中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
重难点04 十一选十解题技巧
2023年中考英语【热点 重点 难点】专练
十一选十只考察四类实词，即：名词、动词、形容词、副词。
做题看所给词汇时，我们要么在内心谨记题目中所给的十一个词中每个词的多种词性和意思，只可惜有时候你可能会很难做到这一点，所以还是老老实实花个一两分钟左右仔细看清每一个单词，记住都有谁，并在每个单词旁边按注其含有的词性及诸如现在分词、过去分词、动名词以及各种分词式的形容词这类非词性方面的语法层次的特征(只出现在分词中)。
这样接下来在面对某一个空格时，只要根据上下文的语法结构或逻辑关系不再是从10个词中去选1个答案了，可以是4选1甚至2选1，从而缩小了选择的范围，提高做题的准确率。
一．词性判断
1. 如何确定空格为名词：
(1) 空格前面出现冠词、形容词，空格内应填名词。
如：Douglass grew up to become the first black __45__ to hold a government office—as US minister and consul general (总领事) to Haiti.
析：45空格前有定冠词+序数词+形容词，所以空格内应填入名词。
备选名词有set，citizen，route和restoration。
从全句意思来推测选citizen比较合适。Douglass长大后成为了第一个在政府任职的黑人公民。其他三个词都不合句意。
(2) 空格前面出现及物动词，空格内应填名词作宾语。(即所谓的：动宾结构)
如：Mr. Gignac is considering more varieties of souvenirs. He maintains that he has signed _49__ with people interested in similar projects from as far as Berlin and London.
析：空格前是主语he + 谓语动词has signed，所以空格内应填入名词作宾语。
备选名词有contents内容，packaging包装，contracts合同。
空格前谓语动词has signed解释为“签署”，
全句意思为：Gignac 先生在考虑开发更多种的纪念品。他宣称他已经与远在柏林和伦敦对此项目感兴趣的人们签署了合同。
我们由此推断能与signed搭配使用的名词只能是contracts。
(3) 空格后面出现动词，空格内应填名词作主语。
如：Jacob Riis was among the first photojournalists. He took pictures of parts of New York City where the poor lived. Riis believed that ______ caused crime, and he used photos to help him prove his point.
析：主句Riis believed that后面宾语从句中缺失主语，由此判断空格内应填入名词。
备选名词有design设计，chapter章节，force武力，poverty贫穷。空格后caused crime，什么能导致犯罪。
根据上文提供的线索：Jacob Riis是最早的摄影记者之一。他在纽约市穷人区拍摄了一些照片。
由此确定答案是poverty。Riis认为贫穷会引起犯罪，为此他出示他拍摄的照片来证明他的观点。
2. 如何确定空格为动词：
(1) 空格前面已经有主语，后面又有宾语，空格处应填及物动词。
如：Realizing that the concept appears to be a real money-maker, Mr. Gignac has __47__ a company and is employing his girlfriend as vice president. He __48__ to discuss his profit margins: “It’s actually quite a lot of effort putting them together—but yes, garbage is free.”
析：从47空格后词汇a company 来推测has 后面应该是个过去分词在主语Mr. Gignac 后面与助动词has一起构成现在完成时。
备选词有declined下降、拒绝，registered注册，2选1。
declined a company明显不符合上下文语境，由此推测此处与company搭配使用的词只能是registered。
本句意思是：当Mr. Gignac认识到这个想法可以赚钱时，他注册了一家公司还聘用他的女朋友为副经理。
48空格前面是主语He，空格后面是to discuss，由此判断空格处应该是谓语动词。
能充当谓语动词的词只剩下declined，填入此空符合句意。
本句意思是：他在婉言拒绝谈论他的利润时说：“尽管垃圾是免费的，但实际上废物利用也很费劲。”
(2) 空格前面有主语但后面没有宾语，空格处应填不及物动词。
如： A few weeks ago, the National Park Service (NPS) __42__ Douglass’s birth and Black History Month ... (08上海卷)
析：空格前“the National Park Service (NPS) 在句中充当主语，缺少谓语。
备选词有honoured （对……表示敬意），set （放置）， granted （同意给予）。
本句意为：几周以前，NPS重新开放他在CedarHill的故居，以纪念Douglass的诞生和黑人历史。
因此，只有honoured符合句意。
3. 如何确定空格为形容词：
(1) 空格前面或者后面是名词，空格内应填形容词。
如： Some __46__ customers include people who used to live in the city and want a down-to-earth souvenir.
析：空格后的名词customers在句中作主语，include 作谓语， 宾语是people，后面是who引导的定语从句。
可以断定空格里填形容词。备选形容词有plastic和typical （分词已经用掉）。
plastic customers （塑料顾客）不符合句意，唯一答案就是typical。
也有形容词作后置定语的情况：
如：There is a new type of small advertisement becoming increasingly common in newspaper classified columns. It is sometimes placed among “situations ______”, although it does not offer anyone a job, and sometimes it appears among “situations wanted”, although it is not placed by someone looking for a job either. What it does is to offer help in applying for a job.
