2023年中考英语语法复习三大从句六大时态语法汇总（含答案）

初中三大从句六大时态汇总资料
三大从句
六大时态
（单元分布为沪教牛津版）
目录【共60页】
初中三大从句：
宾语从句 p3
定语从句 p9
让步状语从句 p16
原因状语从句 p20
地点状语从句 p22
结果状语从句 p22
时间状语从句 p24
条件状语从句 p28
目的状语从句 p31
三大从句综合测试 p33
初中六大时态：
现在进行时 p37
二、过去进行时 p40
三、现在完成时 p45
四、一般过去时 p49
五、一般现在时 p52
六、一般将来时 p54
七、三大从句六大时态综合测试 p55
初中三大从句
宾语从句
宾语：
I like English.
She enjoys watching TV.
★宾语是动作、行为的对象，是动作的承受者。
★宾语由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任。
宾语从句：
We know the man.
We know that he is a good man.
充当宾语成分的句子叫做宾语从句。
宾从的判断：
动词
介词 ＋ 宾语从句
形容词
★引导词：
that：that 在从句中无实际含义，不充当成分，在口语中往往省略。
e.g. I believe that you are the best.
常见的加that引导的宾从的谓语动词有explain, suggest, feel, say，believe，think，notice, agree，hope，wish，know，imagine，hear，expect等。
whether/if:
e.g. I asked whether he wanted to go shopping with me.
if/whether 引导的宾语从句，表示“是否….”, 不能省略，在大部分情况下二者可以互换，但在以下情况中, 只能用whether，而不能用if。
①后面有…or not；
②在介词的后面；
e.g: I am interested in whether he will come tomorrow.
③在不定式 to do 前
e.g: I don’t know whether to do it.
④ 在谓语动词discuss的后面
特殊疑问词
疑问副词 含义 例句 充当成分
how 如何 He asked how he could finish the task. 方式状语
where 哪里 He asked where I lived. 地点状语
when 什么时候 He asked when I would leave for Beijing. 时间状语
why 为什么 He asked why I was worried. 原因状语
分两类：疑问副词和疑问代词。
①疑问副词只能做状语
②疑问代词可做主语、宾语、表语等成分。
疑问副词 含义 例句 充当成分
who 谁 I don’t know who cleaned the window. 主语、宾语和表语
whom 谁（作宾语） He asked whom I would meet. 宾语
what 什么 He asked what I liked. 主语、宾语
whose 谁的 He asked whose book this was. 定语、表语
which 哪一个 He asked which book I liked. 定语
★宾从的语序：
1）区分陈述语序& 疑问语序
陈述语序：主语+谓语+其他
疑问语序：谓语提到主语前（有情提情、有be提be、无情无be请求助）
2）宾从的语序：陈述语序
3）引导词在从句中作主语，从句语序与疑问句相同：
①What’s the matter
Would you tell me what’s the matter
②What’s wrong with you
She didn’t tell me what was wrong with you.
★宾从的时态：
主句为一般现在时或一般将来时，从句可以用语境所需要的任何时态.
主句为一般过去时，从句用相应的过去的时态。
从句内容为客观真理，从句仍然用一般现在时。
口诀：主现从随意，主过从过，真理永一现。
宾从的缩略：
当主句的主语与从句的主语一致，或者主句的宾语与从句的主语一致时，宾语从句可以缩略为：疑问词+ to do。
Could you tell me how I can deal with stress
= Could you tell me how to deal with stress
She doesn’t know when she can go to school.
= She doesn’t know when to go to school. .
宾从的否定前移：
判断正误：
I think he doesn’t care. （T/F）
I don’t think he cares. （T/F）
当主句主语是第一人称，谓语动词时believe、think、suppose、expect等，要把从句中的否定前移到主句中。
【课堂练习】
单项选择
1．I know _________ I promised to take you to dinner, but I won't finish working until ten o’clock.
A．that B．if C．what D．why
2．— Are you going camping this weekend
— I’m not sure ________ the road to the mountains will be closed because of the heavy rain.
A．that B．why C．whether D．which
3．—Welcome back to school, Tim. I want to know________ online.
—Of course, Ms. Clark, I was hard-working.
A．what you studied B．when you studied C．if you studied hard
4．We don’t know , but it tells us the importance of friendship.
A．what the story is about
B．whether the story is true
C．when did the story take place
5．I wonder ______ Tom had a good time having a picnic yesterday.
A．that B．if C．what D．which
6．—Did you have a good time in Sanya
—Yes, come and look. My photos will show you ________.
A．what the trip was like B．where we will go C．how we went there
7．— Could you tell me ________
— Throwing off poverty（脱贫）.
A．who people often talk about this year
B．what people often talk about this year
C．which do people often talk about this year
8．The school suggested the students pass on ____ they have learned to their parents.
A．what B．that C．which D．where
9．--- Hi, Alice. I wonder ________ . --- I often go swimming in the sports center.
A．where you skate B．what you do on the weekend
C．when you exercise D．whether you enjoy your weekend
10．Grace wonders ________ she should do next.
A．how B．what C．that D. why
11．Do you know I saw yesterday It was my favorite star, Jackie.
A．when B．where C．whom D．how
12．You do not win respect by showing __________ you are, but what you’re able to do.
A．where B．who C．how D．when
13．—Michael, could you tell me ______？ —I'd like to join the dancing club.
A．why you like the dancing club B．which club you are going to join
C．whether there are any clubs in your school
14．— Can you tell me ______________. —Next weekend.
A．when they will visit Guanghua Temple
B．how will they visit Guanghua Temple
C．why they will visit Guanghua Temple
15．My cousin will drive me to school today, but I don't know ______________.
A．what he'll do B．where he'll go
C．when we'll leave D．why we'll go there
16．—Could you please tell me —Sure. Go to the third floor，please.
A．which postcards I should take B．what kind of postcards you have
C．when I should pay for the postcards D．where I can get some postcards
17．—Could you tell me ________ the book
—Sure, I bought it online.
A．why you bought B．when you bought
C．where you bought D．how much you paid for
18．—Can you tell me __________ —Twice a week.
A．how long it takes you to play soccer B．how often you take French lessons
C．how soon he will come back D．when you go to the movies
19．—We’d better ask the local people when we’ll get to the next town.
—We did. But nobody could say ________ it would take.
A．how often B．how far C．how long D. how soon
20．—I'm planning a trip to the National Mining Park（国家矿山公园） tomorrow, but still can't decide ________.
—How about driving
A．how I'm going B．where I'm going
C．when I'm going D．who I'm going with
二、定语从句
理解“定语”： 定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。
分析以下例句的句子成分：
The handsome boy is her friend.
请翻译此句： 这个帅气的男孩是她的朋友 。
The handsome boy是： 主语 。
is是： 谓语 。
her friend是： 表语 。
handsome是： 定语 ，作用是 修饰后面的名词boy 。
her是： 定语 ，作用是 修饰后面的名词friend 。
2）The handsome boy who is singing is her friend.
请翻译此句：这个正在唱歌的帅气男孩是她的朋友 。
此句中，who is singing作为 定语 成分，作用是 修饰前面的名词boy 。
2、 定语从句的定义：在复合句中作定语的句子叫做定语从句，定语从句的作用是修饰前面的先行词或主句中的其他成分。
I have a sister. She is a student.
请把这两个简单句改成包含定语从句的复合句。 I have a sister who is a student.
3、定从的结构：
关系词/引导词：引导定语从句的词。
先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。
请划出以下例句中的主句、从句、先行词和关系词。
I have a cat which is cute.
主句：I have a cat 从句：which is cute 先行词:cat 关系词which
定语从句的分类：
限制性定语从句 对先行词进行修饰、限制，是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句不用逗号隔开 Do you know the boy who is watching TV
非限制性定语从句 对先行词进行补充说明，没有从句不影响主句意思的完整，主句和从句之间用逗号隔开 His friend, who is in Beijing now, is good at English.
对比：
1）I have a sister who is a nurse.
（暗含还有干其他工作的妹妹）
I have a sister, who is a nurse.
（暗含只有一个妹妹）
★注意：非限制性定语从句关系词有who, whom, whose, which，when, where,等，that和why一般不引导非限制性定语从句。
5、定语从句的关系词分类：
关系词 被修饰的先行词 关系词在定从中的作用
关系代词 that 人/物 主语、宾语、表语
which 物 主语、宾语
who 人 主语、宾语
whom 人 宾语
whose 人/物 定语
关系副词 when 时间 时间状语
where 地点 地点状语
why 原因 原因状语
请划出以下句子的先行词和关系词，并体会关系词的用法。
e.g. 1）The man（先行词）, whose（关系词） name is Tom Smith, is my teacher.
2）The man（先行词）, who（关系词） is wearing a pair of glasses, is my teacher.
3）The man（先行词）, whom/who I was talking to, is my teacher.
4）He has a house（先行词） that/which is beautiful.
5）Do you know the reason（先行词） why he was late for school this morning
6）Do you know the time（先行词） when we will meet
7) Do you know the place（先行词） where we will meet
★注意: 1）定语从句关系词不能为what。
2）关系代词that，which，who，whom在定语从句中作宾语时，可以省略，但“介词+关系代词”的结构中，关系代词不可省略。
3) 介词+which:先行词是物，介词+whom：先行词是人
Exercises:
I think we should say “no” to the students waste things every day.
A. who B. what C. where D. which
2. Everybody has one of those days everything goes wrong.
A. when B. while C. as D. what
3. Look at the mistakes you have made in the exam! How careless of you.
A. what B. who C. where D. that
4. The pencil he was writing was broken.
A. which B. that C. with that D. with which
5. I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend, we enjoyed a good view of the lake.
A. which B. where C. whom D. that
6. 关系代词
1）that：that可代替which，who，whom，做从句的宾语时可以省略，作主语不可省。
This is the bottle (that) I like best.
I have a dress that is beautiful.
★只能用that的情况：
①先行词含有no, few, some, any, all, something等不定代词
All that we have to do is to finish the task.
②先行词被序数词修饰时
The first lesson that I learnt will never be forgotten.
③先行词被最高级修饰时
This is the most beautiful park that I have ever been to.
④先行词含有the only, the very, the same, the last表示特指的词时
He is the last person that I want to be with.
⑤先行词中既有人又有物时
They talked about the things and people that they liked best.
★不用that的情况
前有介词：This is the house in which I live.
前有逗号：I saw a good film, which was about a football match.
Exercises：
( ) 1. Is there anything to you
A. that is belonged B. that belongs
C. which is belonged D. which belongs
( ) 2. Unluckily, I am the only person forgot to bring money.
A. who B. which C. / D. that
2) which
which 和that一样，作宾语时可省略，作主语时不可省略。
This is the book （which） you want.
3) who, whom, whose
①who和whom都指人，who作主、宾，whom作宾语。
请用who或whom填空：
This is the woman whom/who I help.
This is the woman who helps me.
② whose指人的和物的，相当于形容词性物主代词或名词所有格。
翻译为“……的”，后面要加名词，whose和后面的名词为所属关系。
I know the boy whose parents are teachers.
关系副词: when、where、why（在句中作状语）
用when/where/why填空：
That is the day when he did the experiment（实验）.
This is the house where my mother used to live.
That is the reason why he is leaving very soon.
1）★总结：
①当先行词为时间（time, day, week…）时，用when，when=介词（in, on, during）+which。
当先行词为地点（place, house, country, city…）时，用where，where=介词（in, at）+which。
当先行词为原因（reason）时，用why，why=for +which。
先行词为时间、地点、原因时，一定只能用关系副词吗？
→不一定。要判断用关系代词还是关系副词。
→看关系词后面是否是完整的句子。
句子完整：用关系副词
句子不完整：用关系代词
I will never forget the day when we worked together.
(work是不及物动词，引导词后面的句子完整，所以用关系副词when）
I will never forget the day that we spent together.
（spend是及物动词，引导词后面的句子不完整，所以用关系副词that）
Exercises：选择恰当的关系词填空
That is the reason why he returned to China.
This is the reason why he is leaving.
This is the reason that he told me.
【课堂练习】
One day Mike went with his father to see his grandparents live in a small town.
A. which B. where C. when D. who
2. The bicycle he wanted was at least $90.
A. who B. which C. what D. how
3. We may not know how to buy things we need.
A. how B. where C. that D. what
4.The girl is singing in the stage is my neighbor.
A. she B. which C. whom D. who
5. I want to start a club to help students are not interested in schoolwork.
A. who B. whose C. whom D. which
6. Yesterday I bought my first book was written by Mo Yan.
A. which B. that C. who D. what
7. Vegetables and fruit have the vitamins humans need.
A. that B. what C. where D. who
8. Mr. Black is going to Beijing in October, is the best season there.
A. which B. what C. that D. it
9. The factory we’ll visit next week is not far from here.
A. where B. to which C. which D. in which
10. Do you know the girl learns English the best in our class
A. who B. which C. whom D. whose
11. Do you know the man is talking to Miss Wu
A. he B. whom C. who D. which
12. Can you lend me the dictionary the other day
A. that you bought B. you bought it
C. that you bought it D. which you bought it
13. Charlie told his mother all had happened.
A. that B. what C. which D. who
14. The man coat is black is waiting at the gate.
A. who’s B. whose C. that D. of which
15. I don’t know the reason David has refused to see me.
A. why B. that C. which D. what
16. During the three years he spent here, he nearly died of hunger.
A. when B. in which C. that D. where
17. cleans the blackboard should be praised.
A. That B. Who C. The one who D. The students who
18. Alicia was a young woman liked to exercise for her health.
A. that B. which C. whom D. how
19. The island he lived in the childhood is far from the town.
A. which B. in which C. on which D. what
20. Smoking, is a bad habbit, is popular.
A. that B. which C. it D. though
【课后练习一】
After graduation, she reached a point in her career she needed to decide what to do.
that B. what C. which D. where
Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, was very reasonable(合理的).
which price B. whose price C. the price of that D. its price
The room faces south is for the doctor.
which B. whose C. who D. where
The clever boy made a hole in the wall, he could see was going on.
which; what B. through which; what
C. through that; that D. what; that
5. She will fly to Washington, is the capital of the U.S.
A. that B. where C. which D. in which
6. She will fly to Washington, she can enjoy herself.
A. where B. that C. which D. /
7. The hotel during the summer holidays stands by the seaside.
A. we stayed at B. where we stayed at
C. we stayed D. in that we stayed
8. We are living in an age many things are done by computer.
A. that B. which C. why D. when
9. Is this the gym you visited last week
A. where B. which C. to which D. in which
10. Tom, we had expected to help us, didn’t even show his face.
A. as B. whom C. that D. which
【课后练习二】
This is the worst novel I have ever read.
