专题五介词-2023年初中英语中考复习专项突破（含解析）

专题五 介词
一对一“梳理”知识点
高效复习法
介词一般用于名词或代词前,表示该词与句子其他成分的关系,属于虚词,一般不重读,不能在句子中单独作成分.介词后面的名词或代词称为介词宾语,介词与介词宾语一起构成介词短语.介词按其词义分为时间介词、方位介词、方式介词和其他介词.中考通常考查介词的基本用法和介词的固定搭配.解答此类试题,考生应首先分析介词的基本用法,区分各介词之间的差异,尤其是时间、方位和方式这三类介词;此外还应积累并熟知一些含有介词的常见固定短语.
知识突破
知识点1时间介词
常见的时间介词的用法:
介词 用法 示例
in 与年、季节、月、年代、世纪及一般(非特指)的早晨、下午、晚上等表示较长时间的词连用.“in+时间段”表示“······之后”,用于将来时 in May在五月 in summer 在夏天 in the twenty-first century 在21世纪 in the morning 在早上 in two days 两天之后
on 用于具体的某日或某特定日期的早晨、下午、晚上前,也可用在星期或节日前 on August 1st在八月一日 on Women's Day 在妇女节 on the morning of May 1st 在五月一日的上午 on Sunday 在星期天
at 表示具体的时刻、进餐时间、一天中的某段时间、在······岁时等 at 6:00在六点 at night在晚上 at lunch time 在午餐时间 at the age of 18在18岁时
after “after+时间段”表示“······之后”,常用于过去时态;“after+时间点”表示“······之后”,既可用于将来时,也可用于过去时 I received the letter after two days. 我两天后收到了这封信. Jim will go to Beijing after five o'clock. 吉姆会在5点后去北京.
for 后面接时间段,表示某动作延续的时间,句子多用完成时 He has lived here for two weeks. 他在这儿住了两个星期了.
since 表示“自从······起”,多与完成时连用,后面接过去的时间. He has lived here since three weeks ago. 自从三个星期之前,他就住在这儿了.
until/till 用于肯定句中,意为“直到······为止”,谓语动词为延续性动词 He waited until midnight 他一直等到半夜.
用于否定句中,意为“直到······才”,谓语动词为非延续性动词 He didn't leave until midnight. 他直到半夜才离开.
by by后接时间点,表示“到······为止;在······之前”.如果by后加将来的时间点,应用将来时;如果by后跟一个过去的时间点,应用过去完成时 I will finish the work by Friday. 在周五之前我会完成这项工作. They had seen four English films by the end of last week. 到上周末为止,他们已经看了四部英文电影了.
from 表示开始的时间,意为“从······”,多用于“from...to/till...”短语中 Students go to school from Monday to Friday.学生们从周一到周五上学.
during 表示“在······期间” During the summer holiday, I like to go swimming with my friends.在暑假期间,我喜欢和朋友们去游泳.
through 表示“一直······,自始至终,从头到尾” Dr. Bethune went on working through the night. 白求恩大夫工作了一晚上.
before 表示“在······之前” He left before noon.他是在午前走的.
知识点2 方位介词
常见的方位介词的用法:
介词(短语) 用法 示例
to 表示“在······范围外”,不接壤 Japan is to the east of China.日本在中国的东边.
表示“向,朝着” The teacher walked to the classroom.老师走向教室.
on 表示“在······(的表面)上” There is a book on the desk.书桌上有一本书.
表示A地位于B地的外面且接壤 Russia is on the north of China.俄罗斯在中国的北面.
表示在广阔的平面上 A little girl is walking on the road. 一个小女孩正在马路上行走.
表示方向(左右方位) Tom sits on my left.汤姆坐在我的左边.
at 后接小地点或表示“在······里;在·····旁” He arrived at school.他到学校了. I had a grand day out at the seaside. 我在海边痛痛快快地玩了一天.
in 后接大地点 He arrived in Beijing.他到北京了.
表示“在······范围之内”,即A地属于B地 Hainan is in the south of China. 海南在中国的南方.
