中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
热点05 阅读理解之细节理解题
2023年中考英语【热点 重点 难点】专练
细节理解题在高考英语阅读理解试题中所占比例最大，但这部分题目相对来说比较简单，只要通过题干的关键词，在文中找到题目的相关信息，仔细对比，就能得出答案。其正确选项特征为：同义替换、语言简化、正话反说等。其干扰项特征为：张冠李戴、无中生有、曲解文意、颠倒是非等。
1. 抓好限时训练
通过限时训练可以有计划、循序渐进地提高自己的阅读速度。做阅读理解训练时，尝试在原文中划出答案出处，这能帮助我们在阅读时以文章为依据，而不凭空猜想。
2. 养成良好的阅读习惯
在平时训练时要养成良好的阅读习惯。首先要避免“指读”。很多学生喜欢用手或笔指着文字读，这种阅读习惯容易使思维停留在手指着的局部单词上，会阻碍对中心思想的理解。而且这种方法比默读慢得多，会影响阅读的速度。其次要避免出声阅读。嘴唇随着文字而蠕动或发出细小的声音都会大大地影响阅读速度。还要避免过多地停顿回读。在阅读过程中由于对某个词语或句子不太明白，眼睛过多地重复同一个词语或句子，这样既影响阅读速度，又影响对文章的连贯理解和较好地获取中心意思，而且易使眼睛和大脑疲劳。
3. 掌握适当的阅读技巧
常见的阅读方法有三种：
（1）先文后题。即先把全文读懂，然后做题。这种方法的缺点是阅读的目的性不明确，记住的细节内容未必有用，有用的内容未必记住。答题时仍需到短文中去寻找，实际上等于降低了读速，降低了效率。
（2）先题后文。即先读问题，然后带着问题读文章。这种方法的优点是目的明确，在阅读时有所侧重，能节省时间。该法比较适合类似广告性质的阅读理解题。缺点在于由于没有读过短文，不了解文章的主题、细节分布情况，因而不可能很快找到所需信息，有时很有可能断章取义，不利于做推理题和主旨大意题。
（3）文——题——文。即先快速通读全文，对文章形成总体印象，了解全文的题材、主要结构、中心思想、主题段、主题句，然后读问题，明白该文章的考查点，最后，再带着问题跳读文章，寻找与答题内容有关的词句，并在原文中划出答案出处，这样既提高了做题的准确性，又能有效地利用时间。因此，文——题——文阅读理解方法是多数人采用的，可提高阅读速度的有效方法。
4. 积累文化背景知识
英语阅读能力的提高不仅需要一定的语言知识，还要有一定的文化背景知识和生活知识。这就需要我们通过大量的阅读来积累。我们要拓展知识面，注意社会热点。我们了解的东西越多，知识面越宽，对文章的理解就越容易。
5. 注重长难句的理解
近几年的高考阅读理解题十分注重借助复杂语境考查考生对语言语法知识综合运用的能力。所选阅读材料中常有大量复杂单句和复合句，以此来增强句子结构的复杂性和语境理解难度。所以，理解长句、复杂句成了考生顺利理解阅读材料，提高阅读速度的关键。一般地说，造成长难句的原因主要有三个方面：（1）修饰语过多；（2）并列成份多；（3）语言结构层次多。在分析长难句时应采用“先缩后扩”的方法。先缩，即首先找出句子的主语、谓语、宾语，这样就抓住了句子的主干，也就从整体上把握了句子的结构。后扩，分析句子主干以外的从句或短语的功能以及和主干的相互关系。例如：非谓语动词的成分是什么，其逻辑主语是哪个，定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个，介词短语修饰哪个词，and 连接的是哪些并列成分等等。
英语有句谚语Practice makes perfect， 同学们如果能科学训练，持之以恒，阅读水平就会有质的飞跃。
高中英语不同体裁文章的阅读方法
（一）说明文exposition: 说明文用平时的语言客观的解释或探讨各种问题，介绍自然科学、社会科学领域的最新成果，社会经济发展中出现的新生事物等。说明事物可采用多种方式，如举例（by giving examples）、分类法(by classification)或类比(by analogy生僻)、对比法(by contrast)。给事物下定义(definition)或分析(analysis)事物产生的原因以及后果(cause and effect)。举例说明使用例子说明事物，阐明观点；分解展开法着重于事物的区别、差异；分类展开法强调事物的相似之处；类比说明事物如何相似；对比说明事物如何不同；因果说明文表明事物的原因及结果。其实，除了文字说明外，说明文中常常使用数据、图片等资料。无论使用哪种说明方法，作者都是为了说明对象的本质特征。
Key:抓事物特点，即抓住说明对象的本质特征。
（二）议论文argumentation: 议论文是说理性的文章。由论点、论据、论证三部分组成。阅读时，抓住论题和观点就把握了中心，再结合诸多事例和理由之间，以及它们和论点之间的内在联系，我们就能理解文章的结构。Key: 抓论点。
（三）应用文practical writing:措辞简洁明了，直截了当。是一种使用范围比较广泛的文体，目的是向读者传递信息。阅读这类文章要注意细节信息，做题时根据所提问题用寻读，跳读的方法更有效。Key: 抓信息。
（四）记叙文description:记叙文讲述的是发生在当前或过去或将来的事情经过，包括人物的故事情节，文章内容涉及何人何时何地、为什么、怎么样、干了何事等。这是我们在阅读记叙文首先要了解的，接着按照线索弄清楚事情的来龙去脉，就能理解这个故事。记叙文的叙事顺序有顺序和倒叙两种。文章有时会从最重要、最引人入胜的事件开始，然后再回过头来追述事情的开端和经过。另外：讲故事必定有其目的：或证明某一理论，或阐明某一概念，或赞美某种美德，或谴责某种罪恶等。在阅读时要通过作者对重要细节的描写，联系故事情节去领会作者意图，对作者重墨泼就的细节要重点关注。Key: 抓住故事情节，理清文中脉络。
A
（2022·四川攀枝花·攀枝花七中校考三模）
European researchers say they have created a process that can produce oxygen from moon dust. The process could provide a major source of oxygen for humans taking part in moon exploration activities in the future. Researchers from the European Space Agency（ESA）carried out the experiments and reported their results in a study.
The team says ESA’s experimental “plant” was able to successfully produce oxygen from simulated moon dust. The dust is part of a material known as regolith, which holds about 45 percent oxygen. However, the oxygen’s form is very strange, so it is hard to produce.
