北师大版（2019）必修 第二册Unit 5 Humans and nature Lesson 3 Race to the Pole同步练习（含答案）

Unit5 Lesson3 同步练习（原卷版）
阅读、完形填空、语法填空强化训练
一．阅读理解（共8小题）
A
In the past 50 years, the amount of water in the open ocean with zero oxygen has gone up more than fourfold. In coastal water bodies，including river mouths and seas, low-oxygen sites have increased more than tenfold since 1950.Scientists expect oxygen to continue dropping even outside these zones as Earth warms .
“Oxygen is fundamental to life in the Oceans,” said Denise Breitburg, a marine ecologist with the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. “The decline in ocean oxygen ranks among the most serious effects of human activities on the Earth ’s environment. Actually, it's a great loss to all the support services that rely on recreation and tourism, including hotels and restaurants and taxi drivers and everything else. The reverberations(严重影响) of unhealthy ecosystems in the ocean can be extensive.”
In areas traditionally called “dead zones" , like those in Chesapeake Bay and the Gulf of Mexico，oxygen plummets(大幅下跌) to so low levels that many animals die. As fish avoid these zones, their habitats become smaller and they’ re easier to be attacked or caught. But the problem goes far beyond “dead zones”. Even smaller oxygen decline can prevent growth in animals, hinder reproduction and lead to disease or even death. It also can cause the release of dangerous chemicals such as nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas up to 300 times more powerful than carbon dioxide. While some animals can boom in “dead zones”，overall biodiversity falls.
Climate change is the key criminal in the open ocean. Warming surface waters make it harder for oxygen to reach the inside of the ocean. Furthermore, as the ocean as a whole gets warmer, it holds less oxygen. In coastal waters, too much nutrient pollution from land creates algal blooms, which use up oxygen as they die and break down.
People's livelihoods are also on the line, the scientists reported, especially in developing nations. Smaller fisheries(渔场)may be unable to relocate when low oxygen destroys their harvests or forces fish to move elsewhere. So we humans have to carry on a war now and win the war.
1．What does the first paragraph mainly talk about
A．The ocean has been losing its oxygen. B．The amount of sea water is increasing.
C．The coastal water bodies are dangerous. D．The Earth becomes warmer and warmer.
2．What can we infer from Denise Breitburg's words
A．Different oceans have different levels of oxygen.
B．The decline in ocean oxygen has great influences.
C．The future of tourism relies on the levels of ocean oxygen.
D．The decrease in ocean oxygen is the most serious environment problem.
3．How does the “dead zone" affect sea animals
A．It offers more food. B．It forms dangerous gas.
C．It reduces their living areas. D．It produces more carbon dioxide.
4．How can we win the war according to the text
A．By closing smaller fisheries. B．By controlling humans' bad activities.
C．By improving people's living standards. D．By stopping nutrients entering the ocean.
B
When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals. They suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.
That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.
Dr. Worm acknowledges that the figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today's vessels (船)can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines (多钩长线) would have been more filled with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks (带饵钩)would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now。
Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline". The idea is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield （产量）that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels。. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.
5．The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that____.
A．large animals were easily hurt in the changing environment
B．small species survived as large animals disappeared
C．large sea animals may face the same threat today
D．slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones
6．By saying these figures are conservative , Dr. Worm means that____ .
A．fishing technology has improved rapidly
B．the catch-sizes are actually smaller than recorded
C．the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss
D．the data collected so far are out of date
7．Dr. Myers and other researchers hold that____ .
A．people should look for a baseline that can't work for a longer time
B．fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the biomass
C．the ocean biomass should restore its original level
D．people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situation
8．The writer seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’____ .
A．biomass level B．management efficiency
C．catch-size limits D．technological application
完形填空（共20小题）
Over two weeks ago I was standing on the summit of Mount Qomolangma. It was the top of many years’ hard work, and the 1 of a childhood dream.
I have been overwhelmed by the tide of goodwill and 2 . But one thing has become 3 apparent. Many people have constant misunderstandings about Mount Qomolangma. In their 4 , Qomolangma has 5 her crown. She has become a mountain synonymous with death, exploitation and 6
The most common question I get asked is: “Is it 7 in rubbish ” As a United Nations patron( 资 助 人 ) of the wilderness, one of my roles is to 8 back from the Earth’s remaining wildernesses and to act as a 9 for the wild.
