专题一名词-2023年初中英语中考复习专项突破（含解析）

专题一 名词
一对一“梳理”知识点
高效复习法
在中考中,对于名词的考查多集中于在具体语言环境下名词词义的辨析,这类题的关键是读懂语境,注重审题,理解词义,结合前后具体的语言环境和逻辑关系加以辨析,找出题中的关键词或结合常识、习惯用语等来确定答案.
对于名词的数和名词所有格,如果空格前有数量词或限定词(如two, some, any, lots of)且空格后没有名词,则判定该题考查名词的数;然后根据空格前的数量词或限定词判断是用名词的单数还是复数.如果空格后是名词,且空格处和空格后名词为一种所属关系或空格处所填词是表示时间、距离、国家等无生命的名词,则判定该题考查名词所有格.
知识突破
知识点1可数名词
一、定义:可数名词是可以用数量计算的名词,它有单数形式和复数形式.可数名词单数前一般加不定冠词a(an),one或定冠词等,一般不可以单独使用.如a desk, an apple.可数名词复数前可用表示数量的词、定冠词等,也可单独使用.如two desks, animals.
二、可数名词的复数形式
1.可数名词单数变复数的规则变化
类别 变化规则 读音 示例
一般情况 词尾直接加-s 在清辅音后发/s/ book→books map→maps
在浊辅音和元音后发/z/ bag→bags bee→bees
以 s, x, sh, ch结尾 加-es 读/Iz/ class→classes box→boxes
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾 变y为i,再加-es 读/Iz/ family→families strawberry→strawberries
以“元音字母＋y”结尾 加-s 读/z/ key→keys monkey→monkeys
以o结尾 有的在词尾加-es, 有的在词尾加-s 读/z/ potato→potatoes radio→radios
以f(e)结尾 变为v,再加-es 读/vz/ knife→knives 特例:roof→roofs
2.可数名词单数变复数的不规则变化
变化规则 示例
通过内部元音字母(组合)的变化来构成复数 foot→ feet, mouse→ mice
词尾加-en或-ren变成复数 ox→ oxen, child→ children
单、复数同形 deer→ deer, sheep→ sheep
有些名词通常用复数形式 clothes, trousers
由man和woman作定语的名词,两个构成部分都要变成复数;由其他名词作定语的复合名词只变中心词 a man worker→two men workers a woman doctor→three women doctors an apple tree →five apple trees
“某国人”的复数:“中、日”不变,“英、法”把man变为men,其他的一般加-s Japanese→ Japanese Frenchman→ Frenchmen German→ Germans
复合名词的复数形式通常在主体名词上加上-s passer-by→ passers-by
复合名词如果没有主体名词,则在最后一个词的词尾加-s grown-up→ grown-ups
知识点2 不可数名词
一、定义:不可数名词是不能用数量计算的名词,没有复数形式.
二、用法
1.不可数名词前面不能用不定冠词a(an)或数词表示量,但是可以用much, a lot of, some, little, a little等修饰,作主语时常被看成单数.例如:
There is some bread on the table.桌子上有一些面包.
2.不可数名词常用a piece of, a cup of, a glass of, a bottle of等修饰.不可数名词的量由of前面名词的数来体现.例如:
There are three glasses of juice on the desk.书桌上有三杯果汁.
I have a bottle of water.我有一瓶水.
三、有些名词既是可数名词,又是不可数名词,但两种形式的意义不同
名词 可数 不可数 名词 可数 不可数
Chicken 小鸡 鸡肉 orange 橙子 橙汁
Experience 经历 经验 paper 试卷;论文 纸
Interest 趣味 利益 radio 收音机 无线电
Glass 玻璃杯 玻璃 房间 空间 room
Iron 熨斗 铁 time 次数,倍数 时间
Beauty 美人 美 wood 树林 木材
Fish 鱼(的种类) 鱼肉 hair (几根)头发 头发(整体)
知识点3名词所有格
一、定义:名词所有格表示名词之间的所属关系.有’s所有格,of所有格和双重所有格.