A．which B. where C. that D. what
2. Bob, I went to the concert, is a friend of mine.
A. whom B. who C. with whom D. on whose
3. There was a time I wondered why I would like to do this boring job.
A. which B. why C. where D. when
4. Bob, bicycle I went to the concert, is a friend of mine.
A. whom B. who C. whose D. on whose
5. Is oxygen the only gas helps fire burn
A. that B. which C. / D. it
6. That was the reason he refused to speak at the meeting.
A. for that B. what C. which D. for which
7. The boy you met at the party came here again this morning.
A. whom B. which C. where D. when
8. The days are gone physical strength was all you needed to make a living.
A. when B. that C. where D. which
9. He said nothing made me angry.
A. that B. which C. as D. it
10. It’s helpful to put children in a situation they can see themselves differently.
A. that B. when C. which D. where
三、让步状语从句
【课前】
观察以下句子，思考：
思考：什么是让步状语从句？如何理解“让步”？
划出让步状语从句的引导词。
1) Although he was worn out, he kept on working.
尽管他已经筋疲力竭了，他还继续工作。
2) I went with her, though I didn’t like going shopping.
尽管我不喜欢购物，我还是和她去了。
3) We will make a trip even if the weather is bad.
即使天气不好，我们也要去一次旅行。
4) Even though she could not take part in the game, we won the game.
即使她没有参加比赛，我们还是赢了。
5）You’ll have to attend the ceremony whether you’re free or busy.
不管你忙不忙，都要参加这个典礼。
6）No matter what happened, he would not mind.
无论发生了什么，他都不会介意的。
【课中】
1. 定义：让步状语从句是状语从句的一种，一般翻译为“ 无论 ”，“ 即使 ”，“ 无论 ”，“ 尽管 ”。
2.引导状语从句的连词主要有 although ， though ， even if ， even though ， no mater+疑问词 ， whether...or 。
3. 引导词
1）though，although表“虽然，尽管”
这两个连词意思大致相同，在一般情况下可以互换使用，在口语中though比较常用，although比较正式。
★Exercises
① 翻译：尽管他没有说什么，我明白他的意思。
Although he said nothing, I understand his meaning.
②( B ) John said he wasn’t frightened, I can feel his heart quickly.
A. Although; but B. Although; / C. But; / D. Though; but
总结：though和although不能与 but 连用，可以和 still ， yet 连用强调对比。
③易混词：though conj. 尽管 thought n. 思想 through prep.通过
2）even if 和even though表示“即使”，“纵使”。
这两个复合连词的意思基本相同，常互换使用，也可和although/though互换使用，但even if/though语气更强烈。
★Exercises
完成句子—尽管他学习很努力，他最后还是失败了。
Even if he studied hard ，he failed at last.
whether…or…“不管是…还是”。
由此复合连词引导的让步状语从句，旨在说明正反两个方面的可能性都不会影响
主句的意向或结果，所以它的语气是比较强烈的，也更加坚定了主句的内容。
★Exercises
翻译：不管你想不想去，你都要去。
Whether you want to go or not, you have to go.
“no matter 疑问词”，或“疑问词 ever”，表示“无论…”
★Exercises
翻译：
无论你去哪里，无论你做什么，我都会在这里等你。
Wherever you go ， whatever you do ，I will be right here waiting for you.（摘自歌曲Right Here Waiting）
（转为同义句）
No matter where you go ， no matter what you do ，I will be right here waiting for you.
【课后练习】
单项选择
( ) 1. cell phones help us a lot in our daily life, they bring us some problems, too.
A. Though B. However C. And D. But
( ) 2. I have grown up, I act like a small child sometimes.
A. Although B. If C. Whether D. When
( ) 3. I don’t know him well __________ I’ve known him for a long time.
A. though B. so C. and D. or
( ) 4. __________ difficult the task may be, we will try our best to finish it.
A. No matter B. no wonder C. though D. however
( ) 5. __________ studying abroad is hard, it can help you understand the world.
A. If B. Although C. Because D. When
( ) 6. Although he is considered a great writer, __________.
A. his works is not widely read B. but his works are not widely read
C. unless his works are not widely read D. yet his works are not widely read
( ) 7. __________ she was very tired, __________ she kept working till midnight.
A. If; / B. However; / C. Although; but D. Though; /
( ) 8. __________ you know how to write them, you can't use them correctly and exactly.
A. Because B.In order that C. If D. Even though
( ) 9. I find __________ difficult to talk to foreigners in English __________ I think my English is quite good.
A. that; though B. this; although C. it; though D. /; though
( ) 10.—Look! Some people are running the red lights.
—We should wait _____ others are breaking the rule.
A. if B. unless C. although D. because
( ) 11. ______she is young, she knows quite a lot.
A. When B. However C. Although D. Unless
( ) 12. ____ he was very tired, he continued working in his office.
A. Since B. Although C. As soon as D. Because
( ) 13. ______ jeans were invented over 100 years ago, they’re still in fashion today.
A. Because B. If C. Although D. Since
( ) 14. ______she is 3 years old, ________ she can dress herself.
Though; but B. Because; so C. Though;/ D. Because;/
( ) 15. I still keep taking exercise every day ______I am busy with so many subjects.
until B. unless C. because D. though
( ) 16.These tools last forever and never go out of style ________they're very expensive.
until B. although C. if D. since
( ) 17. ______milk is good, you should not drink too much of it.
Unless B. Although C. If D. Because
翻译句子
他虽然年纪大了，身体还很健壮。__
Although he is old, he is still in good health.___
尽管他们已经谈了很长时间话了，他仍然无法让她信任他。
Although they have talked for a long time, he still couldn’t make her believe in him.__
3. 尽管每人都打得不错，我们还是输了。
__Although everyone played well, we still lost.___________________________________________________________________
四、原因状语从句
引导词 用法【语气强烈程度because>since>as】
because 意为“因为”，表因果的语气最强。可以回答以why引导的特殊疑问句，强调因果关系。 I’m leaving because I’m fed up with him. ★注意： 判断正误。 Because it was raining, we stayed at home. （ T ） It was raining, so we stayed at home. （ T ） Because it was raining, so we stayed at home. （F ） 总结： because和so不能连用 用because或because of填空。 He didn’t get the job because he is too old. He didn’t get the job because of his age. 总结： because后面加句子，because of后面加短语。 because和for：because是从属连词，能用于句首；for是并列连词，不能用于句首。 Because there is lots of homework to do, I have to stay up late. I have to stay up late, for there is lots of homework to do.
since 意为“既然，由于”，引导众所周知的原因，通常位于句首。 Since Monday is his birthday, let’s give him a party.
as 意为“由于”，引导很明显的原因，与since用法大致相同。位于句首或句中。 She didn’t hear us come in as she was asleep.
【课堂练习】
I taught them to sing music can bring them joy and peace.
A. so B. although C. because D. and
2. He couldn’t get money from his parents, he knew they had no extra money.
A. when B. so C. if D. because
3. the right side was weak, the enemy decided to attack it.
A. Though B. But C. Since D. While
4. Jim is full of wisdom __________ he always knows the answer to each question.
A. because B. if C. because of D. when
5. The meeting was put off the heavy rain.
A. as B. since C. because D. because of
6.--- Why were you late for school
--- I got up late.
A. As B. Since C. Because D. Because of
7. I stayed up late last night, I was tired this morning.
A. Because; but B. /；so C. Because; so D. Because of; so
8. fresh water is valuable, it shouldn’t be wasted.
A. Because; so B. /；but C. Because;/ D. Because of; so
五、地点状语从句
引导词 用法
where 意为“在…的地方”。位于句首或句中。where+陈述句语序。 He lives where the climate is cool.
wherever 意为“在任何…的地方”。位于句首或句中。wherever+陈述句语序。 You can sit wherever you like.
思考：where引导的定从和地点状语从句有何区别？
You can sit wherever you like. & This is the place where I lost my key.
Exercises:
翻译：Where there is a will（意志）, there is a way.
有志者事竟成。
翻译：Where there is water, there is life.
有水的地方就有生命。
She found her wallet she lost it.
A． where B. when C. in which D. that
六、结果状语从句
1、定义：结果状语从句一般用来补充说明主句中的动作或状态所产生的结果，通常位于主句之后。
2、引导词：
1) so…that…
句型1：so+ adj./adv. +that…。
e.g. It was so dark that I couldn’t see anything.
句型2：so + adj.+a/an +单数可数名词+that…。
She is so nice a person that everyone likes her.
Exercises:
用句型1和2翻译：
这只猫如此可爱，以至于它很受欢迎。
句型1： The cat is so cute that it’s popular.
句型2： It is so cute a cat that it’s popular.
②这座山如此高以至于我不能爬到山顶。
句型1： The mountain is so tall that I can’t climb to the top.
句型2： It is so tall a mountain that I can’t climb to the top.
句型3: so many/few +可数名词复数+that…。
We have so many books that we can’t finish reading them in this week.
We have so few books that we can’t give them to other students.
句型4：so much/little+不可数名词+that…。
He has so much homework to do that he can’t go out with us.
He has so little money that he can’t afford any food.
Exercises:
用句型3或4翻译：
公园里的花如此少，以至于很少人来公园。
There are so few flowers in the park that few people come here.
房间里有如此多人，以至于它很拥挤。
There are so many people in the room that it’s very crowded.
2) such…that…
句型1：…such a/an (adj.) +可数名词单数+that…。
He is such a clever boy that I like him very much.
请用“so + adj.+a/an +单数可数名词+that…”的句型写出同义句。
He is so clever a boy that I like him very much.
句型2：such+ adj +不可数名词/可数名词复数+that…。
It is such fine weather that I want to go out.
【课堂练习】
1. The children have homework they can’t go to sleep on time.
A. so many; that B. such many; that
C. so much; that D. such much; that
2. When I was young, I was nervous that I couldn’t talk to anyone.
A. too B. to C. such D. so
3. The camera is expensive I can’t afford it.
A. very, so B. too, to C. so, that D. enough, that
4. I was __________ excited __________ I could not fall asleep.
A. as; as B. so; as C. too; to D. so; that
5. My aunt is great film lover she goes to the cinema every weekend.
A. so a; that B. such a; that C. so; that D. such; that
6.My shopping bags were so heavy I decided to stop to have a rest in the park.
A. what B. that C. which D. who
7. The boy ran fast I couldn’t catch him.
A. so; that B. too; to C. enough; to D. very; that
8. English is a useful language it is spoken in many Countries of the world.
A. so…that B. such…that C. so…because D. such…because
9．At midnight Mr. Ted was tired that he went to sleep.
A. very B. such C. so D. quite
10. Tom is that everyone is nice to him.
A. so a good friend B. such good a friend
C. a so good friend D. such a good friend
七、时间状语从句
1.“当……时”
引导词 用法
when 1)意为 “当...时候”. ，表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时或先后发生。 2）观察例句： He was doing homework when his mother came back. I met my best friend when I was talking. when引导的时间状语从句可接 A B （A. 延续性动词 B. 短暂性动词） 3）When后不限动词时态，但是表过去时，用 一般过去时 ，表将来时，用 一般现在时 。 e.g. When I dived, I saw the amazing undersea world. When I get there next time, I will dive again.
while 意为 “当...时候” ，引导的从句常用 延续性 动 词或表示 状态 的动词。 e.g. While I am doing my homework, my mother is cooking. While I am doing my homework, the TV is on. 【区分】 While也可以作并列连词，表示两者之间的对比关系，意为 然而 。 e.g. I like watching TV, while my brother likes listening to music.
as 意为 随着 。 e.g. We get wiser as we grow older.
口诀 when后 长短 ,while后 长 ；两长 while ，两短 when ，一边一边用 as 。
Exercises：
I am very excited I hear that there is going to be a football match on TV next Saturday night.
when B. so C. until D. before
I the football match when you suddenly me.
watched; called B. watched; was calling
was watching; called D. was watching; was calling
The little boy fell asleep his mother was singing him a nice song.
while B. after C. before D. so
--- years go by, China is getting richer and stronger.
---We hope our country will be better and better.
As B. When C. While D. Since
2. “直到……”
引导词 用法
until/till until意为 直到 。 e.g. You may stay here until/till the rain stops. 2. not……until 意为 直到...才 。也可以将not换为 never 等表示否定的词。 e.g. He did not go to bed until he had finished his work. 注意：主句用 A. 延续性动词 时，使用until/till引导从句。 主句用 B.短暂性动词 时，使用not…until引导从句。 【A. 延续性动词 B.短暂性动词】 e.g. We mustn’t get out of the bus until it stops. You may stay here until/till the rain stops.
Exercises:
1. I won’t believe that the five-year-old boy could read magazines
I tested him myself.
if B. when C. after D. until
Don’t hurry. The bus won’t start everybody gets on.
since B. as C. until D. when
“一……就……”
引导词 用法
as soon as 意为一……就…… 。表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作随即发生。通常遵循主将从现原则。 e.g. As soon as he arrives, I will call you. I will play with you as soon as I finish my homework.
Exercises：
He you as soon as he home.
calls; arrives B. will call; will arrive
C. will call; arrive D. will call; arrives
2. I helped my mum with housework yesterday I got home.
A. as soon as B. before C. until D. while
“在……前/后”
引导词 用法
before 意为 在...之前 。表示主句的动作发生在从句 之前 。 e.g. She will call me before she leaves.
after 意为 在...之后 。表示主句的动作发生在从句 之后 。 e.g. She will call me after she leaves.