析：空格内应填形容词vacant （空缺的），修饰空格前的名词situations。
补充语境： 现在分词作定语。The ______ network of underwater sensors in the Pacific, site of 85 percent of all tsunamis, will be increased and expanded into the Atlantic and Caribbean. 答案是现在分词existing修饰空格后的network。
(2) 空格前面出现副词，空格内应填形容词。
如：Since 1992, 17 major tsunamis have struck, 11 in the Pacific. Deaths were particularly ______, a total of some 4,000—until last year.
析：空格内应填形容词low，作连系动词were的表语。
(3) 空格前面是连系动词，空格内应填形容词作表语。
如： When men are shut up together for a long period, they begin to feel ______.
析：空格内应填形容词uneasy，在连系动词feel后作表语。本句意为：人们长期被关闭（在狭小空间里），会感到不自在。
4. 如何确定空格为副词：
(1) 空格前面或者后面出现动词，空格内应填副词。
如： As a youth, he never went to school. Educating slaves was illegal in the South, so he__46__ taught himself to read and write.
析：空格前he作主语，空格后taught是谓语动词，himself作宾语。由此推断空格处应该填入副词修饰taught。
备选副词有secretly （秘密地），briefly （简要地）。上文提到在南方奴隶受教育是违法的。
因而，他只能秘密地自学，答案secretly符合句意。
(2) 空格后面是分词或形容词，空格内填副词。
如： Justin Gignac, 26, has sold almost 900 __41__ presented plastic boxes of rubbish from the street of the Big Apple at between $50 and $100 each.
析：空格前是谓语has sold，空格后的过去分词presented 修饰宾语boxes 作定语，
由此推断空格内要填副词修饰分词presented。
备选副词有carefully （小心地）和freely （自由地）。因为文章的主题是关于包装，所以选择carefully符合文章大意。
又如： Everyone has little habits of speaking and behaving that are ______ acceptable.
析：空格内应填副词ordinarily 修饰形容词acceptable。
句意为：每个人都有大家所接受的行为和说话的习惯。
5. 如何确定空格为非谓语动词形式：
(1) 动名词作宾语以及动词固定搭配：
如：Mr. Gignac denies __45__ his customers for fools: “They know what they’re getting. They appreciate the fact that they’re taking something nobody would want and finding beauty in it.”
析：空格前是谓语动词denies，空格后是名词customers。
这里会出现两种推断。一种是空格处填副词，意为如何否认顾客，明显不符句意，与后面的介词for也搭配不上。
由此推断空格里应是v-ing形式作denies的宾语，customers后面是介词for，与空格处的动名词搭配成词组。
备选的v-ing形式有taking和packaging。taking for 是个常用词组，意思是“把……视作”。
意为：Gignac否认把自己的顾客当做傻瓜。他说：“顾客知道他们得到了什么，他们认为他们买到别人不要的东西是值得的，并且从中找到了美的享受。”
因此，选用动名词taking与后面句子的内在逻辑联系完全吻合，而packaging明显与上下文不符。
(2) 动名词（或名词）充当介词宾语：
如：As you sneeze and cough, you scold yourself for not ______ your warm coat yesterday. And you worry that your whole family will catch your cold too.
析：空格应填wearing， 动名词作介词for的宾语。
本句意为：当你打喷嚏和咳嗽时，你会责备自己昨天衣服穿少了，还担心全家也被自己传染上感冒。
(3) 现在分词作状语：
如：Arabs were originally those who lived in Arabia (阿拉伯半岛). But from the AD 600s Arabian Arabs, inspired by their new faith Islam, swept through Western Asia and North Africa, ______ and settling a huge area.
析：空格处前面主语是Arabian Arabs，谓语部分是swept through，
答案用现在分词conquering和空格后面的settling并列作状语。
(4) 空格前有不定式标志to，空格处应填入动词原形;另一种情况to是介词，后面应填入动名词（或名词）。
如：The army was given the job of keeping peace in this difficult Indian country of the western plains. Soldiers were sent out to build forts and roads. They tried to ______ the wagon trains from Indian attacks.
析：句中tried + to do 表示“设法做某事”，空格处应填动词原形protect。
又如： It is, however, desirable that he should have a rough idea about the pronunciation of his source languages, even if this is restricted to _____ how proper names and place names are pronounced.
析：句中is restricted to 是固定词组，意为“限制”，to是介词，空格处应填动名词knowing。
A
（2022·江西南昌·南昌二中校联考模拟预测）
请先阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后用方框中所给词的适当形式填空。每个词限用一次。
Recently, the worldwide demand for plastic has increased. Plastic is all around us—our baskets, dishes, furniture—almost ___1___ is made of plastic! Plastic is ___2___, but most of us never think about the damage caused by using too much plastic. Jack said, “Challenge yourself ___3___ your plastic footprints（足迹）.”
Why should we do this And how can we
Rubbish from plastic products makes our cities very ___4___. Much of the plastic is put into landfills（垃圾填埋地）, where it can last up to 500 years! ___5___ the terrible condition is that our oceans are being polluted by plastic.
There is around 8 million tons of plastic waste in the world’s ___6___. Many marine（海洋的）animals mistakenly take plastic for food. Each year, over 100,000 animals die from ___7___ plastic. Others might survive, but ___8___, some of them become our food. So humans are also being harmed by plastic in the oceans.