二、名词所有格的构成方法
类别 构成方法 示例
有生命的名词 以s结尾加’ the teachers' office 老师们的办公室
不以s结尾加’s my brother's pen我哥哥(弟弟)的钢笔 the children's homework孩子们的作业
表示时间、距离、国家等的名词 单数加’s China's development 中国的发展
复数或以s结尾加’ ten minutes' walk 步行十分钟的路程
用and连接两个并列的单数名词 表示共同拥有,只在最后一个名词后加’s Tony and Jim's father 托尼和吉姆的爸爸
表示各自拥有,在两个名词后都加’s Mike's and John's desks 迈克的书桌和约翰的书桌
表示无生命名词的所有格 用of表达 the door of the room房门
双重所有格 of+ 's所有格 a friend of my father's我父亲的一个朋友
of+名词性物主代词 a book of mine 我的一本书
表示某住宅、店铺、医院、诊所等名称 在表示职业的名词后加上’s at the doctor's在诊所 at the barber's在理发店
复合名词的所有格 在最后一个名词的词尾加’s my sister-in-law's mother 我嫂子的妈妈
具有名词性质的复合不定代词和else连用时的所有格 在else后面加’s somebody else's pencil 别人的铅笔
知识点4名词辨析
1.family,house 与home
family指“家人,家庭”,可强调家庭中的全体成员,不指住房; home作“家”讲,指人们生活、居住的地方,强调居住的范围和环境; house有“住宅,家”之意,强调房屋和居住的地点.例如:
My family are very kind.我的家人都很友好.
He left home for Beijing.他离家去北京了.
They lived in a small house.他们居住在一栋小房子里.
2.job与work
job是可数名词,指一项具体的、有报酬的工作或零工;work是不可数名词,指“工作;劳动”.例如:
Thousands have lost their jobs.数千人都丢了工作.
I have much work to do.我有许多工作要做.
3.problem 与 question
problem是指有待解决的问题,常与动词solve搭配;question是指提出的问题或有待回答的问题,常与动词ask或answer连用.例如:
The problem is difficult to solve.这个问题很难解决.
May I ask you some questions 我可以问你一些问题吗
4.place与room
place 意为“地点,地方”,是可数名词;room既有“房间”之意,又有“空间”之意,当房间讲时为可数名词,当空间讲时为不可数名词.例如:
Paris is a beautiful place.巴黎是一个漂亮的地方.
The big table takes up too much room.这张大桌子太占地方了.
There are three rooms in my house.我家有三个房间.
5.voice,noise 与 sound
voice指人的说话声或唱歌声,指人的“嗓音”;noise指令人感到厌烦的声音,尤指“噪音”;sound指自然界一切能听到的声音.例如:
Your voice sounds beautiful.你的嗓音很优美.
The noise of traffic kept him awake.车辆的嘈杂声使他睡不着.
Light travels much faster than sound.光比声音传播得快多了.
6.message,news 与 information
message“信息,消息”,是可数名词,一般指口头传递的或书写的消息;news“消息,新闻”,是不可数名词,指广播、电视、报纸等新闻媒体发布的社会各方面的最新消息;information“信息,资料”,是不可数名词,指在阅读、观察、上网、谈话或书信中特别关注的消息、资料等.例如:
We like sending short messages to each other every day.我们喜欢每天相互发短信.
Is there any good news in today's newspaper 今天的报纸上有什么好消息吗
You can get much information on the Internet.你可以在网上找到很多信息.
核心考点，各个击破
考点1可数名词
例1(2022·福建,62题,1分)People had rebuilt the bridge many________ (time). But it was still washed away over and over again.
【解析】本题考查可数名词复数形式.句意:人们已经重新建造了这座桥很多次.但它还是被一次又一次地冲走了.time作“时间”讲时是不可数名词,作“次数”讲时是可数名词.根据“many”可知,其后用可数名词的复数形式,设空处应意为“次数”,故填times.
例2(2021·重庆A卷,23题,1分)There are many________ teachers in this primary school.