I climbed Qomolangma expecting a rubbish dump but what I found 10 me: I 11 saw any litter, from the airport to the summit.
The Nepalese have 12 some huge clean-up campaigns in recent years, perhaps to improve their reputation, but also in response to some tragic natural disasters. The government 13 a number of requirements including that each climber 14 an additional 8kg of litter (not including their own) and incentives( 激励) for Sherpas( 夏尔巴人) of $2 per kilo of rubbish cleaned.
The results have been 15 . The country lanes of Great Britain have more rubbish than the 16 to base camp; despite the 100,000 footfalls I saw one of the cleanest, tidiest wilderness trails I have encountered.
I have spent time in many of the world’s popular wilderness locations and I would say Nepal should be 17 . It is an example of man repairing the 18 he has done. As our focus turns to the oceans and the seemingly 19 task of repairing our marine habitat, we could look at Qomolangma as a fine 20 of turning back the clock.
1．A．realization B．motivation C．connection D．schedule
2．A．respond B．protection C．change D．support
3．A．strangely B．naturally C．increasingly D．easily
4．A．symptoms B．minds C．stories D．permits
5．A．lost B．fed C．counted D．saved
6．A．adventure B．pollution C．settlement D．choice
7．A．covered B．seized C．found D．Poured
8．A．expect B．appreciate C．apply D．report
9．A．plan B．title C．voice D．lesson
10．A．surprised B．served C．forced D．stressed
11．A．silently B．eagerly C．frankly D．hardly
12．A．challenged B．conducted C．observed D．qualified
13．A．appealed to B．taken in C．depended on D．put forward
14．A．share B．confirm C．remove D．bear
15．A．selective B．familiar C．impressive D．repairable
16．A．reality B．trail C．opportunity D．league
17．A．vital B．proud C．simple D．unique
18．A．conclusion B．convenience C．arrangement D．damage
19．A．impossible B．necessary C．unusual D．Extra
20．A．content B．direction C．example D．situation
单句语法填空（共10小题）
1. (2018·全国Ⅰ)According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years __________(long) than non-runners.
2. (2018·全国Ⅰ)Running is cheap, easy and it’s always __________(energy).
3. (2018·全国Ⅱ)A taste for meat is __________(actual) behind the change.
4. (2018·全国Ⅱ) According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total __________(globe) fertilizer consumption.
5. (2018·全国Ⅲ) He screams the __________(loud)of all.
6. (2017·全国Ⅰ)However, be __________(care) not to go to extremes.
7. (2017·全国Ⅱ)Steam engines were used to pull the carriages and it must have been __________(fair) unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.
8. (2017·全国Ⅱ)The Central London Railway was one of the most __________(success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900.
9. (2017·全国Ⅲ)It is __________(certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.
10. (2016·全国Ⅰ)The title will be __________(official) given to me at a ceremony in London.
Unit5 Lesson3 同步练习（1）（答案解析版）
阅读、完形填空、语法填空强化训练
一．阅读理解（共8小题）
A
In the past 50 years, the amount of water in the open ocean with zero oxygen has gone up more than fourfold. In coastal water bodies，including river mouths and seas, low-oxygen sites have increased more than tenfold since 1950.Scientists expect oxygen to continue dropping even outside these zones as Earth warms .
“Oxygen is fundamental to life in the Oceans,” said Denise Breitburg, a marine ecologist with the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. “The decline in ocean oxygen ranks among the most serious effects of human activities on the Earth ’s environment. Actually, it's a great loss to all the support services that rely on recreation and tourism, including hotels and restaurants and taxi drivers and everything else. The reverberations(严重影响) of unhealthy ecosystems in the ocean can be extensive.”
In areas traditionally called “dead zones" , like those in Chesapeake Bay and the Gulf of Mexico，oxygen plummets(大幅下跌) to so low levels that many animals die. As fish avoid these zones, their habitats become smaller and they’ re easier to be attacked or caught. But the problem goes far beyond “dead zones”. Even smaller oxygen decline can prevent growth in animals, hinder reproduction and lead to disease or even death. It also can cause the release of dangerous chemicals such as nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas up to 300 times more powerful than carbon dioxide. While some animals can boom in “dead zones”，overall biodiversity falls.