To make a positive change, we can:
*Reduce the amount of plastic we use each day.
*Reuse our ___9___ water bottles and bags.
*____10____ any additional plastic we use.
Whether we’re going to school, to a park, or to a concert, think about our footprints. Please try our best to reduce the usage（使用）of ____11____. It is good for us and younger generations.
【答案】
everything 2．convenient 3．to reduce 4．dirty 5．But 6．oceans
7．eating 8．unluckily 9．own 10．Recycle 11．plastic
【导语】本文主要介绍了塑料制品对环境及人类的危害，呼吁我们减少塑料制品的使用。
1．句意：塑料围绕在我们身边——我们使用的篮子、盘子和家具——几乎所有东西都是用塑料制成的。根据前面的“our baskets, dishes, furniture”结合备选词汇可知此处应用“everything”，表示“所有东西”。故填everything。
2．句意：塑料很方便，但是大多数人却不考虑使用太多塑料带来的危害。根据“but”可知此处表达的是塑料带来危害的相反含义，结合备选词汇可知应选形容词“convenient”，作表语。故填convenient。
3．句意：杰克说：“挑战你自己减少塑料的足迹。”根据后文提示“Please try our best to reduce the usage（使用）of plastic.”结合备选词汇可知此处应选动词“reduce”，“challenge sb. to do sth”，表示“挑战某人做某事”，因此此处应用动词不定式“to reduce”。故填to reduce。
4．句意：来自塑料制品的垃圾让我们的城市很脏。根据“Rubbish…”结合备选词汇可知此处应选形容词“dirty”，作宾语补足语。故填dirty。
5．句意：但是，最可怕的情况是我们的海洋也正在被塑料污染。此句和前句“Much of the plastic is put into landfills”是转折关系，结合备选词汇可知此处应用连词“but”，位于句首首字母需大写。故填But。
6．句意：在全世界的海洋里大约有八百万吨的塑料废品。根据后句“Many marine（海洋的）animals mistakenly take plastic for food.”结合备选词汇可知此处应用名词“ocean”，表示全世界的海洋，应用复数形式。故填oceans。
7．句意：每年，有超过十万的动物因为吃塑料而死。根据前句“Many marine（海洋的）animals mistakenly take plastic for food.”结合备选词汇可知此处应选动词“eat”，“from”是介词，因此动词需用动名词形式“eating”。故填eating。
8．句意：其他海洋动物也许会幸存，但不幸的是，有一些成为了我们的食物。根据后句“some of them become our food”结合备选词汇可知此处应选“unlucky”，修饰整句应用副词形式“unluckily”。故填unluckily。
9．句意：循环使用我们自己的水瓶和袋子。根据上文“Reduce the amount of plastic we use each day.”结合备选词汇可知此处应用形容词“own”，作定语。故填own。
10．句意：回收我们使用的任何额外的塑料。根据上文“Reduce…Reuse”提示结合备选词汇可知此处应用动词“recycle”，祈使句用动词原形即可，位于句首首字母需大写。故填Recycle。
11．句意：请尽我们所能减少塑料的使用。根据上文结合备选词汇可知此处应用“plastic”，呼应前文的“Challenge yourself to reduce your plastic footprints.”。故填plastic。
B
（2022·江西·校联考模拟预测）
请先阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后用方框中所给词的适当形式填空，并将答案填写到答题卡的相应位置。每个词限用一次。
In July, China introduced the “double reduction（双减）” policy. It hopes to reduce schoolwork burden（负担）on primary and junior high school ___12___. The policy calls for reducing homework and after-school classes.According to the policy, children below the third grade will not ___13___ homework anymore. It should take no more than 90 minutes for junior high school students ___14___ their homework. After-school training institutions（校外培训机构）are not allowed to ___15___extra education courses or advanced（超前的）teaching on weekends, holidays or ___16___ winter and summer vacations. One month has passed since the new semester began. How do students feel about this new policy
“Our homework is clearly less than before,” said 13-year-old Shen Yuzhe from Beijing. According to Shen, students have ___17___ time to process new knowledge now. “Our teachers are also giving us more chances to do experiments and learn from ___18___ life,” said Shen. “For example, we went to research earthworms（蚯蚓）in a field during a biology class. This is a much better ___19___ to learn things than just hitting the books.”
Shen also pointed out that when burden is lightened, self-discipline（自律）becomes the ___20___. “Some students now spend more time having fun ____21____ homework is finished early. But if you use all the free time to relax, you might ____22____ behind other students,” he said.