A. woman B. woman's C. women D. women's
【解析】本题考查复合名词复数的用法.句意:这所小学有许多女教师.many修饰名词复数,woman作定语时,woman与被修饰的名词都要变复数,women teachers女教师们.答案:C
针对性练习1
1.-Are those________ on the hill
-No, they aren't. They're________.
A. sheep; cows B. sheep; cow C. sheeps; cows D. sheeps; cow
2.-Where are the________
-They are playing football on the playground.
A. boy student B.boy students C. boys student D. boys students
3.Tigers like to eat________, but koalas like to eat
A. meat; leaf B. meats; leaf C. meat; leaves D. meats; leaves
考点2不可数名词
例3(2022·安徽,24题,1分)-I do morning exercises every day. It works my whole body.
-It's a good habit. It helps you keep in good________.
A. time B. touch C. health D. silence
【解析】本题考查不可数名词.句意:-我每天都做早操.它让我全身都得到锻炼.-这是一个好习惯.它能让你保持健康.time时间;touch接触;health 健 康;silence安静.固定搭配keep in good health 保持健康.答案:C
针对性练习2
1.I need some________. Can you give me________
A. advice; one B. advices; one C. advice; a piece D. advices; a piece
2.-Tony,do you want to have some milk for breakfast
-Yes, Mom. Can I have some pieces of________ , too
A. bread B. hamburgers C. chickens D. vegetables
3. He had something to write down and asked me for________.
A. a paper B. some papers C. some pieces of papers D. a piece of paper
考点3名词所有格
例4(2021·贵州铜仁,22题,1分)-You have a nice house! Whose room is this
-It's________.
A. Jack and Peter's B. Jack's and Peter's C. Jack's and Peter D. Jack and Peter
【解析】本题考查名词所有格的用法.句意:-你的房子真漂亮！这是谁的房间 -它是杰克和彼得的.Jack and Peter's是指杰克和彼得两人共同的;Jack's and Peter's是指杰克和彼得两人各自的;C选项形式错误;Jack and Peter是指杰克和彼得两个人.根据问句“Whose room is this ”可知,答语中应该表示“是······的”,且这里提到的是一个房间,因此应该是杰克和彼得两人共同的.答案:A
针对性练习3
1. My suggestions on this question are totally different from my________. I can't agree with him.
A. brother B. brother's C. brothers D. brothers'
2.In________ time, those hills will be covered with trees, too.
A. few years B. a few years C. a few year's D. a few years'
3.His sister's English is better than________ in her class.
A. anyone else B. anyone's C. anyone's else D. anyone else's
考点4名词辨析
例5(2022·江苏徐州,12题,1分)From my________ on the top of the TV tower, I can have a perfect view of our city.
A. tradition B. condition C. position D. situation
【解析】本题考查名词辨析.句意:从我在电视塔顶部的位置,我可以完美地看到我们的城市.tradition传统;condition条件;position位置;situation形势,情况.根据“on the top of the TV tower”可知,此处是要表示一个位置.答案:C
针对性练习4
1.-Listen! Who is singing
-It's Betty. She has a sweet________.
A. sound B. voice C. noise D. speech
2. Whatever she does, she never gives up. She has a strong________.
A. war B. winner C. will D. wonder
3. Kids under the age of ten can't make good________. They are not sure which is better for them.
A. choices B. progress C. efforts D. mistakes
答案:
针对性练习1:1.A 2.B 3.C
针对性练习2:1.C 2.A 3.D
针对性练习3:1.B 2.D 3.D
针对性练习4:1.B 2.C 3.A
从模拟演练到实战操作
模拟演练
1.(2021·四川成都一模)-Kate's favorite________ is orange.
-I see. That's why all her sweaters are orange.
A. fruit B. juice C. color
2.(2021·辽宁丹东模拟)There is some________ in the fridge. We can cook it tonight.
A. beef B. eggs C. apple D. tomatoes
3.(2021·江苏徐州二模)A________ is a person who is traveling or visiting a place.
A. stranger B. tourist C. guide D. customer
4.(2021·湖南怀化三模)Katherine was excited to receive a dozen of roses from her husband on________ Day.
A. Women's B. Women C. Woman's
5.(2021·广西百色二模)To make delicious vegetable soup, we need two________ and some________.