Exercises：
1. The boy ran away __________ I could say a word.
A. before B. when C. until D. After
【课堂练习】
1. I was in trouble, my English teacher gave me much help.
A. Though B. While C. Until D. But
2. My mother was cooking I arrived home.
A. until B. when C. if D. so
3. We will visit France __________ we __________ free.
A. before…will be B. before…are C. when…will be D. when…are
4. As soon as I arrive __________ the airport, I __________ you.
A.in; will call B. at; call C. /; will call D. at; will call
5. In fact, I did badly in a test, my classmates never laughed at me.
A. when B. yet C. since D. because
6. This morning, I was reading a book, I met a strange sentence.
A. because B. if C. what D. when
7. Jason will send you an e-mail __________ he __________ in Canada.
A. as; arrive B. when; arrive C. as soon as; arrives D. however; arrives
8. She went to live with her father she was 14.
A. when B. because C. if D. since
9. The children were leaving school on Tuesday __________ they saw an accident.
A. when B. so C. because D. after
10. When I see you next time, I __________ your book to you.
A. return B. will return C. returned D. am returning
11. Mr. Lee came in __________ we were talking in the classroom.
A. while B. as soon as C. before D. after
12. The ball rolled ink onto paper it moved.
A. who B. as C. why D. how
13. __________the technology develops, more and more practical inventions appear.
A. When B. Though C. As D. While
14. While she TV, she a sound outside the room.
A. was watching; was hearing B. watched; was hearing
C. watched, heard D. was watching, heard
15. My father was drinking tea in the living room my mother was doing
the dishes in the kitchen.
A. because B. since C. while D. although
16. you told me, I had heard nothing of the accident.
A. Until B. Though C. When D. If
17. Some people won’t realize the importance of their friendship __________ they lose it.
A. after B. when C. until D. because
八、条件状语从句
“如果”
引导词 用法
If 意为 如果 ，引导条件状语从句。 e.g. If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman. 【区分】 意为 是否 ，引导宾语从句。 e.g. He asked me if I could help him.
Exercises：
we don’t save water, we will have no water to drink one day.
Where B. When C. Although D. If
What they do if they the bus
do; will miss B. will; misses C. will; miss D. will; will miss
“除非”
引导词 用法
unless 意为 除非 ，= if not . e.g. You will fail to arrive there in time unless you start earlier. = You will fail to arrive there in time if you don’t start earlier.
Exercises:
he is under 16, he will be allowed to drink alcohol.
Since B. Because C. If D. Unless
--Mom, can t watch TV now
--No. You watch TV you have finished your homework.
A. can’t; if B. mustn’t; unless C. may; unless D. should; if
“只要”
引导词 用法
so/as long as 意为 只要 。 e.g. As long as you are here, I will be fine. 【区分】 意为 和...一样长 。 e.g. My ruler is as long as yours.
Exercises:
A mother’s love will stay with a child he needs it.
as long as B. as much as C. as many as D. as far as
---I think using computer screens are bad for our eyes.
--- But they will be helpful for us we put them into good use.
as soon B. as long as C. until D. so that
★时态口诀： 主将从现 ， 主情从现 ， 主祈从现 ， 真理永一现 。
e.g. Panda will sit in the tree if he feels happy.
Sit in the tree if you feel happy.
You can sit in the tree if you feel happy.
If temperature is below 0 ℃，water turns into ice.
★在主将从现的结构中，一般将来时只能用will，不能用be going to。
Exercises：
I believe you if you a lie again.
A. won’t; will tell B. won’t; tell C. don’t; tell D. don’t; will tell
2. ---What are you going to do tomorrow
--- We’ll stay at home if it
will rain B. is going to rain C. rain D. rains
【课堂练习】
1. -- Will you go to have a picnic with us
-- I if it fine.
A. will go; is B. go; will be C. will go; will be D. go; is
2. If you water, it into steam.
A. will boil; will turn B. boil; will turn
C. will boil; turns D. boil; turns
3. In hot weather, food goes bad easily it is kept in the fridge.
A. unless B. if C. because D. since
4. You will remember things well you get enough sleep every night.
A. if B. unless C. so that D. where
5. The art club is for students only. You can’t go in you have a student card.
A. unless B. if C. because D. though
6. If you a fish out of water, it .
A. take; will die B. will; dies C. take; dies D. will take; will die
7. you tell me that you’re not coming, I’ll see you at the park.
A. Though B. If C. Until D. Unless
8. I wonder if my sister me. If she me, I out to play.
A. visits; will visit; will go B. will visit; visits; will not go
C. will visit; will visit; will not go D. visits; visits; don’t go
9. you feel happy, I will be happy.
A. So B. So long as C. For D. With
10. If you cool water, it into ice.
A. turn B. turns C. is turning D. turned
11. If it rain tomorrow, I to the cinema.
A. won’t; will go B. doesn’t; will go C. doesn’t; go D. won’t; go
12. Please don’t come into the office I call you.
A. unless B. if C. when D. after
13. He won’t know the news, his parents it to him.
A. until; will tell B. unless; tell C. until; told D. unless; won’t tell
14. You well in the exam if you hard.
A. don’t do, will work B. will do, will work
C. will do, work D. don’t do, don’t work
15. you open the window, the air won’t be fresh in the room.
A. Unless B. If C. When D. Because
16. If you drop an egg on this floor, it .
A．break B. breaks C. broke D. broken
九、目的状语从句
引导词 用法
so that 意为 为了，以便于 。 e.g. We are climbing higher so that we can get a better view.
in order that 意为 为了，以便于 。 e.g. I am going to take driving lessons in order that I can drive.
★注意：
so that、in order that引导目的状语从句，从句中的谓语常常含有情态动词。
e.g. I am going to get up early so that I can catch the bus.
2. 当目的状语从句的主语和主句的主语相同时，so that引导的目的状语从句可以转化为含有so as to的简单句，in order that引导的目的状语从句可以转化为含有in order to 的简单句。
即 so that（+句子）=so as to （+短语）
in order that（+句子）= in order to（+短语）
e.g. I am going to get up early so that I can catch the bus.
= I am going to get up early so as to catch the bus.
e.g. I am going to take driving lessons in order that I can drive.
= I am going to take driving lessons in order to drive.
但是，当从句的主语和主句主语不相同时，不能进行转换。
e.g. Telephone them at once so that they may not worry about us.
Exercises：
翻译：1. 我努力学习，以便追赶上我的同学们。
I work hard so that I can catch up with my classmates.
I work hard so as to catch up with my classmates.
我想养一只猫，以便我不会感到孤独。
I want to have a cat in order that I won’t feel lonely.
I want to have a cat in order not to feel lonely.
【课堂练习】
1. The boy saved every coin he could buy his mother a present.
A. in order to B. because C. so that D. however
2. Nowadays, laptop is becoming smaller and smaller it can be carried around .
A. so that; easy B. in order to; easily C. so; easy D. so that; easily
3. Please open the window __________ we can breathe fresh air.
A. if B. so that C. such that D. even if
4. We should turn on the lights we could see everything clearly in
the dark.
A. such as B. so as to C. in order to D. so that
5. He has to earn lots of money he can buy his children nice food
and clothes.
A. so that B. such that C. that D. in order
三大从句综合测试【限时：30mins】
一、单项选择
1. The letter I received from him yesterday is very important.
A. who B. which C. what D. that
2 ---What did your teacher say to you
---She asked me .
A. that do I fail the test B. that I fail the test
C. why I failed the test D. why did I fail the test
3. ---What do you think of the film
---Wonderful! I think it is a meaningful film that many people like it.
such; that B. so; that C. such; so D. so; such
4. My doctor advised me to live the air is fresher.
in where B. in which C. the place where D. where
5. I had been looking for the book for two days I found it at last.
A. until B. when C. while D. after
6. You should improve our learning method you can make progress in your study.
A. so as to B. in order to C. so D. in order that
7. My aunt often walks in the morning bad weather stops her.
A. if B. unless C. when D. Since
8. --- What do you think of Li Lin
--- Oh, she always works hard she pays little attention to her family.
A. too, to B. very, that C. so, that D. such, that
9. he is over 65, he's very fit and still enjoys
working.
A. If B. When C. Because D. Although
10. You should let your children play you can see them.
where B. when C. in which D. that
11. You won’t find paper cutting difficult you keep practice it.
even though B. so long as C. as if D. unless
12. he lied to me, I won’t believe him.
Although; / B. Because; so C. Although; still D. Because; /
13. I made terrible mistake that everybody was surprised.
so a B. such a C, so the D. such the
13. decisions he makes, I will support it.
No matter how B. No matter what C. Whoever D. Whenever
14. Don’t cross the road the light turns green.
when B. while C. until D. as
15. She worked quietly no one knew she was there.
so; as B. such; that C. too; to D. so; that
16. --What do you think of your school life
--I think it is colorful I am always busy.
A. if B. though C. while D. until
17. I was cooking she was reading a book.
after B. while C. because D. but
18. You should make it a rule to leave things you can find them again.
when B. where C. then D. there
19. At that moment, I found I was so afraid of my failure.
A. when B. that C. why D. what
20. My brother John got little education he couldn’t get a well-paid job.
such; that B. such a; that C. so; that D. so a; that
21. The students were all interested you told them yesterday.
A. in which B. in that this C. all that D. in everything
22. I’ll tell you he told me last week.
A. all which B. that C. all that D. which
23. “If that is your really want,” the god said, “ your wish will come true.” then he disappeared.
A. what B. which C. why D. where
24. I a book she came into my room.
A. read; when B. was reading; while
C. was reading; when D. read; while
25. you ask him for help, he will certainly be happy to give you a hand.
A. What B. Which C. Where D. If
26. Suddenly I understood the police drove here.
A. why B. because C. when D. where
27. I stored as much food as I can have enough food to eat in winter.
A. so B. so that C. so as to D. in order that
28. We’re talking about the piano and the pianist were in the concert
we attended last night
A. which B. whom C. who D. that
29. They were about to leave suddenly a man stopped them.
A. before B. after C. when D. if
30. she was young, she took lessons in music and drawing.
A. What B. Why C. When D. Where
31. My aunt often walks in the morning bad weather stops her.
A. if B. unless C. when D. since
32. Tommy quickly learned was happening.
A. when B. which C. how D. what
33. --- What can we do to save water in our daily life
--- Many things. For example, turn off the tap when you your teeth.
A. brush B. are brushing C. will brush D. brushed
34. Mobike is convenient that the users can find and leave bikes wherever they’d like.
A. such B. such a C. so D. so a
35. --- Will you please show me __________ WeChat to talk to others
--- Sure, it’s quite easy.
A. how can I use B. what can I use C. what to use D. how to use
36. Turn down the music wake up the baby.
A. so that B. so as to C. so as to not D. so as not to
37. --- What do you plan this weekend
--- I will visit my teacher it is not rainy.
A. doing; unless B. to do; unless C. doing; if D. to do; if
38. I showed everyone I could do.
A. how B. what C. whether D. why
39. The world is made up of matter.
A. in that we live B. on which we live
C. where we live in D. we live in
40. I don’t know we can go on living without these resources（资源）.
A. what B. when C. that D. how
41. Mary bought a dress last Sunday, was too big for her.
A. when B. where C. who D. which
42. __________ you return the books to the library on time, you won’t be able to borrow more books.
A. Unless B. When C. Since D. If
42. the stone was very heavy, I couldn’t lift it.
A. Unless B. Because C. When D. Whether
43. At that moment, he got excited that he cried.
A. so B. so a C. such D. so a
44. Can you tell me __________ get to the nearest post office
A. what B. how can I C. how to I D. how to
45. Mickey is most loved by children, Donald Duck has more adult fans.
A. If B. While C. Because D. Before
46. I am sure she will be very happy.
A. what B. that C. if D. how
47. There isn't any difference between the two. I really don’t know __________.
A. where to choose B. which to choose
C. to choose what D. to choose which
48. He always tried to help people were in trouble.
A. which B. who C. why D. when
49. A poor farmer had a friend was famous for the wonderful apples he grew.
A. who B. whom C. / D. which
50. If you __________ metal, it __________.
A. heat; melt B. heat; will melt C. heat; melts D. heats; melts
51. It’s hard to say it is good for us to have cell phones.
A. that B. whether C. why D. what
52. __________ he was passing a lake, he found that the swans were hot and dirty.
A. Before B. After C. Until D. When
53. He could not understand and didn’t know
to say.
A. when B. which C. what D. how
初中六大时态
现在进行时
一、定义
表示 此时此刻正在进行 的动作。
I am throwing tomatoes.
They are cleaning the street.
表示 这段时间在做 的动作。（说话时未必正在做）
I am learning about tomato fights these days.
My mom is losing weight this month.
二、结构：主语+ am/is/are +doing
三、现在分词的变化规则
规则 构成方法 例词
直 直接+ing cleaning, learning
去 以不发音字母 e 结尾的动词，去e+ing having, writing
双 以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，双写词尾辅音字母+ing running, stopping
改 以ie结尾的动词，改词尾 ie 为 y+ing dying, lying, tying
c 以c结尾的动词，先加k，再+ing picnicking, panicking
l\p 以l或者p结尾的动词，如果动词原形以非重读音节结尾，则末尾的字母双写或不双写均可。其中不双写的是美式拼写。 travelling\traveling, worshipping\worshiping
四、标志词【重点】
时间类 此时此刻：at present, at the moment, now 一段时间：these days, this month
情景类 看和听：Look, Listen 三小心：Be careful, Watch/Look out! 一安静：Be quiet! 找人：Where is ...
Exercises：
1. Look, the twins __________ a young tree in front of the house.
A. will plant B. is planting C. are planting D. planted
2. Where is Tina Her mother __________ for her everywhere.
A. looks B. looked C. is looking D. was looking
3. I have become fluent in English and in London now.
A. studied B. will study C. was studying D. am studying
4. ---Can your brother make model planes
---Yes, this week he a new one.
A. makes B. would make C. had make D. is making
5. ---Be quiet, please! The baby .
---Sorry.
A. sleeps B. slept C. is sleeping D. was sleeping
五、句型转换
肯定句 主语+am/is/are+doing(现在分词)+其它
否定句 主语+am/is/are+not+doing(现在分词)+其它
一般疑问句 Am/Is/Are+主语+doing(现在分词)+其它？ 肯定回答：Yes, 主+am/is/are. 否定回答：No，主语+am/is/are+not.
特殊疑问句 对主语提问：特殊疑问词 Who+其它？ 对非主语提问：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句语序？
被动语态 am\is\are+being+done
六、用法【重点】
1. ★现在进行时表将来：
口诀：来来去去开始停止死（come, arrive, go, leave, start, begin, stop, die.）
The bus is coming.
I am leaving.