Climate change is the key criminal in the open ocean. Warming surface waters make it harder for oxygen to reach the inside of the ocean. Furthermore, as the ocean as a whole gets warmer, it holds less oxygen. In coastal waters, too much nutrient pollution from land creates algal blooms, which use up oxygen as they die and break down.
People's livelihoods are also on the line, the scientists reported, especially in developing nations. Smaller fisheries(渔场)may be unable to relocate when low oxygen destroys their harvests or forces fish to move elsewhere. So we humans have to carry on a war now and win the war.
1．What does the first paragraph mainly talk about
A．The ocean has been losing its oxygen. B．The amount of sea water is increasing.
C．The coastal water bodies are dangerous. D．The Earth becomes warmer and warmer.
2．What can we infer from Denise Breitburg's words
A．Different oceans have different levels of oxygen.
B．The decline in ocean oxygen has great influences.
C．The future of tourism relies on the levels of ocean oxygen.
D．The decrease in ocean oxygen is the most serious environment problem.
3．How does the “dead zone" affect sea animals
A．It offers more food. B．It forms dangerous gas.
C．It reduces their living areas. D．It produces more carbon dioxide.
4．How can we win the war according to the text
A．By closing smaller fisheries. B．By controlling humans' bad activities.
C．By improving people's living standards. D．By stopping nutrients entering the ocean.
【答案与解析】
1．A. 主旨大意题。通过第一段我们知道了海洋面临的现状：在过去的50年里，海洋中零氧水域的水量增加了四倍多。低氧场所自1950年以来增加了十多倍。通过这些现状科学家预计，随着地球变暖，即使在这些区域之外，氧气也会继续下降。由此可知海洋正在失去氧气，故选A。
2．B 推理判断题。根据第二段Denise Breitburg说的“Oxygen is fundamental to life in the Oceans,” “The decline in ocean oxygen ranks among the most serious effects of human activities on the Earth ’s environment. ……The reverberations(严重影响) of unhealthy ecosystems in the ocean can be extensive.”可知海洋氧气的减少是人类活动对地球环境最严重的影响之一，这种不健康的海洋生态系统的严重影响还会扩大。由此可见海洋氧气的减少有很大影响，故选B。
3．C 推理判断题。根据第三段In areas traditionally called “dead zones" , oxygen plummets(大幅下跌) to so low levels that many animals die. As fish avoid these zones, their habitats become smaller and they’ re easier to be attacked or caught.可知“死亡地带”，氧气大幅下跌，许多动物死去。当鱼类避开这些区域时，它们的栖息地变小，更容易被攻击或捕获。故选C。
4．B 推理判断题。根据第二段The decline in ocean oxygen ranks among the most serious effects of human activities on the Earth ’s environment. Actually, it's a great loss to all the support services that rely on recreation and tourism, including hotels and restaurants and taxi drivers and everything else.可知是人类活动影响了海洋氧气减少，所以要解决此问题必须控制人类的有害活动，故选B。
B
When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals. They suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.
That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.
Dr. Worm acknowledges that the figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today's vessels (船)can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines (多钩长线) would have been more filled with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks (带饵钩)would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now。
Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline". The idea is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield （产量）that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels。. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.
5．The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that____.
A．large animals were easily hurt in the changing environment
B．small species survived as large animals disappeared
C．large sea animals may face the same threat today
D．slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones
6．By saying these figures are conservative , Dr. Worm means that____ .
A．fishing technology has improved rapidly
B．the catch-sizes are actually smaller than recorded
C．the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss
D．the data collected so far are out of date
7．Dr. Myers and other researchers hold that____ .
A．people should look for a baseline that can't work for a longer time
B．fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the biomass
C．the ocean biomass should restore its original level
D．people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situation
8．The writer seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’____ .