A. egg; carrot B. tomatos; cabbage C. eggs; tomatoes D. carrot; cabbages
6.(2021·上海黄浦区二模)It is important for parents to give children plenty of________ to think by themselves.
A. room B. chance C. suggestion D. lesson
7.(2021·湖北丹江口一模)I have some trouble with my English writing. Can you give me some________
A. message B. advice C. suggestion D. decisions
8.(2021·吉林长春模拟)It's about twenty________ bus ride from my home to school.
A. minute B. minutes C. minutes' D. minute's
9.(2021·湖北十堰一模)-I hear Mary has got a good job in a world's top company.
-Yes. Her good________ experience helped her a lot. She once studied in one of the best colleges in China.
A.travel B. education C. life D. wealth
10.(2021·贵州黔东南二模)-Mom, I am hungry. May I have some________
-Of course. But don't eat too much.
A. bread B. noodle C. dumpling D. hamburger
11.(2021·河北张家口一模)Believe in yourself and you are sure to make a________.
A. mess B. face C. mistake D. difference
12.(2021·辽宁沈阳三模)-Why not buy a second-hand car first if you don't have enough money for a new one
-That's a good________.
A. saying B. question C. suggestion D. description
13.(2021·湖北武汉一模)During his stay in America, he gained a lot of________ of local customs and cultures.
A. knowledge B. suggestion C. idea D. message
14.(2021·河北石家庄模拟)He has told us________ is through hard work. That is the simplest truth.
A. grade B. happiness C. present D. courage
15.(2021·黑龙江大庆一模)-What's in the fridge, Tom
-Many________, but little________.
A. watermelon; juice B. pancakes; yogurt C. milk; bananas D. oranges; vegetables
16.(2021·湖北襄阳一模)-How far is it from here to the Children Park
-It's about________.
A. 30 minutes walk B.30 minute walk C.30 minutes' walk D.30 minute's walk
17.(2020·湖北武汉模拟)-Could you move over a little and make some________ for me
-Sure ,please.
A. place B. seat C. room D. ground
18.(2020·湖南岳阳一模)Upstairs are________ bedrooms. They are tidy and nice.
A. Lily's and Lucy's B. Lily and Lucy's C. Lily's and Lucy
19.(2020·吉林四平模拟)-How much does the meal cost
-Forget it. It will be my________. All you need to do is to enjoy it.
A. turn B. duty C. treat D. honor
20.(2020·湖北武汉模拟)These________ want to have some________ for lunch. So they decide to catch some.
A. Germans; fish B. Germans; fishes C. German; fish D. Germany; fish
答案:
1.C
2.A【解析】本题考查不可数名词的用法.句意:冰箱里有些牛肉,我们今晚就可以做了吃.句中谓语动词是is, tomatoes和eggs都为复数形式,不可选;apple是可数名词单数形式;some后面跟可数名词复数,故排除;beef意为“牛肉”,为不可数名词,符合句法规则.
3.B【解析】本题考查名词辨析.stranger陌生人;tourist游客,旅行者;guide导游;customer顾客.根据句中“a person who is traveling or visiting a place” 可知应指的是旅行的人.
4.A【解析】本题考查名词所有格的用法.句意:凯瑟琳在妇女节收到丈夫送给她的一打玫瑰花,非常高兴.妇女节是在复数名词Women后面直接加＇s再加Day.
5.C
6.A【解析】本题考查名词辨析.句意:父母给孩子足够的空间让他们自己思考是很重要的.plenty of后接可数名词复数或不可数名词.room空间,不可数名词.chance机会;suggestion建议;lesson课程;这三个名词都是可数名词,跟在plenty of后面应变成复数形式,故排除.
7.B【解析】本题考查名词辨析.message信息;advice 建议;suggestion建议;decisions决定.根据题干第一句“我的英语写作有些困难”,可知是希望对方给一些学习英语写作的建议,advice是不可数名词,suggestion是可数名词,some后面接不可数名词或可数名词的复数形式,排除A、C,剩下的只有advice符合题意.
