选B。
D
As evolution tends to remove waste, how come we evolved such large, energy consuming brains The dominant hypothesis (假设) suggests that tough social interactions are the driving force. But our new study done in an unusual way shows that human brain expansion is likely driven by ecology．
Scientists have tested the ecological and social hypotheses before. The common approach is to look at many species and investigate whether large brains are associated with specific problems. For example, do primates or other animals with large brains have a diet that is challenging to find but nutritionally rewarding This would indicate an ecological origin. Or do they live in large groups where they face lots of social problems
While many studies have found such associations, there is a problem. It cannot tell whether large brains evolved to solve the difficult problems or whether they evolved for other reasons and then enabled their bearers to deal with the hard problems.
To find out the causes of brain expansion, we recreated the scenarios (可能出现的情况) of the two hypotheses using a mathematical model. We found that a combination of ecological and social challenges do produce the brain size we see in humans. But it was ecological challenges that expanded brains. In contrast to the dominant view and our own expectation, we found that social challenges contributed by decreasing brain size. But you need both factors to get the brain size we see today—if there were no social challenges our brains would have been even larger but likely poorly suited to social life. Bigger isn’t necessarily better.
But many animals face hard ecological problems. Why don’t they all have large brains We found that ecological problems only lead to human sized brains when individuals can keep learning hard skills as they grow. So our results and those of others’ suggest that hard ecology and the accumulation of cultural knowledge could act together to produce a human sized brain.
Will the human brain expand further The complexity of the systems involved makes it impossible to say much with certainty at present.
12．In most people’s view, what makes human evolve large brains
A．Social challenges.
B．Social and ecological challenges.
C．Ecological challenges.
D．Competition with other large animals.
13．What’s the problem of the common approach
A．Its model is not reliable enough.
B．It doesn’t tell the cause and effect clearly.
C．Its hypothesis cannot be proved effectively.
D．It doesn’t find brain size is connected with problems.
14．Why don’t many animals have large brains
A．They don’t learn from each other.
B．They don’t face hard ecological problems.
C．They don’t need to cooperate with each other.
D．They don’t keep learning tough skills as they grow.
15．Which of the following do the researchers find most surprising
A．Animals don’t have large brains.
B．Social challenges decrease brain size.
C．Ecological challenges increase brain size.
D．It’s unclear whether human brains will expand further.
【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。科学研究发现，人类大脑的大小是由生态环境和文化知识积累的共同作用决定的；大脑并非越大越好，如果大脑过大，则人类将无法适应社交活动。
12．A 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“The dominant hypothesis(假设)suggests that tough social interactions are the driving force.”并结合第一段内容可知，大部分人认为棘手的社交活动是人类大脑进化的动力，故A项正确。
13．B 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“It cannot tell whether large brains evolved to solve the difficult problems or whether they evolved for other reasons and then enabled their bearers to deal with the hard problems.”可知，传统的研究方法无法解释清楚大脑进化的原因和影响，故B项正确。
14．D 解析：推理判断题。根据第五段第二、三句“Why don’t they all have large brains We found that ecological problems only lead to human sized brains when individuals can keep learning hard skills as they grow.”可知，只有当个体在成长过程中不断学习艰难的技能时，生态环境才会影响人类特定大小的大脑。据此可推知，动物在成长过程中并没有持续学习艰难的技能，所以动物没有大的大脑，故D项正确。
15. B 解析：细节理解题。根据第四段第四句“In contrast to the dominant view and our own expectation, we found that social challenges contributed by decreasing brain size.”可知，与主流观点及我们自己的预期相反，我们发现社会挑战导致大脑变小。据此可知，社会挑战导致大脑变小是令人惊讶的发现，故B项正确。
II.阅读七选五
Thanks to the world famous Colombian writer Garcia Marquez, many people think of Latin America as a land of magic. In his books, impossible things happen.1.________
It may come from the mix of different cultures and ethnicities (种族) in Latin America. Although some of these differences have caused conflicts, they have also been a source of beauty, as well as encouraged people in Latin America to be more open minded.
Latin America includes more than 30 countries and areas located south of the United States in the American continent. From north to south, it starts from Mexico in North America, goes through the Caribbean and ends at the southernmost tip of South America.
________ People can enjoy sunshine in the Caribbean islands, ride horses on the green grasslands of the Pampas, and explore volcanoes and snow capped mountains in the Andes. It even has the world’s biggest rainforest—the Amazon. Many of the world’s most unique plants and animals live there.
There is also a diverse mix of people in Latin America. 3.________ In countries like Mexico and Colombia, over half of the population is of mixed ethnicity. However, most of them speak the same languages—Spanish or Portuguese.
4. ________ Latin American people have created the samba, rumba, cha cha and tango. These dance styles require dancers to hold each other closely and move passionately.5.________
Latin America is an open and romantic place. Its impressive natural environment, historical contributions and cultural traditions have made it unique and influential.
A．It has natives, Africans and Europeans.
B．Latin America’s environment is quite diverse.
C．Where does the magic in his books come from
D．They are cheerful and can bring strangers together.
E．The music and dance of Latin America are quite well known.
F．Many people in Latin America have open and romantic hearts.
G．To most people, Latin America is a land of happiness and passion.
【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了拉丁美洲的人文环境。
1．C 解析：根据空格后一句“It may come from the mix of different cultures and ethnicities(种族) in Latin America.”可知，这可能来自拉丁美洲不同文化和种族的融合。C项“他书里的魔力来自哪里？”与下文衔接紧密，符合语境。故选C。
2．B 解析：根据空格后一句“People can enjoy sunshine in the Caribbean islands, ride horses on the green grasslands of the Pampas, and explore volcanoes and snow capped mountains in the Andes.”可知，人们可以在加勒比群岛享受阳光，在潘帕斯草原上骑马，探索安第斯山脉的火山和积雪覆盖的群山。B项“拉丁美洲的环境是非常多样的”与下文衔接紧密，符合语境。故选B。
3．A 解析：根据空格前一句“There is also a diverse mix of people in Latin America.”可知，此处拉丁美洲也有各种各样的人。A项承接上文，符合语境。故选A。
4．E 解析：根据空格后一句“Latin American people have created the samba, rumba, cha cha and tango.”可知，拉丁美洲人民创造了桑巴舞、伦巴舞、恰恰舞和探戈舞。E项“拉丁美洲的音乐和舞蹈非常有名”与下文衔接紧密，符合语境。故选E。
5．D 解析：根据空格前一句“These dance styles require dancers to hold each other closely and move passionately.”可知，这些舞蹈风格要求舞者紧紧地抱在一起，充满激情地舞动。D项“他们很快乐，可以带动陌生人与他们一起”承接上文，符合语境。故选D。
III.完形填空
The happy new mother asked eagerly to see her baby. However, when she looked at his tiny face, she was __1__. The baby had been born without __2__．
Fortunately, time __3__ that the baby’s hearing was perfect except his ruined appearance. He grew up, __4__ if there were not his misfortune. As a favorite with his classmates, he might have been class president, __5__ the misfortune. He developed a talent for literature and music. His parents __6__hoped that he had a perfect life.