ESA’s long -term goal is to design an oxygen -producing “pilot plant” to work fulltime on the moon. Beth Lomax of the University of Glasgow was a lead researcher on the project. “Being able to get oxygen from resources found on the moon would certainly be hugely useful for future lunar settlers,” she said.
The researchers reported that the process also produced some usable metal materials. ESA researcher Alexandre said the finding that a number of metals are left behind was an important discovery.
ESA and the U. S. space agency NASA are both working on plans to return human beings to the moon. NASA has set a goal for 2024, with the aim to keep humans on the moon for long periods.
Word Banksimulated仿造的；mineral矿物质；regolith月壤； lunar settlers月球移民；moon dust月尘；
根据材料内容选择最佳答案。
1．How will the process do good to humans according to the study A．By creating warm air for researchers on the moon.
B．By providing rocks for the production of minerals.
C．By testing the weight of the oxygen in the moon dust.
D．By offering oxygen for people doing some research on the moon.
2．What makes oxygen difficult to produce during the ESA’s experiment
A．The quality is poor. B．The size is small.
C．The form is uncommon. D．The weight is heavy.
3．Why does the author mention Beth Lomax’s words in the third paragraph
A．To show the history of ESA’s pilot plant.
B．To show the importance of ESA’s study.
C．To tell the plan of ESA’s research.
D．To present the process of ESA’s experiment.
4．What can we learn from the last paragraph
A．ESA has discovered new materials on the moon.
B．ESA and NASA plan to land man on the moon again.
C．NASA will send more astronauts to the moon in 2024.
D．NASA and ESA will make a study together on the moon.
5．Where is the text most probably from
A．A movie poster. B．A picture book.
C．A travel guide. D．A science magazine.
【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．B 5．D
【分析】本文是一篇新闻报道。主要介绍的是研究人员报告称他们已经成功地从月球尘埃中提取出氧气。这项工程对于未来的月球定居者来说是非常有用的。
1．细节题解题。根据第一段第二句“The process could provide a major source of oxygen for humans taking part in moon exploration activities in the future”可知，这一过程可能为未来参与月球探测活动的人类提供主要的氧气来源。由此说明这个制作方法能够为参与月球探索的人员提供氧气，这就是它带给人类的好处。故选D。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“However, the oxygen’s form is very strange, so it is hard to produce.”可知，氧气的形式很奇怪，所以很难生产。故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“’Being able to get oxygen from resources found on the moon would certainly be hugely useful for future lunar settlers,’ she said.”她说：“能够从月球上发现的资源中获取氧气肯定对未来的月球居民非常有用。”由此说明了这项研究的重要性。故选B。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句“ESA and the U. S. space agency NASA are both working on plans to return human beings to the moon.”可知，欧洲航天局和美国宇航局都在制定计划，让人类重返月球。故选B。
5．推理判断题。通读全文可知，本文是一篇新闻报道。主要介绍的是研究人员报告称他们已经成功地从月球尘埃中提取出氧气。这项工程对于未来的月球定居者来说是非常有用的。由此推断这篇文章有可能出自《科学》杂志，符合逻辑。故选D。
B
（2022·山东济南·模拟预测）
When Sally was a child, she went to the city park with her mom on a sunny morning. She felt very unhappy. Her mom saw that and asked why. Sally told her mother that she felt so sorry to see so much rubbish on the ground.