8.C
9.B【解析】本题考查名词辨析.句意:－我听说玛丽在一家世界一流的公司找到了一份好工作.－对,她良好的教育经历对她帮助很大,她曾就读于中国最好的大学之一.travel 旅行;education教育;life生命;wealth财富.根据“She once studied in one of the best colleges in China.”可知,此处表示很好的教育.
10.A【解析】本题考查可数名词复数的用法.bread面包;noodle面条;dumpling水饺;hamburger汉堡包.some后面接可数名词复数或不可数名词,B、C、D选项都是可数名词单数,故排除.
11.D【解析】本题考查名词辨析.句意:相信自己,你一定会有所作为.mess杂乱,不整洁;face脸;mistake 错误;difference不同.根据前半句“Believe in yourself”可推知,后句是make a difference 短语,即作出改变.
12.C
13.A
14.B【解析】本题考查名词辨析.句意:他告诉我们,幸福是通过努力工作得来的,这是最简单的事实.grade年级;happiness幸福;present礼物;courage勇气.
15.B【解析】本题考查可数名词和不可数名词的用法.watermelon 西瓜;juice果汁;pancakes薄饼;yogurt酸奶;milk牛奶;bananas 香蕉;oranges橙子;vegetables 蔬菜.many后面接可数名词复数,排除A、C选项;little修饰不可数名词,vegetables是可数名词复数,排除D选项.
16.C
17.C【解析】本题考查名词辨析.句意:－你能挪过去一点儿,给我腾出点儿地方吗 －当然可以,请.place地点,可数名词;seat座位,可数名词;room房间(可数),空间(不可数);ground地面,不可数名词.some后面接不可数名词或可数名词的复数形式,排除A、B选项;根据句意可知是让人给自已腾出点儿空间来.make room for sb.为某人腾出空间.
18.A【解析】本题考查名词所有格的用法.句意:楼上是莉莉和露西的卧室,它们又干净又漂亮.根据题干中“bedrooms”是复数,可知是莉莉和露西各自拥有一间卧室,表示各自拥有,在两个名词后分别加＇s.
19.C【解析】本题考查名词辨析.句意:这顿饭多少钱 －不用了,这顿我请,你只要享受就好了.turn转弯,轮次;duty职责;treat请客,款待;honor荣誉.my treat表示“我请客”.
20.A
真题演练
1.(2022·广西柳州)Here are some________ for you to read.
A. milk B. tea C. books
2.(2022·广西百色)He does well in his studies, and his favorite________ are P.E. and English.
A. books B. subjects C. colors D. sports
3.(2022·吉林)-Alice, could you please pass me the________ I want to write a letter.
-OK. Here you are.
A. bottle B.pen C. flower
4.(2021·湖北襄阳)-How do you improve your English________
-I often talk with the persons whose mother language is English.
A. population B. transportation C. pronunciation D. suggestion
5.(2021·江苏泰州)The landing of China's rover(火星车)Zhurong on Mars shows China has made great________ in space exploration.
A. progress B. project C. product D. protection
6.(2021·山东菏泽)-China's high-speed railway is________ leading the world.
-That's right. It is moving further into the world.
A. technology B. environment C. population
7.(2021·江西)Your leg looks really bad! I think you should send for a________ about that.
A. pilot B. doctor C. singer D. postman
8.(2021·山西)-Jenny, I can't solve the problems by myself. What should I do
-Maybe working in groups is a good________.
A. method B. survey C. report
9.(2021·湖南湘西)-How much honey do we need
-Let's see. Two________.
A. spoons of honey B. spoon of honeys C. spoons of honeys
10.(2021·湖北武汉)The idiom(成语) “Mengzi's mother makes three moves” tells of a mother who did all she could to provide the best________ for her child.
A. experience B. instruction C. environment D. information
11.(2021·青海西宁)-What a clean and tidy room!
-Yes. It's________ room.
A. Tina and Nina's B. Tina's and Nina C. Tina and Nina D. Tina's and Nina's
12.(2021·山东东营)-I'm sad to hear that Yuan Longping passed away.