One day, his father spoke with the doctor, “Could __7__ be done？” “I believe I could __8__ a pair of outer ears __9__ they could be accessible.” The doctor decided. Therefore the __10__ began for a person who would make such a sacrifice.
Two years went by. One day, his father said to the son, “You’re going to the __11__， son. We have someone who will __12__ the ears you need. But the identity of the donor is a secret.”
The operation was a brilliant __13__， and a new person turned up. His talents blossomed into genius. Later, he married and entered the Diplomatic Service. One day, he asked his father, “Who gave me the ears Who gave me so much I could never do __14__ for him or her.” “I do not believe you could，” said the father, “but the agreement was that you are not __15__．..not yet.”
The secret was __16__ for years, but the day did come. He stood with his father beside his mother’s casket(棺材). Slowly, __17__， the father reached out his hand and raised the thick, reddish brown __18__ to find that the mother had no outer ears.
“Mother said she was __19__ she never had her hair cut，” his father whispered, “and nobody ever thought Mother less __20__， did they？”
A. angry B．embarrassed
C．shocked D．curious
2． A. eyes B．feet
C．fingers D．ears
3． A. proved B．lasted
C．flew D．ignored
4． A. tall B．handsome
C．short D．bad looking
5． A. with B．in spite of
C．for D．but for
6． A. still B．hardly
C．almost D．ever
7． A. somebody B．everything
C．nobody D．nothing
8． A. operate B．destroy
C．transplant D．repair
9． A. if B．while
C．although D．since
10．A. experiment B．search
C．analysis D．operation
11．A. school B．library
C．hospital D．bedroom
12．A. donate B．repair
C．make D．sell
13．A. failure B．success
C．honor D．damage
14．A. harm B．enough
C．bad D．good
15．A. signed B．realized
C．understood D．allowed
16．A. changed B．discussed
C．spread D．kept
17．A. carelessly B．gently
C．excitedly D．gradually
18．A. skirt B．hand
C．hair D．quilt
19．A. depressed B．worried
C．glad D．regretful
20．A. beautiful B．ugly
C．respectable D．fashionable
【解题导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了一位母亲给有生理缺陷的儿子捐献外耳的感人故事。
1．C 解析：根据下文中的“Fortunately, time ______ that the baby’s hearing was perfect except his ruined appearance.”可推知，这个婴儿出生时没有耳朵(ears)，初为人母的幸福的妈妈看到有缺陷的孩子时很震惊(shocked)。
2．D 解析：参见上题解析。
3．A 解析：根据该句中的“Fortunately”可推知，时间证明(proved)这个容貌有缺陷的婴儿听力是完好的，故选A。
4．B 解析：根据上文中的“his ruined appearance”，并结合空后的“if there were not his misfortune”可推知，孩子要不是容貌上的缺陷应该是很帅气的(handsome)，故选B。
5．D 解析：与上文中的“if there were not his misfortune”呼应可推知，此处表示惋惜，故选D。but for “要不是”。
6．A 解析：根据上文可知，容貌上有缺陷的孩子很有才华，也为同学们所喜欢，在文学和音乐方面很有天赋，但是他的父母还是(still)希望他有一个完美的人生，故选A。
7．D 解析：根据上文中的“His parents ______hoped that he had a perfect life.”可推知，此处表示他的父亲问医生难道就没有补救方法了吗？故选D。
8．C 解析：根据上文并结合语境可知，男孩的父亲询问医生有没有补救方法，医生决定给他移植(transplant)一对耳朵。与下文中的“The operation was a brilliant ______， and a new person turned up.”呼应，故选C。
9．A 解析：根据语境可推知，此处表示如果有可用的耳朵，医生可以给男孩移植一对耳朵，故选A。
10．B 解析：根据语境可推知，他们开始寻找能够捐献耳朵的人。故选B。
11．C 解析：根据下文中的“But the identity of the donor is a secret.”可推知，耳朵捐献(donate)者找到了，父亲告诉儿子可以去医院(hospital)进行移植手术了。
12．A 解析：参见上题解析。
13．B 解析：根据空前的“brilliant”以及空后的“a new person turned up”可推知，手术非常成功。
14．B 解析：根据上文男孩问父亲的话可推知，男孩觉得自己为对方做得不够(enough)，故选B。
15．D 解析：根据上文中的“But the identity of the donor is a secret.”可知，捐献人的身份是保密的；并结合下文可推知，男孩并不被允许知道是谁捐献的耳朵，故选D。
16．D 解析：根据该句中的“but”，并结合下文可推知，捐献者的身份多年来一直保密，但最终揭晓的这一天到来了。
17．B 解析：与“Slowly”呼应，并结合上文中的“his mother’s casket(棺材)”可推知，他的父亲慢慢地、轻轻地伸出手，故选B。
18．C 解析：根据空后的“find that the mother had no outer ears”，并结合下文中的“Mother said she was ______ she never had her hair cut”可推知，男孩的父亲伸手去把男孩母亲的头发(hair)拢起来。
19．C 解析：根据语境可推知，母亲乐意(glad)为儿子牺牲，甘愿不剪头发，故选C。
20．A 解析：根据语境可推知，此处表示没有人说男孩的母亲不漂亮(beautiful)，故选A。
IV.短文语法填空
Ancient people across Europe might have known more about the stars 1_________ we give them credit for,
according to a new analysis of cave art from the University of Edinburgh.
Some of the world's 2_________ (old)cave paintings are now thought to depict not wild animals as was previously thought, but constellations (星座）in the night sky. This 3_________ (suggest)that in these artworks, people were using the positions of constellations 4_________ (represent)dates, and mark events such as comets hitting Earth.
The researchers looked at Palaeolithic and Neolithic art featuring animal symbols at sites in Turkey, Spain, France and Germany. The 5_________ (example)of art they looked at varied in age by tens of thousands of years, but the system for representing dates with constellations appears to be constant throughout. Some of the art in question dates back as far as 40,000 years ago. Scientists work out the age of cave art by chemically 6_________ (date) the paint used. The team compared these dates to 7_________ the night sky would have looked like during known points in history, by using software to simulate (模拟）the ancient sky. The positions of the stars in the night sky change 8_________（slow)over thousands of years, as the Earth's rotational axis shifts. This new analysis shows
that ancient people could define dates to within 250 years by using constellations as 9 _________ reference.
＂Early cave art shows that people had advanced knowledge of the night sky within the last ice age," said study leader Dr.Martin Sweatman. "Intellectually, hey were hardly any 10_________ (difference)from us today."
【语篇导读】 据爱丁堡大学对洞穴壁画的分析发现，欧洲人对星际空间认识的历史超出了我们的想象。
1. than 解析：根据前面的＂might have known more about the stars”可知，空处填连词than, 构成比较状语从句。
2. oldest 解析：根据前面的定语“Some of the world's”和句意：现在人们认为世界上有些最古老的洞穴壁画描绘的不是我们原以为的野生动物。可知，空处填 oldest.