Her mom looked around. There were pieces of paper, boxes, glass bottles and a lot of other rubbish everywhere. “What can we do ” asked Sally sadly. “I’m sure you will think of something,” said her mom.
As soon as Sally got home with her mom, she painted a picture of the park and wrote a sign in large black letters at the top of the picture. The sign said, “PLEASE KEEP OUR PARK CLEAN”. Later, she took plenty of bags and went back to the park with her mom. Sally put up her picture on a big rubbish box.
The children at the park ran over to see what was going on. Sally handed each of them a bag.
“Let’s clean up this place,” said Sally. Then they began to pick up the rubbish, talking and laughing. Soon, all the bags were full.
Then Sally’s mom led them to put the rubbish into different kinds of rubbish boxes. When they looked at the clean park, they all had a strong feeling of satisfaction.
From then on, Sally has been keeping doing the cleaning and sorting (分类) rubbish. More and more people joined her to play a part in environment protection.
6．Why was Sally unhappy
A．Because she couldn’t find her mom. B．Because the park was too crowded.
C．Because there was too much rubbish. D．Because her friends were not at the park.
7．Sally drew the picture to ________.
A．show off her painting skills B．encourage people to keep the park clean
C．give her mom a big surprise D．show people how beautiful the park was
8．What did the children do at the park when they saw Sally put up her picture
A．They laughed at Sally. B．They spent a terrible and tiring day.
C．They bought some bags from Sally. D．They joined Sally in picking up the rubbish.
9．What do you think of Sally
A．Helpful. B．Brave. C．Hard-working. D．Lazy.
10．What’s the best title for the text
A．A Beautiful Park B．Sally and Her Mom
C．A Clean-up Story D．How to Clean the Park
【答案】6．C 7．B 8．D 9．A 10．C
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲Sally看到公园的垃圾不开心，然后在妈妈的陪同下画了一幅画并买了一些袋子带到公园捡垃圾，公园的一群小朋友也加入捡垃圾，最后公园变得干净了，看到这他们都很满足。
6．细节理解题。根据第一段“Sally told her mother that she felt so sorry to see so much rubbish on the ground.”可知Sally是看到公园的垃圾不开心，故选C。
7．推理判断题。根据图片上的文字“PLEASE KEEP OUR PARK CLEAN”可知Sally画这幅画的目的是鼓励人们保持公园干净，故选B。
8．细节理解题。根据“Then they began to pick up the rubbish, talking and laughing. Soon, all the bags were full.”可知孩子们帮忙一起在公园捡垃圾，故选D。
9．推理判断题。根据Sally做的一些事情，如自己画图贴到公园，并号召其他小朋友一起捡垃圾，可知Sally帮忙使公园变得干净，故Sally是一个有用的人。故选A。
10．主旨大意题。文章主要讲Sally发起的清洁公园的小故事，故选C。
C
（2022·山东济南·统考二模）
How are you feeling today If your head is uncomfortable because of a bad night’s sleep, or you’ve just got too much to do, the chances are you’re not in the best of feelings. If everything seems like an effort and you have a negative(消极的) opinion, the last thing you want to be told is to “be positive!” But having this mindset could get more advantages than you think.
Of course, developing a positive(积极的) opinion is easier said than done. When you’re feeling down, it is hard to be optimistic(乐观的). But a study in the US has found that people who are optimists are more likely to live longer than those who have a more negative opinion to life. It showed the possibility of positive people living to the age of 85 or more. So, maybe the thought of a longer life might encourage you to be more positive to life.
The study found that optimists may find it easier to control feelings and get less stressed. And as stress influences the immune system(免疫系统), it’s possible that optimists deal better with illness. Professor Lee, who worked on the study, said, “Our findings suggest that raising levels of optimism may lead to longer life and healthier ageing.” And she advises that pessimists (悲观主义者) could get better from doing things like imagining a future where everything turns out well.
But a glass half empty type of person can hardly see the world through hopeful glasses. If you’re the one among them, what could you do Accepting that we all have problems and we’re not all the same can help. It’s best to celebrate the positives and not think about the negative parts of our lives.
