2023届高考英语词性讲解和主谓一致课件（31张PPT）

(共31张PPT)
冠词
1、定冠词的基本用法：
① 表示上文提到过的人或事物。如：I have bought a book. The book is very useful.
② 用于说话人与听话人心中都有数的人或事物。如：Close the window, please.
③ 用于表示世界上独一无二的事物前。如：the sun, the moon, the earth, the world等。
④ 用于表示方位的名词之前。如：the east, the right.
⑤ 用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前。如：the first, the tallest.
⑥ 用于形容词之前，使其名词化。如：the sick, the wounded.
⑦ 用于由普通名词构成的专有名词之前。如：the United States, the United Nation.
⑧ 用于江河、海洋、海峡、山脉、群岛、建筑物等的名词之前。如：the Changjiang River, the East Lake.
⑨ 用于复数姓氏之前，表示“夫妇”或“全家”。如：The Smiths
⑩ 用于乐器的名词前。如：play the piano; play the violin.
⑾ 年代名词前。如：He lived in the countryside in the 1970s.
⑿ 固定词组中。如：in the morning(afternoon, evening), on the other hand , at the same time
2、不定冠词的基本用法：
① 泛指一个。如：There is a book on the table.
② 指人或事物的某一种类。如：His father is a driver. Longjing is a wonderful tea.
③ 指某一个人或事物，但不具体说明。
如：My sister was saved by a PLA man in the fire.
④ 用于某一些表示重量、长度、时间等单位前，表示“每一”。如：We have meals three times a day.（我们一天吃三餐。）
⑤ 表示同样的。如：They are of an age.（他们是同岁。）
⑥ 表数量，相当于one,但语意较弱。如：There is a pen and two books on the desk.
⑦ 使抽象名词具体化。如：The little girl is a hand to her mother. （a hand译“帮手”）
⑧ 固定搭配。如：as a matter of fact , in a hurry, in a word
3、不用冠词的情况：
① 表示总称的复数名词之前。如：Children love cartoons.（儿童喜欢卡通影片。）
② 不含普通名词的专有名词前。如：We are studying English.
③ 名词前有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时。如：
I like this picture; I do not have any money;
As time went on, Einstein’s theory proved to be correct.
④ 季节、月份、星期等名词前，一般不用冠词。如：
She likes spring most.
⑤三餐饭前不用冠词。如：What did you have for lunch
⑥节假日前不用冠词。如：People give gifts to each other on Christmas Day.
⑦球类和棋类运动的名称前不用冠词。如: She is fond of playing basketball.
⑧在一些成对出现的短语中不用冠词。
如：arm in arm（手挽手）; hand in hand（手牵手）; side by side（肩对肩）; day and day（日日夜夜）; young and old（老老少少）; from door to door
（挨门挨户）; from beginning to end（从头到尾）; from morning till night
（从早到晚）等。
代词
1.人称代词（主格/宾格）
2.物主代词（形容词性/名词性物主代词）
3.指示代词（such，this，those）
4.相互代词（each other，one another）
5.反身代词
6.不定代词（either, each, other, none, anything）
7.it的用法
1.指代时间、距离、自然现象等
2.指代前面所提到过的事物、想法、性别被认为不重要的人或动物，也可指代未指明但谈话双方都明白的事情或情况等
3.It 可以作形式主语或形式宾语，而把真正的主语或宾语放在后面，真正的主语或宾语由不定式、动名词、从句等充当。
It is kind of you to do me a favor.
I think it necessary that we have the meeting.
4.有关it的固定结构
It was here that I first met him.
I would appreciate it if you could help me.
It的用法
连词
1.并列连词
常用的并列连词有：and，as well as，both … and，not only … but also，not … but（不是…而是），neither … nor，either … or，or，but ，yet，for，so，while，when等。
2. 从属连词
引导时间状语从句的：after, before, when, as, while, since, until, till, as soon as
引导原因状语从句的：because, since, as
引导让步状语从句的：although, though, no matter（无论）, even if (though)
引导条件状语从句的：if, unless, once, so (as) long as
引导结果状语从句的：so … that …, such … that …
引导目的状语从句的：so that …, in order that …
引导比较状语从句的：as … as …, not so (as) … as …, … than …
引导方式状语从句的：as if …
引导主语，宾语或表语从句的连词主要有：that, whether, if三个。其中that和whether间或还可以引起同位从句和状语从句。
主谓一致
语法一致原则
逻辑意义一致原则
就近一致原则
语法一致
（一）语法一致原则：语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。
1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。
To study English well is not easy.