3. suggests 解析：主语是this,而本句讲述的是现在的人对壁画的认识，故空处填 suggests充当谓语。
4. to represent 解析：空处填动词不定式to represent充当目的状语。
5. examples 解析：根据后文的“they looked at varied in age by tens of thousands of years”可知，空处填所给名词的复数形式充当主语。
6. dating 解析：根据前面的介词by可知，空处填动名词dating,构成介宾结构充当方式状语。
7. what 解析：空处填what,在宾语从句中充当宾语。
8. slowly 解析：谓语动词是change,故空处填副词slowly充当方式状语。
9. a 解析：首次出现的可数名词reference意为“参照物”，故空处填不定冠词a.
10. different 解析：be different from意为“与······不同”。
V. 概要写作 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Dogs are called man's best friends for good reasons. Dogs seem to have the natural ability to feed off human emotions. Through an understanding of things like happiness, fear and empathy each other, dogs and their caretakers are able to form a bond.
Clarissa Black has devoted her career to understanding the minds of animals. As an animal trainer with a master's degree in anthrozoology---the study of interactions between humans and other animals, Black spent years working with elephants and dolphins. But it was a trip to the local Veterans Affairs Hospital with her dog that sparked the idea.
Watching how the veterans(退伍军人）lit up and responded to her dog, named Bear, Black was inspired to use her skills and resources to start training rescue dogs as a means of therapy for America's veterans, particularly those struggling with post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD), traumatic brain injury, anxiety and depression.
She started the non-profit organization Pets for Vets to not only help struggling veterans, but also give a second chance to shelter dogs around the country, many of whom are destined for an unhappy ending.
It’s a win-win for people like Casey, a young Navy veteran struggling with PTSD, who has turned his life around thanks to Jazzy, one of the many rescue dogs released to Pets for Vets from an animal shelter.
Through an extensive matchmaking process, a Pets for Vets team member interviews each veteran to evaluate which animal would be the right fit based on personality and lifestyle. Once the pet is selected, the animal is trained to be obedient and learns skills that will benefit its new owner's condition.
With its development and popularity around the country, not only Pets for Vets is helping shelter dogs find the love they deserve, but also it's a way to say "thank you" to our country's veterans for their service and dedication.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
One possible version:
Dogs have a nature to ease and please people especially when they are alone.(要点 1)Clarissa Black, an animal trainer gets an inspiration while visiting the local Veterans Affairs Hospital.
(要点 2)So she started a non-profit organization to shelter homeless dogs and help the disabled kill their loneliness.(要点3) It's a win-win and beneficial way for both the dogs and veterans to live out their lives together.（要点4)
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I.阅读理解
A
Thomas Hardy, probably the most searching and knowledgeable novelist of his time, was born on June 2,1840, in Dorsetshire, England. He died on January 11,1928. In his youth, Hardy read much and dreamt of becoming a poet, but he studied and practiced architecture as an assistant to a London architect, winning a prize for design. The fine descriptions of structure in his novels were probably somewhat due to his architectural training.
For five years Hardy worked hard to practice writing poetry, but when he was twenty seven, he turned to fiction. His first novel finished by 1867, but according to the advice of George Meredith he decided not to publish it. After he abandoned his first novel, his another novel Desperate Remedies, appeared in 1871. During the next twenty five years he published ten more novels and two collections of short stories.
Under the Greenwood Tree (1872) was never surpassed (超越) in happy and delicate perfection of art. This and his next novel, A Pair of Blue Eyes (1873), began to show deep irony (讽刺) which is so obvious throughout Hardy’s writings.
Far from the Madding Crowd (1874) was his first popular success. It shows Hardy’s amazing power of describing nature as symbolic background for his characters, an organic part of the action of his story. This was the earliest of what he called his novels of character and environment, which included The Return of the Native, Tess of the d’Urbervilles, his masterpiece, and Jude the Obscure. Not until he was fifty eight years old was his first collection of poems published, and he was sixty four when the first part of his drama The Dynasts surprised the literary world.
1．How did Thomas Hardy benefit from his architectural career
A．He could practice writing while working.
B．He made a lot of money to support his writing.
C．He found material for his novels and poems.
D．He applied architectural knowledge in his novels.
2．What is Thomas Hardy’s Under the Greenwood Tree considered to be
A．One of his masterworks.
B．His first popular success.
C．His best novel in perfection of art.
D．One of his best collections of poems.
3．Which of the following is one of his novels of character and environment
A．Desperate Remedies
B．A Pair of Blue Eyes
C．Tess of the d’Urbervilles
D．The Dynasts
B
Robert Frost(1874－1963) was the statesman of American letters in the twentieth century, a rare national poet who was read and respected by both university professors and everyday citizens. In his life, Frost won four Pulitzer Prizes for his works—more than any other poet in American history. His most famous poems include The Road Not Taken, Fire and Ice and Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening. Though he is widely read, Frost is also one of the most misunderstood writers in the United States for the complexity of his poems.
Though born in California, Frost was brought up in New England, where he is inseparably linked. After dropping out of Dartmouth College to seek his literary dream, he remained upset for years, producing collections of works but failing to get enough of them published to make his efforts financially worthwhile. Finally, Frost left the United States in 1912 to see whether his work might be better received in London. It was, and in 1913 his first full collection was published in Great Britain. Fellow American poet Amy Lowell adored Frost’s work and brought it back to the United States, publicizing it insistently. Soon afterwards Frost’s collections became bestsellers, and he became a famous figure.
From then on, Frost was on his way to the lifelong respect and recognition for his achievements in poetry. In 1961, he was invited to read a poem for the presidential inauguration(总统就职典礼) of John F．Kennedy. He recited his poem, The Gift Outright, from memory at the ceremony. This was perhaps his last poetry reading in front of a wide national audience before his death in 1963.More importantly, Frost became the first poet to read a poem at a presidential inauguration.
4．What makes Frost “the statesman of American letters”？
A．The comments of other writers.
B．His literary achievements.
C．The complexity of his poems.
D．His political activities.
5．What do we know about Frost before 1912
A．He continued writing after his graduation from Dartmouth College.
B．He was well received in London for his first collection.
C．He failed to make much money with his publication.
D．He produced enough works to achieve literary success.
6．According to the passage, what brought Frost immediate success in the US
A．The literary value of his poetry.
B．The publication of his first collection.
C．The invitation from John F．Kennedy.
D．The recommendation by Amy Lowell.
7．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage
A．The Literary Life of Robert Frost：An Overview
B．Robert Frost and the Twentieth Century
C．Robert Frost：A Historical Figure
D．The Popularity of Robert Frost
C
J．K. Rowling frequently shows there is magic every day.Her Harry Potter series has helped people through times of stress and depression and she is always there to deliver wise words of encouragement.
She is one celebrity who is very active on Twitter. So when a single dad named Matt Burke sent her a message thanking her for the series, she noticed. Her series had helped strengthen his relationship with his 9 year old daughter Bailey.
He included a link to his article titled Being a Broke Parent. He explained how he hadn’t found a level of financial stability that allowed him to pay bills on time and take his daughter on more activities and events. The family also doesn’t have the Internet or TV, which means there’s no “digital babysitter” and he has to rely on his own creative ways to bond with his daughter. Since he received the series, the main thing that has occupied them these days is reading books together.