-So am I. We lost a hero. His________ on hybrid(杂交)rice helped Chinese people solve the problem of eating.
A. surveys B. reports C. readings D. achievements
13.(2021·黑龙江大庆)-Can I help you
-Please give me________ about the trains to Daqing.
A. a few informations B. a little informations C. a little information D. a few information
14.(2021·四川广元)Three-fifths of the teachers in our school are________.
A. man teachers B. men teachers C. woman teachers D. women teacher
15.(2021·广西百色)Uncle Li has a farm, there are some________ on the farm.
A. chicken and sheep B. chickens and sheeps C. chickens and sheep D. chicken and sheeps
16.(2021·湖北荆州)-What's your________ about the result of our school's basketball match
-I'm sure my class will be the winner.
A. preparation B. prediction C. information D. introduction
17.(2020·湖南岳阳)Mike doesn't have enough money, so he can only afford________.
A. a bread B. too much bread C. a piece of bread
18.(2020·江苏宿迁)Mr. Liu is a wise man, and he often gives us a few________.
A. suggestions B. advice C. hobbies D. knowledge
19.(2020·黑龙江大庆)Nobody thought it easy to finish so much work in________.
A. two days' time B. two-days time C. two day's time D. two days time
20.(2020·甘肃天水)Lily is a friend of________.
A. Mary's mother's B. Mary's mother's of C. Mary mother's D. mother's of Mary
答案:
1.C
2.B
3.B【解析】本题考查名词辨析.句意:－艾丽斯,你可以把钢笔递给我吗 我想写一封信.－好的.给你.bottle瓶子;pen钢笔;flower花.根据“I want to write a letter.”可知,此处指写信用的物品,“钢笔”符合.
4.C【解析】本题考查名词辨析.population人口;transportation 交通;pronunciation 发音;suggestion建议.根据语境提示“whose mother language is English” 可知是关于如何改善英语发音的问题.
5.A【解析】本题考查名词辨析.句意:中国“祝融”号火星车登陆火星,表明中国在太空探索方面取得了巨大进展.progress进展;project项目;product产品;protection 保护.根据句意,应选progress.
6.A【解析】本题考查名词辨析.句意:－中国的高铁技术正在领跑世界.－很对,它正在进一步走向界.technology 技术;environment 环境;population人口.
7.B【解析】本题考查名词辨析.句意:你的腿看起来确实糟糕！我认为你应该请医生来看看.pilot飞行员;doctor医生;singer歌手;postman邮递员.
8.A
9.A【解析】本题考查不可数名词的用法.honey蜂蜜,是不可数名词,不能加8变成复数形式,排除B、C选项;不可数名词表达数量要借助量词,故选A.
10.C
11.A
12.D【解析】本题考查名词辨析.句意:－听说袁隆平去世了,我感到很悲伤.－我也是.我们失去了一位英雄,他在杂交水稻上的成就帮助中国人解决了吃饭问题.surveys 调查;reports 报告;readings阅读;achievements成就.根据“helped Chinese people solve the problem of eating”可知讲述的是袁隆平的成就,用名词“achievements”.
13.C
14.B【解析】本题考查可数名词复数的用法.根据动词“are”可知,名词要用复数形式,以man或woman作定语的名词变复数时,前后两个名词都变复数.
15.C
16.B【解析】本题考查名词辨析.句意:你对我校篮球比赛的结果有什么预测 －我确信我们班会胜.preparation 准备;prediction 预测;information 信息;introduction介绍.根据答语“我确信我们班会获胜”可推知空白处表示一种预测.
17.C
18.A
19.A【解析】本题考查名词所有格的用法.句意:没人认为在两天内完成这么多工作很容易.此题重点考查名词复数的所有格形式,以s结尾的复数名词的所有格直接加＇.两天的时间用“two days' time”来表示.
20.A【解析】本题考查名词所有格的用法.句意:莉莉是玛丽母亲朋友中的一个.此处是双重所有格,用“所有格”的结构.表达“玛丽的母亲”用“Mary's mother”,表达“玛丽母亲朋友中的一个”用“a friend of Mary's mother's"