What he said is very important for us all.
Attn:由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用 单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如：
What I bought were three English books.
What I say and do is (are) helpful to you.
2、由连接词and或both … and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。
Attn:① 若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如：
The writer and artist has come.
② 由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：
Every student and every teacher was in the room.
No boy and no girl likes it.
3、主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。如：
Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China.
Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like you and Tom, is very tall.
4、either, neither, each, every 或no +单数名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。如：
Each of us has a new book.
Everything around us is matter.
5、在定语从句时，关系代词that, who, which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：
He is one of my friends who are working hard.
He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.
6、如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。如：
Class Four is on the third floor.
Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.
Attn：people, police, cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：
The police are looking for the lost child.
7、由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如：The rest of the lecture is wonderful.
50% of the students in our class are girls.
8、在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：
On the wall are many pictures.
Such is the result.
逻辑意义一致
（二）逻辑意义一致原则：逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致（因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，但意义为单数）。
1、what, who, which, any, more, all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。如：
Which is your bag
Which are your bags
2、表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式， 这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体， 如： Thirty minutes is enough for the work.
3、若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。如：
“The Arabian Nights”is an interesting story-book.
4、表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式（也可用复数）。如：
One and a half apples is (are) left on the table.
5、trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a (the) pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：
My glasses are broken.
The pair of shoes under the bed is his.
6、“定冠词the + 形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，动词用复数
就近一致原则
（三）就近一致原则：在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。
1、当两个主语由either … or, neither … nor, whether … or …, not only … but also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。如：
Either the teacher or the students are our friends. Neither they nor he is wholly right.
Is neither he nor they wholly right
2、there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如：
There are two chairs and a desk in the room..
Attn：Here引导的句子用法同上。
练习：第一组
1）It is worst experience of my life.
2）By way, can you compose music on the computer
3) The lady is expert in language teaching.
4) On second day he will have discussions with our officials in the morning.
5) book on that shelf is an interesting one about history.
6) It is pleasant to play a game of tennis on summer afternoon.
7) In that country, less than 21% of population are farmers.
8) The boy promised mother never to lie to her again.
9) I don’t trust own judgment.
10) A bird is known by note, and a man by his talk.
11) It happened in spring of 2003.
12) I write to my parents once month.
答案：1）the
2）the
3) an
4) the
5) The
6) a
7) the
8) his
9) my
10) its
11) the
12) a
第二组
1) You can pay now when you come back to pick up the paint.
2) Hollywood actors are very popular some are in high demand.
3) Dinner in the sky is very exciting and the food is good, there are problems.
4) He watched TV until nearly 11 o’clock last night, he could not go over his lessons.
5) He won’t eat meat fish.
6) Nothing is certain death and taxes.
7) Snakes lizards are cold-blooded animals.
8) She spends hours hours on the phone.
9) If the product doesn't work, you are given the choice of a refund a replacement.
10）This would help support increased walking cycling far transportation, as well as sports and physical recreation.
答案：1) or
2) and
3) but
4) so
5) or
6) but
7) and
8) and
9) or
10）or
第三组
1) France is equal Japan in size.
2) Our country is rich minerals.
3) We should be strict all our work.
4) Smoking is harmful your health.
5) Smoking will do harm people’s health.
6) the sight of the policeman, the thief ran off.
7) She put some salt in her cup of tea mistake.
8) We’re having a collection Tom’s retirement present.
9) This kind of diamond necklace is quite different that glass one.
10) The teacher was pleased his answer and praised him his excellent presentation
答案：1) to
2) in
3) in
4) to
5) to
6) At
7) by
8) for
9) from
10) with; for
第四组
1) It is a wise father knows his own child.
2) He is ashamed of asking is ashamed of learning.
3) He didn’t tell the reason might explain his absence.
4) It’s always best to choose the subject interests you, not the one your parents want you to do.
5) Top of the list was Google, is well known for its excellent working conditions.
6) I have bought the same watch you have.
7) Anna insisted she heard somebody in the classroom.
8) She was never satisfied with she had achieved.
9) we all know, more than seventy percent of the earth is covered with water.
10) There are different ways in people try to deal with the problem of energy.
11) In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person to she could turn for help.
答案：1) that
2) who
3) that
4) that
5) which
6) as
7) that
8) what
9) As
10) which
11) whom