Burke admits that he thought he was “too cool” for the books when they first came out and he was in his twenties, but he’s loving reading them now. “We switch off chapter by chapter reading them out loud，” Burke explains. “This not only allows her to get more used to reading aloud in front of someone, but it gets me directly involved in something she loves, and it gives me the chance to be very dramatic when I read my chapters and bring myself into the characters in the book, which has proven to be a ton of fun.”
After hearing Burke’s story, Rowling said how honored she was when Harry Potter was a part of his family’s life and offered Burke more books. Besides, people are also offering to send Burke more books as gifts. For Burke, this experience, far more than gifts, will be what he treasures.
8．Why did Burke thank J．K.Rowling according to the text
A．She guided him how to write a good story.
B．She encouraged him when he was in trouble.
C．Her books helped him through times of confusion.
D．Her books helped him improve his bond with his daughter.
9．What is implied in Burke’s words in Paragraph 4
A．He has found it interesting to read the series.
B．He was too old to understand the series better.
C．He has chosen a better way of reading the series.
D．He hopes to play a role in the drama in the future.
10．Which word can best describe Burke’s experience according to the text
A．Unique. B．Normal.
C．Precious. D．Funny.
11．What is the main idea of this text
A．J.K.Rowling chooses to help improve kids’ health.
B．J.K.Rowling gives a magical gift to a single father.
C．J.K.Rowling has a deep influence on others’ growth.
D．Burke comes to know J．K.Rowling through her series.
D
As evolution tends to remove waste, how come we evolved such large, energy consuming brains The dominant hypothesis (假设) suggests that tough social interactions are the driving force. But our new study done in an unusual way shows that human brain expansion is likely driven by ecology．
Scientists have tested the ecological and social hypotheses before. The common approach is to look at many species and investigate whether large brains are associated with specific problems. For example, do primates or other animals with large brains have a diet that is challenging to find but nutritionally rewarding This would indicate an ecological origin. Or do they live in large groups where they face lots of social problems
While many studies have found such associations, there is a problem. It cannot tell whether large brains evolved to solve the difficult problems or whether they evolved for other reasons and then enabled their bearers to deal with the hard problems.
To find out the causes of brain expansion, we recreated the scenarios (可能出现的情况) of the two hypotheses using a mathematical model. We found that a combination of ecological and social challenges do produce the brain size we see in humans. But it was ecological challenges that expanded brains. In contrast to the dominant view and our own expectation, we found that social challenges contributed by decreasing brain size. But you need both factors to get the brain size we see today—if there were no social challenges our brains would have been even larger but likely poorly suited to social life. Bigger isn’t necessarily better.
But many animals face hard ecological problems. Why don’t they all have large brains We found that ecological problems only lead to human sized brains when individuals can keep learning hard skills as they grow. So our results and those of others’ suggest that hard ecology and the accumulation of cultural knowledge could act together to produce a human sized brain.
Will the human brain expand further The complexity of the systems involved makes it impossible to say much with certainty at present.
12．In most people’s view, what makes human evolve large brains
A．Social challenges.
B．Social and ecological challenges.
C．Ecological challenges.
D．Competition with other large animals.
13．What’s the problem of the common approach
A．Its model is not reliable enough.
B．It doesn’t tell the cause and effect clearly.
C．Its hypothesis cannot be proved effectively.
D．It doesn’t find brain size is connected with problems.
14．Why don’t many animals have large brains
A．They don’t learn from each other.
B．They don’t face hard ecological problems.
C．They don’t need to cooperate with each other.
D．They don’t keep learning tough skills as they grow.
15．Which of the following do the researchers find most surprising
A．Animals don’t have large brains.
B．Social challenges decrease brain size.
C．Ecological challenges increase brain size.
D．It’s unclear whether human brains will expand further.
II. 阅读七选五
Thanks to the world famous Colombian writer Garcia Marquez, many people think of Latin America as a land of magic. In his books, impossible things happen.1.________
It may come from the mix of different cultures and ethnicities (种族) in Latin America. Although some of these differences have caused conflicts, they have also been a source of beauty, as well as encouraged people in Latin America to be more open minded.
Latin America includes more than 30 countries and areas located south of the United States in the American continent. From north to south, it starts from Mexico in North America, goes through the Caribbean and ends at the southernmost tip of South America.
________ People can enjoy sunshine in the Caribbean islands, ride horses on the green grasslands of the Pampas, and explore volcanoes and snow capped mountains in the Andes. It even has the world’s biggest rainforest—the Amazon. Many of the world’s most unique plants and animals live there.
There is also a diverse mix of people in Latin America. 3.________ In countries like Mexico and Colombia, over half of the population is of mixed ethnicity. However, most of them speak the same languages—Spanish or Portuguese.
4. ________ Latin American people have created the samba, rumba, cha cha and tango. These dance styles require dancers to hold each other closely and move passionately.5.________
Latin America is an open and romantic place. Its impressive natural environment, historical contributions and cultural traditions have made it unique and influential.
A．It has natives, Africans and Europeans.
B．Latin America’s environment is quite diverse.
C．Where does the magic in his books come from
D．They are cheerful and can bring strangers together.
E．The music and dance of Latin America are quite well known.
F．Many people in Latin America have open and romantic hearts.
G．To most people, Latin America is a land of happiness and passion.
III.完形填空
The happy new mother asked eagerly to see her baby. However, when she looked at his tiny face, she was __1__. The baby had been born without __2__．
Fortunately, time __3__ that the baby’s hearing was perfect except his ruined appearance. He grew up, __4__ if there were not his misfortune. As a favorite with his classmates, he might have been class president, __5__ the misfortune. He developed a talent for literature and music. His parents __6__hoped that he had a perfect life.
One day, his father spoke with the doctor, “Could __7__ be done？” “I believe I could __8__ a pair of outer ears __9__ they could be accessible.” The doctor decided. Therefore the __10__ began for a person who would make such a sacrifice.
Two years went by. One day, his father said to the son, “You’re going to the __11__， son. We have someone who will __12__ the ears you need. But the identity of the donor is a secret.”
The operation was a brilliant __13__， and a new person turned up. His talents blossomed into genius. Later, he married and entered the Diplomatic Service. One day, he asked his father, “Who gave me the ears Who gave me so much I could never do __14__ for him or her.” “I do not believe you could，” said the father, “but the agreement was that you are not __15__．..not yet.”
The secret was __16__ for years, but the day did come. He stood with his father beside his mother’s casket(棺材). Slowly, __17__， the father reached out his hand and raised the thick, reddish brown __18__ to find that the mother had no outer ears.
“Mother said she was __19__ she never had her hair cut，” his father whispered, “and nobody ever thought Mother less __20__， did they？”
A. angry B．embarrassed
C．shocked D．curious
2． A. eyes B．feet
C．fingers D．ears
3． A. proved B．lasted
C．flew D．ignored
4． A. tall B．handsome
C．short D．bad looking
5． A. with B．in spite of
C．for D．but for
6． A. still B．hardly
C．almost D．ever
7． A. somebody B．everything
C．nobody D．nothing
8． A. operate B．destroy
C．transplant D．repair
9． A. if B．while
C．although D．since
10．A. experiment B．search
C．analysis D．operation
11．A. school B．library
C．hospital D．bedroom
12．A. donate B．repair
C．make D．sell
13．A. failure B．success
C．honor D．damage
14．A. harm B．enough
C．bad D．good
15．A. signed B．realized
C．understood D．allowed
16．A. changed B．discussed
C．spread D．kept
17．A. carelessly B．gently
C．excitedly D．gradually
18．A. skirt B．hand
C．hair D．quilt
19．A. depressed B．worried
C．glad D．regretful
20．A. beautiful B．ugly
C．respectable D．fashionable
IV.短文语法填空
Ancient people across Europe might have known more about the stars 1_________ we give them credit for,
according to a new analysis of cave art from the University of Edinburgh.