【答案】
students 13．have 14．to finish 15．offer 16．during
17．enough 18．real 19．way 20．key 21．when 22．fall
【导语】本文主要介绍了国家的“双减”政策，谈到这一政策给学生带来的变化。
12．句意：它希望减轻中小学生的学业负担，reduce schoolwork burden意为“减轻学业负担”，所以对象应该是“学生”，表达“学生”用单词student，student是可数名词，所以用复数，名词复数表示一类。故填students。
13．句意：根据政策，三年级以下的孩子将不再有家庭作业。此处应填动词，结合上文“双减政策”和备选词汇可知，“have有”符合语境。will后跟动词原形。故填have。
14．句意：初中生完成家庭作业的时间不得超过90分钟，分析句子结构可知，本句句型为：It takes sb. some time to do sth.“花费某人多久做某事”，结合句意和备选词汇可知，“finish完成”符合语境。此处应填写不定式。故填to finish。
15．句意：校外培训机构不得在周末、假日或寒暑假期间提供额外教育课程或超前教学。此处应填一个动词，校外培训机构的目的一般就是通过提供额外教育课程等盈利，所以备选词汇“offer提供”符合语境。空前有短语be allowed to do sth.，所以本空要填写动词原形。故填offer。
16．句意：校外培训机构不得在周末、假日或寒暑假期间提供额外教育课程或超前教学。空前有单词“on weekends, holidays or在周末、假日或”，所以空后也应该是表示时间的短语，备选词汇“during在……期间”符合语境。during winter and summer vacations意为“寒暑假期间”。故填during。
17．句意：学生们现在有足够的时间处理新知识。根据下文“Our teachers are also giving us more chances to do experiments…”可知，我们的老师也给了我们更多的机会做实验。所以备选词汇“enough足够的”符合语境，修饰后面的名词time。故填enough。
18．句意：我们的老师也给了我们更多的机会去做实验和从现实生活中学习。分析句子结构可知，此处需填一个形容词修饰后面的名词life“生活”，结合上文“双减政策”和“初中生完成家庭作业的时间不得超过90分钟”可以推测，学生有更多的时间从别的途径学习。备选词汇“real真实的，真正的，实际的”符合语境。real life意为“现实生活”。故填real。
19．句意：这是一种比仅仅读书更好的学习方式。根据上文“we went to research earthworms（蚯蚓）in a field during a biology class.”可知，在生物课上，我们去田野里研究蚯蚓。这是一种学习方式，所以备选词汇“way方式”符合语境。故填way。
20．句意：沈还指出，当负担减轻时，自律成为关键。根据下文“But if you use all the free time to relax, you might…behind other students”可知，如果你利用所有的空闲时间放松，你可能会落后于其他学生。所以自律成为关键，学生要主动合理利用自己的时间学习。备选词汇“key关键”符合语境。故填key。
21．句意：现在，当作业提前完成时，一些学生现在花更多的时间来娱乐。分析句子结构可知，“Some students now spend more time having fun一些学生现在花更多的时间来娱乐”结构完整，备选词汇“when当…….时候”符合语境。此处是when引导的时间状语从句。故填when。
22．句意：但如果你利用所有的空闲时间放松，你可能会落后于其他学生。根据上文“you use all the free time to relax”可知，你利用所有的空闲时间放松。那么学习的时间就比别人要少，所以“fall behind落后”符合语境。故填fall。
C
（2022·江西吉安·统考模拟预测）
The Blue Estate Group is planning to build the world’s first floating (漂浮的) city in the Caribbean. The city will be 1.5 ____23____ long and 1 kilometer wide. About 15,000 people ____24____ live there. It will ____25____ have a school, a hospital, parks, markets, business and shopping areas, as well as two hotels for visitors.____26____ it will float on the Caribbean Sea, the Blue Estate Group promises that the city will be very stable (稳固的).It will be built ____27____ concrete (混凝土), with 50-meter-high walls to prevent even the ____28____ sea waves. And the ____29____ city can be moved to a safer area if needed.
Construction (施工) on the city won’t ____30____ until 2022. It’s expected ____31____ completed in 2025. ____32____, houses of the floating city are already on sale.
“There are no ____33____ requirement to become a resident (居民) of the city,” said Erik Schmidt from the Blue Estate Group, adding that everyone is welcome to the island.
