外研版（2019）高中英语选择性必修第二册 学案Unit3 易混易错点辨析（有答案）
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【名师原创】：Unit3 易混易错点辨析
●seat；sit
【教材原句】
We spent hours reading, seated on the store’s old but comfortable furniture. (教材P27)
【辨析】
两者都有“坐”的意思，但用法有区别。
seat除了作名词表示“座位”外，也可以做及物动词，意思是“使…坐下；使（多少）人坐得下”。主语可以是人，也可以是地点。
sit意思是“坐”，一般做不及物动词，sit around的意思是“闲坐着”
【例句呈现】
The old man seated himself reading a newspaper at a desk.
这位老人坐在桌旁看报纸。
Come in and please be seated．
请坐进来坐吧。
Our school auditorium seats one thousand pupils.
我们学校的礼堂可容纳一千个学生。
His students are seated at their desks doing their homework now.
现在，学生们坐在桌旁写作业。
She was seated at the head of the table.
她坐在桌子的上座。
The aircraft seats 200 passengers.
这架飞机能坐200名乘客。
He is sitting on the grass of our garden.
他坐正花园的草地上。
I could sit and watch the river all day long.
我可以整天坐在这里看那条河。
I don't get much exercise sitting in the office all day.
我整天坐在办公室很少运动。
He sat taking notes of everything that was said.
他坐在那儿记下了所说的每一件事。
Six people, and more at a pinch, could be seated comfortably at the table.
这张桌子可以很舒服地坐6个人，而且必要时多坐几个也不会挤。
He was comfortably seated in a soft reclining chair.
他舒舒服服地坐在柔软的躺椅上。
They were seated at a table outside a pub in a pleasant piazza close by St Paul's
在圣保罗教堂旁一个怡人的广场上，他们坐在一家酒馆外的桌边。
【考点过关】
根据seat和sit的用法填空
1. Our _______ (supply) were running out.
2. Teachers provide a model ______ children to imitate.
3. The charity aims ________ (provide) assistance to people in need.
4. The cars will _______ (supply) to people all over the country.
5. Cows supply us _______ milk.
6. In Britain milk is supplied ______ each house in bottles.
7. We _______ (offer, provide) customers a free home delivery service.
8. The statistics offer further support _______ our theory.
9. We _______ (offer , supply, provide) a personal service to all our customers.
10. His company offers a flexible packaging service _______ the food industry.
【参考答案】
1. to sit; 2. seat; 3. sitting; 4. seats; 5. seated; 6. to sit; 7. seated; 8. seated; 9. sitting; 10. was seated; 11. was seated; 12. seated; 13. Seated
●divide; separate
【教材原句】
The resulting story in the local newspaper divided the people of the town: some were in favor of the new shopping mall, and some were against it. (教材P29)
【辨析】
两者都有“分开，分离”的意思，，但用法有一定的区别。
divide表示把整体分成若干部分，常与介词into 连用。
separate 意为“使分开；使分离；分手”，表示把原来相连或基本相连的东西分开，或者把原来结合在一起或混杂的东西分开，常与介词from连用。
【例句呈现】
The results can be divided into three main categories.
结果可分为三大类。
The procedure can be divided into two parts.
这一程序可以分为两部分。
The report can be conveniently divided into three main sections.
这份报告不用费事就可划分为三个主要部分。
The course book is divided into 30 lessons.
这本教科书分为30课。
The three-hour class is divided into four blocks of 45 minutes each.
三小时的课分成四节，每节45分钟。
The ability to separate out reusable elements from other waste is crucial.
能从其他废料中分离出可重复利用成分是很关键的。
Business bank accounts were kept separate from personal ones.
银行的商业账户和个人账户是分开管理的。
He said "But they continue to age, because aging is separate from their disease,".
他说“但他们继续衰老，因为衰老与疾病是分开的”。
We must remember, however, that this King lives in a country almost completely separate from the rest of the world.
不过我们必须记住，这个国王生活在几乎完全与世隔绝的国度里，
And when you look at the brain, it's obvious that the two cerebral cortices are completely separate from one another.
当我们再看这个大脑的时候，我们可以轻易的发现这两个半球的大脑皮质是完全分开的。
【考点过关】
根据divide 和separate的用法或其适当形式填空
1. He had become ________ (separate) from his parents in the ensuing panic.
2. A developer bought the land and divided it _______ stands.
3. Those suffering from infectious diseases were separated ______ the other patients.
4. The school year _______ (divide) into three trimesters.
5. He's been separated ________ his wife for a year.
6. For the sake of simplicity, let's divide the discussion _______ two parts.
7. A sentence can be divided up _______ meaningful segments.
8. A high wall separated our back yard _______ the playing field.
9. The organisms can be divided ______ discrete categories.
10. South America separated _______ Africa 200 million years ago.
【参考答案】
1. separated; 2. into; 3. from; 4. is divided; 5. from; 6. into; 7. into; 8. from; 9. into; 10. from ( http: / / dict. / example / blng / eng / cause / " \o "点击发音 )
●attempt to do sth. ; manage to do sth.