Some of the world's 2_________ (old)cave paintings are now thought to depict not wild animals as was previously thought, but constellations (星座）in the night sky. This 3_________ (suggest)that in these artworks, people were using the positions of constellations 4_________ (represent)dates, and mark events such as comets hitting Earth.
The researchers looked at Palaeolithic and Neolithic art featuring animal symbols at sites in Turkey, Spain, France and Germany. The 5_________ (example)of art they looked at varied in age by tens of thousands of years, but the system for representing dates with constellations appears to be constant throughout. Some of the art in question dates back as far as 40,000 years ago. Scientists work out the age of cave art by chemically 6_________ (date) the paint used. The team compared these dates to 7_________ the night sky would have looked like during known points in history, by using software to simulate (模拟）the ancient sky. The positions of the stars in the night sky change 8_________（slow)over thousands of years, as the Earth's rotational axis shifts. This new analysis shows
that ancient people could define dates to within 250 years by using constellations as 9 _________ reference.
＂Early cave art shows that people had advanced knowledge of the night sky within the last ice age, "said study leader Dr.Martin Sweatman. "Intellectually, hey were hardly any 10_________ (difference)from us today."
V. 概要写作 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Dogs are called man's best friends for good reasons. Dogs seem to have the natural ability to feed off human emotions. Through an understanding of things like happiness, fear and empathy each other, dogs and their caretakers are able to form a bond.
Clarissa Black has devoted her career to understanding the minds of animals. As an animal trainer with a master's degree in anthrozoology---the study of interactions between humans and other animals, Black spent years working with elephants and dolphins. But it was a trip to the local Veterans Affairs Hospital with her dog that sparked the idea.
Watching how the veterans(退伍军人）lit up and responded to her dog, named Bear, Black was inspired to use her skills and resources to start training rescue dogs as a means of therapy for America's veterans, particularly those struggling with post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD), traumatic brain injury, anxiety and depression.
She started the non-profit organization Pets for Vets to not only help struggling veterans, but also give a second chance to shelter dogs around the country, many of whom are destined for an unhappy ending.
It’s a win-win for people like Casey, a young Navy veteran struggling with PTSD, who has turned his life around thanks to Jazzy, one of the many rescue dogs released to Pets for Vets from an animal shelter.
Through an extensive matchmaking process, a Pets for Vets team member interviews each veteran to evaluate which animal would be the right fit based on personality and lifestyle. Once the pet is selected, the animal is trained to be obedient and learns skills that will benefit its new owner's condition.
With its development and popularity around the country, not only Pets for Vets is helping shelter dogs find the love they deserve, but also it's a way to say "thank you" to our country's veterans for their service and dedication.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Unit 4 Meeting the muse Review 单元达标检测答案解析
I.阅读理解
A
Thomas Hardy, probably the most searching and knowledgeable novelist of his time, was born on June 2,1840, in Dorsetshire, England. He died on January 11,1928. In his youth, Hardy read much and dreamt of becoming a poet, but he studied and practiced architecture as an assistant to a London architect, winning a prize for design. The fine descriptions of structure in his novels were probably somewhat due to his architectural training.
For five years Hardy worked hard to practice writing poetry, but when he was twenty seven, he turned to fiction. His first novel finished by 1867, but according to the advice of George Meredith he decided not to publish it. After he abandoned his first novel, another novel Desperate Remedies, appeared in 1871. During the next twenty five years he published ten more novels and two collections of short stories.
Under the Greenwood Tree (1872) was never surpassed (超越) in happy and delicate perfection of art. This and his next novel, A Pair of Blue Eyes (1873), began to show deep irony (讽刺) which is so obvious throughout Hardy’s writings.
Far from the Madding Crowd (1874) was his first popular success. It shows Hardy’s amazing power of describing nature as symbolic background for his characters, an organic part of the action of his story. This was the earliest of what he called his novels of character and environment, which included The Return of the Native, Tess of the d’Urbervilles, his masterpiece, and Jude the Obscure. Not until he was fifty eight years old was his first collection of poems published, and he was sixty four when the first part of his drama The Dynasts surprised the literary world.
1．How did Thomas Hardy benefit from his architectural career
A．He could practice writing while working.
B．He made a lot of money to support his writing.
C．He found material for his novels and poems.
D．He applied architectural knowledge in his novels.
2．What is Thomas Hardy’s Under the Greenwood Tree considered to be
A．One of his masterworks.
B．His first popular success.
C．His best novel in perfection of art.
D．One of his best collections of poems.
3．Which of the following is one of his novels of character and environment
A．Desperate Remedies
B．A Pair of Blue Eyes
C．Tess of the d’Urbervilles
D．The Dynasts
【解题导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了作家Thomas Hardy和他的一些作品。
D 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“The fine descriptions of structure in his novels were probably somewhat due to his architectural training.”可知，在他的小说中细腻的结构描述可能得益于他在建筑方面的学习训练，即他把建筑知识应用到了他的小说中。故选D项。
2．C 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“Under the Greenwood Tree(1872) was never surpassed(超越) in happy and delicate perfection of art.”可知，《绿树林下》在艺术的恰当和熟练方面从未被超越。
3．C 解析：细节理解题。根据第四段第三句“This was the earliest of what he called his novels of character and environment, which included The Return of the Native, Tess of the d’Urbervilles, his masterpiece, and Jude the Obscure.”可知，Tess of the d’Urbervilles是性格和环境小说，故选C。
B
Robert Frost(1874－1963) was the statesman of American letters in the twentieth century, a rare national poet who was read and respected by both university professors and everyday citizens. In his life, Frost won four Pulitzer Prizes for his works—more than any other poet in American history. His most famous poems include The Road Not Taken, Fire and Ice and Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening. Though he is widely read, Frost is also one of the most misunderstood writers in the United States for the complexity of his poems.
Though born in California, Frost was brought up in New England, where he is inseparably linked. After dropping out of Dartmouth College to seek his literary dream, he remained upset for years, producing collections of works but failing to get enough of them published to make his efforts financially worthwhile. Finally, Frost left the United States in 1912 to see whether his work might be better received in London. It was, and in 1913 his first full collection was published in Great Britain. Fellow American poet Amy Lowell adored Frost’s work and brought it back to the United States, publicizing it insistently. Soon afterwards Frost’s collections became bestsellers, and he became a famous figure.