People have been sharing their personal advice on keeping a positive way to life. Vicki Siska says, “Music feeds my soul, and I have good friends who care for me.” The saying goes that “a healthy body leads a healthy mind” which is perhaps why other people have advised doing deep thinking as well as staying healthy to help keep a positive opinion about life.
11．From Paragraphs 1 & 2, we can learn that ________.
A．negative opinions lead to bad endings B．being positive isn’t as easy as we thought
C．“be positive” is enjoyed by pessimists D．optimistic people like to have a long life
12．According to Paragraph 3, the study found that ________.
A．optimists usually get more stressed B．pessimists are impossible to live long
C．optimists are easy to develop illness D．positive imagining is good for pessimists
13．The underlined part “glass half empty” in Paragraph 4 probably means ________.
A．negative B．strong C．helpful D．outgoing
14．According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE
A．The study found that pessimists could live to be 85 or a higher age.
B．Optimists are seldom ill because they have a good immune system.
C．Pessimists are those unlucky people who always have problems.
D．Positive opinions about life might lead to good physical health.
15．The passage mainly tells us ________.
A．to have a long life B．to treat life positively
C．the importance of health D．what optimists and pessimists are
【答案】11．B 12．D 13．A 14．D 15．B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，向我们介绍积极的心态和态度对人们的好处。
11．推理判断题。根据第一、二两段内容和“Of course, developing a positive(积极的) opinion is easier said than done. When you’re feeling down, it is hard to be optimistic(乐观的).”可知，保持积极心态并不像我们想象的那么容易，故选B。
12．细节理解题。根据“And she advises that pessimists (悲观主义者) could get better from doing things like imagining a future where everything turns out well.”可知，悲观主义者可以做一些事情，比如想象一个一切都好起来的未来。选项D“积极的想象对悲观主义者是有好处的”与之相符，故选D。
13．词义猜测题。分析“And she advises that pessimists (悲观主义者) could get better from doing things like imagining a future where everything turns out well.”和“But a glass half empty type of person can hardly see the world through hopeful glasses.”可知，半杯空的人很难透过充满希望的眼镜看世界，此处 glass half empty指的是“悲观的”，故选A。
14．推理判断题。根据“But a study in the US has found that people who are optimists are more likely to live longer”可知，美国的一项研究发现，乐观的人更有可能活得更长。故选D。
15．主旨大意题。本文向我们介绍积极的心态和态度对人们的好处。选项B“积极对待生活”符合主题，故选B。
D
（2022·山东青岛·模拟预测）
I have many things in common with my dad, like music taste and sense of humor. But reading isn’t one of them. I can spend a whole day on a book, but my dad can’t read a book for longer than about 5 minutes. He reads emails, websites and papers for work, but not books. He’s really busy. I think sitting down to read for just 15 minutes a day is a good way to relax.
My dad is not the only person that avoids books. I know lots of people would rather relax on their computers or in front of the TV. But reading has lots of advantages.
Firstly, it’s better for your eyes. Looking at screens can be very stressful for your eyes. You should avoid looking at screens for an hour before bed. Secondly, reading can send you to another world—I often forget the time or things around me! Reading is a great way to relax before you go to bed. You think more about the world of the book rather than the real world. You can be sent to a different world in a film or a TV show, but I think books do it better.
I also enjoy reading what people are doing and finding out what they think. Reading gives you the chance to get to know hundreds of new people! It also teaches you to see things from other people’s point of view, and understand their decisions or opinions. With a book, you can know what a character is thinking or feeling—you really can be inside someone else’s head!
So have a try! Take 15 minutes when you are waking up, going to bed, eating lunch, or having a coffee. Good luck and happy reading!
16．According to the passage, the writer’s dad ________.
A．is a book lover B．likes watching TV
C．is busy with work D．likes delicious food
17．Which way does the writer think is good to relax
A．Doing sports. B．Reading for 15 minutes.
C．Avoiding books. D．Playing computer games.
18．The underlined words another world in paragraph 3 refers to ________.
A．the real world B．the world in your dream
C．the world in a book D．the world in a film or a TV show
19．What can we learn from the passage
A．A coffee can help you read better. B．Reading can help make many new friends.
C．A book can help you teach yourself. D．Reading can help understand others better.
20．The writer probably thinks that reading is ________.