A．biomass level B．management efficiency
C．catch-size limits D．technological application
【答案和解析】
1．C推理判断题。根据第一段中的“The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.”可知，这种生长缓慢的大型动物很容易被猎杀，很快就灭绝了，现在海洋里也可能发生类似的事情，由此可知，提到史前动物的灭绝就是为了表明大型海洋动物如今可能也面临同样的威胁，故C项正确。
2．C词句猜测题。根据画线句后的“One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today's vessels (船)can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes.”可知，其中一个原因是捕鱼技术有所改进，今天的船只可以通过卫星和声纳找到猎物，而50年前还没有，这意味着在海洋中被捕获的生物比例更高，所以现在和过去的真实差异可能比捕获量变化所记录的更大，由此可知，沃姆博士说这些数据是保守的的意思是其实海洋生物量损失会更大，故C项正确。
3．D细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline". The idea is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield （产量）that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.”可知，迈尔斯博士和沃姆博士认为，他们的工作给出了一个正确的基准，未来的管理工作必须考虑到这个基准，他们相信这些数据支持了海洋生物学家当前的一个想法，即“改变基线”。这个想法是，人们未能察觉到海洋中发生的巨大变化，因为他们回顾过去的时间相对较短，这一点很重要，因为理论表明，当一个目标物种的生物量达到其原始水平的50%时，可以从渔业中获取的最大可持续产量，大多数渔业都远低于这个水平，这是一种不好的经商方式，由此可知，他们认为人们应该根据情况的变化调整捕鱼基线，故D项正确。
4．A推理判断题。根据文章内容，特别是最后一段中的“That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield （产量）that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.”可知，这一点很重要，因为理论表明，当一个目标物种的生物量达到其原始水平的50%时，可以从渔业中获取的最大可持续产量，大多数渔业都远低于这个水平，这是一种不好的经商方式，由此可知，作者主要关心的是渔业的最大生物量水平，故A项正确。
完形填空（共20小题）
Over two weeks ago I was standing on the summit of Mount Qomolangma. It was the top of many years’ hard work, and the 1 of a childhood dream.
I have been overwhelmed by the tide of goodwill and 2 . But one thing has become 3 apparent. Many people have constant misunderstandings about Mount Qomolangma. In their 4 , Qomolangma has 5 her crown. She has become a mountain synonymous with death, exploitation and 6
The most common question I get asked is: “Is it 7 in rubbish ” As a United Nations patron( 资 助 人 ) of the wilderness, one of my roles is to 8 back from the Earth’s remaining wildernesses and to act as a 9 for the wild.
I climbed Qomolangma expecting a rubbish dump but what I found 10 me: I 11 saw any litter, from the airport to the summit.
The Nepalese have 12 some huge clean-up campaigns in recent years, perhaps to improve their reputation, but also in response to some tragic natural disasters. The government 13 a number of requirements including that each climber 14 an additional 8kg of litter (not including their own) and incentives( 激励) for Sherpas( 夏尔巴人) of $2 per kilo of rubbish cleaned.
The results have been 15 . The country lanes of Great Britain have more rubbish than the 16 to base camp; despite the 100,000 footfalls I saw one of the cleanest, tidiest wilderness trails I have encountered.
I have spent time in many of the world’s popular wilderness locations and I would say Nepal should be 17 . It is an example of man repairing the 18 he has done. As our focus turns to the oceans and the seemingly 19 task of repairing our marine habitat, we could look at Qomolangma as a fine 20 of turning back the clock.