【答案】
kilometers 24．can 25．also 26．Although 27．with
28．biggest 29．whole 30．start 31．to be 32．However 33．special
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，讲述了The Blue Estate Group准备建造世界首个漂浮的城市，介绍了这个漂浮城市的相关建造计划。
23．句意：这座城市长1.5公里，宽1公里。根据“The city will be 1.5...long and 1 kilometer wide.”可知，此处应选择kilometer，1.5修饰可数名词复数。故填kilometers。
24．句意：大约15000人可以住在那里。根据“About 15,000 people...live there.”可知，大约15000人可以住在那里，can“可以”符合语境。故填can。
25．句意：它还将有一所学校、一所医院、公园、市场、商业和购物区，以及两家供游客使用的酒店。根据“It will...have a school, a hospital, parks, markets, business and shopping areas, as well as two hotels for visitors.”可知，还会有一些基础设施，also“也”，用于肯定句句中。故填also。
26．句意：虽然它将漂浮在加勒比海上，但蓝色房地产集团承诺，这座城市将非常稳定。前后两句构成让步关系，用although引导让步状语从句。故填Although。
27．句意：它将用混凝土建造，有50米高的墙壁，以防止最大的海浪。根据“It will be built...concrete”可知，用混凝土建造，with“用”符合语境。故填with。
28．句意：它将用混凝土建造，有50米高的墙壁，以防止最大的海浪。根据“with 50-meter-high walls to prevent even the...sea waves”可知，50米高的墙壁可以阻止最大的海浪，biggest“最大的”，作定语修饰sea waves。故填biggest。
29．句意：如果需要，整个城市可以转移到更安全的地区。根据“And the...city can be moved to a safer area if needed.”可知，整个城市可以转移到更安全的地区，whole“整个的”，作定语修饰city。故填whole。
30．句意：这座城市的施工要到2022年才会开始。根据“Construction (施工) on the city won’t...until 2022.”可知，施工要到2022年才会开始，start“开始”，won’t后用动词原形。故填start。
31．句意：预计将于2025年完工。根据“It’s expected...completed in 2025.”可知，计划于2025年完工，be completed“被完成”，be expected to do“被期望”。故填to be。
32．句意：然而，漂浮城市的房屋已经开始出售。前后两句构成转折关系，however“然而”符合语境，句首需大写首字母。故填However。
33．句意：成为这座城市的居民没有特别的要求。根据“There are no...requirement to become a resident (居民) of the city”可知，成为这座城市的居民没有特别的要求，用形容词special作定语修饰requirement。故填special。
D
（2022·江西·一模）
请先阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后用方框中所给词的适当形式填空，并将答案填写到答题卡的相应位置。每个词限用一次。
A Life-changing InventionPeople living in the shantytowns（贫民区）of Chile’s coastline see so much water, but they can’t drink it because it’s too salty. There’s also plenty of solar energy on the coast. However, locals don’t know how ____34____ it. Luckily, they have Henry Glogau to help solve these ____35____.
Henry Glogau comes from New Zealand. He finds challenges all over the world as ____36____ of his studies. During his travel in Chile, he noticed that lots of shantytowns there were ____37____ of power（电力供应）and drinkable water. He wanted to do something for ____38____ people by helping them to take advantage of natural resources（资源）there. He developed a solar desalination skylight（太阳能海水淡化天窗）.
All one needs to do is pouring seawater ____39____ a bowl-shaped skylight. The skylight uses solar ____40____ to purify（净化）water. It can purify 440 mm of water a day. The skylight also brings ____41____ sunlight into houses that are often dark during the day because of a lack（缺少）of windows.
____42____ the sun goes down, the leftover salty water is sent into copper and zinc batteries（铜锌原电池）that _____43_____ electricity to power an LED light for nighttime use. This amazing invention kills several birds with one stone.
Now the Chilean community of Antofagasta is using Glogau’s invention. It _____44_____ creates a better tomorrow for local people.
【答案】
to use 35．problems 36．part 37．short 38．local
39．into 40．technology 41．natural 42．When 43．produce 44．truly
【导语】本文讲述了亨利·格洛高利用太阳能海水淡化天窗帮助智利贫民区的人们改善生活的故事。
34．句意：然而，当地人不知道如何使用它。动词know后接“疑问词+动词不定式”作宾语。根据“There’s also plenty of solar energy on the coast.”可知，那里也有大量的太阳能，但当地人不知道如何使用它。备选词汇use的动词不定式to use符合语境。故填to use。
35．句意：幸运的是，他们有亨利·格洛高来帮助解决这些问题。根据上文可知，智利贫民区的人们没有淡水喝，有太阳能却不知道如何使用，根据“solve these”可知此处指亨利·格洛高来帮忙解决这些问题，应用备选词汇problem的复数形式problems来表示。故填problems。
36．句意：他发现世界各地的挑战是他学习的一部分。介词of前应用名词。根据“challenges all over the world”和“of his studies”可知此处指他把全世界的挑战作为他学习的一部分。as part of意为“作为……的一部分”。备选词汇part符合语境。故填part。
37．句意：在智利旅行期间，他注意到那里的许多贫民区缺少电力供应以及饮用水。根据上文“People living in the shantytowns（贫民区）of Chile’s coastline see so much water, but they can’t drink it because it’s too salty.”可知，贫民区缺少饮用水，be short of意为“缺少”，备选词汇short符合语境。故填short。