A．natural B．stressful C．valuable D．painful
【答案】16．C 17．B 18．C 19．D 20．C
【分析】作者热爱阅读，在本文中给大家讲述了阅读的好处以及自己阅读的感受，建议每个人快乐阅读并给大家提了一个挑战——一个月每天读15分钟的书。
16．细节理解题。根据第一段“…but my dad can’t read a book for longer than about 5 minutes. He reads emails, websites and papers for work, but not books.”可知，作者的爸爸看书的时间不能超过5分钟，他是为工作而阅读电子邮件、网站和文件，但不阅读书籍，所以说明作者的爸爸忙于工作，故选C。
17．细节理解题。根据第一段“I think sitting down to read for just 15 minutes a day is a good way to relax.”可知，作者认为每天坐下来看书15分钟是放松的好方法，故选B。
18．词义猜测题。根据第三段“I often forget the time or things around me! Reading is a great way to relax before you go to bed. You think more about the world of the book rather than the real world.”可知，作者的另一个世界是指书中的世界，故选C。
19．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“With a book, you can know what a character is thinking or feeling—you really can be inside someone else’s head!”可知，阅读有助于更好地理解他人，故选D。
20．推理判断题。通读全文，作者热爱阅读，谈了阅读的好处及自己阅读的感受，并建议大家每天读书，因此可以推断作者认为阅读是有价值的，故选C。
E
（2022·浙江杭州·模拟预测）
The history of Chinese characters dates back to ancient times, with the history of at least several thousand years.
There are many tales and legends about the origin of hanzi, Chinese characters: there is Cangjie, the legendary inventor of Chinese character; the ancient practice of knot-tying; the eight trigrams (八卦); and ancient painting legends to name a few. It is generally agreed that hanzi began as simple pictures, images that the ancient Chinese people drew, painted or carved to describe nature or their lives. Other ancient cultures developed picture-based writing systems as well, such as the hieroglyphs (象形文字) of ancient Egypt or the script of the ancient Mayan civilization. Hanzi, however, is the only one of these ancient writing systems to survive.
Today, Chinese characters are the oldest continuously used system of writing in the world. Researchers generally agree that the oldest symbols recognizable as Chinese characters are those found on ancient oracle bones. These 3000-year-old symbols, known as, jiaguwen, were carved on turtle shells or bones of animals. The jiaguwen can give all of us in the modern era insight into how ancient Chinese saw the world around them and into their great creativity in expressing their observations. Take, for example, the modern character jia, meaning home or family. The jiaguwen character looks like a house with a nice pig inside, originating from the ancient idea that a good family home has plenty of food. Over thousands of years, this hanzi evolved into a variety of different forms but finally developed in a more stable manner after the unification of China under Emperor Qinshihuang.
When you first look at Chinese characters, you will most likely feel that they are very complicated. However, if you know just a little about how these characters are formed, you will find that they are not nearly as difficult as they seem. About 80% of Chinese characters are composed of small parts, known as radicals (部首), which are combined in many different ways to form tens of thousands of hanzi. Fortunately, you need to know only about two or three thousand characters for use in daily life!
As China takes its place in the international community, the Chinese writing system has spread to other countries. Today, many international students are studying Chinese, both the spoken and written language, and are coming to appreciate China’s fascinating culture. And, as China’s culture and society have continued to develop, the amazingly versatile(多功能的) Chinese characters (hanzi) have been adapted for use in digital format on computers and other devices. And so written Chinese lives on, spreading Chinese culture wherever it goes.
21．According to the passage, we can learn that Chinese characters ________.
A．have a long history with seven thousand years.
B．began as simple pictures.
C．are the only one ancient writing system.
D．are so complicated that nobody can understand.
22．Why did the writer mention Emperor Qinshihuang in the passage
A．Because he was the inventor of Chinese characters.
B．Because hanzi evolved into a variety of different forms.
C．Because he helped developed hanzi in a more steady form.
D．Because he unified China and created hanzi.
23．What can we learn from the underlined sentence (划线句子) in Paragraphr4
A．Radicals are smaller parts which can be combined to form hanzi.
B．Chinese characters are composed of radicals.
C．Chinese characters can be combined.
D．Radicals can be combined into thousands of hanzi only.
24．What may the writer probably talk about Chinese characters in the next paragraph
A．The relation between Chinese characters and Chinese culture.
B．Tips for foreigners on how to learn Chinese well.
C．Another Chinese traditional culture.
D．The origin of Chinese characters.