表示周围的环境是立体的 Didn't you find the bag left in the bus 你没有找到落在公共汽车里的包吗
above 表示“在······上方”,是相对高度,不强调是否垂直,与below相对 The bird is flying above his head. 鸟正从他的头上飞过.
over 表示“在······正上方”,表示垂直的高度,与under相对 There is a bridge over the river. 河上有一座桥.
below 表示“在······下方”,不一定在正下方 Please write your name below the line. 请在横线的下方写下你的名字.
under 表示“在······正下方” My cat is lying under the chair. 我的猫正躺在椅子下面.
near 表示“在·····附近” There is a park near my house.我家附近有一个公园.
beside 表示“在······旁边” Li Ming sits beside me.李明坐在我旁边.
next to 表示“紧靠·····;紧挨着······” The bookstore is next to the bank.书店紧挨着银行.
behind 表示“在······后面” I sit behind Danny.我坐在丹尼的后面.
between 表示“在······之间(两者)” There is a hospital between the bank and the supermarket.在银行和超市中间有一家医院.
among 表示“在······之间(三者或三者以上)” That book is the best among modern novels. 在现代小说中,那是最好的一部.
in front of 表示“在······前面(范围外)” There is a big tree in front of our classroom. 在我们教室前面有一棵大树.
in the front of 表示“在······的前面(范围内)” There is a teacher's desk in the front of the classroom.在教室的前面有一张讲桌.
before 表示“在······前面” He paused before a door.他在一扇门前驻足.
after 表示“在······后面” Shut the door after you.随手关门.
知识点3方式介词
1.on,in,with,by
介词 用法 示例
on 通过;用 He is talking on the phone.他正在打电话.
in 表示用某种方式、语言、语调或颜色等,语言、材料等名词前不用冠词 Can you spell the word in English 你能用英语把这个单词拼写出来吗
with 表示用某种工具(具体、有形的工具) We can write with pens.我们可以用钢笔写.
by 表示用某种方式、方法或手段,后接名词或动名词,名词前不用冠词 My friend studies English by listening to English songs. 我的朋友通过听英文歌曲来学英语.
2.by,in与on表示交通方式
(1)by+交通工具.例如:
I go to school by bike.我骑自行车上学.
(2)in/on+限定词＋交通工具.例如:
I go to school on my bike.我骑自行车上学.
知识点3其他常见介词
介词 含义及用法 示例
besides “除·····之外还有”,表示某物或者某人包括在整体范围之内 Besides Bob, I have two other friends. 除了鲍勃,我还有其他两位朋友.
except “除······之外”,表示某物或者某人排除在整体范围之外 I like all the subjects except physics because it's too difficult. 我喜欢所有的学科,除了物理, 因为它太难了.
over 通常表示在空间范围上方“越过” He jumps over the wall.他跳过了墙.
through “穿过,越过”,表示从物体内部或空间里通过 The man climbed into his room through the window. 这个人通过窗户爬进了房间.
across “横穿,从一边到另一边”,表示在物体的表面穿过 The boy swims across the river. 这个男孩游过了河.
with 意为“和,带有” My uncle bought a house with a beautiful garden. 我叔叔买了一个带漂亮花园的房子.
without 意为“没有” I can't finish the work on time without your help. 没有你的帮助,我不能按时完成这项工作.
like 意为“像;跟······一样” I want to be a teacher like Ms. Liu. 我想成为像刘老师一样的老师.
as 意为“作为;当作” Treat me as a friend.要把我当作朋友.
against 意为“反对;靠着” Don't stand against the wall.不要靠着墙站.