38．句意：他想通过帮助当地人利用那里的自然资源来做点什么来帮助他们。people为名词，其前应用形容词来修饰。结合上文，可知此处指帮助当地人，备选词汇local符合语境。故填local。
39．句意：人们需要做的就是将海水倒入碗状的天窗。根据“pouring seawater…a bowl-shaped skylight”可知，此处应用动词短语pour…into…表示“把……倒进……”。备选词汇into符合语境。故填into。
40．句意：天窗使用太阳能技术净化水。根据上文“He developed a solar desalination skylight（太阳能海水淡化天窗）.”可知这个装置是利用太阳能技术来净化水，solar technology意为“太阳能技术”。备选词汇technology符合语境。故填technology。
41．句意：天窗还将自然光线带到白天因缺少窗户而经常变暗的房屋中。sunlight为名词，其前应用形容词作定语修饰它。此处应用备选词汇natural来修饰sunlight，表示“自然光线”。故填natural。
42．句意：当太阳下山时，剩余的盐水被送入铜锌原电池装置中，它产生电力为夜间使用的LED灯供电。分析句子结构及“the sun goes down”可知此处应用when来引导时间状语从句，表示当太阳下山时。备选词汇when符合语境，位于句首，首字母要大写。故填When。
43．句意：当太阳下山时，剩余的盐水被送入铜锌原电池装置中，它产生电力为夜间使用的LED灯供电。分析句子结构可知that引导定语从句，引导词that指代先行词copper and zinc batteries，为复数意义，句子采用一般现在时，从句谓语应用动词原形。根据“electricity to power an LED light for nighttime use”可知此处指原电池产生电力为LED供电。备选词汇produce符合语境。故填produce。
44．句意：它确实为当地人创造了一个更美好的明天。分析句子结构，可知此处可用副词修饰动词creates，结合上文可知此处总结太阳能海水淡化天窗确实为当地人创造了一个更美好的明天。备选词汇truly符合语境。故填truly。
reduce, unlucky, recycle, ocean, plastic, dirty, everything, but, eat, convenient, own
fall student during when real way have enough finish offer key
kilometer special however can also with be biggest start whole although
when produce local use into problem natural truly part short technology
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重难点04 十一选十解题技巧
2023年中考英语【热点 重点 难点】专练
十一选十只考察四类实词，即：名词、动词、形容词、副词。
做题看所给词汇时，我们要么在内心谨记题目中所给的十一个词中每个词的多种词性和意思，只可惜有时候你可能会很难做到这一点，所以还是老老实实花个一两分钟左右仔细看清每一个单词，记住都有谁，并在每个单词旁边按注其含有的词性及诸如现在分词、过去分词、动名词以及各种分词式的形容词这类非词性方面的语法层次的特征(只出现在分词中)。
这样接下来在面对某一个空格时，只要根据上下文的语法结构或逻辑关系不再是从10个词中去选1个答案了，可以是4选1甚至2选1，从而缩小了选择的范围，提高做题的准确率。
一．词性判断
1. 如何确定空格为名词：
(1) 空格前面出现冠词、形容词，空格内应填名词。
如：Douglass grew up to become the first black __45__ to hold a government office—as US minister and consul general (总领事) to Haiti.
析：45空格前有定冠词+序数词+形容词，所以空格内应填入名词。
备选名词有set，citizen，route和restoration。
从全句意思来推测选citizen比较合适。Douglass长大后成为了第一个在政府任职的黑人公民。其他三个词都不合句意。
(2) 空格前面出现及物动词，空格内应填名词作宾语。(即所谓的：动宾结构)
如：Mr. Gignac is considering more varieties of souvenirs. He maintains that he has signed _49__ with people interested in similar projects from as far as Berlin and London.
析：空格前是主语he + 谓语动词has signed，所以空格内应填入名词作宾语。
备选名词有contents内容，packaging包装，contracts合同。
空格前谓语动词has signed解释为“签署”，
全句意思为：Gignac 先生在考虑开发更多种的纪念品。他宣称他已经与远在柏林和伦敦对此项目感兴趣的人们签署了合同。
我们由此推断能与signed搭配使用的名词只能是contracts。
(3) 空格后面出现动词，空格内应填名词作主语。
如：Jacob Riis was among the first photojournalists. He took pictures of parts of New York City where the poor lived. Riis believed that ______ caused crime, and he used photos to help him prove his point.
析：主句Riis believed that后面宾语从句中缺失主语，由此判断空格内应填入名词。
备选名词有design设计，chapter章节，force武力，poverty贫穷。空格后caused crime，什么能导致犯罪。
根据上文提供的线索：Jacob Riis是最早的摄影记者之一。他在纽约市穷人区拍摄了一些照片。
由此确定答案是poverty。Riis认为贫穷会引起犯罪，为此他出示他拍摄的照片来证明他的观点。
2. 如何确定空格为动词：
(1) 空格前面已经有主语，后面又有宾语，空格处应填及物动词。
如：Realizing that the concept appears to be a real money-maker, Mr. Gignac has __47__ a company and is employing his girlfriend as vice president. He __48__ to discuss his profit margins: “It’s actually quite a lot of effort putting them together—but yes, garbage is free.”
析：从47空格后词汇a company 来推测has 后面应该是个过去分词在主语Mr. Gignac 后面与助动词has一起构成现在完成时。
备选词有declined下降、拒绝，registered注册，2选1。
declined a company明显不符合上下文语境，由此推测此处与company搭配使用的词只能是registered。
本句意思是：当Mr. Gignac认识到这个想法可以赚钱时，他注册了一家公司还聘用他的女朋友为副经理。
48空格前面是主语He，空格后面是to discuss，由此判断空格处应该是谓语动词。
能充当谓语动词的词只剩下declined，填入此空符合句意。
本句意思是：他在婉言拒绝谈论他的利润时说：“尽管垃圾是免费的，但实际上废物利用也很费劲。”
(2) 空格前面有主语但后面没有宾语，空格处应填不及物动词。
如： A few weeks ago, the National Park Service (NPS) __42__ Douglass’s birth and Black History Month ... (08上海卷)
析：空格前“the National Park Service (NPS) 在句中充当主语，缺少谓语。
备选词有honoured （对……表示敬意），set （放置）， granted （同意给予）。
本句意为：几周以前，NPS重新开放他在CedarHill的故居，以纪念Douglass的诞生和黑人历史。
因此，只有honoured符合句意。
3. 如何确定空格为形容词：
(1) 空格前面或者后面是名词，空格内应填形容词。
如： Some __46__ customers include people who used to live in the city and want a down-to-earth souvenir.