【答案】21．B 22．C 23．A 24．B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国汉字的起源及其重要意义。
21．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“It is generally agreed that hanzi began as simple pictures, images that the ancient Chinese people drew, painted or carved to describe nature or their lives”可知，汉字开始于简单的图片，故选B。
22．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“Over thousands of years, this hanzi evolved into a variety of different forms but finally developed in a more stable manner after the unification of China under Emperor Qinshihuang”可知，秦始皇统一了文字，故选C。
23．推理判断题。根据文章第四段中的“About 80% of Chinese characters are composed of small parts, known as radicals (部首), which are combined in many different ways to form tens of thousands of hanzi”可知，百分之八十的汉字是由部首组成的，因此判断部首是汉字中更小的部分，可以组成汉字，故选A。
24．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的“Today, many international students are studying Chinese, both the spoken and written language, and are coming to appreciate China’s fascinating culture”可知，越来越多的外国人学习汉语，因此判断接下来的段落会讲到如何学好汉语，故选B。
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热点05 阅读理解之细节理解题
2023年中考英语【热点 重点 难点】专练
细节理解题在高考英语阅读理解试题中所占比例最大，但这部分题目相对来说比较简单，只要通过题干的关键词，在文中找到题目的相关信息，仔细对比，就能得出答案。其正确选项特征为：同义替换、语言简化、正话反说等。其干扰项特征为：张冠李戴、无中生有、曲解文意、颠倒是非等。
1. 抓好限时训练
通过限时训练可以有计划、循序渐进地提高自己的阅读速度。做阅读理解训练时，尝试在原文中划出答案出处，这能帮助我们在阅读时以文章为依据，而不凭空猜想。
2. 养成良好的阅读习惯
在平时训练时要养成良好的阅读习惯。首先要避免“指读”。很多学生喜欢用手或笔指着文字读，这种阅读习惯容易使思维停留在手指着的局部单词上，会阻碍对中心思想的理解。而且这种方法比默读慢得多，会影响阅读的速度。其次要避免出声阅读。嘴唇随着文字而蠕动或发出细小的声音都会大大地影响阅读速度。还要避免过多地停顿回读。在阅读过程中由于对某个词语或句子不太明白，眼睛过多地重复同一个词语或句子，这样既影响阅读速度，又影响对文章的连贯理解和较好地获取中心意思，而且易使眼睛和大脑疲劳。
3. 掌握适当的阅读技巧
常见的阅读方法有三种：
（1）先文后题。即先把全文读懂，然后做题。这种方法的缺点是阅读的目的性不明确，记住的细节内容未必有用，有用的内容未必记住。答题时仍需到短文中去寻找，实际上等于降低了读速，降低了效率。
（2）先题后文。即先读问题，然后带着问题读文章。这种方法的优点是目的明确，在阅读时有所侧重，能节省时间。该法比较适合类似广告性质的阅读理解题。缺点在于由于没有读过短文，不了解文章的主题、细节分布情况，因而不可能很快找到所需信息，有时很有可能断章取义，不利于做推理题和主旨大意题。
（3）文——题——文。即先快速通读全文，对文章形成总体印象，了解全文的题材、主要结构、中心思想、主题段、主题句，然后读问题，明白该文章的考查点，最后，再带着问题跳读文章，寻找与答题内容有关的词句，并在原文中划出答案出处，这样既提高了做题的准确性，又能有效地利用时间。因此，文——题——文阅读理解方法是多数人采用的，可提高阅读速度的有效方法。
4. 积累文化背景知识
英语阅读能力的提高不仅需要一定的语言知识，还要有一定的文化背景知识和生活知识。这就需要我们通过大量的阅读来积累。我们要拓展知识面，注意社会热点。我们了解的东西越多，知识面越宽，对文章的理解就越容易。
5. 注重长难句的理解
近几年的高考阅读理解题十分注重借助复杂语境考查考生对语言语法知识综合运用的能力。所选阅读材料中常有大量复杂单句和复合句，以此来增强句子结构的复杂性和语境理解难度。所以，理解长句、复杂句成了考生顺利理解阅读材料，提高阅读速度的关键。一般地说，造成长难句的原因主要有三个方面：（1）修饰语过多；（2）并列成份多；（3）语言结构层次多。在分析长难句时应采用“先缩后扩”的方法。先缩，即首先找出句子的主语、谓语、宾语，这样就抓住了句子的主干，也就从整体上把握了句子的结构。后扩，分析句子主干以外的从句或短语的功能以及和主干的相互关系。例如：非谓语动词的成分是什么，其逻辑主语是哪个，定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个，介词短语修饰哪个词，and 连接的是哪些并列成分等等。
英语有句谚语Practice makes perfect， 同学们如果能科学训练，持之以恒，阅读水平就会有质的飞跃。
高中英语不同体裁文章的阅读方法
（一）说明文exposition: 说明文用平时的语言客观的解释或探讨各种问题，介绍自然科学、社会科学领域的最新成果，社会经济发展中出现的新生事物等。说明事物可采用多种方式，如举例（by giving examples）、分类法(by classification)或类比(by analogy生僻)、对比法(by contrast)。给事物下定义(definition)或分析(analysis)事物产生的原因以及后果(cause and effect)。举例说明使用例子说明事物，阐明观点；分解展开法着重于事物的区别、差异；分类展开法强调事物的相似之处；类比说明事物如何相似；对比说明事物如何不同；因果说明文表明事物的原因及结果。其实，除了文字说明外，说明文中常常使用数据、图片等资料。无论使用哪种说明方法，作者都是为了说明对象的本质特征。
Key:抓事物特点，即抓住说明对象的本质特征。
（二）议论文argumentation: 议论文是说理性的文章。由论点、论据、论证三部分组成。阅读时，抓住论题和观点就把握了中心，再结合诸多事例和理由之间，以及它们和论点之间的内在联系，我们就能理解文章的结构。Key: 抓论点。
（三）应用文practical writing:措辞简洁明了，直截了当。是一种使用范围比较广泛的文体，目的是向读者传递信息。阅读这类文章要注意细节信息，做题时根据所提问题用寻读，跳读的方法更有效。Key: 抓信息。
（四）记叙文description:记叙文讲述的是发生在当前或过去或将来的事情经过，包括人物的故事情节，文章内容涉及何人何时何地、为什么、怎么样、干了何事等。这是我们在阅读记叙文首先要了解的，接着按照线索弄清楚事情的来龙去脉，就能理解这个故事。记叙文的叙事顺序有顺序和倒叙两种。文章有时会从最重要、最引人入胜的事件开始，然后再回过头来追述事情的开端和经过。另外：讲故事必定有其目的：或证明某一理论，或阐明某一概念，或赞美某种美德，或谴责某种罪恶等。在阅读时要通过作者对重要细节的描写，联系故事情节去领会作者意图，对作者重墨泼就的细节要重点关注。Key: 抓住故事情节，理清文中脉络。