知识点5常用介词短语和固定搭配
一、介词与名词的搭配
1.at短语
at noon 在正午 at home在家
at night 在夜晚 at times偶尔;有时
at present 现在 at the moment 此刻
2.on短语
on duty 值日 on sale 降价出售
on business 出差 on holiday 度假
on fire 着火 on foot步行
3.in短语
in English 用英语 in class 在课堂上
in all 总共 in danger 处于危险中
in time 及时 in fact事实上
in need 在危难中 in order整齐;井然有序
in public 公开地 in silence 沉默地
in surprise 吃惊地 in total 总共
in trouble 处于困境中 in a hurry 匆忙地
in a word 总之 in the end 最后
in a minute 立刻;马上 in the future 在将来
in the past 在过去 in this way 用这种方式
in other words 换句话说
二、介词与形容词／过去分词的搭配
1.be+形容词／过去分词＋from
be absent from 缺席······ be different from与······不同
be separated from和······分开
2.be+形容词／过去分词＋about
be careful about对······小心 be crazy about 对······热衷
be sorry about 对······感到抱歉 he sure about 确信······
be worried about 对······担忧
3.be+形容词／过去分词＋at
be amazed at 对······感到吃惊 be clever at在······方面聪明
be good at在······方面擅长 be mad at对······愤怒
be surprised at对······感到惊奇
4.be+形容词／过去分词＋for
be ready for为······做好准备 be good for对······有好处
be late for 出席·····迟到 be thankful for 对······感到庆幸
be thirsty for 渴望····· be famous/known/well known for 因······而著名
5.be+形容词／过去分词＋in
be different in在·····方面不同 be interested in 对······感兴趣
be poor in 缺乏······ be successful in在······方面成功
be weak in 在······方面薄弱／差 be strict in在······方面要求严格
6.be+形容词／过去分词＋of
be afraid of 害怕······ be certain of 确信······
be full of 充满······ be proud of 对······感到自豪
be short of 短缺······ be sure of确信······
be good to 对······好 be tired of·······
7.be+形容词／过去分词＋to
be close to 接近,靠近······ be friendly to 对······友好
be kind to 对······和蔼 be nice to 对······友好
be polite to 对······有礼貌 be related to 与······有关
be rude to 对······粗鲁 be similar to 与······相似
8.be+形容词／过去分词＋with
be angry with 对······生气 be busy with 忙于······
be careful with 小心处理······ be covered with 被······覆盖
be filled with 充满······ be satisfied/pleased with 对······感到满意
be patient with 对······有耐心 be strict with sb.对某人要求严格
三、其他常见搭配
at first 首先 at last 最后
at least 至少 at most最多
核心考点，各个击破
考点1介词
例1(2021·江苏扬州,3题,1分)
China's first Mars rover, Zhurong, touched down on the Red Planet_________ May 15,2021.
A. on B. in C. at D. to
【解析】本题考查介词辨析.句意:2021年5月15日,中国首个火星车“祝融”号在火星着陆.表示“在具体的某一天”,应用介词on.答案:A
例2(2021·辽宁抚顺、本溪、辽阳联考,4题,1分)
Cathy always makes good use of her time to study, even_________ her lunch break.
A. around B. during C. from D. between
【解析】本题考查介词辨析.around在······周围;during在······期间;from来自······;between在······中间.根据句意“凯茜总是利用好她的时间去学习,甚至午饭休息期间都在学”可知,空格表示“在午饭休息期间”,during符合语境.答案:B
针对性练习1
1.-What time do you usually go to bed
-I usually go to bed_________ 11:00.
A. in B. on C. at D. for
2.Grandpa Li can talk with people_________ different languages.
A. by B. from C. in D. with
3.All the students have finished the homework_________ Zhang Hua, so he's doing it now.
A. and B. besides C. or D. except
考点2介词短语
例3(2021·山西,29题,1分)
In the future, robots will play a more important role in people's life_________ the development of technology.
A. ahead of B. instead of C. because of
【解析】本题考查介词短语辨析.句意:将来,因为科技的发展,机器人将会在人类生活中扮演更重要的角色.ahead of在······之前;instead of代替,而不是;because of因为,由于.答案:C
针对性练习2
1.Before you leave the office, everything should be put_________.
A. in time B. in place C. in the way D. in advance
2.Healthy eating_________ regular exercise is the best way to keep fit.
A. less than B. instead of C. such as D. together with
3.-The ship sinking of R. O. Korea teaches us to care for ourselves and the people around us.
-So it is. _________,life is the most important to everyone.
A. For example B. At last C. After all D. Because of
答案:
针对性练习1:1.C 2.C 3.D
针对性练习2:1.B 2.D 3.C
从模拟演练到实战操作
模拟演练
1.(2021·云南红河一模)Thanks_________ free education, lots of poor children in the mountain areas can go back to school.
A. to B. from C. at D. for
2.(2021·江苏盐城一模)Yancheng Marathon will be held_________ April,18th.
A. in B. on C. at D./
3.(2021·辽宁大连一模)Excuse me! Can you tell me the way_________ the National Stadium
A. in B. on C. to D. from
4.(2021·天津红桥区三模)Liu Xiang was invited_________ competitions around the world.
A. to B. in C. of D. with
5.(2021·山东青岛二模)Now people can pay_________ scanning their faces while shopping.