2.★不用现在进行时的动词
感官系动词表示“...起来”，如look, smell, taste, sound, feel等。 This dog looks cute.
表示知道或了解的动词，如know, understand, realize, believe等。 I believe that everything is possible now.
表示拥有或需要的动词，如have, own, belong to等。 He has a car.
表示喜爱或厌恶的动词，如love, like, hate等。 I hate English before, but I like it now.
表示存在或位置的动词，如lie, be, stand等。 Japan lies to the east of China.
★现在进行时强化感彩
当现在进行时与always, constantly, forever等副词连用时表示重复的动作，有着极大的强烈的感彩，表示不满或者满意。
He is always telling lies.
【课堂练习】
1. Some students are doing their homework in the class, and the rest __________ on the playground.
A. is playing B. are playing C. plays D. play
2. Look, they __________ Slice Watermelon games.
A. play B. playing C. are playing D. were playing
3. Today, some people are a type of telephone called vision-phone.
A. used B. use C. to use D. using
4. To deal with this problem, the founder of Mobike and her team on a points-based system to punish unruly rides.
A. work B. worked C. were working D. are working
5. It’s eight o’clock. The students an English class.
A. have B. having C. is having D. are having
6. Who over there now
A. singing B. are sing C. is singing D. sing
二、过去进行时
一、过去进行时的定义
过去进行时主要表示过去 某个时刻 正在进行的动作，或表示过去
某段时间一直做 的动作。如：
I was having a talk with Li Hua at that time. 那时，我正在跟李华谈话。
I was watching TV at home last night. 昨晚我一直在看电视。
二、过去进行的构成
过去进行时由“ was/were+doing ”构成。如：
Someone was knocking the door. 有人在敲门。
Steam was rising from the coffee. 咖啡冒着热气。
Clouds were flying across the sky. 云彩飘过天空。
三．★过去进行时的标志词【重点】
3.1.时间点系列
形单影只系列：then（那时），at that moment（在那时），
先小后大组合：at this time last month、at 9 the day before yesterday
当当组合：when/while+时间状语从句
3.2.时间段系列：
小大组合系列：from 8 to 9 last night、between May and June last year
Exercises：
1. I ______ along the street looking for a place to park when the accident ______.
A. went; was occurring B. went; occurred
C. was going; occurred D. was going; had occurred
2. —I saw Jane and her boyfriend in the park at eight yesterday evening.
—Impossible. She ______ TV with me in my home then.
A. watched B. had watched C. would watch D. was watching
3.—Has Sam finished his homework today
—I have no idea. He ______it this morning.
A. did B. has done C. was doing D. had done
3.3.情景系列：
Exercises：
1. I walked slowly through the market, where people ______ all kinds of fruits and vegetables. I studied the prices carefully and bought what I needed.
A. sell B. were selling C. had sold D. have sold
2. —You were out when I dropped in at your house.
—Oh, I ______for a friend from England at the airport.
A. was waiting B. had waited C. am waiting D. has waited
3. —Is there anything wrong, Bob You look sad.
—Oh, nothing much. In fact, I ______ of my friends back home.
A. have just thought B. was just thinking
C. would just think D. will just be thinking
4. —Did you watch the basketball match yesterday
—Yes, I did. You know, my brother ______ in the match.
A. is playing B. was playing C. has played D. had played
5. I called Hnnah many times yesterday evening, but I couldn’t get through. Her brother ______ on the phone all the time!
A. was talking B. has been talking C. has talked D. talked
6. The telephone ______, but by the time I got indoors, it stopped.
A. had rung B. was ringing C. rings D. has rung
3.4.变相考点：saw/heard/watched/looked at/noticed sb doing sth.
四、过去进行时的主要用法【重点】
1. 回归定义法：
表示在过去某一点时间或某一段时正在进行的动作。如：
I was having a bath when the phone rang. 我正在洗澡，突然电话铃响了。
She was writing letters. I didn’t want to disturb her. 她在写信。我不想打扰她。
2. 过进表过将
Four of them were coming for Sunday lunch.
他们有四个人将在星期天来吃午饭。
Her daughter was going to a summer camp the following day.
她的女儿将在第二天去参加夏令营。
He said that his sister was getting married next December. 他说他妹妹12月结婚。
Exercises：
1.—What were you doing when Tony phoned you
—I had just finished my work and to take a shower.
A. had started B. started C. have started D. was starting
3. 过进表情绪或反复
过去进行时有时可以与always, constantly, continually, forever, repeatedly等表示动作屡次发生的副词连用，强调动作的不断重复，带有情感色彩。如：
She was always thinking of others. 她老是想到别人。
He was constantly changing his mind. 他老是改变主意。
She was forever complaining. 她老是抱怨。
Exercises：
1. He his mind. But now he can learn to make good decisions.
A. always was changing B. was always changing
C. always changes D. was changing always
4. 过进表委婉礼貌
动词 think, wonder等的过去进行时常用来表示提出要求，虽然表示现在的内容，但语气要委婉。
如：I was wondering if you could give me a lift.
我不知您能不能让我搭一下车。
I was thinking it might be a good idea to keep the window open.
我看还是把窗户开着的好。
5.短期进行存在 ，不长期发生。
He was being friendly. 他当时显得很友好。(指当时一时的表现)
He was friendly. 他很友好。(指过去长期如此)
Exercises：
1. I wasn’t sure if he was really interested or if he ______ polite.
A. was just being B. will just be C. had just been D. would just be
五、过去进行时和一般过去时的用法比较
过去进行时：一个过去正在进行的动作（不一定完成）。
一般过去时：一个发生在过去的动作（完成了）。
I was reading a book last night. 我昨晚在看书。(不一定看完)
I read a book last night. 我昨晚看了一本书。(已经看完)
They were building a bridge there. 他们在那里修一座桥。(不一定建成)
They built a bridge there. 他们在那儿修了一座桥。(已建成)
【课堂练习】
He a paper bag in his hand when I saw him yesterday.
A. holds B. hold C. is holding D. was holding
2. He said he to draw a plane on the blackboard at that time.
A. tries B. tried C. was trying D. will try
3. Jack his bike while John TV at this time yesterday.
A. repaired; didn’t watch B. was repairing; watched
C. repaired, watched D. was repairing; was watching
4. —Hi, I didn’t see you at the party in the company yesterday evening.
—Oh, all my family __________ my son’s birthday at home.
A. celebrated B. have celebrated
C. was celebrating D. were celebrating
5. My sister with my parents _________ dumplings when I got home yesterday evening.
A. are making B. is making C. were making D. was making
6. What from three to four yesterday afternoon
A. have you done B. had you done C. did you do D. were you doing
7. When Kate Wei Hua’s home, her parents some
delicious food.
A. got to; were cooking B. reached; have cooked
C. got; had cooked D. arrived; were getting ready for
三、现在完成时
一、定义：
1. 影响性：现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，其结果对现在有影响。
He has turned off the light. (The light is off.)
延续性：表示从过去开始的某一动作或状态持续到现在，并有可能继续进行下去。
I have lived in Guangzhou since 2016.
二、结构： have/has been done 。
Exercises:
翻译：我已经完成作业了。 I have finished my homework.
（改成否定句） I haven’t finished my homework.
（改成一般疑问句，并写出肯否回答） Have you finished your homework
Yes, I have. /No, I haven’t.
（改成被动语态） My homework has been finished by me.
（就划线部分提问：我已经完成作业了。）
Who has finished homework
（就划线部分提问：我已经完成作业了。）
What have you finished
三、标志词
1. already（已经）, just（刚刚）, never（从未）：用于肯定句，放句中
I have already/just/never read the story.
yet（尚未/已经）：用于疑问句和否定句, 一般放句末
I haven’t read the story yet.
Have you read the story yet
ever（曾经）：用于肯定句和疑问句，一般放句中
I have ever read the story.
Have you ever read the story
so far=up to now（到目前为止）、in the past few years、before、recently=lately（最近）、twice、three times
★for+ 时间段 、since+ 过去的时间点/一般过去时的句子 .
We have known each other for ten years.
We have known each other since ten years ago.
We have known each other since 2012.
We have known each other since he moved to Guangzhou.
Exercises:
1. We have not seen each other 10 years.
A. at B. since C. for D. In
2. My brother has been in the army 2010.
A. since B. for C. at D. in
3. A: Have you been to the Great Wall B: No, not .
A. already, yet B. yet, already C. yet, yet D. already, already
4. It’s three years we met each other.
A. when B. since C. before D. for
5. Since then, we smart phones.
A. develop B. developed C. have developed D. will develop
考点
三易混：
He has gone to Beijing.
I have been to Beijing three times.
She has been in Beijing for two years.
总结：have/has gone to表示 去了某地未回
have/has been to表示 去过某地
have/has been in表示 在某地待了多长时间
Exercises：
1. --- May speak to John
--- Sorry, he __________ Japan. But he __________ back in two days.
A. has been in, will come B. has gone to, will come
C. has been to, have gone D. have been in, went
2. I _________ Shanghai twice, but I can’t remember when I _________ there last time.
A. has been in, have gone B. have been to, went
C. has been to, have gone D. have been in, went
非延续性动词转化为延续性动词
延续性动词和非延续性动词都可以用在现在完成时。
★非延续性动词不能与一段时间连用，延续性动词可以。
常见的非延续性动词转化为延续性动词，如下：
判断正误：
I have bought the books for two days. （ F ）
He has woken up for two hours. （ F ）
Exercises：
1. His grandfather has for three years.
A. die B. died C. been dead D. be dead
2. ---How long you the bike
---For a year.
A.have, bought B. did, keep C. have, borrowed D. have, kept
3. Hurry up! The English class for five minutes.
A. started B. has started C. has been on D. starts
4. --- Do you know Mike in Class 3
--- Yes, of course. We friends since five years ago.
A. were B. have been C. have become D. have made
一般过去时和现在完成时的区别
对比：He finished his homework yesterday.
He has already finished his homework.
Exercises：
1. --- Have you ever Canada
--- Yes, I there last year.
A. gone to; went B. been in; have been
C. been to; went D. gone to; has gone
2. --- you this film
--- Yes, I it last week.
A. Did, see, have seen B. Did, see, saw
C. Have, seen, saw D. Have, seen, have seen
3. Those foreign friends left Guangzhou .
A. since last week B. a week ago
C. for a week D. since a week ago
【课堂练习】
1. The Greens many places of interest since two years ago.
A. has visited B. have visited C. visited D. will visit
2. It’s nice to see you again. We each other since 2014.
A. won’t see B. don’t see C. haven’t seen D. didn’t see
3. Where is Tom I him a long time.
A. have seen; for B. haven’t seen; for
C. haven’t seen; since D. have seen; since
4. Miss Brown has been a member of club since she to Guangzhou.
A. comes B. come C. came D. has come
5. ---__________ you __________ your clothes
--- Yes. I __________ it half an hour ago.
A． Did, wash; have washed
B． Did, wash; washed
C． Have, washed; have washed
D．Have, washed; washed
6. He and his parents Shanghai for ten years.
A. have been in B. have been to C. have gone to D. have been
7. --- Look at these stamps. I them for five years.
--- Wow, they are wonderful.
A. kept B. have kept C. have bought D. bought
8. --- How long have you the basketball team of the school
--- For about two years.
A. been in B. been C. joined D. played
9. --- Have you visited Beijing
--- No, I have visited there.
A. never; yet B. ever; yet C. already; ever D. ever; never
10. I saw him on the street when I passed by just now, but I think he
Beijing.
A. walking; has been to B. walking; has gone to
C. walk; has been to D. do; has gone to
四、一般过去时
一、定义
1）表示在过去某个时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态
I helped my mom clean the house yesterday.
2)表示过去经常或者反复发生的动作
I often played basketball after school last year.
二、一般过去时的结构
I was happy during the holiday. 主语+ was/were
She had a cat when she was young. 主语+ did
三、句型转换
1. I was late for school yesterday.
否定句： I wasn’t late for school yesterday.
一般疑问句（肯否回答）： Were you late for school yesterday
Yes, I was. /No, I won’t.
对划线部分提问：
I was late for school yesterday. Who was late for school yesterday
I was late for school yesterday. What did you do yesterday
2. We had a good time yesterday.
否定句： We didn’t have a good time yesterday.
一般疑问句（肯否回答）： Did you have a good time yesterday
Yes, we did. /No, we din’t.
对划线部分提问：
We had a good time yesterday. Who had a good time yesterday
We had a good time yesterday. What did you do yesterday
四、一般过去时的标志词
yesterday系列：yesterday morning、yesterday afternoon、the day before yesterday
last系列：last night、last week、last month、last year
ago系列：two days ago、two weeks ago、three months ago、ten years ago
in系列：in 1998, in 2020
when系列：when I was a child
【课堂练习】
一、单项选择题
1. My grandmother __________ a chocolate cake after supper. Now she usually __________ fruit __________some juice instead.
A. uses to make; uses; to make B. used to make; uses; for making
C. is used to making; uses; for making D. is used to making; uses; uses to make
2. Once upon a time, there a forest where all the animals lived happily together.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
3. Mary __________ to school 10 minutes ago.
A. went B. has gone C. goes D. go
4. Who designed (设计) the first helicopter Who the most famous pictures in the world
A. paint B. paints C. painted D. painting
5. I still remember I 1） in love with English from a very young age, because I thought it was 2） useful language.
1）A. was falling B. fall C. fell D. felt
2）A. such a B. such an C. so a D. so an
6. Over a hundred years ago, people to sell post cards with vending machines in London.
A. begin B. began C. will begin D. have begun
7. --- Excuse me. Where __________ you __________
--- In Guangzhou.
A. was; born B. was; borned C. were; born D. were; borned
8. People were surprised to find that he die.
A. don’t B. doesn’t C. didn’t D. isn’t
9. After he heard the words, the rich man unhappy.
A. become B. becomes C. became D. becoming
10. Tom and said,” You are quite wrong, sir.
A. laughs B. laughing C. laugh D. laughed
二、写出下列词的过去式和过去分词
cost cost-cost understand understood-understood
hit hit-hit sing sang-sung
become became-become grow grew-grown
run ran-run choose chose-chosen
get got-got have had-had
keep kept-kept tell told-told
win won-won find found-found
sit sit-sit hear heard-heard
leave left-left begin began-begun
spend spent-spent speak spoke-spoken
lose lost-lost write wrote-written
buy bought-bought eat ate-eaten
五、一般现在时
一、一般现在时的用法：
1. 表示经常、反复发生或习惯性动作
He usually walks to school.