【教材原句】
This was my attempt to follow the trend of communicating with emojis. (教材P32)
【辨析】
两个词组都可表示“设法做”之意，均可接动词不定式作宾语。但表示的含义有区别。
attempt to do sth. “努力/试图/设法做某事”，但未必一定会能成功，只强调努力的过程，对其结果无限制, 所做之事不一定有困难, 相当于try/do one’s best to do sth.或try to do sth. 是比较正式的书面用语（try 用法更普遍，更口语化）。
manage to do sth. “设法做成某事”，强调所做事情的结果，相当于succeed in doing sth. 或be successful in doing sth.
【例句呈现】
I am attempting to finish my homework.
我正努力完成我的家庭作业。
I attempt not to convince myself that she doesn't love me anymore.
我尽量不让自己相信她不再爱我了。
He didn’t attempt to do it.
他不肯努力去干
please attempt to finish this work in thirty minutes.
请尽量在30分钟完成这项工作。
I managed to get in contact with the lady, who’s in charge of this project in the company.
我成功地同那家公司负责这个项目的女士取得了联系。
He managed to save her in time.
他设法及时挽救了她.
He attempted to open the box with a knife.
他试图用刀子打开箱子。
Time given to us defines how long we will stay with our families, how many good things we will manage to do, and how much interesting things we will see and learn.
时间决定了我们能与家人厮守多久，我们能完成多少美妙的事情，以及我们能看到听到多少有趣的事情。
It should be possible for most people to manage to do it.
大多数人应该都能做到。
【考点过关】
用 manage, try或其适当形式填空
1. He ______ to climb the tree, but he could not.
2. If you don't ______ to do everything, it doesn't matter. Move any incomplete tasks from today onto tomorrow's list.
3. I see what you mean, but if you _______to do it, you won’t regret.
4. Fantastic! Ho does Beijing Municipal Government ______ to do it
5. How did you _______to do it without help
6. How on earth did they _______ to do that
7. If you can ________ to do all three, you'll raise your intelligence by leaps and bounds.
8. How do you ________ to do such a thing
9. I feel the same way. But if we insist on speaking, we can _______ to do it.
10. Although you may fail, when you start to race for a new team, you ______to be successful as soon as possible.
【参考答案】
1. attempted; 2. manage; 3. attempt; 4. manage; 5. manage; 6. manage; 7. manage; 8. manage; 9. manage; 10. attempt
●for instance (= for example) ; such as
【教材原句】
For instance, if your friend is moving across the country, you may just send them a string of crying faces to express your sadness over your separation. (教材P33)
【辨析】
两者都可用于表示举例事物或情况，有时可互换，有一定区别。
such as 意思是“例如; 像; 象…这样; 诸如…之类”, 相当于like, 可以用来列举一个事物或情况，这时可以和for example换用，但更多情况下用于列举两个或两个以上的事物或情况，而且不能放在句首和句尾，such as后也不跟逗号，有时such 和as可以分开。
for example意思是“例如，比如”，相当于for instance, 一般列举一个事物或情况，for和example不能分开，for example后常接逗号，也可不用逗号；for example或for instance可以放句首或句尾。
【例句呈现】
Organizations such as schools and clubs bind a community together.
诸如学校、俱乐部等机构使社区成为一个整体。
The rate is determined by intrinsic qualities such as the land's slope.
速度由诸如地面坡度这样的内在因素决定。
Personal characteristics, such as age and sex are taken into account.
个人的特征，如年龄和性别等，都要考虑进去。
Some houses still lack basic amenities such as bathrooms.
有些住宅仍没有像卫生间这样的基本设施。
A business needs insurance against risks such as fire and flood
公司需要上保险以防备火灾、洪灾等风险。
She was involved in many New Age activities such as yoga and healing.
她参加了很多“新时代”活动，如瑜伽和康复法。
You have to type in commands, such as 'help' and 'print'
你必须输入命令，例如“帮助”或“打印”。
The report is incomplete; it does not include sales in France, for instance/for example.
这份报告不完整，例如在法国的销售情况就没包括进去。
Have they, for instance/for example, demonstrated a commitment to democracy
例如，他们是否已表现出会致力于民主？
Let us suppose, for instance/for example, that you are married with two children.
比方说，我们假设你成家了，还有两个孩子。
Many factors are important, such as class, gender, age and ethnicity.
许多因素都很重要，如阶级、性别、年龄及民族。
It is possible to combine Computer Science with other subjects, for instance/for example Physics.
将计算机科学与其他学科，如物理学，结合起来是可能的。
There is a similar word in many languages, such as in French and in Italian.
许多语言，譬如法语和意大利语，都有相似的词。
There's confusion and resentment, and it's almost never expressed out in the open. Take this office, for instance/for example.
有人迷惘，有人憎恨，可是几乎谁也没有公开表达过。就拿这个办公室的人来说吧。
【考点过关】
根据donate, contribute 的用法及适当形式填空
1. After talking about the job in general, we got down to the specifics, ________ the salary.
2. Carmakers use robots to do unpleasant jobs, ________ painting cars in hot conditions.
3. There is a real risk of injury in sports ________ climbing.
4. There are many big cities in Europe, ________, London, Paris and Rome.
5. ________, we are to have less clothes, coal and food even than we have had and less petrol than we expected.
6. I know many women who have a career and a family Alison ________.
7. Great men have risen from poverty—Lincoln and Edison, ________.
8. Many young people are taking radio courses in English. There is the boy next door, ________.
9. Some sports, _______ motor racing, can be dangerous.
10. My wife likes social activities, ______ tennis and golf.
11. Avoid unhealthy foods ______ hamburger and chips.
12. The disease attacks such animals _______ cats and dogs.
13. Each situation is different. ______, a man with a rich wife doesn't have to work.
14. You make too many mistakes—lots of spelling mistakes, ______.
15. One of the side effects may be to change the geographical distribution of parasitic diseases _______ malaria.
【参考答案】
1. such as/ for instance/for example 2. such as/ for instance/for example 3. such as / like 4. for instance/for example 5. For instance/For example 6. for instance/for example 7. for instance/for example 8. for instance/for example; 9. such as/ for instance/for example; 10. such as/like; 11. such as/like; 12. as; 13. For instance/For example; 14. for instance/for example; 15. such as/for instance/for example
●especially; specially
【教材原句】
But this makes others, especially educators, worry that we are losing the ability to communicate properly using the written word, or even the spoken word. (教材P33)
【辨析】
两者词形相似，但意义和用法不同。
especially副词，意思是 “尤其；特别；格外地”，往往用来对前面所述情况进行说明或补充，不强调目的性，只强调超乎寻常，通常用来修饰名词、形容词、副词、介词短语或者是句子。
specially副词，意思是“专门地；特意地；特别地”，强调目的的唯一性，暗含“，只是为了…而不为别的”。一般修饰动词或介词短语。
温馨提示：especially和specially一般不换用，但是especially可以和particularly通用。
【例句呈现】
We are especially encouraged by the strong representation, this year, of women in information technology disciplines
今年，女性在信息技术领域的突出表现尤其让我们备受鼓舞。
She was especially fond of a little girl named Betsy.
她尤其偏爱一个名叫贝齐的小女孩。
Millions of wild flowers color the valleys, especially in April and May
尤其是在四五月份，不计其数的野花盛开，山谷里一片绚烂色彩。
Under all the innocent fun, there are hidden dangers, especially for children
在所有简单无害的娱乐项目背后都隐藏着危险，特别是对儿童而言。
Re-apply sunscreen every two hours, especially if you have been swimming.
每两个小时重新涂一次防晒油，尤其是在游泳的时候。
The committee is concerned about players' behavior, especially arguing with referees
委员会很关注运动员的行为，特别是与裁判争吵的行为。
Many women, especially as they get older, develop lumpy veins in their legs.
许多妇女，尤其是年纪大了以后，腿上会现出疙疙瘩瘩的青筋。
The ring was specially made for her.
这枚戒指是为她订做的。
Most of these tools have been specially adapted for use by disabled people.
这些工具多数已经过特别改装，供残疾人使用。
The play was written specially for radio.
这出戏是专为无线电广播而写的。
The compost is specially formulated for pot plants.
此混合肥料专门用于盆栽植物。
They thought he had escaped through a specially constructed tunnel.
他们认为他是通过一条专门修建的地道逃跑的。
Patrick needs to use specially adapted computer equipment
帕特里克需要使用专门改装过的计算机设备。
We came specially to learn from you.
我们是特地来向您学习的。
【考点过关】
1. I made this _______ for your birthday.
2. Their main exports are textiles, _______ silk and cotton.
3. She came to London ________ to see Buckingham Palace.
4. We are not _______ interested in watching movies.
5. You can borrow my laptop for you exam, and you don’t need to buy one ______.
6. She was _______ fond of collecting stamps.
7. The smart-phone is ________ designed for software professionals.
8. It’s __________ hot today.
9. Patrick needs to use _______ adapted computer equipment.
10. Millions of wild flowers color the valleys, ________ in April and May.
11. He came here _________ to say sorry to her.
12. He likes all subjects, _________ English.
13. He returned to her hometown _________ to see her sick mother
14. These books will be __________ helpful to those who wish to improve their English.
15. I came here __________ to ask for your advice.
16. The Great Wall had been added to, __________ during the Ming Dynasty.
【参考答案】
1. specially; 2. especially; 3. specially; 4. especially; 5. specially; 6. especially; 7. specially; 8. especially; 9. specially; 10. especially; 11. specially; 12. especially; 13. specially; 14. especially; 15. specially; 16. especially
●occur; happen; take place
【教材原句】
I was watching a superhero film the other day and a thought occurred to me: where does Superman get changed these days (教材P35)
【辨析】
三者都有“发生”的意思，都是不及物动词，都没有被动语态，但是有一定区别。
occur 除了表示意外或偶然发生某事外，也表示“想起，突然想起”，常构成以下结构：
① sth. occur to sb. 某人想起（突然想起）某事
② it occur to sb. to do sth. 某人想起（突然想起）做某事
③ it occur to sb. + that 从句 某人想起（突然想起）某事
happen 和occur一样 可以表示事情意外或偶然地发生，这种情况下两者常可换用；happen 常构成以下结构：
① sth. happen to sb./sth. 某人发生某事/某物怎么了
② sb. happen to do sth. 某人碰巧做某事
③ it happened + that 从句 碰巧……
④ there happen to be …… 碰巧有…..
take place 一般表示有准备或按计划安排要发生的事情，也可以表示“举行，举办”会议，运动会等
【例句呈现】
What happened to your truck
你的卡车怎么样了
There happened to be some people there then.
那时，碰巧有一些人在那里。
It never occurred to her to ask anyone.
她从未想到去问问别人。
It never occurred to me that he might be in trouble.
我怎么也没有想到他会遇上麻烦。
Didn't it occur to you that he was lying
你当时没想到他在撒谎吗？
How did the accident happen/occur
事故是怎样发生的
That plane crash occurred/happened only minutes after take-off.
空难在起飞几分钟后就发生了。
She hoped nothing bad would happen to him.
她希望不会有什么不幸的事发生在他头上。
Olympic Games take place every four years in the world.
奥运会每四年（每隔三年）举行一次。
Great changes have taken place in our country during the past forty years.
过去四十年里，我们的国家发生了巨大变化。
【考点过关】
用happen, occur 和take place的适当形式填空
1. Elections ________ every five years in the country now.
2. It _______ to me that going to Switzerland for traveling will be marvelous!
3. Great changes ________ here since last year.
4. It never _________ to me that he might be in trouble.
5. The severe car accident ________ in the street half an hour ago.
6. What has ________
7. A good idea __________ to them that day.
8. The meeting will ________ next week.
9. It ________ to me to visit my teacher.
10. It didn't _______ to him that she would refuse his invitation.
【参考答案】
1. take place; 2. occurs; 3. have taken place; 4. occurred; 5. happened/occurred; 6. has happened/has occurred; 7. occurred; 8. will take place; 9. occurred; 10. occur
●reason; cause
【教材原句】
The main reason for this is simply that we don’t need them anymore. (教材P35)
【辨析】
两者都有“原因”的意思，，但用法有一定的区别。
reason多指做某事的“理由或借口”， 常用在reason for… 和 reason why…结构中。
cause 侧重指导致某事发生的起因，即造成一种事实或现象的原因，常用在cause of…. 结构中。
【例句呈现】
That is the reason why I don't like it.
那就是我不喜欢它的原因。
He is able to explain the reason because he was present at that time.
他当时在场, 所以他能解释原因。
We have reason to believe that he was murdered.
我们有理由相信他是被谋杀的。
We shall in no way let reason be defeated by impulse.
我们决不能让冲动战胜理智。
Cars are one of the leading causes of air pollution in the world today.
汽车是当今世界空气污染的主要原因之一。
Money is thought to be the root cause of all evils.
钱被认为是万恶之源。
Breast cancer is the leading cause of death for American women in their forties.
乳腺癌是导致四十几岁的美国妇女死亡的主要原因。
She gave no reasons for her decision.
她没有解释自己为什么做出这个决定。
We’d like to know the reason why she didn’t accept the job.
我们想知道为什么她拒绝了这份工作。
Police are investigating the causes of the explosion.
警方正在调查爆炸的原因。
You have no cause for complaint.
你没有理由抱怨。
Smoking is the biggest preventable cause of death and disease.
吸烟是造成不必要疾病和死亡的最大原因。
His assessment of the situation is based on sheer emotion, not reason.
他对形势的评估完全是感情用事,而不是建立在理性基础上的。
【考点过关】
用reason或cause填空
1. The _______ of the fire is not yet known. ( http: / / dict. / example / blng / eng / cause / " \o "点击发音 )
2. I'd like to know the _______ why you're so late.
3. Unemployment is a major _______ of poverty.
4. We aren’t going for the simple _______ that we can't afford it.
5. I have no particular _______ for doubting him.
6. Faulty wiring is the major _______ of house fires. ( http: / / dict. / example / blng / eng / cause / " \o "点击发音 )
7. Give me one good _______ why I should help you.
8. He was the unknowing _______ of all the misunderstanding. ( http: / / dict. / example / blng / eng / cause / " \o "点击发音 )
9. For some ______ we all have to come in early tomorrow.
10. The immediate ______ of death is unknown. ( http: / / dict. / example / blng / eng / cause / " \o "点击发音 )
【参考答案】
1. cause; 2. reason; 3. cause; 4. reason; 5. reason; 6. cause; 7. reason; 8. cause; 9. reason; 10. cause ( http: / / dict. / example / blng / eng / cause / " \o "点击发音 )
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●seat；sit
【教材原句】
We spent hours reading, seated on the store’s old but comfortable furniture. (教材P27)
【辨析】
两者都有“坐”的意思，但用法有区别。
seat除了作名词表示“座位”外，也可以做及物动词，意思是“使…坐下；使（多少）人坐得下”。主语可以是人，也可以是地点。
sit意思是“坐”，一般做不及物动词，sit around的意思是“闲坐着”
【例句呈现】
The old man seated himself reading a newspaper at a desk.
这位老人坐在桌旁看报纸。
Come in and please be seated．
请坐进来坐吧。
Our school auditorium seats one thousand pupils.
我们学校的礼堂可容纳一千个学生。
His students are seated at their desks doing their homework now.
现在，学生们坐在桌旁写作业。
She was seated at the head of the table.
她坐在桌子的上座。
The aircraft seats 200 passengers.
这架飞机能坐200名乘客。
He is sitting on the grass of our garden.
他坐正花园的草地上。
I could sit and watch the river all day long.
我可以整天坐在这里看那条河。
I don't get much exercise sitting in the office all day.
我整天坐在办公室很少运动。
He sat taking notes of everything that was said.
他坐在那儿记下了所说的每一件事。
Six people, and more at a pinch, could be seated comfortably at the table.
这张桌子可以很舒服地坐6个人，而且必要时多坐几个也不会挤。
He was comfortably seated in a soft reclining chair.
他舒舒服服地坐在柔软的躺椅上。
They were seated at a table outside a pub in a pleasant piazza close by St Paul's
在圣保罗教堂旁一个怡人的广场上，他们坐在一家酒馆外的桌边。
【考点过关】
根据seat和sit的用法填空
1. Our _______ (supply) were running out.
2. Teachers provide a model ______ children to imitate.
3. The charity aims ________ (provide) assistance to people in need.
4. The cars will _______ (supply) to people all over the country.
5. Cows supply us _______ milk.
6. In Britain milk is supplied ______ each house in bottles.
7. We _______ (offer, provide) customers a free home delivery service.
8. The statistics offer further support _______ our theory.
9. We _______ (offer , supply, provide) a personal service to all our customers.
10. His company offers a flexible packaging service _______ the food industry.
【参考答案】
1. to sit; 2. seat; 3. sitting; 4. seats; 5. seated; 6. to sit; 7. seated; 8. seated; 9. sitting; 10. was seated; 11. was seated; 12. seated; 13. Seated
●divide; separate
【教材原句】
The resulting story in the local newspaper divided the people of the town: some were in favor of the new shopping mall, and some were against it. (教材P29)
【辨析】
两者都有“分开，分离”的意思，，但用法有一定的区别。
divide表示把整体分成若干部分，常与介词into 连用。
separate 意为“使分开；使分离；分手”，表示把原来相连或基本相连的东西分开，或者把原来结合在一起或混杂的东西分开，常与介词from连用。
【例句呈现】
The results can be divided into three main categories.
结果可分为三大类。
The procedure can be divided into two parts.
这一程序可以分为两部分。
The report can be conveniently divided into three main sections.
这份报告不用费事就可划分为三个主要部分。
The course book is divided into 30 lessons.
这本教科书分为30课。
The three-hour class is divided into four blocks of 45 minutes each.
三小时的课分成四节，每节45分钟。
The ability to separate out reusable elements from other waste is crucial.
能从其他废料中分离出可重复利用成分是很关键的。
Business bank accounts were kept separate from personal ones.
银行的商业账户和个人账户是分开管理的。
He said "But they continue to age, because aging is separate from their disease,".
他说“但他们继续衰老，因为衰老与疾病是分开的”。
We must remember, however, that this King lives in a country almost completely separate from the rest of the world.
不过我们必须记住，这个国王生活在几乎完全与世隔绝的国度里，
And when you look at the brain, it's obvious that the two cerebral cortices are completely separate from one another.
当我们再看这个大脑的时候，我们可以轻易的发现这两个半球的大脑皮质是完全分开的。
【考点过关】
根据divide 和separate的用法或其适当形式填空
1. He had become ________ (separate) from his parents in the ensuing panic.
2. A developer bought the land and divided it _______ stands.
3. Those suffering from infectious diseases were separated ______ the other patients.
4. The school year _______ (divide) into three trimesters.
5. He's been separated ________ his wife for a year.
6. For the sake of simplicity, let's divide the discussion _______ two parts.
7. A sentence can be divided up _______ meaningful segments.
8. A high wall separated our back yard _______ the playing field.
9. The organisms can be divided ______ discrete categories.
10. South America separated _______ Africa 200 million years ago.
【参考答案】
1. separated; 2. into; 3. from; 4. is divided; 5. from; 6. into; 7. into; 8. from; 9. into; 10. from ( http: / / dict. / example / blng / eng / cause / " \o "点击发音 )
●attempt to do sth. ; manage to do sth.
【教材原句】
This was my attempt to follow the trend of communicating with emojis. (教材P32)
【辨析】
两个词组都可表示“设法做”之意，均可接动词不定式作宾语。但表示的含义有区别。
attempt to do sth. “努力/试图/设法做某事”，但未必一定会能成功，只强调努力的过程，对其结果无限制, 所做之事不一定有困难, 相当于try/do one’s best to do sth.或try to do sth. 是比较正式的书面用语（try 用法更普遍，更口语化）。
manage to do sth. “设法做成某事”，强调所做事情的结果，相当于succeed in doing sth. 或be successful in doing sth.
【例句呈现】
I am attempting to finish my homework.
我正努力完成我的家庭作业。
I attempt not to convince myself that she doesn't love me anymore.
我尽量不让自己相信她不再爱我了。
He didn’t attempt to do it.
他不肯努力去干
please attempt to finish this work in thirty minutes.
请尽量在30分钟完成这项工作。
I managed to get in contact with the lady, who’s in charge of this project in the company.
我成功地同那家公司负责这个项目的女士取得了联系。
He managed to save her in time.
他设法及时挽救了她.
He attempted to open the box with a knife.
他试图用刀子打开箱子。
Time given to us defines how long we will stay with our families, how many good things we will manage to do, and how much interesting things we will see and learn.
时间决定了我们能与家人厮守多久，我们能完成多少美妙的事情，以及我们能看到听到多少有趣的事情。
It should be possible for most people to manage to do it.
大多数人应该都能做到。
【考点过关】
用 manage, try或其适当形式填空
1. He ______ to climb the tree, but he could not.
2. If you don't ______ to do everything, it doesn't matter. Move any incomplete tasks from today onto tomorrow's list.
3. I see what you mean, but if you _______to do it, you won’t regret.
4. Fantastic! Ho does Beijing Municipal Government ______ to do it
5. How did you _______to do it without help
6. How on earth did they _______ to do that
7. If you can ________ to do all three, you'll raise your intelligence by leaps and bounds.
8. How do you ________ to do such a thing
9. I feel the same way. But if we insist on speaking, we can _______ to do it.
10. Although you may fail, when you start to race for a new team, you ______to be successful as soon as possible.
【参考答案】
1. attempted; 2. manage; 3. attempt; 4. manage; 5. manage; 6. manage; 7. manage; 8. manage; 9. manage; 10. attempt
●for instance (= for example) ; such as
【教材原句】
For instance, if your friend is moving across the country, you may just send them a string of crying faces to express your sadness over your separation. (教材P33)
【辨析】
两者都可用于表示举例事物或情况，有时可互换，有一定区别。
such as 意思是“例如; 像; 象…这样; 诸如…之类”, 相当于like, 可以用来列举一个事物或情况，这时可以和for example换用，但更多情况下用于列举两个或两个以上的事物或情况，而且不能放在句首和句尾，such as后也不跟逗号，有时such 和as可以分开。
for example意思是“例如，比如”，相当于for instance, 一般列举一个事物或情况，for和example不能分开，for example后常接逗号，也可不用逗号；for example或for instance可以放句首或句尾。
【例句呈现】
Organizations such as schools and clubs bind a community together.
诸如学校、俱乐部等机构使社区成为一个整体。
The rate is determined by intrinsic qualities such as the land's slope.
速度由诸如地面坡度这样的内在因素决定。
Personal characteristics, such as age and sex are taken into account.
个人的特征，如年龄和性别等，都要考虑进去。
Some houses still lack basic amenities such as bathrooms.
有些住宅仍没有像卫生间这样的基本设施。
A business needs insurance against risks such as fire and flood
公司需要上保险以防备火灾、洪灾等风险。
She was involved in many New Age activities such as yoga and healing.
她参加了很多“新时代”活动，如瑜伽和康复法。
You have to type in commands, such as 'help' and 'print'
你必须输入命令，例如“帮助”或“打印”。
The report is incomplete; it does not include sales in France, for instance/for example.
这份报告不完整，例如在法国的销售情况就没包括进去。
Have they, for instance/for example, demonstrated a commitment to democracy
例如，他们是否已表现出会致力于民主？
Let us suppose, for instance/for example, that you are married with two children.
比方说，我们假设你成家了，还有两个孩子。
Many factors are important, such as class, gender, age and ethnicity.
许多因素都很重要，如阶级、性别、年龄及民族。
It is possible to combine Computer Science with other subjects, for instance/for example Physics.
将计算机科学与其他学科，如物理学，结合起来是可能的。
There is a similar word in many languages, such as in French and in Italian.
许多语言，譬如法语和意大利语，都有相似的词。
There's confusion and resentment, and it's almost never expressed out in the open. Take this office, for instance/for example.
有人迷惘，有人憎恨，可是几乎谁也没有公开表达过。就拿这个办公室的人来说吧。
【考点过关】
根据donate, contribute 的用法及适当形式填空
1. After talking about the job in general, we got down to the specifics, ________ the salary.
2. Carmakers use robots to do unpleasant jobs, ________ painting cars in hot conditions.
3. There is a real risk of injury in sports ________ climbing.
4. There are many big cities in Europe, ________, London, Paris and Rome.
5. ________, we are to have less clothes, coal and food even than we have had and less petrol than we expected.
6. I know many women who have a career and a family Alison ________.
7. Great men have risen from poverty—Lincoln and Edison, ________.
8. Many young people are taking radio courses in English. There is the boy next door, ________.
9. Some sports, _______ motor racing, can be dangerous.
10. My wife likes social activities, ______ tennis and golf.
11. Avoid unhealthy foods ______ hamburger and chips.
12. The disease attacks such animals _______ cats and dogs.
13. Each situation is different. ______, a man with a rich wife doesn't have to work.
14. You make too many mistakes—lots of spelling mistakes, ______.
15. One of the side effects may be to change the geographical distribution of parasitic diseases _______ malaria.
【参考答案】
1. such as/ for instance/for example 2. such as/ for instance/for example 3. such as / like 4. for instance/for example 5. For instance/For example 6. for instance/for example 7. for instance/for example 8. for instance/for example; 9. such as/ for instance/for example; 10. such as/like; 11. such as/like; 12. as; 13. For instance/For example; 14. for instance/for example; 15. such as/for instance/for example
●especially; specially
【教材原句】
But this makes others, especially educators, worry that we are losing the ability to communicate properly using the written word, or even the spoken word. (教材P33)
【辨析】
两者词形相似，但意义和用法不同。
especially副词，意思是 “尤其；特别；格外地”，往往用来对前面所述情况进行说明或补充，不强调目的性，只强调超乎寻常，通常用来修饰名词、形容词、副词、介词短语或者是句子。
specially副词，意思是“专门地；特意地；特别地”，强调目的的唯一性，暗含“，只是为了…而不为别的”。一般修饰动词或介词短语。
温馨提示：especially和specially一般不换用，但是especially可以和particularly通用。
【例句呈现】
We are especially encouraged by the strong representation, this year, of women in information technology disciplines
今年，女性在信息技术领域的突出表现尤其让我们备受鼓舞。
She was especially fond of a little girl named Betsy.
她尤其偏爱一个名叫贝齐的小女孩。
Millions of wild flowers color the valleys, especially in April and May
尤其是在四五月份，不计其数的野花盛开，山谷里一片绚烂色彩。
Under all the innocent fun, there are hidden dangers, especially for children
在所有简单无害的娱乐项目背后都隐藏着危险，特别是对儿童而言。
Re-apply sunscreen every two hours, especially if you have been swimming.
每两个小时重新涂一次防晒油，尤其是在游泳的时候。
The committee is concerned about players' behavior, especially arguing with referees
委员会很关注运动员的行为，特别是与裁判争吵的行为。
Many women, especially as they get older, develop lumpy veins in their legs.
许多妇女，尤其是年纪大了以后，腿上会现出疙疙瘩瘩的青筋。
The ring was specially made for her.
这枚戒指是为她订做的。
Most of these tools have been specially adapted for use by disabled people.
这些工具多数已经过特别改装，供残疾人使用。
The play was written specially for radio.
这出戏是专为无线电广播而写的。
The compost is specially formulated for pot plants.
此混合肥料专门用于盆栽植物。
They thought he had escaped through a specially constructed tunnel.
他们认为他是通过一条专门修建的地道逃跑的。
Patrick needs to use specially adapted computer equipment
帕特里克需要使用专门改装过的计算机设备。
We came specially to learn from you.
我们是特地来向您学习的。
【考点过关】
1. I made this _______ for your birthday.
2. Their main exports are textiles, _______ silk and cotton.
3. She came to London ________ to see Buckingham Palace.
4. We are not _______ interested in watching movies.
5. You can borrow my laptop for you exam, and you don’t need to buy one ______.
6. She was _______ fond of collecting stamps.
7. The smart-phone is ________ designed for software professionals.
8. It’s __________ hot today.
9. Patrick needs to use _______ adapted computer equipment.
10. Millions of wild flowers color the valleys, ________ in April and May.
11. He came here _________ to say sorry to her.
12. He likes all subjects, _________ English.
13. He returned to her hometown _________ to see her sick mother
14. These books will be __________ helpful to those who wish to improve their English.
15. I came here __________ to ask for your advice.
16. The Great Wall had been added to, __________ during the Ming Dynasty.
【参考答案】
1. specially; 2. especially; 3. specially; 4. especially; 5. specially; 6. especially; 7. specially; 8. especially; 9. specially; 10. especially; 11. specially; 12. especially; 13. specially; 14. especially; 15. specially; 16. especially
●occur; happen; take place
【教材原句】
I was watching a superhero film the other day and a thought occurred to me: where does Superman get changed these days (教材P35)
【辨析】
三者都有“发生”的意思，都是不及物动词，都没有被动语态，但是有一定区别。
occur 除了表示意外或偶然发生某事外，也表示“想起，突然想起”，常构成以下结构：
① sth. occur to sb. 某人想起（突然想起）某事
② it occur to sb. to do sth. 某人想起（突然想起）做某事
③ it occur to sb. + that 从句 某人想起（突然想起）某事
happen 和occur一样 可以表示事情意外或偶然地发生，这种情况下两者常可换用；happen 常构成以下结构：
① sth. happen to sb./sth. 某人发生某事/某物怎么了
② sb. happen to do sth. 某人碰巧做某事
③ it happened + that 从句 碰巧……
④ there happen to be …… 碰巧有…..
take place 一般表示有准备或按计划安排要发生的事情，也可以表示“举行，举办”会议，运动会等
【例句呈现】
What happened to your truck
你的卡车怎么样了
There happened to be some people there then.
那时，碰巧有一些人在那里。
It never occurred to her to ask anyone.
她从未想到去问问别人。
It never occurred to me that he might be in trouble.
我怎么也没有想到他会遇上麻烦。
Didn't it occur to you that he was lying
你当时没想到他在撒谎吗？
How did the accident happen/occur
事故是怎样发生的
That plane crash occurred/happened only minutes after take-off.
空难在起飞几分钟后就发生了。
She hoped nothing bad would happen to him.
她希望不会有什么不幸的事发生在他头上。
Olympic Games take place every four years in the world.
奥运会每四年（每隔三年）举行一次。
Great changes have taken place in our country during the past forty years.
过去四十年里，我们的国家发生了巨大变化。
【考点过关】
用happen, occur 和take place的适当形式填空
1. Elections ________ every five years in the country now.
2. It _______ to me that going to Switzerland for traveling will be marvelous!
3. Great changes ________ here since last year.
4. It never _________ to me that he might be in trouble.
5. The severe car accident ________ in the street half an hour ago.
6. What has ________
7. A good idea __________ to them that day.
8. The meeting will ________ next week.
9. It ________ to me to visit my teacher.
10. It didn't _______ to him that she would refuse his invitation.
【参考答案】
1. take place; 2. occurs; 3. have taken place; 4. occurred; 5. happened/occurred; 6. has happened/has occurred; 7. occurred; 8. will take place; 9. occurred; 10. occur
●reason; cause
【教材原句】
The main reason for this is simply that we don’t need them anymore. (教材P35)
【辨析】
两者都有“原因”的意思，，但用法有一定的区别。
reason多指做某事的“理由或借口”， 常用在reason for… 和 reason why…结构中。
cause 侧重指导致某事发生的起因，即造成一种事实或现象的原因，常用在cause of…. 结构中。
【例句呈现】
That is the reason why I don't like it.
那就是我不喜欢它的原因。
He is able to explain the reason because he was present at that time.
他当时在场, 所以他能解释原因。
We have reason to believe that he was murdered.
我们有理由相信他是被谋杀的。
We shall in no way let reason be defeated by impulse.
我们决不能让冲动战胜理智。
Cars are one of the leading causes of air pollution in the world today.
汽车是当今世界空气污染的主要原因之一。
Money is thought to be the root cause of all evils.
钱被认为是万恶之源。
Breast cancer is the leading cause of death for American women in their forties.
乳腺癌是导致四十几岁的美国妇女死亡的主要原因。
She gave no reasons for her decision.
她没有解释自己为什么做出这个决定。
We’d like to know the reason why she didn’t accept the job.
我们想知道为什么她拒绝了这份工作。
Police are investigating the causes of the explosion.
警方正在调查爆炸的原因。
You have no cause for complaint.
你没有理由抱怨。
Smoking is the biggest preventable cause of death and disease.
吸烟是造成不必要疾病和死亡的最大原因。
His assessment of the situation is based on sheer emotion, not reason.
他对形势的评估完全是感情用事,而不是建立在理性基础上的。
【考点过关】
用reason或cause填空
1. The _______ of the fire is not yet known. ( http: / / dict. / example / blng / eng / cause / " \o "点击发音 )
2. I'd like to know the _______ why you're so late.
3. Unemployment is a major _______ of poverty.
4. We aren’t going for the simple _______ that we can't afford it.
5. I have no particular _______ for doubting him.
6. Faulty wiring is the major _______ of house fires. ( http: / / dict. / example / blng / eng / cause / " \o "点击发音 )
7. Give me one good _______ why I should help you.
8. He was the unknowing _______ of all the misunderstanding. ( http: / / dict. / example / blng / eng / cause / " \o "点击发音 )
9. For some ______ we all have to come in early tomorrow.
10. The immediate ______ of death is unknown. ( http: / / dict. / example / blng / eng / cause / " \o "点击发音 )
【参考答案】
1. cause; 2. reason; 3. cause; 4. reason; 5. reason; 6. cause; 7. reason; 8. cause; 9. reason; 10. cause ( http: / / dict. / example / blng / eng / cause / " \o "点击发音 )
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