A
（2022·四川攀枝花·攀枝花七中校考三模）
European researchers say they have created a process that can produce oxygen from moon dust. The process could provide a major source of oxygen for humans taking part in moon exploration activities in the future. Researchers from the European Space Agency（ESA）carried out the experiments and reported their results in a study.
The team says ESA’s experimental “plant” was able to successfully produce oxygen from simulated moon dust. The dust is part of a material known as regolith, which holds about 45 percent oxygen. However, the oxygen’s form is very strange, so it is hard to produce.
ESA’s long -term goal is to design an oxygen -producing “pilot plant” to work fulltime on the moon. Beth Lomax of the University of Glasgow was a lead researcher on the project. “Being able to get oxygen from resources found on the moon would certainly be hugely useful for future lunar settlers,” she said.
The researchers reported that the process also produced some usable metal materials. ESA researcher Alexandre said the finding that a number of metals are left behind was an important discovery.
ESA and the U. S. space agency NASA are both working on plans to return human beings to the moon. NASA has set a goal for 2024, with the aim to keep humans on the moon for long periods.
Word Banksimulated仿造的；mineral矿物质；regolith月壤； lunar settlers月球移民；moon dust月尘；
根据材料内容选择最佳答案。
1．How will the process do good to humans according to the study A．By creating warm air for researchers on the moon.
B．By providing rocks for the production of minerals.
C．By testing the weight of the oxygen in the moon dust.
D．By offering oxygen for people doing some research on the moon.
2．What makes oxygen difficult to produce during the ESA’s experiment
A．The quality is poor. B．The size is small.
C．The form is uncommon. D．The weight is heavy.
3．Why does the author mention Beth Lomax’s words in the third paragraph
A．To show the history of ESA’s pilot plant.
B．To show the importance of ESA’s study.
C．To tell the plan of ESA’s research.
D．To present the process of ESA’s experiment.
4．What can we learn from the last paragraph
A．ESA has discovered new materials on the moon.
B．ESA and NASA plan to land man on the moon again.
C．NASA will send more astronauts to the moon in 2024.
D．NASA and ESA will make a study together on the moon.
5．Where is the text most probably from
A．A movie poster. B．A picture book.
C．A travel guide. D．A science magazine.
B
（2022·山东济南·模拟预测）
When Sally was a child, she went to the city park with her mom on a sunny morning. She felt very unhappy. Her mom saw that and asked why. Sally told her mother that she felt so sorry to see so much rubbish on the ground.
Her mom looked around. There were pieces of paper, boxes, glass bottles and a lot of other rubbish everywhere. “What can we do ” asked Sally sadly. “I’m sure you will think of something,” said her mom.
As soon as Sally got home with her mom, she painted a picture of the park and wrote a sign in large black letters at the top of the picture. The sign said, “PLEASE KEEP OUR PARK CLEAN”. Later, she took plenty of bags and went back to the park with her mom. Sally put up her picture on a big rubbish box.
The children at the park ran over to see what was going on. Sally handed each of them a bag.
“Let’s clean up this place,” said Sally. Then they began to pick up the rubbish, talking and laughing. Soon, all the bags were full.
Then Sally’s mom led them to put the rubbish into different kinds of rubbish boxes. When they looked at the clean park, they all had a strong feeling of satisfaction.
From then on, Sally has been keeping doing the cleaning and sorting (分类) rubbish. More and more people joined her to play a part in environment protection.
6．Why was Sally unhappy
A．Because she couldn’t find her mom. B．Because the park was too crowded.
C．Because there was too much rubbish. D．Because her friends were not at the park.
7．Sally drew the picture to ________.
A．show off her painting skills B．encourage people to keep the park clean
C．give her mom a big surprise D．show people how beautiful the park was
8．What did the children do at the park when they saw Sally put up her picture
A．They laughed at Sally. B．They spent a terrible and tiring day.
C．They bought some bags from Sally. D．They joined Sally in picking up the rubbish.
9．What do you think of Sally
A．Helpful. B．Brave. C．Hard-working. D．Lazy.
10．What’s the best title for the text
A．A Beautiful Park B．Sally and Her Mom
C．A Clean-up Story D．How to Clean the Park
C
（2022·山东济南·统考二模）
How are you feeling today If your head is uncomfortable because of a bad night’s sleep, or you’ve just got too much to do, the chances are you’re not in the best of feelings. If everything seems like an effort and you have a negative(消极的) opinion, the last thing you want to be told is to “be positive!” But having this mindset could get more advantages than you think.
Of course, developing a positive(积极的) opinion is easier said than done. When you’re feeling down, it is hard to be optimistic(乐观的). But a study in the US has found that people who are optimists are more likely to live longer than those who have a more negative opinion to life. It showed the possibility of positive people living to the age of 85 or more. So, maybe the thought of a longer life might encourage you to be more positive to life.
The study found that optimists may find it easier to control feelings and get less stressed. And as stress influences the immune system(免疫系统), it’s possible that optimists deal better with illness. Professor Lee, who worked on the study, said, “Our findings suggest that raising levels of optimism may lead to longer life and healthier ageing.” And she advises that pessimists (悲观主义者) could get better from doing things like imagining a future where everything turns out well.
But a glass half empty type of person can hardly see the world through hopeful glasses. If you’re the one among them, what could you do Accepting that we all have problems and we’re not all the same can help. It’s best to celebrate the positives and not think about the negative parts of our lives.
People have been sharing their personal advice on keeping a positive way to life. Vicki Siska says, “Music feeds my soul, and I have good friends who care for me.” The saying goes that “a healthy body leads a healthy mind” which is perhaps why other people have advised doing deep thinking as well as staying healthy to help keep a positive opinion about life.
11．From Paragraphs 1 & 2, we can learn that ________.
A．negative opinions lead to bad endings B．being positive isn’t as easy as we thought
C．“be positive” is enjoyed by pessimists D．optimistic people like to have a long life
12．According to Paragraph 3, the study found that ________.
A．optimists usually get more stressed B．pessimists are impossible to live long
C．optimists are easy to develop illness D．positive imagining is good for pessimists
13．The underlined part “glass half empty” in Paragraph 4 probably means ________.
A．negative B．strong C．helpful D．outgoing
14．According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE
A．The study found that pessimists could live to be 85 or a higher age.
B．Optimists are seldom ill because they have a good immune system.
C．Pessimists are those unlucky people who always have problems.
D．Positive opinions about life might lead to good physical health.
15．The passage mainly tells us ________.
A．to have a long life B．to treat life positively
C．the importance of health D．what optimists and pessimists are
D
（2022·山东青岛·模拟预测）
I have many things in common with my dad, like music taste and sense of humor. But reading isn’t one of them. I can spend a whole day on a book, but my dad can’t read a book for longer than about 5 minutes. He reads emails, websites and papers for work, but not books. He’s really busy. I think sitting down to read for just 15 minutes a day is a good way to relax.
My dad is not the only person that avoids books. I know lots of people would rather relax on their computers or in front of the TV. But reading has lots of advantages.
Firstly, it’s better for your eyes. Looking at screens can be very stressful for your eyes. You should avoid looking at screens for an hour before bed. Secondly, reading can send you to another world—I often forget the time or things around me! Reading is a great way to relax before you go to bed. You think more about the world of the book rather than the real world. You can be sent to a different world in a film or a TV show, but I think books do it better.
I also enjoy reading what people are doing and finding out what they think. Reading gives you the chance to get to know hundreds of new people! It also teaches you to see things from other people’s point of view, and understand their decisions or opinions. With a book, you can know what a character is thinking or feeling—you really can be inside someone else’s head!
So have a try! