外研版（2019）选择性必修第三册 Unit2 A life’s work Using language 同步课堂重点练（含解析）
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同步课堂专练
Unit 2 A life’s work
Section B Using language (重点练)
一、语法填空
Michelangelo
Michelangelo was an Italian artist about 500 years ago. Today he is still remembered as a great sculptor, painter, and architect.
Michelangelo was born________a poor family. He was trained at an early age like any other craftsman in Italy. At thirteen, he started to work and learn in a workshop________belonged to one of the leading masters at that time. In the workshop Michelangelo was able to learn all the skills of sculpture. However, he wasn't satisfied, and went on________(study)the works of the great masters of the past. Michelangelo worked hard and he mastered one problem after another. By the time he________(be)30, he had been generally regarded as one of the outstanding sculptors of the age.
In 1508,________Michelangelo was 33 years old, he was given a task --- to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. At first, he tried to turn down this job,________(say) that he was not really a painter, but a sculptor. Finally, he agreed to do it. He then shut himself up in the chapel, let no one come near him, and got ready to work alone.
It took him four years to complete the paintings on the ceiling. Any ordinary person would find________hard to imagine what Michelangelo had gone through in those four years of hard and lonely work. Michelangelo, while working, had to lie on his back and paint,________, as a result, made him so accustomed to looking upward that when he received a letter during that period, he________hold it over his head to read it. Finally, the paintings were completed. The great and huge paintings on the ceiling and walls of the chapel have become________great fascination to people in Italy and all over the world ever since.
Michelangelo left us with a great number of sculptures and paintings. Today his works are still examples for art students to study and follow. Home and overseas visitors can't help but admire these masterpieces.
二、完形填空
Mr. Bard is the manager at his family's shoe company.He really 1 competence in his workers.He always tells the 2 and hard-working employees that he is 3 of them.But Mr.Bard does not only show his appreciation through words.The most competent workers are also paid 4 .
Mr.Bard thinks when an 5 works harder and produces higher quality shoes,the company earns more money. 6 ,the employee should also earn more.But many of the less competent workers 7 .
“We are equal,”they protest（抗议）. “We do the same job,so we should get the 8 pay!”
He is a kind man,but he is also 9 .If he keeps hiring the less competent workers,the whole company will 10 , and perhaps all employees will lose their jobs.It will also be bad for his family and for the company is 11 .
To 12 the situation,Mr.Bard creates evening workshops（工作坊）to help 13 the employees who are not working at company 14 .They watch the most competent workers,who receive a special bonus for 15 their co-workers,and make lots of notes.They inspect the production line,ask lots of questions,and 16 until they are skilled and 17 .
Production at the company 18 and the customers are happier with the high 19 shoes!As sales increase, Mr.Bard is able to pay his workers better.And 20 the company's smart pay system,the most competent workers can be highly rewarded.
1. A. appreciates B. describes C. absorbs D. agrees
2. A. excited B. skilled C. born D. considerate
3. A. worried B. confused C. proud D. painful
4. A. worse B. less C. degree D. more
5. A. employer B. employee C. degree D. guarantee
6. A. However B. On the contrary C. In other words D. Therefore
7. A. disagreed B. disliked C. disappeared D. discouraged
8. A. high B. same C. low D. distant
9. A. silly B. likely C. wise D. simple
10. A. select B. shake C. suffer D. scold
11. A. drivers B. teachers C. cooks D. customers
12. A. improve B. put up C. postpone D. come up
13. A. forget B. sell C. train D. harm
14. A. standards B. limits C. borders D. patience
15. A. picking B. teaching C. tolerating D. weighing
16. A. warn B. sneeze C. sob D. practice
17. A. productive B. affected C. strict D. straight
18. A. goes down B. goes away C. goes against D. goes up
19. A. quantity B. ability C. quality D. equality
20. A. regardless of B. thanks to C. instead of D. in spite of
三、阅读理解
A
In 1905, as part of his special theory of relativity, Albert Einstein published the point that a large amount of energy could be released from a small amount of matter. This was expressed by equation E=mc2 (energy equals mass times the speed of light squared). But bombs were not what Einstein had in mind when he published this equation.
In 1929, he publicly declared that if a war broke out he would "refuse to do war service, direct or indirect…" His position would change in 1933, as the result of Adolf Hitler's coming into power in Germany.
Einstein's greatest role in the invention of the atom bomb was signing a letter to President Franklin Roosevelt urging that the bomb be built because some physicists feared that Germany might be working on an atom bomb. Among those concerned were physicists Leo Szilard and Eugene Wigner. But Szilard and Wigner had no influence on those in power. So in July 1939 they explained the problem to someone who did: Albert Einstein. After talking with Einstein, in August 1939 Szilard wrote a letter to President Roosevelt with Einstein's signature on it, which was delivered to Roosevelt in October 1939.
Germany had invaded Poland the previous month; the time was ripe for action. That October the research of A-bomb began but proceeded slowly because the invention of the atom bomb seemed distant and unlikely. In April 1940 an Einstein letter, ghostwritten by Szilard, pressed the researchers on the need for "greater speed".
As the realization of nuclear weapons grew near, Einstein looked beyond the current war to future problems that such weapons could bring. He wrote to his friend about his fear about the future use of the A-bomb.
The atom bombings of Japan occurred three months after Germany gave in.
In November 1954, five months before his death, Einstein summarized his feelings about his role in the creation of the atom bomb: "I made one great mistake in my life…when I signed a letter to President Roosevelt recommending that atom bombs be made; but there was some justification—the danger that the Germans would make them."
（1）What can we learn about Szilard and Wigner
A.They were not as influential as Einstein.
B.They were responsible for the invention of nuclear weapons.
C.They had cheated their friend Albert Einstein.
D.They had an intention to destroy the world.
（2）Einstein realized his mistake of .
A.cooperating with his workmates
B.inventing the atom bomb
C.publishing his equation
D.signing the letter to President Roosevelt
（3）We can conclude that Einstein .
A.was important in the development of the atom bomb
B.was not involved in the invention of the atom bomb
C.directly participated in the invention of the atom bomb
D.helped with the invention of the atom bomb
（4）Why did Einstein suggest making atom bombs
A.Because President Roosevelt asked to do so.
B.Because it was likely that Hitler would make them.
C.Because it was not in favour of President Roosevelt.
D.Because it was not necessary to do so.
B
Along with silk and paper, gunpowder is another invention by Chinese and the Silk Road helped it spread to the West. The dating of gunpowder is as early as 850 AD. The Chinese used gunpowder to make fireworks and for signal flares. Gunpowder was also thought to have been used in medicine and in alchemy(炼金术). This invention seems to have been discovered in China by accident —by alchemists when doing experiments.
The gunpowder used for military purpose was first recorded in 919 AD. By the 11th century, explosive bombs filled with gunpowder were introduced and used in China. The words "fire cannon" "rocket" and "fireball" appeared time and again in the official Song history as well as two other books written during the same period.
The first detailed description of using the "fire cannon" in warfare was in connection with a battle fought in 1126 when the Song army used it against the invading enemy. The so-called" fire cannon" was a tube made of bamboo filled with gunpowder which, when fired, threw a flaming missile towards the enemy. According to a description of a battle scene in 1132, it took two persons to carry a "fire cannon", and the cannons were fired from a moving platform. And this platform had to be moved close to the wall of the besieged(被围攻的) city.
Gunpowder reached Japan, the Islamic countries and then Europe in the 13th century, and the Arabs improved gunpowder for military use. The early account of gunpowder in Europe was recorded by English philosopher Roger Bacon in the 13th century. One century later the Arabs used it to attack the Spanish town Baza and the next year in 1326 Florence ordered the manufacturing of cannon and cannon balls. From Italy the making of gunpowder soon spread to other European countries, and by the 1350s it had become an effective weapon on the battlefield.
（1）Gunpowder was discovered _________.
A.by alchemists when they had an accident
B.by alchemists after studying it for a long time
C.accidentally by alchemists
D.experimentally by alchemists
（2）Which of the following words can best describe a "fire cannon"
A.Convenient.
B.Heavy.
C.Useless.
D.Simple.
（3）It can be inferred from the passage that _______.
A."fire cannons" at early times would be less helpful if they were far away from the object
B.alchemists devoted themselves to the study of gunpowder
C.the Silk Road spread to the West because of the invention of gunpowder
D.the first detailed description of using “fire cannons” in warfare was in 1132
（4）What is the best title of the passage
A.Powerful Fire Cannons
B.Four Inventions of Ancient China
C.The Discovery of the Alchemy
D.Gunpowder
四、任务型阅读
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
A. I was in third grade then. B. Saanya's unexpected success began in 2005. C. But Saanya decided to raise the money herself. D. But she isn't doing homework or in front of a computer screen E. No matter who you are, there is always an opportunity to make a difference. F. Saanya had established her own non-profit organization called "Children Helping Children". G. One of her goals is to support the schooling of these eight children until they graduate from college.
In the late afternoon, 15-year-old Saanya Hasan Ali can often be found in her comfortable family room. ________ She is cutting, drawing, gluing and folding, surrounded by a colorful chaos of paper, rubber stamps, buttons, and ribbons (带). "I just love arts and crafts (手工艺)," says Saanya. During the past six years, Saanya has raised $26,000 through the sale of her cards to help children and families in need.
________ "My mother received an e-mail from Pennies for Education and Health (PEH) organization. They were raising money for children in India to be able to go to school," explains Saanya, who was nine years old at the time. Her mother, Salma, offered to donate $75 in Saanya's name. ________Saanya made cards to sell at a family wedding that summer. To her own surprise, she earned $600, enough to send eight children to school for the year. "I kept on making cards, and the following summer I was able to help support the kids for another year,"" explains Saanya. ________Saanya acknowledges that her project has helped her to see the world through different eyes. "Now that I am in high school, I would also like to inspire other kids to do their own projects. ________ Making cards is my small effort," she says. "If everyone does their small part, it can grow into something beyond your expectations."
参考答案
一、
【答案】 into；which或that；to study；was；when；saying；it；which；had to；a
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了意大利伟大的雕塑家、画家和建筑师米开朗基罗的生平。
（1）句意：米开朗基罗出生于一个贫穷的家庭。be born into固定短语，“出生于……的家庭/ 家庭背景”。故填into。
（2）句意：十三岁时，他就开始在一个画室里工作和学习，画室属于当时的 一位大师。分析句子结构，“_____ belonged to one of the leading masters at that time”是定语从句,先行词a workshop在从句中做主语，指物，因此用which或that引导定语从句。故填which或that。
（3）句意：然而，他并不满足，继续学习过去大师们的作品。根据句意，此处“继续学习以前的大师们的作品”，go on to do…固定短语，“继续做……”。故填to study。
（4）句意：到他30岁时，他已被公认为那个时代杰出的雕塑家之一。根据句意，“到他30岁时”是指过去的情况，应该用一般过去时；主语he是单数第三人称，应用was，故填was。
（5）句意：1508年，米开朗基罗33岁时，他接受了一项任务——在西斯廷教堂的天花板上绘画。根据句意,“_____ Michelangelo was 33 years old”是时间状语从句，应该用when引导时间状语从句。故填when。
（6）句意：起初，他试图拒绝这个工作，说他不是一个真正的画家，而是一个雕塑家。句子主语he和say之间是逻辑上的主动关系，因此用现在分词作状语，表示补充说明。故填saying。
（7）句意：任何一个普通人都很难想象米开朗基罗在那四年艰苦而孤独的工作中经历了什么。此处用it作形式宾语，指代后面真正的不定式宾语to imagine what Michelangelo had gone through in those four years of hard and lonely work。故填 it。
（8）句意：在工作时，米开朗基罗必须仰卧作画，结果这使他就习惯于抬头向上看，以至于在那段时期，当他收到一封信时，他不得不把它举过头顶来阅读。分析句子结构，“____, as a result, made him so accustomed to looking upward…”是非限制性定语从句，此处应用which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面的一整句话的内容“Michelangelo, while working, had to lie on his back and paint”，意思为“这件事，这一点。”故填which。
（9）句意：在工作时，米开朗基罗必须仰卧作画，结果这使他就习惯于抬头向上看，以至于在那段时期，当他收到一封信时，他不得不把它举过头顶来阅读。根据句意，此处应是短语have to，意思为“不得不，必须”；句子叙述的是过去的情况，应该用一般过去时；have是不规则变化动词，过去式为had。故填had to 。
（10）句意：从那时起，教堂天花板和墙壁上巨型的绘画作品对意大利和全世界的人们来说都有着极大的吸引力。fascination是抽象名词，此处应用不定冠词a，“a+adj.+抽象名词”是抽象名词具体化，a fascination意思为“一件吸引人的事情”。故填a。
【点评】本题考点涉及介词，定语从句，非谓语动词，主谓一致，代词，时态以及冠词等多个知识点的考查，是一篇人物类阅读，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，并结合相关语法知识，进行分析推理，从而写出正确的单词形式。
二、
【答案】（1）A；（2）B；（3）C；（4）D；（5）B；（6）D；（7）A；（8）B；（9）C；（10）C；（11）D；（12）A；（13）C；（14）A；（15）B；（16）D；（17）A；（18）D；（19）C；（20）B；
【解析】【分析】本文主人公巴德是一家制鞋公司的经理，他很欣赏工人的能力。他总是认为工人能力高应有高报酬，但遭到许多能力差的工人的反对。因此制定了灵活的薪酬制度，不但提高了工人的技术增加了产量，也让有能力的工人得到了高的待遇。
(1)考查动词。句意：巴德先生很欣赏工人的能力，总是告诉那些技能和勤奋的员工，他为他们感到骄傲。他不仅用语言表达他的感激之情同，还付给最能干的工人更多的报酬。可知很欣赏（appreciate）工人的能力能力。故答案为A。
(2)考查形容词。根据语境：欣赏工人，付高薪水一定是付给有技术（skilled））的工人。excited 激动的； skilled熟练的，有技能的；born天生的 ；considerate体贴的，考虑周到的。故选B。
(3)考查形容词及固定搭配。句意可推断出巴德先生以工人自豪（proud）。be proud of …以……自豪。故答案为C。
(4)考查副词。根据句意：先生不仅用语言表达他的感激之情而且还付给最能干的工人更多的（more）报酬。可知选D。
(5)考查动词。先生认为，员工生产了高质量的鞋，为公司赚了更多的钱。可知员工（employee）努力工作。Employer老板； degree 程度； guarantee保障。故选B。
(6)考查副词。句意：员工们努力工作，生产高质量的鞋，公司赚更多的钱。因此（therefore），员工也应该赚更多的钱。however无论如何; 然而; 可是 ；on the contrary（与此）相反， 正相反； in other words换句话说。故答案为D。
(7)考查动词。句意：但许多不称职的工人不同意（disagree） 。dislike不喜欢；disappear消失； discourage泄气。转折连词but表前后意思相反。故答案为A。
(8)考查形容词。句意：我们做同样的工作，自然要得到同样（same）的报酬。故答案为B。
(9)考查形容词。句意：他是个善良的人但又是个聪明的（wise）人。根据句意及下文内容可知选C。
(10)考查动词。句意：如果继续雇用不称职的工人，整个公司将蒙受损失（suffer），也许所有的雇员都将失去工作。select 挑选；shake动摇; 摇头握手； suffer 遭受损失； scold责骂; 斥责。故答案为C。
(11)考查动词。这对他的家庭和公司的客户“customers”也是不利的。customer 商业客户( customer的名词复数 )，主顾。driver司机； cook厨师; 厨子。故答案为D。
(12)考查动词。从空后句意可知是为了改善（improve）这种情形。put up 张贴，搭建，留宿；postpone使延期，延缓；come up发生; 上来，故答案为A。
(13)考查动词。从13题后的内容是让他们观察那些优秀的工人如何工作。可知是帮助训练（train）不符合公司要求的工人。limits限制； borders边界； patience耐心。故答案为C。
(14)考查名词。从13和14两题可知，不符合公司要求或标准（standards）的工人。故答案为A。
(15)考查动词。从上下文句意：他们（有能力的工人）因为教（teach）同事而获得特别奖金，并赚到更多的钞票。pick挑选，挑拣; tolerate容忍； weigh称…的重量; 权衡，考虑。故答案为B。
(16)考查动词。句意：这些工人问很多问题，并进行实践（practice）。warn警告； sneeze打喷嚏；sob呜咽； practice练习， 实习。故答案为D。
(17)考查形容词。直到他们熟练和富有成效（productive）。productive富有成效的，多产的， 生产性的， 具有创造性的；affected感动的; 受到影响的；strict严格的；straight直的; 连续的; 直率的。故答案为A。
(18)考查动词短语。（由于上述的措施），公司的产量增加（go up）了。go down 下降； go away走开 ；go against反对。故答案为D。
(19)考查名词。顾客更喜欢高质量的（quality）鞋子。quantity数量；ability能力； equality平等。故答案为C。
(20)考查短语辨析。由于（thanks to）公司灵活的薪酬机制，才使的最能干的工人可以获得高报酬。regardless of 不管， 不顾；instead of而不是…；in spite of尽管。故答案为B。
【点评】本文是一篇记叙文，此类文章是一个意义相关联的语篇，因此在行文中词语的复现、代替和同现现象常见，解题时，注意联系上下文寻找线索，如某词的原词、指代词、同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词和概括词等。
三、A
【答案】 （1）A
（2）D
（3）A
（4）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，爱因斯坦曾表示自己不会为战争服务,不管是直接的还是间接的。但是后来,他对制造原子弹有了很大影响。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“But Szilard and Wigner had no influence on those in power. So in July 1939 they explained the problem to someone who did: Albert Einstein.”可知,Szilard和Wigner不如爱因斯坦那么有影响力。故选A。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“After talking with Einstein…Roosevelt in October 1939.”；及最后一段中的“…‘I made one great mistake in my life…when I signed a letter to President Roosevelt recommending that atom bombs be made…’”可知,爱因斯坦在死前意识到他在给罗斯福总统的那封建议制造原子弹的信上签字是一个错误。故选D。
（3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“Einstein’s greatest role in the invention of the atom bomb was signing a letter to President Franklin Roosevelt urging that the bomb be built…”可知,对于原子弹的研发,爱因斯坦起着重要的作用。故选A。
（4）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“Einstein’s greatest role in the invention of the atom bomb was signing a letter to President Franklin Roosevelt urging that the bomb be built because some physicists feared that Germany might be working on an atom bomb.”可知,爱因斯坦建议制造原子弹是因为一些物理学家担心德国的希特勒可能正在努力制造原子弹。故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并结合题目要求，从而选出正确答案。
B
【答案】 （1）C
（2）B
（3）A
（4）D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了中国古代四大发明之一火药是如何被发现的、在中国古代战争中是如何使用的以及在13世纪时是如何传到日本、欧洲的。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“This invention seems to have been discovered in China by accident —by alchemists when doing experiments. ”可知，火药是被中国的炼金术士在做实验时偶然发现的。故选C。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中“According to a description of a battle scene in 1132，it took two persons to carry a ’fire cannon‘”, 根据1132年对一场战争场景的描述，一门“火炮”需要两个人扛着。可知，当时的“火炮”很沉重，在战场上使用起来并不是很方便。故选B。
（3）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“… the cannons were fired from a moving platform. And this platform had to be moved close to the wall of the besieged(被围攻的) city. “大炮是从一个移动的平台上发射的。这个平台必须移动到接近被围攻的城市。由此判断出，如果早期的“火炮”离攻击的物体很远，那么它们的作用就不大。故选A。
（4）考查主旨大意。通读全文，第一段介绍中国古代火药是如何发明的，第二、三段介绍火药在中国古代战争中是如何使用的，第四段介绍火药在13世纪时传到日本、欧洲的情况。文章内容是围绕介绍火药展开的，因此标题应该是“火药”。故选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
四、
【答案】 D；B；C；G；E
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，Saanya以及她创办的项目。Saanya承认她的项目帮助她从不同的角度看世界。她认为，无论你是谁，总有机会做出改变。
（1）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后“She is cutting, drawing, gluing and folding, surrounded by a colorful chaos of paper, rubber stamps, buttons, and ribbons (带).”她在剪纸、画画、粘胶水、折叠，周围是五颜六色的杂乱的纸、橡皮图章、纽扣和丝带。承接下文，D.But she isn't doing homework or in front of a computer screen“但她没有做作业或在电脑屏幕前。”切题。故选D。
（2）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后“‘My mother received an e-mail from Pennies for Education and Health (PEH) organization. They were raising money for children in India to be able to go to school,’explains Saanya, who was nine years old at the time. ”我母亲收到了来自教育和健康便士组织（PEH）的一封电子邮件。他们在为印度的孩子们筹集资金，让他们能够上学，当时9岁的Saanya解释说。承接下文，B.Saanya's unexpected success began in 2005.“Saanya出人意料的成功始于2005年。”切题。下文中的at the time与B项中的2005相吻合。故选B。
（3）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前“Her mother, Salma, offered to donate $75 in Saanya's name. ”她的母亲萨尔玛（Salma）提出以Saanya的名义捐赠75美元。承接上文，C.But Saanya decided to raise the money herself.“（但Saanya决定自己筹集资金。”切题。该项中的but表示与上文内容构成一种转折关系。故选C。
（4）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前"I kept on making cards, and the following summer I was able to help support the kids for another year”“我继续制作卡片，第二年夏天，我又能帮助孩子们生活一年。”承接上文，G.One of her goals is to support the schooling of these eight children until they graduate from college.“她的目标之一是支持这8个孩子直到他们大学毕业。”切题。该项中的support和上文的support相吻合。故选G。
（5）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后“‘Making cards is my small effort,’ she says. ‘If everyone does their small part, it can grow into something beyond your expectations.’”“制作卡片是我小小的努力，如果每个人都做自己的一小部分，它会发展成超出你预期的东西。”承接下文，E.No matter who you are, there is always an opportunity to make a difference.“无论你是谁，总有机会做出改变。”切题。故选E。
【点评】本题要求在理解细节信息的基础上，着重考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。
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Unit 2 A life’s work
Section B Using language (重点练)
一、语法填空
Michelangelo
Michelangelo was an Italian artist about 500 years ago. Today he is still remembered as a great sculptor, painter, and architect.
Michelangelo was born________a poor family. He was trained at an early age like any other craftsman in Italy. At thirteen, he started to work and learn in a workshop________belonged to one of the leading masters at that time. In the workshop Michelangelo was able to learn all the skills of sculpture. However, he wasn't satisfied, and went on________(study)the works of the great masters of the past. Michelangelo worked hard and he mastered one problem after another. By the time he________(be)30, he had been generally regarded as one of the outstanding sculptors of the age.
In 1508,________Michelangelo was 33 years old, he was given a task --- to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. At first, he tried to turn down this job,________(say) that he was not really a painter, but a sculptor. Finally, he agreed to do it. He then shut himself up in the chapel, let no one come near him, and got ready to work alone.
It took him four years to complete the paintings on the ceiling. Any ordinary person would find________hard to imagine what Michelangelo had gone through in those four years of hard and lonely work. Michelangelo, while working, had to lie on his back and paint,________, as a result, made him so accustomed to looking upward that when he received a letter during that period, he________hold it over his head to read it. Finally, the paintings were completed. The great and huge paintings on the ceiling and walls of the chapel have become________great fascination to people in Italy and all over the world ever since.
Michelangelo left us with a great number of sculptures and paintings. Today his works are still examples for art students to study and follow. Home and overseas visitors can't help but admire these masterpieces.
二、完形填空
Mr. Bard is the manager at his family's shoe company.He really 1 competence in his workers.He always tells the 2 and hard-working employees that he is 3 of them.But Mr.Bard does not only show his appreciation through words.The most competent workers are also paid 4 .
Mr.Bard thinks when an 5 works harder and produces higher quality shoes,the company earns more money. 6 ,the employee should also earn more.But many of the less competent workers 7 .
“We are equal,”they protest（抗议）. “We do the same job,so we should get the 8 pay!”
He is a kind man,but he is also 9 .If he keeps hiring the less competent workers,the whole company will 10 , and perhaps all employees will lose their jobs.It will also be bad for his family and for the company is 11 .
To 12 the situation,Mr.Bard creates evening workshops（工作坊）to help 13 the employees who are not working at company 14 .They watch the most competent workers,who receive a special bonus for 15 their co-workers,and make lots of notes.They inspect the production line,ask lots of questions,and 16 until they are skilled and 17 .
Production at the company 18 and the customers are happier with the high 19 shoes!As sales increase, Mr.Bard is able to pay his workers better.And 20 the company's smart pay system,the most competent workers can be highly rewarded.
1. A. appreciates B. describes C. absorbs D. agrees
2. A. excited B. skilled C. born D. considerate
3. A. worried B. confused C. proud D. painful
4. A. worse B. less C. degree D. more
5. A. employer B. employee C. degree D. guarantee
6. A. However B. On the contrary C. In other words D. Therefore
7. A. disagreed B. disliked C. disappeared D. discouraged
8. A. high B. same C. low D. distant
9. A. silly B. likely C. wise D. simple
10. A. select B. shake C. suffer D. scold
11. A. drivers B. teachers C. cooks D. customers
12. A. improve B. put up C. postpone D. come up
13. A. forget B. sell C. train D. harm
14. A. standards B. limits C. borders D. patience
15. A. picking B. teaching C. tolerating D. weighing
16. A. warn B. sneeze C. sob D. practice
17. A. productive B. affected C. strict D. straight
18. A. goes down B. goes away C. goes against D. goes up
19. A. quantity B. ability C. quality D. equality
20. A. regardless of B. thanks to C. instead of D. in spite of
三、阅读理解
A
In 1905, as part of his special theory of relativity, Albert Einstein published the point that a large amount of energy could be released from a small amount of matter. This was expressed by equation E=mc2 (energy equals mass times the speed of light squared). But bombs were not what Einstein had in mind when he published this equation.
In 1929, he publicly declared that if a war broke out he would "refuse to do war service, direct or indirect…" His position would change in 1933, as the result of Adolf Hitler's coming into power in Germany.
Einstein's greatest role in the invention of the atom bomb was signing a letter to President Franklin Roosevelt urging that the bomb be built because some physicists feared that Germany might be working on an atom bomb. Among those concerned were physicists Leo Szilard and Eugene Wigner. But Szilard and Wigner had no influence on those in power. So in July 1939 they explained the problem to someone who did: Albert Einstein. After talking with Einstein, in August 1939 Szilard wrote a letter to President Roosevelt with Einstein's signature on it, which was delivered to Roosevelt in October 1939.
Germany had invaded Poland the previous month; the time was ripe for action. That October the research of A-bomb began but proceeded slowly because the invention of the atom bomb seemed distant and unlikely. In April 1940 an Einstein letter, ghostwritten by Szilard, pressed the researchers on the need for "greater speed".
As the realization of nuclear weapons grew near, Einstein looked beyond the current war to future problems that such weapons could bring. He wrote to his friend about his fear about the future use of the A-bomb.
The atom bombings of Japan occurred three months after Germany gave in.
In November 1954, five months before his death, Einstein summarized his feelings about his role in the creation of the atom bomb: "I made one great mistake in my life…when I signed a letter to President Roosevelt recommending that atom bombs be made; but there was some justification—the danger that the Germans would make them."
（1）What can we learn about Szilard and Wigner
A.They were not as influential as Einstein.
B.They were responsible for the invention of nuclear weapons.
C.They had cheated their friend Albert Einstein.
D.They had an intention to destroy the world.
（2）Einstein realized his mistake of .
A.cooperating with his workmates
B.inventing the atom bomb
C.publishing his equation
D.signing the letter to President Roosevelt
（3）We can conclude that Einstein .
A.was important in the development of the atom bomb
B.was not involved in the invention of the atom bomb
C.directly participated in the invention of the atom bomb
D.helped with the invention of the atom bomb
（4）Why did Einstein suggest making atom bombs
A.Because President Roosevelt asked to do so.
B.Because it was likely that Hitler would make them.
C.Because it was not in favour of President Roosevelt.
D.Because it was not necessary to do so.
B
Along with silk and paper, gunpowder is another invention by Chinese and the Silk Road helped it spread to the West. The dating of gunpowder is as early as 850 AD. The Chinese used gunpowder to make fireworks and for signal flares. Gunpowder was also thought to have been used in medicine and in alchemy(炼金术). This invention seems to have been discovered in China by accident —by alchemists when doing experiments.
The gunpowder used for military purpose was first recorded in 919 AD. By the 11th century, explosive bombs filled with gunpowder were introduced and used in China. The words "fire cannon" "rocket" and "fireball" appeared time and again in the official Song history as well as two other books written during the same period.
The first detailed description of using the "fire cannon" in warfare was in connection with a battle fought in 1126 when the Song army used it against the invading enemy. The so-called" fire cannon" was a tube made of bamboo filled with gunpowder which, when fired, threw a flaming missile towards the enemy. According to a description of a battle scene in 1132, it took two persons to carry a "fire cannon", and the cannons were fired from a moving platform. And this platform had to be moved close to the wall of the besieged(被围攻的) city.
Gunpowder reached Japan, the Islamic countries and then Europe in the 13th century, and the Arabs improved gunpowder for military use. The early account of gunpowder in Europe was recorded by English philosopher Roger Bacon in the 13th century. One century later the Arabs used it to attack the Spanish town Baza and the next year in 1326 Florence ordered the manufacturing of cannon and cannon balls. From Italy the making of gunpowder soon spread to other European countries, and by the 1350s it had become an effective weapon on the battlefield.
（1）Gunpowder was discovered _________.
A.by alchemists when they had an accident
B.by alchemists after studying it for a long time
C.accidentally by alchemists
D.experimentally by alchemists
（2）Which of the following words can best describe a "fire cannon"
A.Convenient.
B.Heavy.
C.Useless.
D.Simple.
（3）It can be inferred from the passage that _______.
A."fire cannons" at early times would be less helpful if they were far away from the object
B.alchemists devoted themselves to the study of gunpowder
C.the Silk Road spread to the West because of the invention of gunpowder
D.the first detailed description of using “fire cannons” in warfare was in 1132
（4）What is the best title of the passage
A.Powerful Fire Cannons
B.Four Inventions of Ancient China
C.The Discovery of the Alchemy
D.Gunpowder
四、任务型阅读
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
A. I was in third grade then. B. Saanya's unexpected success began in 2005. C. But Saanya decided to raise the money herself. D. But she isn't doing homework or in front of a computer screen E. No matter who you are, there is always an opportunity to make a difference. F. Saanya had established her own non-profit organization called "Children Helping Children". G. One of her goals is to support the schooling of these eight children until they graduate from college.
In the late afternoon, 15-year-old Saanya Hasan Ali can often be found in her comfortable family room. ________ She is cutting, drawing, gluing and folding, surrounded by a colorful chaos of paper, rubber stamps, buttons, and ribbons (带). "I just love arts and crafts (手工艺)," says Saanya. During the past six years, Saanya has raised $26,000 through the sale of her cards to help children and families in need.
________ "My mother received an e-mail from Pennies for Education and Health (PEH) organization. They were raising money for children in India to be able to go to school," explains Saanya, who was nine years old at the time. Her mother, Salma, offered to donate $75 in Saanya's name. ________Saanya made cards to sell at a family wedding that summer. To her own surprise, she earned $600, enough to send eight children to school for the year. "I kept on making cards, and the following summer I was able to help support the kids for another year,"" explains Saanya. ________Saanya acknowledges that her project has helped her to see the world through different eyes. "Now that I am in high school, I would also like to inspire other kids to do their own projects. ________ Making cards is my small effort," she says. "If everyone does their small part, it can grow into something beyond your expectations."
参考答案
一、
【答案】 into；which或that；to study；was；when；saying；it；which；had to；a
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了意大利伟大的雕塑家、画家和建筑师米开朗基罗的生平。
（1）句意：米开朗基罗出生于一个贫穷的家庭。be born into固定短语，“出生于……的家庭/ 家庭背景”。故填into。
（2）句意：十三岁时，他就开始在一个画室里工作和学习，画室属于当时的 一位大师。分析句子结构，“_____ belonged to one of the leading masters at that time”是定语从句,先行词a workshop在从句中做主语，指物，因此用which或that引导定语从句。故填which或that。
（3）句意：然而，他并不满足，继续学习过去大师们的作品。根据句意，此处“继续学习以前的大师们的作品”，go on to do…固定短语，“继续做……”。故填to study。
（4）句意：到他30岁时，他已被公认为那个时代杰出的雕塑家之一。根据句意，“到他30岁时”是指过去的情况，应该用一般过去时；主语he是单数第三人称，应用was，故填was。
（5）句意：1508年，米开朗基罗33岁时，他接受了一项任务——在西斯廷教堂的天花板上绘画。根据句意,“_____ Michelangelo was 33 years old”是时间状语从句，应该用when引导时间状语从句。故填when。
（6）句意：起初，他试图拒绝这个工作，说他不是一个真正的画家，而是一个雕塑家。句子主语he和say之间是逻辑上的主动关系，因此用现在分词作状语，表示补充说明。故填saying。
（7）句意：任何一个普通人都很难想象米开朗基罗在那四年艰苦而孤独的工作中经历了什么。此处用it作形式宾语，指代后面真正的不定式宾语to imagine what Michelangelo had gone through in those four years of hard and lonely work。故填 it。
（8）句意：在工作时，米开朗基罗必须仰卧作画，结果这使他就习惯于抬头向上看，以至于在那段时期，当他收到一封信时，他不得不把它举过头顶来阅读。分析句子结构，“____, as a result, made him so accustomed to looking upward…”是非限制性定语从句，此处应用which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面的一整句话的内容“Michelangelo, while working, had to lie on his back and paint”，意思为“这件事，这一点。”故填which。
（9）句意：在工作时，米开朗基罗必须仰卧作画，结果这使他就习惯于抬头向上看，以至于在那段时期，当他收到一封信时，他不得不把它举过头顶来阅读。根据句意，此处应是短语have to，意思为“不得不，必须”；句子叙述的是过去的情况，应该用一般过去时；have是不规则变化动词，过去式为had。故填had to 。
（10）句意：从那时起，教堂天花板和墙壁上巨型的绘画作品对意大利和全世界的人们来说都有着极大的吸引力。fascination是抽象名词，此处应用不定冠词a，“a+adj.+抽象名词”是抽象名词具体化，a fascination意思为“一件吸引人的事情”。故填a。
【点评】本题考点涉及介词，定语从句，非谓语动词，主谓一致，代词，时态以及冠词等多个知识点的考查，是一篇人物类阅读，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，并结合相关语法知识，进行分析推理，从而写出正确的单词形式。
二、
【答案】（1）A；（2）B；（3）C；（4）D；（5）B；（6）D；（7）A；（8）B；（9）C；（10）C；（11）D；（12）A；（13）C；（14）A；（15）B；（16）D；（17）A；（18）D；（19）C；（20）B；
【解析】【分析】本文主人公巴德是一家制鞋公司的经理，他很欣赏工人的能力。他总是认为工人能力高应有高报酬，但遭到许多能力差的工人的反对。因此制定了灵活的薪酬制度，不但提高了工人的技术增加了产量，也让有能力的工人得到了高的待遇。
(1)考查动词。句意：巴德先生很欣赏工人的能力，总是告诉那些技能和勤奋的员工，他为他们感到骄傲。他不仅用语言表达他的感激之情同，还付给最能干的工人更多的报酬。可知很欣赏（appreciate）工人的能力能力。故答案为A。
(2)考查形容词。根据语境：欣赏工人，付高薪水一定是付给有技术（skilled））的工人。excited 激动的； skilled熟练的，有技能的；born天生的 ；considerate体贴的，考虑周到的。故选B。
(3)考查形容词及固定搭配。句意可推断出巴德先生以工人自豪（proud）。be proud of …以……自豪。故答案为C。
(4)考查副词。根据句意：先生不仅用语言表达他的感激之情而且还付给最能干的工人更多的（more）报酬。可知选D。
(5)考查动词。先生认为，员工生产了高质量的鞋，为公司赚了更多的钱。可知员工（employee）努力工作。Employer老板； degree 程度； guarantee保障。故选B。
(6)考查副词。句意：员工们努力工作，生产高质量的鞋，公司赚更多的钱。因此（therefore），员工也应该赚更多的钱。however无论如何; 然而; 可是 ；on the contrary（与此）相反， 正相反； in other words换句话说。故答案为D。
(7)考查动词。句意：但许多不称职的工人不同意（disagree） 。dislike不喜欢；disappear消失； discourage泄气。转折连词but表前后意思相反。故答案为A。
(8)考查形容词。句意：我们做同样的工作，自然要得到同样（same）的报酬。故答案为B。
(9)考查形容词。句意：他是个善良的人但又是个聪明的（wise）人。根据句意及下文内容可知选C。
(10)考查动词。句意：如果继续雇用不称职的工人，整个公司将蒙受损失（suffer），也许所有的雇员都将失去工作。select 挑选；shake动摇; 摇头握手； suffer 遭受损失； scold责骂; 斥责。故答案为C。
(11)考查动词。这对他的家庭和公司的客户“customers”也是不利的。customer 商业客户( customer的名词复数 )，主顾。driver司机； cook厨师; 厨子。故答案为D。
(12)考查动词。从空后句意可知是为了改善（improve）这种情形。put up 张贴，搭建，留宿；postpone使延期，延缓；come up发生; 上来，故答案为A。
(13)考查动词。从13题后的内容是让他们观察那些优秀的工人如何工作。可知是帮助训练（train）不符合公司要求的工人。limits限制； borders边界； patience耐心。故答案为C。
(14)考查名词。从13和14两题可知，不符合公司要求或标准（standards）的工人。故答案为A。
(15)考查动词。从上下文句意：他们（有能力的工人）因为教（teach）同事而获得特别奖金，并赚到更多的钞票。pick挑选，挑拣; tolerate容忍； weigh称…的重量; 权衡，考虑。故答案为B。
(16)考查动词。句意：这些工人问很多问题，并进行实践（practice）。warn警告； sneeze打喷嚏；sob呜咽； practice练习， 实习。故答案为D。
(17)考查形容词。直到他们熟练和富有成效（productive）。productive富有成效的，多产的， 生产性的， 具有创造性的；affected感动的; 受到影响的；strict严格的；straight直的; 连续的; 直率的。故答案为A。
(18)考查动词短语。（由于上述的措施），公司的产量增加（go up）了。go down 下降； go away走开 ；go against反对。故答案为D。
(19)考查名词。顾客更喜欢高质量的（quality）鞋子。quantity数量；ability能力； equality平等。故答案为C。
(20)考查短语辨析。由于（thanks to）公司灵活的薪酬机制，才使的最能干的工人可以获得高报酬。regardless of 不管， 不顾；instead of而不是…；in spite of尽管。故答案为B。
【点评】本文是一篇记叙文，此类文章是一个意义相关联的语篇，因此在行文中词语的复现、代替和同现现象常见，解题时，注意联系上下文寻找线索，如某词的原词、指代词、同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词和概括词等。
三、A
【答案】 （1）A
（2）D
（3）A
（4）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，爱因斯坦曾表示自己不会为战争服务,不管是直接的还是间接的。但是后来,他对制造原子弹有了很大影响。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“But Szilard and Wigner had no influence on those in power. So in July 1939 they explained the problem to someone who did: Albert Einstein.”可知,Szilard和Wigner不如爱因斯坦那么有影响力。故选A。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“After talking with Einstein…Roosevelt in October 1939.”；及最后一段中的“…‘I made one great mistake in my life…when I signed a letter to President Roosevelt recommending that atom bombs be made…’”可知,爱因斯坦在死前意识到他在给罗斯福总统的那封建议制造原子弹的信上签字是一个错误。故选D。
（3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“Einstein’s greatest role in the invention of the atom bomb was signing a letter to President Franklin Roosevelt urging that the bomb be built…”可知,对于原子弹的研发,爱因斯坦起着重要的作用。故选A。
（4）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“Einstein’s greatest role in the invention of the atom bomb was signing a letter to President Franklin Roosevelt urging that the bomb be built because some physicists feared that Germany might be working on an atom bomb.”可知,爱因斯坦建议制造原子弹是因为一些物理学家担心德国的希特勒可能正在努力制造原子弹。故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并结合题目要求，从而选出正确答案。
B
【答案】 （1）C
（2）B
（3）A
（4）D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了中国古代四大发明之一火药是如何被发现的、在中国古代战争中是如何使用的以及在13世纪时是如何传到日本、欧洲的。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“This invention seems to have been discovered in China by accident —by alchemists when doing experiments. ”可知，火药是被中国的炼金术士在做实验时偶然发现的。故选C。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中“According to a description of a battle scene in 1132，it took two persons to carry a ’fire cannon‘”, 根据1132年对一场战争场景的描述，一门“火炮”需要两个人扛着。可知，当时的“火炮”很沉重，在战场上使用起来并不是很方便。故选B。
（3）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“… the cannons were fired from a moving platform. And this platform had to be moved close to the wall of the besieged(被围攻的) city. “大炮是从一个移动的平台上发射的。这个平台必须移动到接近被围攻的城市。由此判断出，如果早期的“火炮”离攻击的物体很远，那么它们的作用就不大。故选A。
（4）考查主旨大意。通读全文，第一段介绍中国古代火药是如何发明的，第二、三段介绍火药在中国古代战争中是如何使用的，第四段介绍火药在13世纪时传到日本、欧洲的情况。文章内容是围绕介绍火药展开的，因此标题应该是“火药”。故选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
四、
【答案】 D；B；C；G；E
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，Saanya以及她创办的项目。Saanya承认她的项目帮助她从不同的角度看世界。她认为，无论你是谁，总有机会做出改变。
（1）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后“She is cutting, drawing, gluing and folding, surrounded by a colorful chaos of paper, rubber stamps, buttons, and ribbons (带).”她在剪纸、画画、粘胶水、折叠，周围是五颜六色的杂乱的纸、橡皮图章、纽扣和丝带。承接下文，D.But she isn't doing homework or in front of a computer screen“但她没有做作业或在电脑屏幕前。”切题。故选D。
（2）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后“‘My mother received an e-mail from Pennies for Education and Health (PEH) organization. They were raising money for children in India to be able to go to school,’explains Saanya, who was nine years old at the time. ”我母亲收到了来自教育和健康便士组织（PEH）的一封电子邮件。他们在为印度的孩子们筹集资金，让他们能够上学，当时9岁的Saanya解释说。承接下文，B.Saanya's unexpected success began in 2005.“Saanya出人意料的成功始于2005年。”切题。下文中的at the time与B项中的2005相吻合。故选B。
（3）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前“Her mother, Salma, offered to donate $75 in Saanya's name. ”她的母亲萨尔玛（Salma）提出以Saanya的名义捐赠75美元。承接上文，C.But Saanya decided to raise the money herself.“（但Saanya决定自己筹集资金。”切题。该项中的but表示与上文内容构成一种转折关系。故选C。
（4）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前"I kept on making cards, and the following summer I was able to help support the kids for another year”“我继续制作卡片，第二年夏天，我又能帮助孩子们生活一年。”承接上文，G.One of her goals is to support the schooling of these eight children until they graduate from college.“她的目标之一是支持这8个孩子直到他们大学毕业。”切题。该项中的support和上文的support相吻合。故选G。
（5）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后“‘Making cards is my small effort,’ she says. ‘If everyone does their small part, it can grow into something beyond your expectations.’”“制作卡片是我小小的努力，如果每个人都做自己的一小部分，它会发展成超出你预期的东西。”承接下文，E.No matter who you are, there is always an opportunity to make a difference.“无论你是谁，总有机会做出改变。”切题。故选E。
【点评】本题要求在理解细节信息的基础上，着重考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。
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