专题十非谓语动词-2023年初中英语中考复习专项突破（含解析）

专题十 非谓语动词
一对一“梳理”知识点
高效复习法
中考对于非谓语动词的考查主要有三个考向:动词不定式、动名词和分词.在做此类试题时,考生应先分析本题该用谓语动词还是非谓语动词,然后才能确定选用非谓语动词的哪种形式.
(1)判定本题该用谓语动词还是非谓语动词:根据句子判断是否缺少谓语.
①当句子缺少谓语时,该动词就用谓语动词形式.一般情况下,动词作谓语放在主语之后,如“I love you.中,love就是谓语动词.②当句中已有谓语动词,而且没有并列连词使其与答题空处所填动词并列时,该动词就用非谓语动词形式.
(2)判定本题该用非谓语动词的哪种形式.
①根据非谓语动词的句法功能,即动词所作的成分确定.②根据句式和固定搭配来确定.
知识突破
知识点1动词不定式
一、定义:动词不定式的基本形式是to +动词原形,不定式符号to有时可以省略,其否定形式为not to +动词原形.
二、用法
1.作主语
动词不定式作主语时,常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语后置.例如:
To learn English well is important.＝It is important to learn English well.学好英语很重要.
2.作宾语
(1)及物动词＋动词不定式.
常见的接不定式作宾语的动词(短语)(v.+to do sth.)：
agree 同意 can't wait 迫不及待
choose 选择 decide 决定
want想要 expect 期望
fail 失败 afford负担得起
learn学习 manage 设法
plan计划 prefer 更喜欢
prepare准备 promise 承诺
refuse 拒绝 hope希望
(2)find, think等后跟不定式作宾语时,常用it作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语放在后面.例如:
I find it important to protect our environment.我发现保护我们的环境很重要.
3.作宾语补足语
常见的接不定式作宾语补足语的动词(短语)(v.+sb.+to do sth.)
advise 建议 allow允许
ask 要求 encourage 鼓励
expect 期望 force强迫
invite 邀请 order 命令
teach教 tell 告诉
want想要 warn警告
wish 希望 would like 想要
4.作定语
(1)不定式有时起形容词的作用,修饰名词、代词,在句中作定语.不定式作定语时,它的位置是在它所修饰的名词或代词之后.例如:
Li Ming is the first to come to the library.李明是第一个来到图书馆的人.
(2)不定式修饰 something, anything, nothing, somewhere时,放在它们的后面,如果something, anything, nothing, somewhere 有形容词来修饰,词序是“something/anything/nothing/somewhere+形容词＋不定式”.例如:
I have something important to tell you.我有一些重要的事情要告诉你.
5.作状语
(1)作目的状语,放在句首或句尾,有时常用 to do, in order to do, so as to do等来表目的.例如:
To learn English, he decided to go to England.为了学英语,他决定去英国.
He got up early in order to catch the first bus.他起得很早,为的是赶上第一趟公交车.
(2)作原因状语,和某些形容词连用构成“be＋形容词＋不定式”短语.例如:
I am happy to see my classmates again.我很高兴再次见到我的同学们.
(3)作结果状语,常用结构;enough...to...,too...to....例如:
He is too excited to say anything.他激动得说不出话.
6.作表语
常位于系动词之后来表示主语的职业、职责、目的、愿望等.例如:
My dream is to be a pilot.我的梦想是成为一名飞行员.
7.不定式的常用句型
(1)It is+形容词＋of/for sb.+to do sth.意为“某人做某事真是太······的／对某人来说做某事是······的”.这一句型应特别注意of和for的使用情况:
for sb.句型通常使用表示客观情况的形容词,如:easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, interesting等.可转化为“to do sth. +be +adj.+for sb.”.例如:
It was hard for him to learn English well.＝To learn English well was hard for him.
对他来说学好英语太难了.
of sb.句型一般用表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如:good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, careful等.可转化为“sb.+be +adj. +to do sth.”.例如:
It's very kind of you to help me.＝You are very kind to help me.能帮我的忙,你真是太好了.
(2)It's one's turn to do sth.意为“轮到某人做某事了”.例如:
It's my turn to clean the classroom today.今天轮到我打扫教室了.
(3)It takes/took sb. some time/money to do sth.意为“某人花多长时间／多少钱做某事”.例如:
It took me 3 hours to get there.我用了三个小时才到达那里.
(4)It's time to do sth.=It's time for sth.意为“是该做某事的时候了”.该句式也可扩展为It's time for sb.to do sth.意为“是某人该做某事的时候了”.例如:
It's time for us to go to school.我们该去上学了.
(5)sb.+be+adj.+to do sth.意为“某人因······而······”.例如:
I am very sorry to hear that.听说那件事我很难过.
(6)find/think/feel it+adj.+to do sth.意为“发现／认为／感到做某事是······的”.例如:
I find it not easy to learn English well.我发现学好英语不容易.
(7)疑问词(what/who/which/when/how/where)+动词不定式作宾语.例如:
I don't know which one to buy.我不知道该买哪一个.
(8)too +adj.+to do sth.表示“太······而不能做某事”.例如:
The boy is too young to look after himself.那个男孩太小了,不能照顾自己.
(9)adj./adv.+enough to do sth.表示“足够······可以做某事”.例如:
He is old enough to go to school.他到上学的年龄了.
Tom runs fast enough to catch up with Li Lei.汤姆跑得那么快,能赶上李雷.
(10)used to do sth.表示“过去常常做某事”;be used to do sth.表示“被用来做某事”.例如:
My grandparents used to live in the country, but now they are used to living in the city.
我的祖父母过去住在乡下,但是现在习惯住在城市了.
The knife can be used to cut things.这把刀能用来切东西.
知识点2动名词
一、定义:动名词是动词的非谓语形式之一,它兼有动词和名词的特征,一般由动词原形加-ing构成.
二、用法
1.动名词的句法功能
用法 示例
作主语 Getting up early is a good habit.早起是个好习惯.
作表语 His hobby is studying stars.他的爱好是研究星星.
做宾语 动词宾语 I like playing basketball very much.我非常喜欢打篮球.
介词宾语 I have no experience in teaching English.我没有教英语的经验.
作定语 There is a swimming pool in the park.公园里有一个游泳池.
2.常见接动名词作宾语的动词(短语)(v.+ doing sth.)
advise 建议 avoid 避免 consider 考虑
enjoy 喜欢 finish 完成 imagine 想象
keep坚持 mind介意 miss 错过
practice 练习 feel like想要 deny 否认
succeed in 成功 suggest 建议 give up 放弃
look forward to 期待 be(get)used to 习惯于 be interested in 对······感兴趣
dream of 梦想 spend time(in)花费时间做······ take part in 参加
be busy(in)忙于做······ have fun(in)开心地做······
3.有些动词后面既可接不定式,也可接动名词,但是意思有区别,常见的有:
(1)stop to do sth.停下来去做某事 stop doing sth.停止做某事
I'm tired. Let's stop to have a rest.我累了,让我们停下来休息一下吧.
Stop talking, please.请停止讲话.
(2)remember to do sth.记住要做某事(动作未发生)
remember doing sth.记得曾做过某事(动作已发生)
Please remember to post my letter.请记得把我的信寄走.
I remember posting your letter.我记得把你的信寄出去了.
(3)forget to do sth.忘记去做某事(动作未发生)
forget doing sth.忘记做过某事(动作已发生)
I forgot to bring my homework.我忘记带作业来了.
I forgot bringing my homework.我都忘记把作业带来了.
(4)try to do sth.努力去做某事 try doing sth.试着做某事
We are trying to learn English well.我们在努力把英语学好.
He tried speaking English to us.他试着用英语和我们说话.
(5)go on to do sth.(做完一件事后)接着去做另外一件事
go on doing sth.(短暂停顿后)继续做某事
After playing football, we will go on to play basketball.我们踢完足球后,将继续去打篮球.
He went on working until he was 91.他一直工作到91岁.
(6)regret to do sth.对要做某事感到遗憾(未做)
regret doing sth.对做过某事感到后悔(已做)
I regret to say I'm not able to help you finish it.很抱歉,我不能帮你完成此事.
I don't regret telling her what I thought.我不后悔告诉了她我的想法.
(7)mean to do sth.打算／想做某事 mean doing sth.意味着做某事
I meant to go running this morning.今天早晨我打算去跑步.
Doing that means wasting time.做那件事意味着浪费时间.
(8)need to do sth.需要做某事
sth. need(s)doing=sth. need(s)to be done 某物需要被······
He needs to do his homework.他需要做家庭作业了.
The flower needs watering.花需要浇水了.
(9)can't help to do sth.不能帮助做某事 can't help doing sth.禁不住做某事
I can't help to do it.我不能帮忙做这件事.
She couldn't help crying when she heard the news.当听到这个消息时,她禁不住哭了起来.
知识点3分词
一、定义:分词有现在分词和过去分词两种形式,现在分词由“v.+-ing”构成,表示主动、进行之意;过去分词的基本形式由“v.+-ed”构成,但也有不规则的形式,表示被动、完成之意.
二、用法
分词的主要功能:
功能 用法 示例
作定语 现在分词作定语,其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的词 Do you know the girl standing with Mr. Li 你认识和李先生站在一起的那个女孩吗
过去分词作定语,其逻辑宾语就是它所修饰的词 Please hand in your written exercises. 请上交你们的书面练习.
作补足语 现在分词作补足语,句子的宾语或主语是它的逻辑主语(即主动关系) I'm sorry to keep you waiting for such a long time. 我很抱歉让你等这么长时间.
过去分词作补足语,句子的宾语或主语是它的逻辑宾语(即被动关系) He will have his hair cut after school. 他放学后要去理发.
作状语 分词作状语,其逻辑主语是句子的主语 Li Ming and Danny ran away, talking and laughing. 李明和丹尼有说有笑地跑开了.
三、现在分词与过去分词的区别
1.在语态上,现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词表示被动意义.例如:
a moving film一部感人的电影
the moved people被感动的人们
2.在时间上,现在分词表示正在发生的动作,过去分词表示已经完成的动作.例如:
the developing country 发展中国家
the developed country 发达国家
四、现在分词作宾补与不定式作宾补的区别常见的感官动词如 see, watch, notice, hear, feel等,接不带to的不定式作宾补,表示已经完成了的或经常性的动作;接现在分词作宾补,表示动作正在进行.例如:
I heard him singing in the classroom.我听到他正在教室里唱歌.(“唱”这个动作正在进行)
I heard him sing in the classroom.我听到他在教室里唱歌了.(“唱”这个动作已经结束)
I saw him going up the stairs.我看见他正在上楼.(“上楼”这个动作正在进行)
I saw him go up the stairs.我看见他上楼了.(“上楼”这个动作已经完成)
五、动名词和现在分词的区别
1.动词的-ing形式用作主语时为动名词,现在分词不可以用作主语.
(1)动名词用作主语.例如:
Reading French is easier than speaking it.阅读法文比讲法语容易.
Talking to him is talking to a wall.和他说话等于对牛弹琴.
(2)有时it作形式主语,把动名词主语放在句子后面.例如:
It's nice seeing you again.再次见到你真是太好了.
It was tiring driving from morning till night.从早到晚开车很累人.
(3)“There is/was+no”后可以用动名词作主语.例如:
There was no knowing what he could do.他能做什么很难说.
There was no arguing with her.没法和她争论.
2.动词的-ing形式用作宾语时为动名词,现在分词不可以用作宾语.
(1)有许多动词可接动名词作宾语.例如:
He kept complaining.他不停地抱怨.
I finished reading the book last night.这书我昨晚看完了.
(2)有许多带介词的动词短语接动名词作宾语.例如:
He has given up playing football.他已经放弃踢足球了.
Prices keep on increasing.价格不断上涨.
3.当动词的-ing形式用作状语时为现在分词,动名词不可以用作状语.现在分词及其短语可以用作状语,表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随等情况.其动作可能发生在谓语之前或之后,也可能与谓语动词的动作同时发生.例如:
Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a magnificent view.
我们爬到塔顶后,看到了一片壮丽的景象.(表时间)
Living in the country, we had few social engagements.我们住在乡下,交际的机会很少.(表原因)
Having money, he will buy a bigger car.有钱了,他会买一辆更大的车.(表条件)
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.尽管知道了一切情况,他们还是要我赔偿损失.(表让步)
The child fell, striking his head against the door and cutting it.那孩子跌倒了,头碰在门上碰破了.(表结果)
He stood leaning against the wall.他靠墙站着.(表方式)
4.动名词与现在分词都可以用作表语,当动词的-ing的作用相当于名词时为动名词.当动词的-ing的作用相当于形容词时为现在分词.
(1)动名词作表语.例如:
Her hobby is painting.她的爱好是绘画.
Her job was tending sheep.她的工作是放羊.
The main thing is getting there in time.首要的事是及时到达那里.
(2)现在分词作表语.例如:
The news is encouraging.这消息令人鼓舞.
This story is very interesting.这个故事很有趣.
The day was so charming.天气真是好极了.
5.动名词与现在分词都可以用作定语现在分词表示其所修饰的名词的动作,即现在分词与其所修饰的名词在逻辑上具有主谓关系,通常能改为一个定语从句.动名词则表示其修饰的名词的性质、用途或功能,两者逻辑上无主谓关系,因此它只能改为一个for加动名词的短语.
(1)现在分词作定语.例如:
a running boy一个奔跑的男孩 a booming town 繁荣的城镇
growing doubts 越来越大的怀疑 the existing condition 现有条件
the remaining days剩下的岁月 lasting peace 持久的和平
a shooting star 流星 the rising generation 成长的一代
(2)动名词作定语.例如:
swimming pool 游泳池 drinking water 饮用水
waiting room 候车室 sleeping bag睡袋
parking lot停车场 writing desk 写字桌
sewing machine 缝纫机 writing paper 信纸
operating table 手术台 checking account 活期账户
diving suit 潜水衣 reading room 阅览室
playing ground 运动场 washing machine 洗衣机
speaking contest 演讲比赛 fishing pole 钓鱼杆
6.动名词与现在分词都可以用作补足语,但现在分词一般只用作感官动词和使役动词的宾语补足语.例如:
She smelt something burning.她闻到有东西烧糊了.
I have kept you waiting a long time.我让你久等了.
(1)作宾语补足语的分词前有时可以加as.例如:
She quoted Lu Xun as saying that.她引用了鲁迅说的话.
(2)现在分词可用作主语补足语,说明主语的状态、动作等.例如:
He was again left waiting outside.又让他留在外面等着.
(3)而动名词作补语对相应的动词却没有这些规定.例如:
I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.我管这叫做拆东墙补西墙.(robbing是宾语补语)
This is called turning things upside down.这叫做颠倒是非.(turning是主语补语)
核心考点，各个击破
考点1动词不定式
例1(2022·湖南怀化,4题,1分)
The teacher told Jack________ off the light when he left the classroom.
A. turn B. turning C. to turn
【解析】本题考查非谓语动词.句意:老师告诉杰克离开教室时把灯关掉.此处是tell sb. to do sth.“告诉某人做某事”的结构,空处用不定式作宾补.答案:C
针对性练习1
1.My mother often asks me________ early.
A. get up B. got up C. to get up D. getting up
2. My parents always tell me________ too much meat. It's not good for my health.
A. to eat B. eating C. eats D. not to eat
3. Spring Bud Project is an organization that raises money________ poor young girls return to school.
A. to save B. saving C. helping D. to help
考点2动名词
例2(2021·江苏苏州,7题,1分)
During our holidays, we should avoid________ up at night and oversleeping in the morning.
A. stay B. to stay C. stayed D. staying
【解析】本题考查非谓语动词.句意:在假期里,我们应该避免晚上熬夜和早上睡过头.avoid doing sth.意为“避免做某事”,动词avoid后跟动名词形式.答案:D
针对性练习2
1. -Could you tell me how to improve spoken English
-Well, just take every chance to practice________ and don't be shy.
A. speak B. to speak C. speaking D. spoke
2.Thanks to the robots, the human reporters do not have to spend a lot of time________ boring numbers and information.
A. processing B. to process C. processed D. process
3.Martin was so busy________ the old that he gave up his part-time job.
A. helping B. helped C. to help D. help
考点3分词
例3(2020·黑龙江绥化,51题,1分)
Eric, your car is so dirty. You should go and get it________ (wash).
【解析】本题考查非谓语动词.句意:埃里克,你的车太脏了.你应该去把它洗干净.get sth. done意为“使某事被做好”,用动词wash的过去分词作宾语补足语.答案:washed
针对性练习3
1.-Tom,why are you in such a hurry
-Oh, my bike is broken, I'm going to have it________.
A. repairing B. repaired C. to repair
2.I'm very________ and I really need an vacation.
A. tired; exciting B. tired; excited C. tiring; exciting D. tiring; excited
3.Listen! There must be someone________ through the jungle.
A. trek B. trekked C. trekking D. to trek
答案:
针对性练习1:1.C 2.D 3.D
针对性练习2:1.C 2.A 3.A
针对性练习3:1.B 2.A 3.C
从模拟演练到实战操作
模拟演练
1.(2021·重庆江北区一模)When I'm sad, my mother always tries her best________ me happy.
A. make B. made C. to make D. making
2.(2021·江苏徐州二模)Be careful, Jack. It's dangerous________ the phone while driving.
A. answer B. to answer C. answering D. answers
3.(2021·四川成都模拟)The government advises people to follow the seven-step hand- washing method________ healthy.
A. keep B. to keep C. keeping
4.(2021·湖北襄阳一模)-Mary, have you finished________ the novel
-Oh no, I am too busy________ it. Mr. Li asked me to hand in my math paper this week.
A. reading; reading B. to read; reading C. reading; to read D. to read; to read
5.(2021·天津河西区二模)-What's your plan for the summer holidays
-I've no idea, but I've decided________ at home and have a good rest first.
A. stay B. to stay C. stayed D. staying
6.(2021·上海浦东新区二模)Nowadays, teachers ought to consider________ more time on teaching research.
A. spend B. to spend C. spending D. spent
7.(2021·辽宁丹东一模)He failed________ up to the top of the mountain because he was too tired.
A. climbed B. climb C. to climb D. climbing
8.(2021·内蒙古包头三模)-My eyesight is getting worse these days. I'd like to have my eyes________.
-Perhaps you should consider________ the time on the computer.
A. checked; reducing B. to check; reducing C. checked; to reduce D. checking; to reduce
9.(2021·甘肃兰州二模)Mrs. Li asks us________ (develop)the habit of keeping diaries every week,
10.(2021·湖南永州一模)It is difficult for me________ (learn)English well.
11.(2020·海南海口模拟)I'm sorry to keep you________ (wait)for so long.
答案:
1.C 2.B
3.B【解析】本题考查动词不定式的用法.句意:政府建议人们遵循七步洗手法来保持健康.保持健康是建议遵循七步洗手法的目的,用动词不定式to keep作目的状语.
4.C
5.B【解析】本题考查动词不定式的用法.句意:－暑假你有什么计划 －我不知道,但我决定先待在家里好好休息一下.decide to do sth.决定去做某事.
6.C【解析】本题考查动名词的用法.句意:现在,教师应该考虑花更多的时间在教学研究上.consider doing sth.考虑做某事,动名词作宾语.
7.C
8.A【解析】本题考查分词和动名词的用法.句意:－这些天我的视力越来越差了,我想检查一下我的眼睛.－或许你应该考虑减少在电脑上的时间.have sth. done 表示“使某物被做”,所以第一空应用过去分词 checked作补足语,可排除B、D;consider doing sth.表示“考虑做某事”,所以第二空应用动名词reducing,可排除C.
9.to develop 10.to learn 11.waiting
真题演练
1.(2021·湖南岳阳)The sorialit new countryside (社会主义新农村)makes farmers' living conditions________.
A. to improve B. improve C. improveing
2.(2021·吉林)Mr. White invited me________ the hill with him last weekend.
A. to climb B. climb C. climbing
3.(2021·四川成都)It is hard for people to move forward with a strong wind________ hard.
A. blown B. blowing C. to blow
4.(2021·江苏南京)I would be interested to see the pandas in the Wolong Panda Reserve, because it allows people________ closer to them.
A. get B. to get C. getting D. got
5.(2021·重庆A卷)The villagers plan________ a new bridge over the river.
A. build B. building C. to build D. built
6.(2021·湖南邵阳)-How can I improve my pronunciation, Madam
-Keep on________ and you'll make progress.
A. practice B. practicing C. to practice
7.(2021·广西百色)I used to________ at half past six, but now I am getting used to________ at seven.
A. getting up; get up B. get up; getting up C. got up; getting up D. got up; get up
8.(2021·湖南永州)When it comes to my hirthdays, I would like to invite my friends________ (watch)a movie.
9.(2021·江苏扬州)Jack enjoys________ (游泳)and sunbathing with his friends.
10.(2021·山东泰安)China has passed a law________ (保护)the Yangize River, which is the longest river in our country.
答案:
1.B【解析】本题考查动词不定式的用法.句意:社会主义新农村改善了农民的生活条件.分析句子结构可知,此处是make sb.do sth.的结构,动词make后面接不带to的不定式充当宾语补足语.
2.A【解析】本题考查动词不定式的用法.句意:上周末怀特先生邀请我和他一起爬山.invite sb.to do sth.邀请某人做某事.
3.B【解析】本题考查现在分词的用法.句意:人们很难在强风中前进.with a strong wind blowing 表伴随状态.其中,wind和blow之间是主动关系,故用现在分词形式blowing.
4.B【解析】本题考查动词不定式的用法.句意:我想去卧龙熊猫保护区看看熊猫,因为保护区允许人们近距离靠近它们.allow后跟动词不定式作宾语补足语.
5.C【解析】本题考查动词不定式的用法.句意:村民们计划在河上修一座新桥.表示“计划、打算”,其后使用动词不定式作宾语.
6.B
7.B【解析】本题考查动词不定式和动名词的用法.used to do sth.是固定搭配,表示“过去常常做某事”;get used to doing sth.也是固定搭配,意为“习惯于做某事”.
8.to watch【解析】本题考查动词不定式的用法.句意:当我的生日到来的时候,我想邀请我的朋友们看电影.invite sb.to do sth.邀请某人做某事,是固定搭配.
9.swimming 10.protect