2. 表示客观真理或永恒的状态
The earth goes around the sun.
3. 火车、飞机时间表
The plane leaves at 11:30 am.
4. 表初中三大从句六大时态汇总资料
三大从句
六大时态
（单元分布为沪教牛津版）
目录【共60页】
初中三大从句：
宾语从句 p3
定语从句 p9
让步状语从句 p16
原因状语从句 p20
地点状语从句 p22
结果状语从句 p22
时间状语从句 p24
条件状语从句 p28
目的状语从句 p31
三大从句综合测试 p33
初中六大时态：
现在进行时 p37
二、过去进行时 p40
三、现在完成时 p45
四、一般过去时 p49
五、一般现在时 p52
六、一般将来时 p54
七、三大从句六大时态综合测试 p55
初中三大从句
宾语从句
宾语：
I like English.
She enjoys watching TV.
★宾语是动作、行为的对象，是动作的承受者。
★宾语由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任。
宾语从句：
We know the man.
We know that he is a good man.
充当宾语成分的句子叫做宾语从句。
宾从的判断：
动词
介词 ＋ 宾语从句
形容词
★引导词：
that：that 在从句中无实际含义，不充当成分，在口语中往往省略。
e.g. I believe that you are the best.
常见的加that引导的宾从的谓语动词有explain, suggest, feel, say，believe，think，notice, agree，hope，wish，know，imagine，hear，expect等。
whether/if:
e.g. I asked whether he wanted to go shopping with me.
if/whether 引导的宾语从句，表示“是否….”, 不能省略，在大部分情况下二者可以互换，但在以下情况中, 只能用whether，而不能用if。
①后面有…or not；
②在介词的后面；
e.g: I am interested in whether he will come tomorrow.
③在不定式 to do 前
e.g: I don’t know whether to do it.
④ 在谓语动词discuss的后面
特殊疑问词
疑问副词 含义 例句 充当成分
how 如何 He asked how he could finish the task. 方式状语
where 哪里 He asked where I lived. 地点状语
when 什么时候 He asked when I would leave for Beijing. 时间状语
why 为什么 He asked why I was worried. 原因状语
分两类：疑问副词和疑问代词。
①疑问副词只能做状语
②疑问代词可做主语、宾语、表语等成分。
疑问副词 含义 例句 充当成分
who 谁 I don’t know who cleaned the window. 主语、宾语和表语
whom 谁（作宾语） He asked whom I would meet. 宾语
what 什么 He asked what I liked. 主语、宾语
whose 谁的 He asked whose book this was. 定语、表语
which 哪一个 He asked which book I liked. 定语
★宾从的语序：
1）区分陈述语序& 疑问语序
陈述语序：主语+谓语+其他
疑问语序：谓语提到主语前（有情提情、有be提be、无情无be请求助）
2）宾从的语序：陈述语序
3）引导词在从句中作主语，从句语序与疑问句相同：
①What’s the matter
Would you tell me what’s the matter
②What’s wrong with you
She didn’t tell me what was wrong with you.
★宾从的时态：
主句为一般现在时或一般将来时，从句可以用语境所需要的任何时态.
主句为一般过去时，从句用相应的过去的时态。
从句内容为客观真理，从句仍然用一般现在时。
口诀：主现从随意，主过从过，真理永一现。
宾从的缩略：
当主句的主语与从句的主语一致，或者主句的宾语与从句的主语一致时，宾语从句可以缩略为：疑问词+ to do。
Could you tell me how I can deal with stress
= Could you tell me how to deal with stress
She doesn’t know when she can go to school.
= She doesn’t know when to go to school. .
宾从的否定前移：
判断正误：
I think he doesn’t care. （T/F）
I don’t think he cares. （T/F）
当主句主语是第一人称，谓语动词时believe、think、suppose、expect等，要把从句中的否定前移到主句中。
【课堂练习】
单项选择
1．I know _________ I promised to take you to dinner, but I won't finish working until ten o’clock.
A．that B．if C．what D．why
2．— Are you going camping this weekend
— I’m not sure ________ the road to the mountains will be closed because of the heavy rain.
A．that B．why C．whether D．which
3．—Welcome back to school, Tim. I want to know________ online.
—Of course, Ms. Clark, I was hard-working.
A．what you studied B．when you studied C．if you studied hard
4．We don’t know , but it tells us the importance of friendship.
A．what the story is about
B．whether the story is true
C．when did the story take place
5．I wonder ______ Tom had a good time having a picnic yesterday.
A．that B．if C．what D．which
6．—Did you have a good time in Sanya
—Yes, come and look. My photos will show you ________.
A．what the trip was like B．where we will go C．how we went there
7．— Could you tell me ________
— Throwing off poverty（脱贫）.
A．who people often talk about this year
B．what people often talk about this year
C．which do people often talk about this year
8．The school suggested the students pass on ____ they have learned to their parents.
A．what B．that C．which D．where
9．--- Hi, Alice. I wonder ________ . --- I often go swimming in the sports center.
A．where you skate B．what you do on the weekend
C．when you exercise D．whether you enjoy your weekend
10．Grace wonders ________ she should do next.
A．how B．what C．that D. why
11．Do you know I saw yesterday It was my favorite star, Jackie.
A．when B．where C．whom D．how
12．You do not win respect by showing __________ you are, but what you’re able to do.
A．where B．who C．how D．when
13．—Michael, could you tell me ________？ —I'd like to join the dancing club.
A．why you like the dancing club B．which club you are going to join
C．whether there are any clubs in your school
14．— Can you tell me ______________. —Next weekend.
A．when they will visit Guanghua Temple
B．how will they visit Guanghua Temple
C．why they will visit Guanghua Temple
15．My cousin will drive me to school today, but I don't know ______________.
A．what he'll do B．where he'll go
C．when we'll leave D．why we'll go there
16．—Could you please tell me —Sure. Go to the third floor，please.
A．which postcards I should take B．what kind of postcards you have
C．when I should pay for the postcards D．where I can get some postcards
17．—Could you tell me ________ the book
—Sure, I bought it online.
A．why you bought B．when you bought
C．where you bought D．how much you paid for
18．—Can you tell me __________ —Twice a week.
A．how long it takes you to play soccer B．how often you take French lessons
C．how soon he will come back D．when you go to the movies
19．—We’d better ask the local people when we’ll get to the next town.
—We did. But nobody could say ________ it would take.
A．how often B．how far C．how long D. how soon
20．—I'm planning a trip to the National Mining Park（国家矿山公园） tomorrow, but still can't decide ________.
—How about driving
A．how I'm going B．where I'm going
C．when I'm going D．who I'm going with
二、定语从句
理解“定语”： 定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。
分析以下例句的句子成分：
The handsome boy is her friend.
请翻译此句： 。
The handsome boy是： 。
is是： 。
her friend是： 。
handsome是： ，作用是 。
her是： ，作用是 。
2）The handsome boy who is singing is her friend.
请翻译此句： 。
此句中，who is singing作为 成分，作用是 。
2、 定语从句的定义：在复合句中作定语的句子叫做定语从句，定语从句的作用是修饰前面的先行词或主句中的其他成分。
I have a sister. She is a student.
请把这两个简单句改成包含定语从句的复合句。
3、定从的结构：
关系词/引导词：引导定语从句的词。
先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。
请划出以下例句中的主句、从句、先行词和关系词。
I have a cat which is cute.
定语从句的分类：
限制性定语从句 对先行词进行修饰、限制，是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句不用逗号隔开 Do you know the boy who is watching TV
非限制性定语从句 对先行词进行补充说明，没有从句不影响主句意思的完整，主句和从句之间用逗号隔开 His friend, who is in Beijing now, is good at English.
对比：
1）I have a sister who is a nurse.
（暗含还有干其他工作的妹妹）
I have a sister, who is a nurse.
（暗含只有一个妹妹）
★注意：非限制性定语从句关系词有who, whom, whose, which，when, where,等，that和why一般不引导非限制性定语从句。
5、定语从句的关系词分类：
关系词 被修饰的先行词 关系词在定从中的作用
关系代词 that 人/物 主语、宾语、表语
which 物 主语、宾语
who 人 主语、宾语
whom 人 宾语
whose 人/物 定语
关系副词 when 时间 时间状语
where 地点 地点状语
why 原因 原因状语
请划出以下句子的先行词和关系词，并体会关系词的用法。
e.g. 1）The man, whose name is Tom Smith, is my teacher.
2）The man, who is wearing a pair of glasses, is my teacher.
3）The man, whom/who I was talking to, is my teacher.
4）He has a house that/which is beautiful.
5）Do you know the reason why he was late for school this morning
6）Do you know the time when we will meet
7) Do you know the place where we will meet
★注意: 1）定语从句关系词不能为what。
2）关系代词that，which，who，whom在定语从句中作宾语时，可以省略，但“介词+关系代词”的结构中，关系代词不可省略。
3) 介词+which:先行词是物，介词+whom：先行词是人
Exercises:
I think we should say “no” to the students waste things every day.
A. who B. what C. where D. which
2. Everybody has one of those days everything goes wrong.
A. when B. while C. as D. what
3. Look at the mistakes you have made in the exam! How careless of you.
A. what B. who C. where D. that
4. The pencil he was writing was broken.
A. which B. that C. with that D. with which
5. I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend, we enjoyed a good view of the lake.
A. which B. where C. whom D. that
6. 关系代词
1）that：that可代替which，who，whom，做从句的宾语时可以省略，作主语不可省。
This is the bottle (that) I like best.
I have a dress that is beautiful.
★只能用that的情况：
①先行词含有no, few, some, any, all, something等不定代词
All that we have to do is to finish the task.
②先行词被序数词修饰时
The first lesson that I learnt will never be forgotten.
③先行词被最高级修饰时
This is the most beautiful park that I have ever been to.
④先行词含有the only, the very, the same, the last表示特指的词时
He is the last person that I want to be with.
⑤先行词中既有人又有物时
They talked about the things and people that they liked best.
★不用that的情况
前有介词：This is the house in which I live.
前有逗号：I saw a good film, which was about a football match.
Exercises：
( ) 1. Is there anything to you
A. that is belonged B. that belongs
C. which is belonged D. which belongs
( ) 2. Unluckily, I am the only person forgot to bring money.
A. who B. which C. / D. that
2) which
which 和that一样，作宾语时可省略，作主语时不可省略。
This is the book （which） you want.
3) who, whom, whose
①who和whom都指人，who作主、宾，whom作宾语。
请用who或whom填空：
This is the woman I help.
This is the woman helps me.
② whose指人的和物的，相当于形容词性物主代词或名词所有格。
翻译为“……的”，后面要加名词，whose和后面的名词为所属关系。
I know the boy whose parents are teachers.
关系副词: when、where、why（在句中作状语）
用when/where/why填空：
That is the day he did the experiment（实验）.
This is the house my mother used to live.
That is the reason he is leaving very soon.
1）★总结：
①当先行词为时间（time, day, week…）时，用when，when=介词（in, on, during）+which。
当先行词为地点（place, house, country, city…）时，用where，where=介词（in, at）+which。
当先行词为原因（reason）时，用why，why=for +which。
先行词为时间、地点、原因时，一定只能用关系副词吗？
→不一定。要判断用关系代词还是关系副词。
→看关系词后面是否是完整的句子。
句子完整：用关系副词
句子不完整：用关系代词
I will never forget the day when we worked together.
(work是不及物动词，引导词后面的句子完整，所以用关系副词when）
I will never forget the day that we spent together.
（spend是及物动词，引导词后面的句子不完整，所以用关系副词that）
Exercises：选择恰当的关系词填空
That is the reason he returned to China.
This is the reason he is leaving.
This is the reason he told me.
【课堂练习】
One day Mike went with his father to see his grandparents live in a small town.
A. which B. where C. when D. who
2. The bicycle he wanted was at least $90.
A. who B. which C. what D. how
3. We may not know how to buy things we need.
A. how B. where C. that D. what
4.The girl is singing in the stage is my neighbor.
A. she B. which C. whom D. who
5. I want to start a club to help students are not interested in schoolwork.
A. who B. whose C. whom D. which
6. Yesterday I bought my first book was written by Mo Yan.
A. which B. that C. who D. what
7. Vegetables and fruit have the vitamins humans need.
A. that B. what C. where D. who
8. Mr. Black is going to Beijing in October, is the best season there.
A. which B. what C. that D. it
9. The factory we’ll visit next week is not far from here.
A. where B. to which C. which D. in which
10. Do you know the girl learns English the best in our class
A. who B. which C. whom D. whose
11. Do you know the man is talking to Miss Wu
A. he B. whom C. who D. which
12. Can you lend me the dictionary the other day
A. that you bought B. you bought it
C. that you bought it D. which you bought it
13. Charlie told his mother all had happened.
A. that B. what C. which D. who
14. The man coat is black is waiting at the gate.
A. who’s B. whose C. that D. of which
15. I don’t know the reason David has refused to see me.
A. why B. that C. which D. what
16. During the three years he spent here, he nearly died of hunger.
A. when B. in which C. that D. where
17. cleans the blackboard should be praised.
A. That B. Who C. The one who D. The students who
18. Alicia was a young woman liked to exercise for her health.
A. that B. which C. whom D. how
19. The island he lived in the childhood is far from the town.
A. which B. in which C. on which D. what
20. Smoking, is a bad habbit, is popular.
A. that B. which C. it D. though
【课后练习一】
After graduation, she reached a point in her career she needed to decide what to do.
that B. what C. which D. where
Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, was very reasonable(合理的).
which price B. whose price C. the price of that D. its price
The room faces south is for the doctor.
which B. whose C. who D. where
The clever boy made a hole in the wall, he could see was going on.
which; what B. through which; what
C. through that; that D. what; that
5. She will fly to Washington, is the capital of the U.S.
A. that B. where C. which D. in which
6. She will fly to Washington, she can enjoy herself.
A. where B. that C. which D. /
7. The hotel during the summer holidays stands by the seaside.
A. we stayed at B. where we stayed at
C. we stayed D. in that we stayed
8. We are living in an age many things are done by computer.
A. that B. which C. why D. when
9. Is this the gym you visited last week
A. where B. which C. to which D. in which
10. Tom, we had expected to help us, didn’t even show his face.
A. as B. whom C. that D. which
【课后练习二】
This is the worst novel I have ever read.