1．A．realization B．motivation C．connection D．schedule
2．A．respond B．protection C．change D．support
3．A．strangely B．naturally C．increasingly D．easily
4．A．symptoms B．minds C．stories D．permits
5．A．lost B．fed C．counted D．saved
6．A．adventure B．pollution C．settlement D．choice
7．A．covered B．seized C．found D．poured
8．A．expect B．appreciate C．apply D．report
9．A．plan B．title C．voice D．lesson
10．A．surprised B．served C．forced D．stressed
11．A．silently B．eagerly C．frankly D．hardly
12．A．challenged B．conducted C．observed D．qualified
13．A．appealed to B．taken in C．depended on D．put forward
14．A．share B．confirm C．remove D．bear
15．A．selective B．familiar C．impressive D．repairable
16．A．reality B．trail C．opportunity D．league
17．A．vital B．proud C．simple D．unique
18．A．conclusion B．convenience C．arrangement D．damage
19．A．impossible B．necessary C．unusual D．Extra
20．A．content B．direction C．example D．situation
【答案和解析】
1-5 ADCBA 6-10 BADCA 11-15 DBDCC 16-20 BBDAC
本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了作者登上珠穆朗玛峰的故事。在作者以前的印象中，珠峰充满着死亡、开发和垃圾。亲历之后，作者对珠峰的印象大为改观，并盛赞当地政府的一些做法，呼吁人们效仿，使世界环境变得更美好。
1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这是多年努力的结果，也是一个儿时梦想的实现。A. realization实现；B. motivation动机；C. connection连接；D. schedule日程表。作者经过多年的努力，终于登上珠峰，说儿时的梦想得以实现（realization）。故选A。
2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我被善意和支持的潮水淹没了。A. respond答复；B. protection保护；C. change改变；D. support支持。根据前面的 goodwill 可知，该空与其意义相近，故选 support，表示作者得到很多善意和支持。故选D。
3．考查副词词义辨析。句意：但有一件事变得越来越明显。A. strangely奇怪地；B. naturally自然地；C. increasingly不断增加地；D. easily容易地。在得到大量支持之际，有一件事情变得日益(increasingly )明显。因为一直以来，人们对珠峰就有误解，并且这种误解至今存在于很多人心目中。故选C。
4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在他们的心目中，珠穆朗玛峰已经失去了她的王冠。A. symptoms症状；B. minds头脑；C. stories故事；D. permits允许。介词短语 in one’s minds 意为“在……的心目中”。 故选B。
5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在他们的心目中，珠穆朗玛峰已经失去了她的王冠。A. lost失去；B. fed喂食；C. counted数；D. saved保存。根据下文语境中的 She has become a mountain synonymous with death, exploitation 可知，珠峰风光不再，即它失去了(lost)王冠。故选A。
6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在很多人的印象中，珠峰充满着死亡、开发和污染（pollution）。A. adventure冒险；B. pollution污染；C. settlement解决；D. choice选择。下文多次提到人们清理垃圾的事情，所以此处选 pollution。故选B。
7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我被问到的最常见的问题是:“它被垃圾覆盖了吗 ”A. covered覆盖；B. seized抓住；C. found发现；D. poured倾倒。根据上文语境提到的人们对珠峰的印象不好可知，作者经常被问的一个问题就是：珠峰是不是被垃圾覆盖(covered)？故选A。
8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我的一个任务就是向联合国汇报(report)地球上剩下的荒野的状况。A. expect期盼；B. appreciate欣赏；C. apply应用；D. report汇报。作为受联合国资助的登山者，作者的一个任务就是向联合国汇报(report)地球上剩下的荒野的状况。故选D。
9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：并且为此荒野发声。A. plan计划；B. title头衔；C. voice声音；D. lesson教训。动词短语 act as a voice for...意为“作为……的代言人”，作者想为大自然发声。故选C。
10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我爬珠穆朗玛峰，以为会有一个垃圾场，但我的发现让我惊讶。A. surprised吃惊；B. served服务；C. forced迫使；D. stressed着重。作者的想象与真实情况截然不同，故让作者大为吃惊(surprised)。故选A。
11．考查副词词义辨析。句意：从机场到山顶，我几乎看不到任何垃圾。A. silently默默地；B. eagerly渴望地；C. frankly坦率地；D. hardly几乎没有。由后面语境提到的垃圾清理情况可知，作者从机场到山顶几乎没有(hardly)看见垃圾。故选D。
12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：尼泊尔人近年来进行了一些大规模的清理运动。A. challenged挑战；B. conducted实施；C. observed观察；D. qualified合格。这里指最近几年，尼泊尔人开展垃圾清理运动。conduct campaigns 意为“开展活动”。 故选B。