A. for B. of C. on D. by
6.(2021·上海黄浦区二模)The Virtual School1 Library provides primary school_________ children free online books.
A. for B. to C. with D. from
7.(2021·江苏无锡二模)－A serious study of physics is impossible_________ some knowledge of math.
-I couldn't agree more. So we should also learn math well.
A. among B. between C. against D. without
8.(2021·河北石家庄二模)I often buy school things_________ my way home.
A. on B. by C. in D. from
9.(2021·西藏日喀则二模)Jack arrived
the village a snowy morning.
A. at; on B. in; on C. on ;at D. on; in
10.(2021·福建福州模拟)Many wild animals are_________ and it's time for us to do whatever we can to protect them.
A. at war B. in danger C. on business
11.(2021·江苏无锡一模)Jim often feels stressed because what his parents want him to do has gone_________ him.
A. beyond B. against C. above D. through
12.(2021·重庆模拟)I went to watch the film with my parents_________ the afternoon of Feb.13th.
A. to B. in C. at D. on
13.(2021·山西吕梁二模)It's really rude to shout in a loud voice_________. Calm down, and you will make it.
A. in person B. by mistake C. in public
14.(2021·山东青岛一模)This story is_________ simple English. My little sister can read it.
A. for B. by C. with D. in
答案:
1.A【解析】本题考查介词短语辨析.句意:多亏了免费教育,许多山区的贫困儿童可以重返校园.thanks to是固定短语,意为“多亏了”.
2.B【解析】本题考查介词辨析.句意:盐城马拉松赛将于4月18日举行.in泛指一般意义的上午、下午或晚上以及月或年等较长的时间;on表示星期几或某一特定的日期;at表示时间的某一点,某一时刻等.April 18th是一个具体的日期,需用介词on.
3.C 4.A 5.D 6.C
7.D【解析】本题考查介词辨析.句意:－没有一定的数学知识,是不能开展严谨的物理学研究的.－我完全同意,所以我们也应该学好数学.among在······之间(三者及以上);between在······之间(两者);against反对;without没有.
8.A【解析】本题考查介词辨析.句意:我经常在回家的路上买学习用品.on在······上;by在······旁边;in在······里面;from 来自.on one's way home意为“在某人回家的路上”.
9.A【解析】本题考查介词辨析.arrive+ in/at+地点(大地点用in,小地点用at);表示时间的名词“上午／下午／傍晚”等词前面有形容词修饰时,介词用on.
10.B【解析】本题考查介词短语辨析.句意:许多野生动物正处于危险中,是时候尽我们所能去保护它们了.at war在战争中;in danger处在危险中;on business出差.
11.A【解析】本题考查介词辨析.句意:吉姆经常感到有压力大,因为他父母想让他做的已经超越了他的能力.beyond超越;against反对;above在······上方;through通过.
12.D【解析】本题考查介词辨析.句意:2月
13日下午,我和父母一起去看了电影.to到;in后接某年某月或某季节;at后接具体时刻;on后接具体的一天或某一天的上午／下午／傍晚.“the afternoon of Feb.13th”是具体的某一天的下午.
13.C【解析】本题考查介词短语辨析.in person亲自;by mistake错误地;in public在公共场合.根据常识可知,在公共场合大声喊叫非常粗鲁.
14.D
真题演练
1.(2022·江苏徐州)We need to guard_________ any possible danger around us.
A. for B. over C. with D. against
2.(2021·河北)I eat rice_________ beef and potatoes. It's delicious.
A. in B. on C. with D. for
3.(2021·湖南怀化) I often help my parents with housework_________ Sundays.
A. on B. in C. at
4.(2022·河北)Look! The fish is swimming fast_________ the river.
A. at B. in C. of D. by
5.(2021·天津)Anna is taller than me. She sits_________ me in the classroom.
A. between B. from C. behind D. among
6.(2021·湖南湘潭)－How do you study for a test, Eric
-I study_________ working with a group.
A. by B. with C. in
7.(2021·黑龙江大庆)Our hometown is a beautiful city_________ hundreds of lakes.
A. at B. on C. with D. by
8.(2021·湖北武汉)-I could tell_________ the look on her face that something exciting had happened.
-Exactly!
A. on B. with C. by D. at
9.(2021·云南昆明)Since 1921,the Communist Party of China(中国共产党) has been leading the Chinese people_________ a better life.
A. of B. on C. at D. to
10.(2021·北京)Space Day of China falls_________ April 24th every year.
A. on B. by C. at D. in
11.(2021·辽宁抚顺、本溪、辽阳联考)- This is so difficult that I want to give up.
-Take it easy. _________,it takes time to learn something new.
A. In that case B. For example C. By the way D. After all
12.(2021·江苏苏州)Football fans are often called the “12th man” because of their influence_________ a team.
A. to B. from C. on D. at
13.(2021·湖北恩施)Yuan Longping, one of the best-known scientists around the world, made great contributions_________ developing hybrid rice.
A. in B. for C. to
14.(2022·湖南怀化)Mingming will have a class meeting_________ 3:30 this afternoon.
A. on B. in C. at
15.(2021·贵州黔东南)Ms. Huang was very pleased because her husband and daughter bought a beautiful dress_________ her on her birthday.
A. for B. from C. to D. of
16.(2021·湖北荆州)-Good news! You've passed the P.E. test.
-Hooray! _________, I was worried about it.
A. By accident B. To be honest C.As a result D. In my opinion
17.(2021·黑龙江绥化) _________ our teachers, we've made great progress in the past four years.
A. Thanks for B. Thankful to C. Thanks to
18.(2021·江苏淮安)-What time does the library open in the morning
-It opens_________ 9a.m.
A. in B. on C. at D. between
答案:
1.D【解析】本题考查介词辨析.句意:我们需要防范身边任何可能的危险.for为了;over在······之上;with带有;against反对.guard against“防止,提防”,是固定搭配,根据句意可知,应用guard against.
2.C【解析】本题考查介词辨析.句意:我吃米饭时和牛肉土豆一起吃,这样吃很美味.in在······里;on在······上;with和····一起;for为了.根据语境“吃饭时连同牛肉土豆一起吃”可知应用介词with.
3.A【解析】本题考查介词辨析.句意:我经常在星期天帮助父母做家务.on指在具体的某一天;in用在年、月、季节前;at用在具体几点几分前.这里指在星期天,具体的某一天,应用on.
4.B 5.C 6.A
7.C【解析】本题考查介词辨析.句意:我们的家乡是一个美丽的城市,有几百个湖.at在······旁;on在······上;with带有,和;by在······旁边.with hundreds of lakes 意为“有几百个湖”,故用介词with.
8.C【解析】本题考查介词辨析.句意:－我从她的面部表情判断出某件令人激动的事情发生了.－确实如此！空格后面的“that something exciting had happened”是谓语动词tell的宾语,故“the look on her face”应是方式状语,即“通过面部表情判断出······”.on关于;with用;by通过;at在······旁.
9.D【解析】本题考查“动词＋介词”搭配.句意:自从1921年以来,中国共产党一直引领着中国人民过上更好的生活.lead sh.to...意为“带领某人去······”,符合句子语境.
10.A
11.D【解析】本题考查介词短语辨析.句意:－这太难了,我想放弃.－－别紧张,毕竟学习新东西需要花时间.in that case 那样的话;for example比如;by the way 顺便说一下;after all毕竟.根据句意可知,空格处用after all符合语境.
12.C【解析】本题考查介词辨析.句意:由于球迷对球队的影响力,他们常被称为“第12人”.influence on...意为“对······的影响”,是固定搭配.
13.C【解析】本题考查介词辨析.句意:袁隆平是世界上最知名的科学家之一,为发展杂交水稻做出了巨大的贡献.make contributions to是固定搭配,意为“对······做出贡献”.
14.C
15.A【解析】本题考查介词辨析.句意:黄女士非常高兴,因为她的丈夫和女儿在她生日那天给她买了一件漂亮的连衣裙.buy sth. for sb.为某人买某物.
16.B【解析】本题考查介词短语辨析.句意:－好消息！你通过了体育考试.－－好极了！说实话,我之前很担心.by accident偶然地;to be honest 老实说;as a result结果;in my opinion在我看来.根据下文“I was worried about it.”可知,此处是回答者在袒露自己之前的心理活动.
17.C【解析】本题考查介词辨析.句意:多亏了我们的老师,我们在过去的四年里取得了很大的进步.thanks for为······而感谢;thankful to通常用于be thankful to sb.“对······心存感激”;thanks to多亏.由句意可知,应用thanks to.
18.C