A．which B. where C. that D. what
2. Bob, I went to the concert, is a friend of mine.
A. whom B. who C. with whom D. on whose
3. There was a time I wondered why I would like to do this boring job.
A. which B. why C. where D. when
4. Bob, bicycle I went to the concert, is a friend of mine.
A. whom B. who C. whose D. on whose
5. Is oxygen the only gas helps fire burn
A. that B. which C. / D. it
6. That was the reason he refused to speak at the meeting.
A. for that B. what C. which D. for which
7. The boy you met at the party came here again this morning.
A. whom B. which C. where D. when
8. The days are gone physical strength was all you needed to make a living.
A. when B. that C. where D. which
9. He said nothing made me angry.
A. that B. which C. as D. it
10. It’s helpful to put children in a situation they can see themselves differently.
A. that B. when C. which D. where
三、让步状语从句
【课前】
观察以下句子，思考：
思考：什么是让步状语从句？如何理解“让步”？
划出让步状语从句的引导词。
1) Although he was worn out, he kept on working.
尽管他已经筋疲力竭了，他还继续工作。
2) I went with her, though I didn’t like going shopping.
尽管我不喜欢购物，我还是和她去了。
3) We will make a trip even if the weather is bad.
即使天气不好，我们也要去一次旅行。
4) Even though she could not take part in the game, we won the game.
即使她没有参加比赛，我们还是赢了。
5）You’ll have to attend the ceremony whether you’re free or busy.
不管你忙不忙，都要参加这个典礼。
6）No matter what happened, he would not mind.
无论发生了什么，他都不会介意的。
【课中】
1. 定义：让步状语从句是状语从句的一种，一般翻译为“ ”，“ ”，“ ”，“ ”。
2.引导状语从句的连词主要有 ， ， ， ， ， 。
3. 引导词
1）though，although表“虽然，尽管”
这两个连词意思大致相同，在一般情况下可以互换使用，在口语中though比较常用，although比较正式。
★Exercises
① 翻译：尽管他没有说什么，我明白他的意思。
②( ) John said he wasn’t frightened, I can feel his heart quickly.
A. Although; but B. Although; / C. But; / D. Though; but
总结：though和although不能与 连用，可以和 ， 连用强调对比。
③易混词：though thought through
2）even if 和even though表示“即使”，“纵使”。
这两个复合连词的意思基本相同，常互换使用，也可和although/though互换使用，但even if/though语气更强烈。
★Exercises
完成句子—尽管他学习很努力，他最后还是失败了。
，he failed at last.
whether…or…“不管是…还是”。
由此复合连词引导的让步状语从句，旨在说明正反两个方面的可能性都不会影响
主句的意向或结果，所以它的语气是比较强烈的，也更加坚定了主句的内容。
★Exercises
翻译：不管你想不想去，你都要去。
“no matter 疑问词”，或“疑问词 ever”，表示“无论…”
★Exercises
翻译：
无论你去哪里，无论你做什么，我都会在这里等你。
， ，I will be right here waiting for you.（摘自歌曲Right Here Waiting）
（转为同义句）
， ，I will be right here waiting for you.
【课后练习】
单项选择
( ) 1. cell phones help us a lot in our daily life, they bring us some problems, too.
A. Though B. However C. And D. But
( ) 2. I have grown up, I act like a small child sometimes.
A. Although B. If C. Whether D. When
( ) 3. I don’t know him well __________ I’ve known him for a long time.
A. though B. so C. and D. or
( ) 4. __________ difficult the task may be, we will try our best to finish it.
A. No matter B. no wonder C. though D. however
( ) 5. __________ studying abroad is hard, it can help you understand the world.
A. If B. Although C. Because D. When
( ) 6. Although he is considered a great writer, __________.
A. his works is not widely read B. but his works are not widely read
C. unless his works are not widely read D. yet his works are not widely read
( ) 7. __________ she was very tired, __________ she kept working till midnight.
A. If; / B. However; / C. Although; but D. Though; /
( ) 8. __________ you know how to write them, you can't use them correctly and exactly.
A. Because B. In order that C. If D. Even though
( ) 9. I find __________ difficult to talk to foreigners in English __________ I think my English is quite good.
A. that; though B. this; although C. it; though D. /; though
( ) 10.—Look! Some people are running the red lights.
—We should wait _____ others are breaking the rule.
A. if B. unless C. although D. because
( ) 11. ______she is young, she knows quite a lot.
A. When B. However C. Although D. Unless
( ) 12. ____ he was very tired, he continued working in his office.
A. Since B. Although C. As soon as D. Because
( ) 13. ______ jeans were invented over 100 years ago, they’re still in fashion today.
A. Because B. If C. Although D. Since
( ) 14. ______she is 3 years old, ________ she can dress herself.
Though; but B. Because; so C. Though;/ D. Because;/
( ) 15. I still keep taking exercise every day ______I am busy with so many subjects.
until B. unless C. because D. though
( ) 16.These tools last forever and never go out of style ________they're very expensive.
until B. although C. if D. since
( ) 17. ______milk is good, you should not drink too much of it.
Unless B. Although C. If D. Because
翻译句子
1. 他虽然年纪大了，身体还很健壮。_______________________________________________
2. 尽管他们已经谈了很长时间话了，他仍然无法让她信任他。_____________________________________________________________________
3. 尽管每人都打得不错，我们还是输了。
_____________________________________________________________________
四、原因状语从句
引导词 用法【语气强烈程度because>since>as】
because 意为“因为”，表因果的语气最强。可以回答以why引导的特殊疑问句，强调因果关系。 I’m leaving because I’m fed up with him. ★注意： 判断正误。 Because it was raining, we stayed at home. （ ） It was raining, so we stayed at home. （ ） Because it was raining, so we stayed at home. （ ） 总结： 用because或because of填空。 He didn’t get the job he is too old. He didn’t get the job his age. 总结： because和for：because是从属连词，能用于句首；for是并列连词，不能用于句首。 Because there is lots of homework to do, I have to stay up late. I have to stay up late, for there is lots of homework to do.
since 意为“既然，由于”，引导众所周知的原因，通常位于句首。 Since Monday is his birthday, let’s give him a party.
as 意为“由于”，引导很明显的原因，与since用法大致相同。位于句首或句中。 She didn’t hear us come in as she was asleep.
【课堂练习】
I taught them to sing music can bring them joy and peace.
A. so B. although C. because D. and
2. He couldn’t get money from his parents, he knew they had no extra money.
A. when B. so C. if D. because
3. the right side was weak, the enemy decided to attack it.
A. Though B. But C. Since D. While
4. Jim is full of wisdom __________ he always knows the answer to each question.
A. because B. if C. because of D. when
5. The meeting was put off the heavy rain.
A. as B. since C. because D. because of
6.--- Why were you late for school
--- I got up late.
A. As B. Since C. Because D. Because of
7. I stayed up late last night, I was tired this morning.
A. Because; but B. /；so C. Because; so D. Because of; so
8. fresh water is valuable, it shouldn’t be wasted.
A. Because; so B. /；but C. Because;/ D. Because of; so
五、地点状语从句
引导词 用法
where 意为“在…的地方”。位于句首或句中。where+陈述句语序。 He lives where the climate is cool.
wherever 意为“在任何…的地方”。位于句首或句中。wherever+陈述句语序。 You can sit wherever you like.
思考：where引导的定从和地点状语从句有何区别？
You can sit wherever you like. & This is the place where I lost my key.
Exercises:
翻译：Where there is a will（意志）, there is a way.
翻译：Where there is water, there is life.
She found her wallet she lost it.
A． where B. when C. in which D. that
六、结果状语从句
1、定义：结果状语从句一般用来补充说明主句中的动作或状态所产生的结果，通常位于主句之后。
2、引导词：
1) so…that…
句型1：so+ adj./adv. +that…。
e.g. It was so dark that I couldn’t see anything.
句型2：so + adj.+a/an +单数可数名词+that…。
She is so nice a person that everyone likes her.
Exercises:
用句型1和2翻译：
这只猫如此可爱，以至于它很受欢迎。
句型1：
句型2：
②这座山如此高以至于我不能爬到山顶。
句型1：
句型2：
句型3: so many/few +可数名词复数+that…。
We have so many books that we can’t finish reading them in this week.
We have so few books that we can’t give them to other students.
句型4：so much/little+不可数名词+that…。
He has so much homework to do that he can’t go out with us.
He has so little money that he can’t afford any food.
Exercises:
用句型3或4翻译：
公园里的花如此少，以至于很少人来公园。
房间里有如此多人，以至于它很拥挤。
2) such…that…
句型1：…such a/an (adj.) +可数名词单数+that…。
He is such a clever boy that I like him very much.
请用“so + adj.+a/an +单数可数名词+that…”的句型写出同义句。
句型2：such+ adj +不可数名词/可数名词复数+that…。
It is such fine weather that I want to go out.
【课堂练习】
1. The children have homework they can’t go to sleep on time.
A. so many; that B. such many; that
C. so much; that D. such much; that
2. When I was young, I was nervous that I couldn’t talk to anyone.
A. too B. to C. such D. so
3. The camera is expensive I can’t afford it.
A. very, so B. too, to C. so, that D. enough, that
4. I was __________ excited __________ I could not fall asleep.
A. as; as B. so; as C. too; to D. so; that
5. My aunt is great film lover she goes to the cinema every weekend.
A. so a; that B. such a; that C. so; that D. such; that
6.My shopping bags were so heavy I decided to stop to have a rest in the park.
A. what B. that C. which D. who
7. The boy ran fast I couldn’t catch him.
A. so; that B. too; to C. enough; to D. very; that
8. English is a useful language it is spoken in many Countries of the world.
A. so…that B. such…that C. so…because D. such…because
9．At midnight Mr. Ted was tired that he went to sleep.
A. very B. such C. so D. quite
10. Tom is that everyone is nice to him.
A. so a good friend B. such good a friend
C. a so good friend D. such a good friend
七、时间状语从句
1.“当……时”
引导词 用法
when 1)意为 ，表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时或先后发生。 2）观察例句： He was doing homework when his mother came back. I met my best friend when I was talking. when引导的时间状语从句可接 （A. 延续性动词 B. 短暂性动词） 3）When后不限动词时态，但是表过去时，用 ，表将来时，用 。 e.g. When I dived, I saw the amazing undersea world. When I get there next time, I will dive again.
while 意为 ，引导的从句常用 动词或表示 的动词。 e.g. While I am doing my homework, my mother is cooking. While I am doing my homework, the TV is on. 【区分】 While也可以作并列连词，表示两者之间的对比关系，意为 。 e.g. I like watching TV, while my brother likes listening to music.
as 意为 。 e.g. We get wiser as we grow older.
口诀 when后 ,while后 ；两长 ，两短 ，一边一边用 。
Exercises：
I am very excited I hear that there is going to be a football match on TV next Saturday night.
when B. so C. until D. before
I the football match when you suddenly me.
watched; called B. watched; was calling
was watching; called D. was watching; was calling
The little boy fell asleep his mother was singing him a nice song.
while B. after C. before D. so
--- years go by, China is getting richer and stronger.
---We hope our country will be better and better.
As B. When C. While D. Since
2. “直到……”
引导词 用法
until/till until意为 。 e.g. You may stay here until/till the rain stops. 2. not……until 意为 。也可以将not换为 等表示否定的词。 e.g. He did not go to bed until he had finished his work. 注意：主句用 时，使用until/till引导从句。 主句用 时，使用not…until引导从句。 【A. 延续性动词 B.短暂性动词】 e.g. We mustn’t get out of the bus until it stops. You may stay here until/till the rain stops.
Exercises:
1. I won’t believe that the five-year-old boy could read magazines
I tested him myself.
if B. when C. after D. until
Don’t hurry. The bus won’t start everybody gets on.
since B. as C. until D. when
“一……就……”
引导词 用法
as soon as 意为 。表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作随即发生。通常遵循主将从现原则。 e.g. As soon as he arrives, I will call you. I will play with you as soon as I finish my homework.
Exercises：
He you as soon as he home.
calls; arrives B. will call; will arrive
C. will call; arrive D. will call; arrives
2. I helped my mum with housework yesterday I got home.
A. as soon as B. before C. until D. while
“在……前/后”
引导词 用法
before 意为 。表示主句的动作发生在从句 。 e.g. She will call me before she leaves.
after 意为 。表示主句的动作发生在从句 。 e.g. She will call me after she leaves.
Exercises：
1. The boy ran away __________ I could say a word.
A. before B. when C. until D. After
【课堂练习】
1. I was in trouble, my English teacher gave me much help.
A. Though B. While C. Until D. But
2. My mother was cooking I arrived home.
A. until B. when C. if D. so
3. We will visit France __________ we __________ free.
A. before…will be B. before…are C. when…will be D. when…are
4. As soon as I arrive __________ the airport, I __________ you.
A.in; will call B. at; call C. /; will call D. at; will call
5. In fact, I did badly in a test, my classmates never laughed at me.
A. when B. yet C. since D. because
6. This morning, I was reading a book, I met a strange sentence.
A. because B. if C. what D. when
7. Jason will send you an e-mail __________ he __________ in Canada.
A. as; arrive B. when; arrive C. as soon as; arrives D. however; arrives
8. She went to live with her father she was 14.
A. when B. because C. if D. since
9. The children were leaving school on Tuesday __________ they saw an accident.
A. when B. so C. because D. after
10. When I see you next time, I __________ your book to you.
A. return B. will return C. returned D. am returning
11. Mr. Lee came in __________ we were talking in the classroom.
A. while B. as soon as C. before D. after
12. The ball rolled ink onto paper it moved.
A. who B. as C. why D. how
13. __________the technology develops, more and more practical inventions appear.
A. When B. Though C. As D. While
14. While she TV, she a sound outside the room.
A. was watching; was hearing B. watched; was hearing
C. watched, heard D. was watching, heard
15. My father was drinking tea in the living room my mother was doing
the dishes in the kitchen.
A. because B. since C. while D. although
16. you told me, I had heard nothing of the accident.