From then on, Frost was on his way to the lifelong respect and recognition for his achievements in poetry. In 1961, he was invited to read a poem for the presidential inauguration(总统就职典礼) of John F．Kennedy. He recited his poem, The Gift Outright, from memory at the ceremony. This was perhaps his last poetry reading in front of a wide national audience before his death in 1963.More importantly, Frost became the first poet to read a poem at a presidential inauguration.
4．What makes Frost “the statesman of American letters”？
A．The comments of other writers.
B．His literary achievements.
C．The complexity of his poems.
D．His political activities.
5．What do we know about Frost before 1912
A．He continued writing after his graduation from Dartmouth College.
B．He was well received in London for his first collection.
C．He failed to make much money with his publication.
D．He produced enough works to achieve literary success.
6．According to the passage, what brought Frost immediate success in the US
A．The literary value of his poetry.
B．The publication of his first collection.
C．The invitation from John F．Kennedy.
D．The recommendation by Amy Lowell.
7．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage
A．The Literary Life of Robert Frost：An Overview
B．Robert Frost and the Twentieth Century
C．Robert Frost：A Historical Figure
D．The Popularity of Robert Frost
【解题导语】文章主要介绍了美国伟大的诗人Robert Frost的文学生涯。
4．B 解析：推理判断题。根据第一段中的“a rare national poet who was read and respected by both university professors and everyday citizens...in American history”可知，他的文学成就很高。故选B项。
5．C 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“but failing to get enough of them published to make his efforts financially worthwhile”可知，当时Frost没能靠写作挣到很多钱。
6．D 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Fellow American poet Amy Lowell adored Frost’s work and brought it back to the United States, publicizing it insistently...a famous figure.”可知，美国诗人Amy Lowell喜欢Frost的作品，并把它带去了美国进行宣传，这使得Frost在美国迅速取得成功，故选D项。
7．A 解析：标题归纳题。本文介绍了美国伟大的诗人Robert Frost的文学生涯。A选项意为“Robert Frost的文学生涯概述”，能概括文意，故选A项。
C
J．K. Rowling frequently shows there is magic every day. Her Harry Potter series has helped people through times of stress and depression and she is always there to deliver wise words of encouragement.
She is one celebrity who is very active on Twitter. So when a single dad named Matt Burke sent her a message thanking her for the series, she noticed. Her series had helped strengthen his relationship with his 9 year old daughter Bailey.
He included a link to his article titled Being a Broke Parent. He explained how he hadn’t found a level of financial stability that allowed him to pay bills on time and take his daughter on more activities and events. The family also doesn’t have the Internet or TV, which means there’s no “digital babysitter” and he has to rely on his own creative ways to bond with his daughter. Since he received the series, the main thing that has occupied them these days is reading books together.
Burke admits that he thought he was “too cool” for the books when they first came out and he was in his twenties, but he’s loving reading them now. “We switch off chapter by chapter reading them out loud，” Burke explains. “This not only allows her to get more used to reading aloud in front of someone, but it gets me directly involved in something she loves, and it gives me the chance to be very dramatic when I read my chapters and bring myself into the characters in the book, which has proven to be a ton of fun.”
After hearing Burke’s story, Rowling said how honored she was when Harry Potter was a part of his family’s life and offered Burke more books. Besides, people are also offering to send Burke more books as gifts. For Burke, this experience, far more than gifts, will be what he treasures.
8．Why did Burke thank J．K.Rowling according to the text
A．She guided him how to write a good story.
B．She encouraged him when he was in trouble.
C．Her books helped him through times of confusion.
D．Her books helped him improve his bond with his daughter.
9．What is implied in Burke’s words in Paragraph 4
A．He has found it interesting to read the series.
B．He was too old to understand the series better.
C．He has chosen a better way of reading the series.
D．He hopes to play a role in the drama in the future.
10．Which word can best describe Burke’s experience according to the text
A．Unique. B．Normal.
C．Precious. D．Funny.
11．What is the main idea of this text
A．J.K.Rowling chooses to help improve kids’ health.
B．J.K.Rowling gives a magical gift to a single father.
C．J.K.Rowling has a deep influence on others’ growth.
D．Burke comes to know J．K.Rowling through her series.
【解题导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了英国著名作家J.K. Rowling的作品对一个单亲家庭的影响。
8．D 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“Her series had helped strengthen his relationship with his 9 year old daughter Bailey.”可知，单身父亲Burke感谢J. K. Rowling是因为她的哈利·波特系列丛书帮助他改善了他与女儿之间的关系，故选D。
9．A 解析：推理判断题。根据对第四段的整体理解，尤其是最后一句中的“which has proven to be a ton of fun”可推知，Burke认为朗读这些系列丛书很有趣，故选A。
10．C 解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“For Burke, this experience, far more than gifts, will be what he treasures.”可推知，对Burke来讲，这种经历是非常珍贵的，故选C。
11．B 解析：主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了著名作家J.K. Rowling的作品所具有的魅力——帮助一位单身父亲改善了与其女儿的关系，故选B。
D
As evolution tends to remove waste, how come we evolved such large, energy consuming brains The dominant hypothesis (假设) suggests that tough social interactions are the driving force. But our new study done in an unusual way shows that human brain expansion is likely driven by ecology．
Scientists have tested the ecological and social hypotheses before. The common approach is to look at many species and investigate whether large brains are associated with specific problems. For example, do primates or other animals with large brains have a diet that is challenging to find but nutritionally rewarding This would indicate an ecological origin. Or do they live in large groups where they face lots of social problems
While many studies have found such associations, there is a problem. It cannot tell whether large brains evolved to solve the difficult problems or whether they evolved for other reasons and then enabled their bearers to deal with the hard problems.
To find out the causes of brain expansion, we recreated the scenarios (可能出现的情况) of the two hypotheses using a mathematical model. We found that a combination of ecological and social challenges do produce the brain size we see in humans. But it was ecological challenges that expanded brains. In contrast to the dominant view and our own expectation, we found that social challenges contributed by decreasing brain size. But you need both factors to get the brain size we see today—if there were no social challenges our brains would have been even larger but likely poorly suited to social life. Bigger isn’t necessarily better.
But many animals face hard ecological problems. Why don’t they all have large brains We found that ecological problems only lead to human sized brains when individuals can keep learning hard skills as they grow. So our results and those of others’ suggest that hard ecology and the accumulation of cultural knowledge could act together to produce a human sized brain.
Will the human brain expand further The complexity of the systems involved makes it impossible to say much with certainty at present.
12．In most people’s view, what makes human evolve large brains
A．Social challenges.
B．Social and ecological challenges.
C．Ecological challenges.
D．Competition with other large animals.
13．What’s the problem of the common approach
A．Its model is not reliable enough.
B．It doesn’t tell the cause and effect clearly.
C．Its hypothesis cannot be proved effectively.
D．It doesn’t find brain size is connected with problems.
14．Why don’t many animals have large brains
A．They don’t learn from each other.
B．They don’t face hard ecological problems.
C．They don’t need to cooperate with each other.
D．They don’t keep learning tough skills as they grow.
15．Which of the following do the researchers find most surprising
A．Animals don’t have large brains.
B．Social challenges decrease brain size.
C．Ecological challenges increase brain size.
D．It’s unclear whether human brains will expand further.
【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。科学研究发现，人类大脑的大小是由生态环境和文化知识积累的共同作用决定的；大脑并非越大越好，如果大脑过大，则人类将无法适应社交活动。
12．A 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“The dominant hypothesis(假设)suggests that tough social interactions are the driving force.”并结合第一段内容可知，大部分人认为棘手的社交活动是人类大脑进化的动力，故A项正确。
13．B 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“It cannot tell whether large brains evolved to solve the difficult problems or whether they evolved for other reasons and then enabled their bearers to deal with the hard problems.”可知，传统的研究方法无法解释清楚大脑进化的原因和影响，故B项正确。
14．D 解析：推理判断题。根据第五段第二、三句“Why don’t they all have large brains We found that ecological problems only lead to human sized brains when individuals can keep learning hard skills as they grow.”可知，只有当个体在成长过程中不断学习艰难的技能时，生态环境才会影响人类特定大小的大脑。据此可推知，动物在成长过程中并没有持续学习艰难的技能，所以动物没有大的大脑，故D项正确。
15. B 解析：细节理解题。根据第四段第四句“In contrast to the dominant view and our own expectation, we found that social challenges contributed by decreasing brain size.”可知，与主流观点及我们自己的预期相反，我们发现社会挑战导致大脑变小。据此可知，社会挑战导致大脑变小是令人惊讶的发现，故B项正确。
II.阅读七选五
Thanks to the world famous Colombian writer Garcia Marquez, many people think of Latin America as a land of magic. In his books, impossible things happen.1.________
It may come from the mix of different cultures and ethnicities (种族) in Latin America. Although some of these differences have caused conflicts, they have also been a source of beauty, as well as encouraged people in Latin America to be more open minded.
Latin America includes more than 30 countries and areas located south of the United States in the American continent. From north to south, it starts from Mexico in North America, goes through the Caribbean and ends at the southernmost tip of South America.
________ People can enjoy sunshine in the Caribbean islands, ride horses on the green grasslands of the Pampas, and explore volcanoes and snow capped mountains in the Andes. It even has the world’s biggest rainforest—the Amazon. Many of the world’s most unique plants and animals live there.
There is also a diverse mix of people in Latin America. 3.________ In countries like Mexico and Colombia, over half of the population is of mixed ethnicity. However, most of them speak the same languages—Spanish or Portuguese.
4. ________ Latin American people have created the samba, rumba, cha cha and tango. These dance styles require dancers to hold each other closely and move passionately.5.________
Latin America is an open and romantic place. Its impressive natural environment, historical contributions and cultural traditions have made it unique and influential.
A．It has natives, Africans and Europeans.
B．Latin America’s environment is quite diverse.
C．Where does the magic in his books come from
D．They are cheerful and can bring strangers together.
E．The music and dance of Latin America are quite well known.
F．Many people in Latin America have open and romantic hearts.
G．To most people, Latin America is a land of happiness and passion.
【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了拉丁美洲的人文环境。
1．C 解析：根据空格后一句“It may come from the mix of different cultures and ethnicities(种族) in Latin America.”可知，这可能来自拉丁美洲不同文化和种族的融合。C项“他书里的魔力来自哪里？”与下文衔接紧密，符合语境。故选C。
2．B 解析：根据空格后一句“People can enjoy sunshine in the Caribbean islands, ride horses on the green grasslands of the Pampas, and explore volcanoes and snow capped mountains in the Andes.”可知，人们可以在加勒比群岛享受阳光，在潘帕斯草原上骑马，探索安第斯山脉的火山和积雪覆盖的群山。B项“拉丁美洲的环境是非常多样的”与下文衔接紧密，符合语境。故选B。
3．A 解析：根据空格前一句“There is also a diverse mix of people in Latin America.”可知，此处拉丁美洲也有各种各样的人。A项承接上文，符合语境。故选A。
4．E 解析：根据空格后一句“Latin American people have created the samba, rumba, cha cha and tango.”可知，拉丁美洲人民创造了桑巴舞、伦巴舞、恰恰舞和探戈舞。E项“拉丁美洲的音乐和舞蹈非常有名”与下文衔接紧密，符合语境。故选E。
5．D 解析：根据空格前一句“These dance styles require dancers to hold each other closely and move passionately.”可知，这些舞蹈风格要求舞者紧紧地抱在一起，充满激情地舞动。D项“他们很快乐，可以带动陌生人与他们一起”承接上文，符合语境。故选D。
III.完形填空
The happy new mother asked eagerly to see her baby. However, when she looked at his tiny face, she was __1__. The baby had been born without __2__．
Fortunately, time __3__ that the baby’s hearing was perfect except his ruined appearance. He grew up, __4__ if there were not his misfortune. As a favorite with his classmates, he might have been class president, __5__ the misfortune. He developed a talent for literature and music. His parents __6__hoped that he had a perfect life.
One day, his father spoke with the doctor, “Could __7__ be done？” “I believe I could __8__ a pair of outer ears __9__ they could be accessible.” The doctor decided. Therefore the __10__ began for a person who would make such a sacrifice.
Two years went by. One day, his father said to the son, “You’re going to the __11__， son. We have someone who will __12__ the ears you need. But the identity of the donor is a secret.”
The operation was a brilliant __13__， and a new person turned up. His talents blossomed into genius. Later, he married and entered the Diplomatic Service. One day, he asked his father, “Who gave me the ears Who gave me so much I could never do __14__ for him or her.” “I do not believe you could，” said the father, “but the agreement was that you are not __15__．..not yet.”
The secret was __16__ for years, but the day did come. He stood with his father beside his mother’s casket(棺材). Slowly, __17__， the father reached out his hand and raised the thick, reddish brown __18__ to find that the mother had no outer ears.
“Mother said she was __19__ she never had her hair cut，” his father whispered, “and nobody ever thought Mother less __20__， did they？”
A. angry B．embarrassed
C．shocked D．curious
2． A. eyes B．feet
C．fingers D．ears
3． A. proved B．lasted
C．flew D．ignored
4． A. tall B．handsome
C．short D．bad looking
5． A. with B．in spite of
C．for D．but for
6． A. still B．hardly
C．almost D．ever
7． A. somebody B．everything
C．nobody D．nothing
8． A. operate B．destroy
C．transplant D．repair
9． A. if B．while
C．although D．since
10．A. experiment B．search
C．analysis D．operation
11．A. school B．library
C．hospital D．bedroom
12．A. donate B．repair
C．make D．sell
13．A. failure B．success
C．honor D．damage
14．A. harm B．enough
C．bad D．good
15．A. signed B．realized
C．understood D．allowed
16．A. changed B．discussed
C．spread D．kept
17．A. carelessly B．gently
C．excitedly D．gradually
18．A. skirt B．hand
C．hair D．quilt
19．A. depressed B．worried
C．glad D．regretful
20．A. beautiful B．ugly
C．respectable D．fashionable
【解题导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了一位母亲给有生理缺陷的儿子捐献外耳的感人故事。
1．C 解析：根据下文中的“Fortunately, time ______ that the baby’s hearing was perfect except his ruined appearance.”可推知，这个婴儿出生时没有耳朵(ears)，初为人母的幸福的妈妈看到有缺陷的孩子时很震惊(shocked)。
2．D 解析：参见上题解析。
3．A 解析：根据该句中的“Fortunately”可推知，时间证明(proved)这个容貌有缺陷的婴儿听力是完好的，故选A。
4．B 解析：根据上文中的“his ruined appearance”，并结合空后的“if there were not his misfortune”可推知，孩子要不是容貌上的缺陷应该是很帅气的(handsome)，故选B。
5．D 解析：与上文中的“if there were not his misfortune”呼应可推知，此处表示惋惜，故选D。but for “要不是”。
6．A 解析：根据上文可知，容貌上有缺陷的孩子很有才华，也为同学们所喜欢，在文学和音乐方面很有天赋，但是他的父母还是(still)希望他有一个完美的人生，故选A。
7．D 解析：根据上文中的“His parents ______hoped that he had a perfect life.”可推知，此处表示他的父亲问医生难道就没有补救方法了吗？故选D。
8．C 解析：根据上文并结合语境可知，男孩的父亲询问医生有没有补救方法，医生决定给他移植(transplant)一对耳朵。与下文中的“The operation was a brilliant ______， and a new person turned up.”呼应，故选C。
9．A 解析：根据语境可推知，此处表示如果有可用的耳朵，医生可以给男孩移植一对耳朵，故选A。
10．B 解析：根据语境可推知，他们开始寻找能够捐献耳朵的人。故选B。
11．C 解析：根据下文中的“But the identity of the donor is a secret.”可推知，耳朵捐献(donate)者找到了，父亲告诉儿子可以去医院(hospital)进行移植手术了。
12．A 解析：参见上题解析。
13．B 解析：根据空前的“brilliant”以及空后的“a new person turned up”可推知，手术非常成功。
14．B 解析：根据上文男孩问父亲的话可推知，男孩觉得自己为对方做得不够(enough)，故选B。
15．D 解析：根据上文中的“But the identity of the donor is a secret.”可知，捐献人的身份是保密的；并结合下文可推知，男孩并不被允许知道是谁捐献的耳朵，故选D。
16．D 解析：根据该句中的“but”，并结合下文可推知，捐献者的身份多年来一直保密，但最终揭晓的这一天到来了。
17．B 解析：与“Slowly”呼应，并结合上文中的“his mother’s casket(棺材)”可推知，他的父亲慢慢地、轻轻地伸出手，故选B。
18．C 解析：根据空后的“find that the mother had no outer ears”，并结合下文中的“Mother said she was ______ she never had her hair cut”可推知，男孩的父亲伸手去把男孩母亲的头发(hair)拢起来。
19．C 解析：根据语境可推知，母亲乐意(glad)为儿子牺牲，甘愿不剪头发，故选C。
20．A 解析：根据语境可推知，此处表示没有人说男孩的母亲不漂亮(beautiful)，故选A。
IV.短文语法填空
Ancient people across Europe might have known more about the stars 1_________ we give them credit for,
according to a new analysis of cave art from the University of Edinburgh.
Some of the world's 2_________ (old)cave paintings are now thought to depict not wild animals as was previously thought, but constellations (星座）in the night sky. This 3_________ (suggest)that in these artworks, people were using the positions of constellations 4_________ (represent)dates, and mark events such as comets hitting Earth.
The researchers looked at Palaeolithic and Neolithic art featuring animal symbols at sites in Turkey, Spain, France and Germany. The 5_________ (example)of art they looked at varied in age by tens of thousands of years, but the system for representing dates with constellations appears to be constant throughout. Some of the art in question dates back as far as 40,000 years ago. Scientists work out the age of cave art by chemically 6_________ (date) the paint used. The team compared these dates to 7_________ the night sky would have looked like during known points in history, by using software to simulate (模拟）the ancient sky. The positions of the stars in the night sky change 8_________（slow)over thousands of years, as the Earth's rotational axis shifts. This new analysis shows
that ancient people could define dates to within 250 years by using constellations as 9 _________ reference.
＂Early cave art shows that people had advanced knowledge of the night sky within the last ice age," said study leader Dr.Martin Sweatman. "Intellectually, hey were hardly any 10_________ (difference)from us today."
【语篇导读】 据爱丁堡大学对洞穴壁画的分析发现，欧洲人对星际空间认识的历史超出了我们的想象。
1. than 解析：根据前面的＂might have known more about the stars”可知，空处填连词than, 构成比较状语从句。
2. oldest 解析：根据前面的定语“Some of the world's”和句意：现在人们认为世界上有些最古老的洞穴壁画描绘的不是我们原以为的野生动物。可知，空处填 oldest.
3. suggests 解析：主语是this,而本句讲述的是现在的人对壁画的认识，故空处填 suggests充当谓语。
4. to represent 解析：空处填动词不定式to represent充当目的状语。
5. examples 解析：根据后文的“they looked at varied in age by tens of thousands of years”可知，空处填所给名词的复数形式充当主语。
6. dating 解析：根据前面的介词by可知，空处填动名词dating,构成介宾结构充当方式状语。
7. what 解析：空处填what,在宾语从句中充当宾语。
8. slowly 解析：谓语动词是change,故空处填副词slowly充当方式状语。
9. a 解析：首次出现的可数名词reference意为“参照物”，故空处填不定冠词a.
10. different 解析：be different from意为“与······不同”。
V. 概要写作 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Dogs are called man's best friends for good reasons. Dogs seem to have the natural ability to feed off human emotions. Through an understanding of things like happiness, fear and empathy each other, dogs and their caretakers are able to form a bond.
Clarissa Black has devoted her career to understanding the minds of animals. As an animal trainer with a master's degree in anthrozoology---the study of interactions between humans and other animals, Black spent years working with elephants and dolphins. But it was a trip to the local Veterans Affairs Hospital with her dog that sparked the idea.
Watching how the veterans(退伍军人）lit up and responded to her dog, named Bear, Black was inspired to use her skills and resources to start training rescue dogs as a means of therapy for America's veterans, particularly those struggling with post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD), traumatic brain injury, anxiety and depression.
She started the non-profit organization Pets for Vets to not only help struggling veterans, but also give a second chance to shelter dogs around the country, many of whom are destined for an unhappy ending.
It’s a win-win for people like Casey, a young Navy veteran struggling with PTSD, who has turned his life around thanks to Jazzy, one of the many rescue dogs released to Pets for Vets from an animal shelter.
Through an extensive matchmaking process, a Pets for Vets team member interviews each veteran to evaluate which animal would be the right fit based on personality and lifestyle. Once the pet is selected, the animal is trained to be obedient and learns skills that will benefit its new owner's condition.
With its development and popularity around the country, not only Pets for Vets is helping shelter dogs find the love they deserve, but also it's a way to say "thank you" to our country's veterans for their service and dedication.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
One possible version:
Dogs have a nature to ease and please people especially when they are alone.(要点 1)Clarissa Black, an animal trainer gets an inspiration while visiting the local Veterans Affairs Hospital.
(要点 2)So she started a non-profit organization to shelter homeless dogs and help the disabled kill their loneliness.(要点3) It's a win-win and beneficial way for both the dogs and veterans to live out their lives together.（要点4)
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