析：空格后的名词customers在句中作主语，include 作谓语， 宾语是people，后面是who引导的定语从句。
可以断定空格里填形容词。备选形容词有plastic和typical （分词已经用掉）。
plastic customers （塑料顾客）不符合句意，唯一答案就是typical。
也有形容词作后置定语的情况：
如：There is a new type of small advertisement becoming increasingly common in newspaper classified columns. It is sometimes placed among “situations ______”, although it does not offer anyone a job, and sometimes it appears among “situations wanted”, although it is not placed by someone looking for a job either. What it does is to offer help in applying for a job.
析：空格内应填形容词vacant （空缺的），修饰空格前的名词situations。
补充语境： 现在分词作定语。The ______ network of underwater sensors in the Pacific, site of 85 percent of all tsunamis, will be increased and expanded into the Atlantic and Caribbean. 答案是现在分词existing修饰空格后的network。
(2) 空格前面出现副词，空格内应填形容词。
如：Since 1992, 17 major tsunamis have struck, 11 in the Pacific. Deaths were particularly ______, a total of some 4,000—until last year.
析：空格内应填形容词low，作连系动词were的表语。
(3) 空格前面是连系动词，空格内应填形容词作表语。
如： When men are shut up together for a long period, they begin to feel ______.
析：空格内应填形容词uneasy，在连系动词feel后作表语。本句意为：人们长期被关闭（在狭小空间里），会感到不自在。
4. 如何确定空格为副词：
(1) 空格前面或者后面出现动词，空格内应填副词。
如： As a youth, he never went to school. Educating slaves was illegal in the South, so he__46__ taught himself to read and write.
析：空格前he作主语，空格后taught是谓语动词，himself作宾语。由此推断空格处应该填入副词修饰taught。
备选副词有secretly （秘密地），briefly （简要地）。上文提到在南方奴隶受教育是违法的。
因而，他只能秘密地自学，答案secretly符合句意。
(2) 空格后面是分词或形容词，空格内填副词。
如： Justin Gignac, 26, has sold almost 900 __41__ presented plastic boxes of rubbish from the street of the Big Apple at between $50 and $100 each.
析：空格前是谓语has sold，空格后的过去分词presented 修饰宾语boxes 作定语，
由此推断空格内要填副词修饰分词presented。
备选副词有carefully （小心地）和freely （自由地）。因为文章的主题是关于包装，所以选择carefully符合文章大意。
又如： Everyone has little habits of speaking and behaving that are ______ acceptable.
析：空格内应填副词ordinarily 修饰形容词acceptable。
句意为：每个人都有大家所接受的行为和说话的习惯。
5. 如何确定空格为非谓语动词形式：
(1) 动名词作宾语以及动词固定搭配：
如：Mr. Gignac denies __45__ his customers for fools: “They know what they’re getting. They appreciate the fact that they’re taking something nobody would want and finding beauty in it.”
析：空格前是谓语动词denies，空格后是名词customers。
这里会出现两种推断。一种是空格处填副词，意为如何否认顾客，明显不符句意，与后面的介词for也搭配不上。
由此推断空格里应是v-ing形式作denies的宾语，customers后面是介词for，与空格处的动名词搭配成词组。
备选的v-ing形式有taking和packaging。taking for 是个常用词组，意思是“把……视作”。
意为：Gignac否认把自己的顾客当做傻瓜。他说：“顾客知道他们得到了什么，他们认为他们买到别人不要的东西是值得的，并且从中找到了美的享受。”
因此，选用动名词taking与后面句子的内在逻辑联系完全吻合，而packaging明显与上下文不符。
(2) 动名词（或名词）充当介词宾语：
如：As you sneeze and cough, you scold yourself for not ______ your warm coat yesterday. And you worry that your whole family will catch your cold too.
析：空格应填wearing， 动名词作介词for的宾语。
本句意为：当你打喷嚏和咳嗽时，你会责备自己昨天衣服穿少了，还担心全家也被自己传染上感冒。
(3) 现在分词作状语：
如：Arabs were originally those who lived in Arabia (阿拉伯半岛). But from the AD 600s Arabian Arabs, inspired by their new faith Islam, swept through Western Asia and North Africa, ______ and settling a huge area.
析：空格处前面主语是Arabian Arabs，谓语部分是swept through，
答案用现在分词conquering和空格后面的settling并列作状语。
(4) 空格前有不定式标志to，空格处应填入动词原形;另一种情况to是介词，后面应填入动名词（或名词）。
如：The army was given the job of keeping peace in this difficult Indian country of the western plains. Soldiers were sent out to build forts and roads. They tried to ______ the wagon trains from Indian attacks.
析：句中tried + to do 表示“设法做某事”，空格处应填动词原形protect。
又如： It is, however, desirable that he should have a rough idea about the pronunciation of his source languages, even if this is restricted to _____ how proper names and place names are pronounced.
析：句中is restricted to 是固定词组，意为“限制”，to是介词，空格处应填动名词knowing。
A
（2022·江西南昌·南昌二中校联考模拟预测）
请先阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后用方框中所给词的适当形式填空。每个词限用一次。
Recently, the worldwide demand for plastic has increased. Plastic is all around us—our baskets, dishes, furniture—almost ___1___ is made of plastic! Plastic is ___2___, but most of us never think about the damage caused by using too much plastic. Jack said, “Challenge yourself ___3___ your plastic footprints（足迹）.”
Why should we do this And how can we
Rubbish from plastic products makes our cities very ___4___. Much of the plastic is put into landfills（垃圾填埋地）, where it can last up to 500 years! ___5___ the terrible condition is that our oceans are being polluted by plastic.
There is around 8 million tons of plastic waste in the world’s ___6___. Many marine（海洋的）animals mistakenly take plastic for food. Each year, over 100,000 animals die from ___7___ plastic. Others might survive, but ___8___, some of them become our food. So humans are also being harmed by plastic in the oceans.
To make a positive change, we can:
*Reduce the amount of plastic we use each day.
*Reuse our ___9___ water bottles and bags.
*____10____ any additional plastic we use.
Whether we’re going to school, to a park, or to a concert, think about our footprints. Please try our best to reduce the usage（使用）of ____11____. It is good for us and younger generations.
B
（2022·江西·校联考模拟预测）
请先阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后用方框中所给词的适当形式填空，并将答案填写到答题卡的相应位置。每个词限用一次。
In July, China introduced the “double reduction（双减）” policy. It hopes to reduce schoolwork burden（负担）on primary and junior high school ___12___. The policy calls for reducing homework and after-school classes.According to the policy, children below the third grade will not ___13___ homework anymore. It should take no more than 90 minutes for junior high school students ___14___ their homework. After-school training institutions（校外培训机构）are not allowed to ___15___extra education courses or advanced（超前的）teaching on weekends, holidays or ___16___ winter and summer vacations. One month has passed since the new semester began. How do students feel about this new policy
“Our homework is clearly less than before,” said 13-year-old Shen Yuzhe from Beijing. According to Shen, students have ___17___ time to process new knowledge now. “Our teachers are also giving us more chances to do experiments and learn from ___18___ life,” said Shen. “For example, we went to research earthworms（蚯蚓）in a field during a biology class. This is a much better ___19___ to learn things than just hitting the books.”
Shen also pointed out that when burden is lightened, self-discipline（自律）becomes the ___20___. “Some students now spend more time having fun ____21____ homework is finished early. But if you use all the free time to relax, you might ____22____ behind other students,” he said.
C
（2022·江西吉安·统考模拟预测）
The Blue Estate Group is planning to build the world’s first floating (漂浮的) city in the Caribbean. The city will be 1.5 ____23____ long and 1 kilometer wide. About 15,000 people ____24____ live there. It will ____25____ have a school, a hospital, parks, markets, business and shopping areas, as well as two hotels for visitors.____26____ it will float on the Caribbean Sea, the Blue Estate Group promises that the city will be very stable (稳固的).It will be built ____27____ concrete (混凝土), with 50-meter-high walls to prevent even the ____28____ sea waves. And the ____29____ city can be moved to a safer area if needed.
Construction (施工) on the city won’t ____30____ until 2022. It’s expected ____31____ completed in 2025. ____32____, houses of the floating city are already on sale.
“There are no ____33____ requirement to become a resident (居民) of the city,” said Erik Schmidt from the Blue Estate Group, adding that everyone is welcome to the island.
D
（2022·江西·一模）
请先阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后用方框中所给词的适当形式填空，并将答案填写到答题卡的相应位置。每个词限用一次。
A Life-changing InventionPeople living in the shantytowns（贫民区）of Chile’s coastline see so much water, but they can’t drink it because it’s too salty. There’s also plenty of solar energy on the coast. However, locals don’t know how ____34____ it. Luckily, they have Henry Glogau to help solve these ____35____.
Henry Glogau comes from New Zealand. He finds challenges all over the world as ____36____ of his studies. During his travel in Chile, he noticed that lots of shantytowns there were ____37____ of power（电力供应）and drinkable water. He wanted to do something for ____38____ people by helping them to take advantage of natural resources（资源）there. He developed a solar desalination skylight（太阳能海水淡化天窗）.
All one needs to do is pouring seawater ____39____ a bowl-shaped skylight. The skylight uses solar ____40____ to purify（净化）water. It can purify 440 mm of water a day. The skylight also brings ____41____ sunlight into houses that are often dark during the day because of a lack（缺少）of windows.
____42____ the sun goes down, the leftover salty water is sent into copper and zinc batteries（铜锌原电池）that _____43_____ electricity to power an LED light for nighttime use. This amazing invention kills several birds with one stone.
Now the Chilean community of Antofagasta is using Glogau’s invention. It _____44_____ creates a better tomorrow for local people.
reduce, unlucky, recycle, ocean, plastic, dirty, everything, but, eat, convenient, own
fall student during when real way have enough finish offer key
kilometer special however can also with be biggest start whole although
when produce local use into problem natural truly part short technology
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