A. Until B. Though C. When D. If
17. Some people won’t realize the importance of their friendship __________ they lose it.
A. after B. when C. until D. because
八、条件状语从句
“如果”
引导词 用法
If 意为 ，引导条件状语从句。 e.g. If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman. 【区分】 意为 ，引导宾语从句。 e.g. He asked me if I could help him.
Exercises：
we don’t save water, we will have no water to drink one day.
Where B. When C. Although D. If
What they do if they the bus
do; will miss B. will; misses C. will; miss D. will; will miss
“除非”
引导词 用法
unless 意为 ，= . e.g. You will fail to arrive there in time unless you start earlier. = You will fail to arrive there in time if you don’t start earlier.
Exercises:
he is under 16, he will be allowed to drink alcohol.
Since B. Because C. If D. Unless
--Mom, can t watch TV now
--No. You watch TV you have finished your homework.
A. can’t; if B. mustn’t; unless C. may; unless D. should; if
“只要”
引导词 用法
so/as long as 意为 。 e.g. As long as you are here, I will be fine. 【区分】 意为 。 e.g. My ruler is as long as yours.
Exercises:
A mother’s love will stay with a child he needs it.
as long as B. as much as C. as many as D. as far as
---I think using computer screens are bad for our eyes.
--- But they will be helpful for us we put them into good use.
as soon B. as long as C. until D. so that
★时态口诀： ， ， ，
。
e.g. Panda will sit in the tree if he feels happy.
Sit in the tree if you feel happy.
You can sit in the tree if you feel happy.
If temperature is below 0 ℃，water turns into ice.
★在主将从现的结构中，一般将来时只能用will，不能用be going to。
Exercises：
I believe you if you a lie again.
A. won’t; will tell B. won’t; tell C. don’t; tell D. don’t; will tell
2. ---What are you going to do tomorrow
--- We’ll stay at home if it
will rain B. is going to rain C. rain D. rains
【课堂练习】
1. -- Will you go to have a picnic with us
-- I if it fine.
A. will go; is B. go; will be C. will go; will be D. go; is
2. If you water, it into steam.
A. will boil; will turn B. boil; will turn
C. will boil; turns D. boil; turns
3. In hot weather, food goes bad easily it is kept in the fridge.
A. unless B. if C. because D. since
4. You will remember things well you get enough sleep every night.
A. if B. unless C. so that D. where
5. The art club is for students only. You can’t go in you have a student card.
A. unless B. if C. because D. though
6. If you a fish out of water, it .
A. take; will die B. will; dies C. take; dies D. will take; will die
7. you tell me that you’re not coming, I’ll see you at the park.
A. Though B. If C. Until D. Unless
8. I wonder if my sister me. If she me, I out to play.
A. visits; will visit; will go B. will visit; visits; will not go
C. will visit; will visit; will not go D. visits; visits; don’t go
9. you feel happy, I will be happy.
A. So B. So long as C. For D. With
10. If you cool water, it into ice.
A. turn B. turns C. is turning D. turned
11. If it rain tomorrow, I to the cinema.
A. won’t; will go B. doesn’t; will go C. doesn’t; go D. won’t; go
12. Please don’t come into the office I call you.
A. unless B. if C. when D. after
13. He won’t know the news, his parents it to him.
A. until; will tell B. unless; tell C. until; told D. unless; won’t tell
14. You well in the exam if you hard.
A. don’t do, will work B. will do, will work
C. will do, work D. don’t do, don’t work
15. you open the window, the air won’t be fresh in the room.
A. Unless B. If C. When D. Because
16. If you drop an egg on this floor, it .
A．break B. breaks C. broke D. broken
九、目的状语从句
引导词 用法
so that 意为 。 e.g. We are climbing higher so that we can get a better view.
in order that 意为 。 e.g. I am going to take driving lessons in order that I can drive.
★注意：
so that、in order that引导目的状语从句，从句中的谓语常常含有情态动词。
e.g. I am going to get up early so that I can catch the bus.
2. 当目的状语从句的主语和主句的主语相同时，so that引导的目的状语从句可以转化为含有so as to的简单句，in order that引导的目的状语从句可以转化为含有in order to 的简单句。
即 so that（+句子）=so as to （+短语）
in order that（+句子）= in order to（+短语）
e.g. I am going to get up early so that I can catch the bus.
= I am going to get up early so as to catch the bus.
e.g. I am going to take driving lessons in order that I can drive.
= I am going to take driving lessons in order to drive.
但是，当从句的主语和主句主语不相同时，不能进行转换。
e.g. Telephone them at once so that they may not worry about us.
Exercises：
翻译：1. 我努力学习，以便追赶上我的同学们。
我想养一只猫，以便我不会感到孤独。
【课堂练习】
1. The boy saved every coin he could buy his mother a present.
A. in order to B. because C. so that D. however
2. Nowadays, laptop is becoming smaller and smaller it can be carried around .
A. so that; easy B. in order to; easily C. so; easy D. so that; easily
3. Please open the window __________ we can breathe fresh air.
A. if B. so that C. such that D. even if
4. We should turn on the lights we could see everything clearly in
the dark.
A. such as B. so as to C. in order to D. so that
5. He has to earn lots of money he can buy his children nice food
and clothes.
A. so that B. such that C. that D. in order
三大从句综合测试【限时：30mins】
一、单项选择
1. The letter I received from him yesterday is very important.
A. who B. which C. what D. that
2 ---What did your teacher say to you
---She asked me .
A. that do I fail the test B. that I fail the test
C. why I failed the test D. why did I fail the test
3. ---What do you think of the film
---Wonderful! I think it is a meaningful film that many people like it.
such; that B. so; that C. such; so D. so; such
4. My doctor advised me to live the air is fresher.
in where B. in which C. the place where D. where
5. I had been looking for the book for two days I found it at last.
A. until B. when C. while D. after
6. You should improve our learning method you can make progress in your study.
A. so as to B. in order to C. so D. in order that
7. My aunt often walks in the morning bad weather stops her.
A. if B. unless C. when D. Since
8. --- What do you think of Li Lin
--- Oh, she always works hard she pays little attention to her family.
A. too, to B. very, that C. so, that D. such, that
9. he is over 65, he's very fit and still enjoys
working.
A. If B. When C. Because D. Although
10. You should let your children play you can see them.
where B. when C. in which D. that
11. You won’t find paper cutting difficult you keep practice it.
even though B. so long as C. as if D. unless
12. he lied to me, I won’t believe him.
Although; / B. Because; so C. Although; still D. Because; /
13. I made terrible mistake that everybody was surprised.
so a B. such a C, so the D. such the
13. decisions he makes, I will support it.
No matter how B. No matter what C. Whoever D. Whenever
14. Don’t cross the road the light turns green.
when B. while C. until D. as
15. She worked quietly no one knew she was there.
so; as B. such; that C. too; to D. so; that
16. --What do you think of your school life
--I think it is colorful I am always busy.
A. if B. though C. while D. until
17. I was cooking she was reading a book.
after B. while C. because D. but
18. You should make it a rule to leave things you can find them again.
when B. where C. then D. there
19. At that moment, I found I was so afraid of my failure.
A. when B. that C. why D. what
20. My brother John got little education he couldn’t get a well-paid job.
such; that B. such a; that C. so; that D. so a; that
21. The students were all interested you told them yesterday.
A. in which B. in that this C. all that D. in everything
22. I’ll tell you he told me last week.
A. all which B. that C. all that D. which
23. “If that is your really want,” the god said, “ your wish will come true.” then he disappeared.
A. what B. which C. why D. where
24. I a book she came into my room.
A. read; when B. was reading; while
C. was reading; when D. read; while
25. you ask him for help, he will certainly be happy to give you a hand.
A. What B. Which C. Where D. If
26. Suddenly I understood the police drove here.
A. why B. because C. when D. where
27. I stored as much food as I can have enough food to eat in winter.
A. so B. so that C. so as to D. in order that
28. We’re talking about the piano and the pianist were in the concert
we attended last night
A. which B. whom C. who D. that
29. They were about to leave suddenly a man stopped them.
A. before B. after C. when D. if
30. she was young, she took lessons in music and drawing.
A. What B. Why C. When D. Where
31. My aunt often walks in the morning bad weather stops her.
A. if B. unless C. when D. since
32. Tommy quickly learned was happening.
A. when B. which C. how D. what
33. --- What can we do to save water in our daily life
--- Many things. For example, turn off the tap when you your teeth.
A. brush B. are brushing C. will brush D. brushed
34. Mobike is convenient that the users can find and leave bikes wherever they’d like.
A. such B. such a C. so D. so a
35. --- Will you please show me __________ WeChat to talk to others
--- Sure, it’s quite easy.
A. how can I use B. what can I use C. what to use D. how to use
36. Turn down the music wake up the baby.
A. so that B. so as to C. so as to not D. so as not to
37. --- What do you plan this weekend
--- I will visit my teacher it is not rainy.
A. doing; unless B. to do; unless C. doing; if D. to do; if
38. I showed everyone I could do.
A. how B. what C. whether D. why
39. The world is made up of matter.
A. in that we live B. on which we live
C. where we live in D. we live in
40. I don’t know we can go on living without these resources（资源）.
A. what B. when C. that D. how
41. Mary bought a dress last Sunday, was too big for her.
A. when B. where C. who D. which
42. __________ you return the books to the library on time, you won’t be able to borrow more books.
A. Unless B. When C. Since D. If
42. the stone was very heavy, I couldn’t lift it.
A. Unless B. Because C. When D. Whether
43. At that moment, he got excited that he cried.
A. so B. so a C. such D. so a
44. Can you tell me __________ get to the nearest post office
A. what B. how can I C. how to I D. how to
45. Mickey is most loved by children, Donald Duck has more adult fans.
A. If B. While C. Because D. Before
46. I am sure she will be very happy.
A. what B. that C. if D. how
47. There isn't any difference between the two. I really don’t know __________.
A. where to choose B. which to choose
C. to choose what D. to choose which
48. He always tried to help people were in trouble.
A. which B. who C. why D. when
49. A poor farmer had a friend was famous for the wonderful apples he grew.
A. who B. whom C. / D. which
50. If you __________ metal, it __________.
A. heat; melt B. heat; will melt C. heat; melts D. heats; melts
51. It’s hard to say it is good for us to have cell phones.
A. that B. whether C. why D. what
52. __________ he was passing a lake, he found that the swans were hot and dirty.
A. Before B. After C. Until D. When
53. He could not understand and didn’t know
to say.
A. when B. which C. what D. how
初中六大时态
现在进行时
一、定义
表示 的动作。
I am throwing tomatoes.
They are cleaning the street.
表示 的动作。（说话时未必正在做）
I am learning about tomato fights these days.
My mom is losing weight this month.
二、结构：主语+
三、现在分词的变化规则
规则 构成方法 例词
直 直接+ing cleaning, learning
去 以不发音字母 e 结尾的动词，去e+ing having, writing
双 以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，双写词尾辅音字母+ing running, stopping
改 以ie结尾的动词，改词尾 ie 为 y+ing dying, lying, tying
c 以c结尾的动词，先加k，再+ing picnicking, panicking
l\p 以l或者p结尾的动词，如果动词原形以非重读音节结尾，则末尾的字母双写或不双写均可。其中不双写的是美式拼写。 travelling\traveling, worshipping\worshiping
四、标志词【重点】
时间类 此时此刻：at present, at the moment, now 一段时间：these days, this month
情景类 看和听：Look, Listen 三小心：Be careful, Watch/Look out! 一安静：Be quiet! 找人：Where is ...
Exercises：
1. Look, the twins __________ a young tree in front of the house.
A. will plant B. is planting C. are planting D. planted
2. Where is Tina Her mother __________ for her everywhere.
A. looks B. looked C. is looking D. was looking
3. I have become fluent in English and in London now.
A. studied B. will study C. was studying D. am studying
4. ---Can your brother make model planes
---Yes, this week he a new one.
A. makes B. would make C. had make D. is making
5. ---Be quiet, please! The baby .
---Sorry.
A. sleeps B. slept C. is sleeping D. was sleeping
五、句型转换
肯定句 主语+am/is/are+doing(现在分词)+其它
否定句 主语+am/is/are+not+doing(现在分词)+其它
一般疑问句 Am/Is/Are+主语+doing(现在分词)+其它？ 肯定回答：Yes, 主+am/is/are. 否定回答：No，主语+am/is/are+not.
特殊疑问句 对主语提问：特殊疑问词 Who+其它？ 对非主语提问：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句语序？
被动语态 am\is\are+being+done
六、用法【重点】
1. ★现在进行时表将来：
口诀：来来去去开始停止死（come, arrive, go, leave, start, begin, stop, die.）
The bus is coming.
I am leaving.
2.★不用现在进行时的动词
感官系动词表示“...起来”，如look, smell, taste, sound, feel等。 This dog looks cute.
表示知道或了解的动词，如know, understand, realize, believe等。 I believe that everything is possible now.
表示拥有或需要的动词，如have, own, belong to等。 He has a car.
表示喜爱或厌恶的动词，如love, like, hate等。 I hate English before, but I like it now.
表示存在或位置的动词，如lie, be, stand等。 Japan lies to the east of China.
★现在进行时强化感彩
当现在进行时与always, constantly, forever等副词连用时表示重复的动作，有着极大的强烈的感彩，表示不满或者满意。
He is always telling lies.
【课堂练习】
1. Some students are doing their homework in the class, and the rest __________ on the playground.
A. is playing B. are playing C. plays D. play
2. Look, they __________ Slice Watermelon games.
A. play B. playing C. are playing D. were playing
3. Today, some people are a type of telephone called vision-phone.
A. used B. use C. to use D. using
4. To deal with this problem, the founder of Mobike and her team on a points-based system to punish unruly rides.
A. work B. worked C. were working D. are working
5. It’s eight o’clock. The students an English class.
A. have B. having C. is having D. are having
6. Who over there now
A. singing B. are sing C. is singing D. sing
二、过去进行时
一、过去进行时的定义
过去进行时主要表示过去 正在进行的动作，或表示过去
的动作。如：
I was having a talk with Li Hua at that time. 那时，我正在跟李华谈话。
I was watching TV at home last night. 昨晚我一直在看电视。
二、过去进行的构成
过去进行时由“ ”构成。如：
Someone was knocking the door. 有人在敲门。
Steam was rising from the coffee. 咖啡冒着热气。
Clouds were flying across the sky. 云彩飘过天空。
三．★过去进行时的标志词【重点】
3.1.时间点系列
形单影只系列：then（那时），at that moment（在那时），
先小后大组合：at this time last month、at 9 the day before yesterday
当当组合：when/while+时间状语从句
3.2.时间段系列：
小大组合系列：from 8 to 9 last night、between May and June last year
Exercises：
1. I ______ along the street looking for a place to park when the accident ______.
A. went; was occurring B. went; occurred
C. was going; occurred D. was going; had occurred
2. —I saw Jane and her boyfriend in the park at eight yesterday evening.