13．考查动词短语词义辨析。政府提出了许多要求，句意：A. appealed to 呼吁；B. taken in吸收；C. depended on依靠；D. put forward提出。尼泊尔政府对登山者也提出了(put forward)一些要求。故选D。
14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：每个登山者清除额外的8公斤的垃圾(不包括自身的)。A. share分享；B. confirm证实；C. remove清除；D. bear忍受。这些要求包括清除(remove)额外的 8 公斤垃圾，不包括自己的垃圾。故选C。
15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：结果令人印象深刻。A. selective可选择的； B. familiar熟悉的；C. impressive印象深刻的；D. repairable可修缮的。这些措施产生的结果给人们留下了非常深刻的印象(impressive)。故选C。
16．考查名词词义辨析。句意：英国乡间小路上的垃圾比通往大本营的小道还多。A. reality 现实；B. trail小道；C. opportunity机会；D. league同盟。与通往登山大本营的小道(trail)相比，英国的村间小道的垃圾都比这里多。尽管有成千上万的脚步走过，作者看到了一条他遇到过的最干净、最整洁的荒野小径。下一句“I saw one of the cleanest, tidiest wilderness trails I have encountered.”中的 trails 是提示。故选B。
17．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我认为尼泊尔应该感到自豪。A. vital极重要的；B. proud骄傲的；C. simple简单的；D. unique独特的。根据作者的描述可知，尼泊尔政府采取了很多清理垃圾的举措，效果明显，故应该引以为豪(proud)。故选B。
18．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这是一个人类弥补他所造成的伤害的例子。A. conclusion结论；B. convenience方便；C. arrangement安排；D. damage破坏。这是人类修复自己对大自然造成的破坏(damage)。故选D。
19．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这一看似不可能完成的任务。A. impossible不可能的；B. necessary必须的；C. unusual不同寻常的；D. extra额外的。人类对海洋栖息地造成的破坏非常严重，要想修复非常困难，看起来是不太可能的(impossible)。故选A。
20．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们可以把珠穆朗玛峰作为一个让时间倒流的典范。A. content内容；B. direction方向；C. example例子；D. situation状况。根据上文语境可知，珠峰的垃圾清理取得不错的效果，我们可以把珠峰作为恢复原貌的典范。这里作者呼吁人类也应该像清理珠峰一样去清理海洋垃圾。a fine example“典范”。 故选C。
单句语法填空（共10小题）
1. (2018·全国Ⅰ)According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years __________(long) than non-runners.
2. (2018·全国Ⅰ)Running is cheap, easy and it’s always __________(energy).
3. (2018·全国Ⅱ)A taste for meat is __________(actual) behind the change.
4. (2018·全国Ⅱ) According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total __________(globe) fertilizer consumption.
5. (2018·全国Ⅲ) He screams the __________(loud)of all.
6. (2017·全国Ⅰ)However, be __________(care) not to go to extremes.
7. (2017·全国Ⅱ)Steam engines were used to pull the carriages and it must have been __________(fair) unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.
8. (2017·全国Ⅱ)The Central London Railway was one of the most __________(success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900.
9. (2017·全国Ⅲ)It is __________(certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.
10. (2016·全国Ⅰ)The title will be __________(official) given to me at a ceremony in London.
【答案和解析】
1. 考查比较级。句意：根据一篇医疗杂志上对证据材料的回顾，跑步者寿命比非跑步者长三年。根据后面的than可知，用比较级，再根据语义，故填longer。
2. 考查形容词。句意：跑步是便宜的容易的，而且总是充满活力。这里考查名词与形容词转化，此处作表语，要用形容词。故填energetic。
3. 考查副词。句意：对肉的喜爱实际上是变化背后的原因。此处需用副词修饰短语behind the change。故填actually。
4. 考查形容词。句意：根据世界银行统计，中国占全球化肥消耗的30%。名词fertilizer consumption用形容词修饰。故填global。
5. 考查形容词最高级。句意：他叫喊的声音最大。根据of all和定冠词the提示，这里loud用最高级。故填loudest。
6. 考查形容词。句意：然而，要小心不要走极端。Be动词后接形容词，故填careful。
7.考查副词。 句意：蒸汽发动机被用来牵引车厢，因为浓烟和噪音，对乘客来说肯定是非常令人不舒服的。这里的形容词unpleasant需用副词修饰。故填fairly。
8. 考查形容词。句意：伦敦中央铁路是这些新线路中最成功的之一，它于1900年开放。前面的one of the most修饰形容词。故填successful。
9. 考查副词。句意：这当然是有趣的，但这种生活方式有点不真实。fun是形容词，需用副词修饰。故填certainly。
10. 考查副词。句意：这个头衔将在伦敦的一个仪式上正式地授予我。这里given动词需用副词修饰。故填officially。
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