—Impossible. She ______ TV with me in my home then.
A. watched B. had watched C. would watch D. was watching
3.—Has Sam finished his homework today
—I have no idea. He ______it this morning.
A. did B. has done C. was doing D. had done
3.3.情景系列：
Exercises：
1. I walked slowly through the market, where people ______ all kinds of fruits and vegetables. I studied the prices carefully and bought what I needed.
A. sell B. were selling C. had sold D. have sold
2. —You were out when I dropped in at your house.
—Oh, I ______for a friend from England at the airport.
A. was waiting B. had waited C. am waiting D. has waited
3. —Is there anything wrong, Bob You look sad.
—Oh, nothing much. In fact, I ______ of my friends back home.
A. have just thought B. was just thinking
C. would just think D. will just be thinking
4. —Did you watch the basketball match yesterday
—Yes, I did. You know, my brother ______ in the match.
A. is playing B. was playing C. has played D. had played
5. I called Hnnah many times yesterday evening, but I couldn’t get through. Her brother ______ on the phone all the time!
A. was talking B. has been talking C. has talked D. talked
6. The telephone ______, but by the time I got indoors, it stopped.
A. had rung B. was ringing C. rings D. has rung
3.4.变相考点：saw/heard/watched/looked at/noticed sb doing sth.
四、过去进行时的主要用法【重点】
1. 回归定义法：
表示在过去某一点时间或某一段时正在进行的动作。如：
I was having a bath when the phone rang. 我正在洗澡，突然电话铃响了。
She was writing letters. I didn’t want to disturb her. 她在写信。我不想打扰她。
2. 过进表过将
Four of them were coming for Sunday lunch.
他们有四个人将在星期天来吃午饭。
Her daughter was going to a summer camp the following day.
她的女儿将在第二天去参加夏令营。
He said that his sister was getting married next December. 他说他妹妹12月结婚。
Exercises：
1.—What were you doing when Tony phoned you
—I had just finished my work and to take a shower.
A. had started B. started C. have started D. was starting
3. 过进表情绪或反复
过去进行时有时可以与always, constantly, continually, forever, repeatedly等表示动作屡次发生的副词连用，强调动作的不断重复，带有情感色彩。如：
She was always thinking of others. 她老是想到别人。
He was constantly changing his mind. 他老是改变主意。
She was forever complaining. 她老是抱怨。
Exercises：
1. He his mind. But now he can learn to make good decisions.
A. always was changing B. was always changing
C. always changes D. was changing always
4. 过进表委婉礼貌
动词 think, wonder等的过去进行时常用来表示提出要求，虽然表示现在的内容，但语气要委婉。
如：I was wondering if you could give me a lift.
我不知您能不能让我搭一下车。
I was thinking it might be a good idea to keep the window open.
我看还是把窗户开着的好。
5.短期进行存在 ，不长期发生。
He was being friendly. 他当时显得很友好。(指当时一时的表现)
He was friendly. 他很友好。(指过去长期如此)
Exercises：
1. I wasn’t sure if he was really interested or if he ______ polite.
A. was just being B. will just be C. had just been D. would just be
五、过去进行时和一般过去时的用法比较
过去进行时：一个过去正在进行的动作（不一定完成）。
一般过去时：一个发生在过去的动作（完成了）。
I was reading a book last night. 我昨晚在看书。(不一定看完)
I read a book last night. 我昨晚看了一本书。(已经看完)
They were building a bridge there. 他们在那里修一座桥。(不一定建成)
They built a bridge there. 他们在那儿修了一座桥。(已建成)
【课堂练习】
He a paper bag in his hand when I saw him yesterday.
A. holds B. hold C. is holding D. was holding
2. He said he to draw a plane on the blackboard at that time.
A. tries B. tried C. was trying D. will try
3. Jack his bike while John TV at this time yesterday.
A. repaired; didn’t watch B. was repairing; watched
C. repaired, watched D. was repairing; was watching
4. —Hi, I didn’t see you at the party in the company yesterday evening.
—Oh, all my family __________ my son’s birthday at home.
A. celebrated B. have celebrated
C. was celebrating D. were celebrating
5. My sister with my parents __________ dumplings when I got home yesterday evening.
A. are making B. is making C. were making D. was making
6. What from three to four yesterday afternoon
A. have you done B. had you done C. did you do D. were you doing
7. When Kate Wei Hua’s home, her parents some
delicious food.
A. got to; were cooking B. reached; have cooked
C. got; had cooked D. arrived; were getting ready for
三、现在完成时
一、定义：
1. 影响性：现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，其结果对现在有影响。
He has turned off the light. (The light is off.)
延续性：表示从过去开始的某一动作或状态持续到现在，并有可能继续进行下去。
I have lived in Guangzhou since 2016.
二、结构： 。
Exercises:
翻译：我已经完成作业了。
（改成否定句）
（改成一般疑问句，并写出肯否回答）
（改成被动语态）
（就划线部分提问：我已经完成作业了。）
（就划线部分提问：我已经完成作业了。）
三、标志词
1. already（已经）, just（刚刚）, never（从未）：用于肯定句，放句中
I have already/just/never read the story.
yet（尚未/已经）：用于疑问句和否定句, 一般放句末
I haven’t read the story yet.
Have you read the story yet
ever（曾经）：用于肯定句和疑问句，一般放句中
I have ever read the story.
Have you ever read the story
so far=up to now（到目前为止）、in the past few years、before、recently=lately（最近）、twice、three times
★for+ 、since+ .
We have known each other for ten years.
We have known each other since ten years ago.
We have known each other since 2012.
We have known each other since he moved to Guangzhou.
Exercises:
1. We have not seen each other 10 years.
A. at B. since C. for D. In
2. My brother has been in the army 2010.
A. since B. for C. at D. in
3. A: Have you been to the Great Wall B: No, not .
A. already, yet B. yet, already C. yet, yet D. already, already
4. It’s three years we met each other.
A. when B. since C. before D. for
5. Since then, we smart phones.
A. develop B. developed C. have developed D. will develop
考点
三易混：
He has gone to Beijing.
I have been to Beijing three times.
She has been in Beijing for two years.
总结：have/has gone to表示
have/has been to表示
have/has been in表示
Exercises：
1. --- May speak to John
--- Sorry, he __________ Japan. But he __________ back in two days.
A. has been in, will come B. has gone to, will come
C. has been to, have gone D. have been in, went
2. I _________ Shanghai twice, but I can’t remember when I _________ there last time.
A. has been in, have gone B. have been to, went
C. has been to, have gone D. have been in, went
非延续性动词转化为延续性动词
延续性动词和非延续性动词都可以用在现在完成时。
★非延续性动词不能与一段时间连用，延续性动词可以。
常见的非延续性动词转化为延续性动词，如下：
判断正误：
I have bought the books for two days. （ ）
He has woken up for two hours. （ ）
Exercises：
1. His grandfather has for three years.
A. die B. died C. been dead D. be dead
2. ---How long you the bike
---For a year.
have, bought B. did, keep C. have, borrowed D. have, kept
3. Hurry up! The English class for five minutes.
A. started B. has started C. has been on D. starts
4. --- Do you know Mike in Class 3
--- Yes, of course. We friends since five years ago.
A. were B. have been C. have become D. have made
一般过去时和现在完成时的区别
对比：He finished his homework yesterday.
He has already finished his homework.
Exercises：
1. --- Have you ever Canada
--- Yes, I there last year.
A. gone to; went B. been in; have been
C. been to; went D. gone to; has gone
2. --- you this film
--- Yes, I it last week.
A. Did, see, have seen B. Did, see, saw
C. Have, seen, saw D. Have, seen, have seen
3. Those foreign friends left Guangzhou .
A. since last week B. a week ago
C. for a week D. since a week ago
【课堂练习】
1. The Greens many places of interest since two years ago.
A. has visited B. have visited C. visited D. will visit
2. It’s nice to see you again. We each other since 2014.
A. won’t see B. don’t see C. haven’t seen D. didn’t see
3. Where is Tom I him a long time.
A. have seen; for B. haven’t seen; for
C. haven’t seen; since D. have seen; since
4. Miss Brown has been a member of club since she to Guangzhou.
A. comes B. come C. came D. has come
5. ---__________ you __________ your clothes
--- Yes. I __________ it half an hour ago.
A． Did, wash; have washed
B． Did, wash; washed
C． Have, washed; have washed
D．Have, washed; washed
6. He and his parents Shanghai for ten years.
A. have been in B. have been to C. have gone to D. have been
7. --- Look at these stamps. I them for five years.
--- Wow, they are wonderful.
A. kept B. have kept C. have bought D. bought
8. --- How long have you the basketball team of the school
--- For about two years.
A. been in B. been C. joined D. played
9. --- Have you visited Beijing
--- No, I have visited there.
A. never; yet B. ever; yet C. already; ever D. ever; never
10. I saw him on the street when I passed by just now, but I think he
Beijing.
A. walking; has been to B. walking; has gone to
C. walk; has been to D. do; has gone to
四、一般过去时
一、定义
1）表示在过去某个时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态
I helped my mom clean the house yesterday.
2)表示过去经常或者反复发生的动作
I often played basketball after school last year.
二、一般过去时的结构
I was happy during the holiday. 主语+
She had a cat when she was young. 主语+
三、句型转换
1. I was late for school yesterday.
否定句：
一般疑问句（肯否回答）：
对划线部分提问：
I was late for school yesterday.
I was late for school yesterday.
2. We had a good time yesterday.
否定句：
一般疑问句（肯否回答）：
对划线部分提问：
We had a good time yesterday.
We had a good time yesterday.
四、一般过去时的标志词
yesterday系列：yesterday morning、yesterday afternoon、the day before yesterday
last系列：last night、last week、last month、last year
ago系列：two days ago、two weeks ago、three months ago、ten years ago
in系列：in 1998, in 2020
when系列：when I was a child
【课堂练习】
一、单项选择题
1. My grandmother __________ a chocolate cake after supper. Now she usually __________ fruit __________some juice instead.
A. uses to make; uses; to make B. used to make; uses; for making
C. is used to making; uses; for making D. is used to making; uses; uses to make
2. Once upon a time, there a forest where all the animals lived happily together.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
3. Mary __________ to school 10 minutes ago.
A. went B. has gone C. goes D. go
4. Who designed (设计) the first helicopter Who the most famous pictures in the world
A. paint B. paints C. painted D. painting
5. I still remember I 1） in love with English from a very young age, because I thought it was 2） useful language.
1）A. was falling B. fall C. fell D. felt
2）A. such a B. such an C. so a D. so an
6. Over a hundred years ago, people to sell post cards with vending machines in London.
A. begin B. began C. will begin D. have begun
7. --- Excuse me. Where __________ you __________
--- In Guangzhou.
A. was; born B. was; borned C. were; born D. were; borned
8. People were surprised to find that he die.
A. don’t B. doesn’t C. didn’t D. isn’t
9. After he heard the words, the rich man unhappy.
A. become B. becomes C. became D. becoming
10. Tom and said,” You are quite wrong, sir.
A. laughs B. laughing C. laugh D. laughed
二、写出下列词的过去式和过去分词
cost understand
hit sing
become grow
run choose
get have
keep tell
win find
sit hear
leave begin
spend speak
lose write
buy eat
五、一般现在时
一、一般现在时的用法：
1. 表示经常、反复发生或习惯性动作
He usually walks to school.
2. 表示客观真理或永恒的状态
The earth goes around the sun.
3. 火车、飞机时间表
The plane leaves at 11:30 am.
4. 表示现在的特征、状态、能力、性格等
Amy is a nice girl.
4. 在时间或条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示一般将来时
If I become rich, I will go through space.
I will call you as soon as I arrive in London.
二、一般现在时的结构：
He often goes to school by bus.
I am happy when I stay with him.
结构：1)主语+ 2)主语+
三、句式转换
1. 翻译：Tom是个好学生。
（否定句）
（一般疑问句，写出肯否回答）
2. 翻译：我骑自行车上学。
（否定句）
（一般疑问句，写出肯否回答）
四、第三人称变化规则
情况 变化规则 例词
一般情况 在词尾加-s like--likes; stay--stays
以-s,-x.-ch.-sh和-o结尾的词 在词尾加-es teach--teaches; wash--washes fix--fixes go--goes
以辅音字母+y结尾的词 把y变成i再加-es carry--carries try--tries
其他情况：be变成is，have变成has
五、一般现在时的标志词
1. every系列：every morning，every day, every year
区分：everyday & every day
everyday every day
2. 频率副词：usually, always, often, sometimes, seldom
区分：sometimes, some time, some times, sometime
sometimes
sometime
some time
some times
3. 频率词组：once a week, twice a week, three times a month
【课堂练习】
1. Our group __________ Tom and Daisy. There are altogether 8 students.
A. included B. includes C. including D. with
2. There are two funny news stories which from the local newspaper.
A. comes B. come C. came D. coming
3. Paragon, a company that with NASA, has designed the "Lunar Oasis".
A. works B. work C. working D. worked
4. They TV in the evening. They do their homework.
A. are watching B. can’t watching C. don’t watch D. don’t watching
5. He said the sun in the east and in the west.
A. rose; set B. rises; sets C. rises; set D. rise; sets
6. Wang Mei music and often to music.
A. like; listen B. likes; listens C. like; are listening D. liking; listen
7. Jenny English every evening.
A. has study B. studies C. study D. studied
8. Tom is a worker. He in a factory. His sisters in a hospital.
A. work; work B. works; work C. work; works D. works; works
9. She up at six in the morning.
A. get B. gets C. getting D. is getting
10. We will go shopping if it tomorrow.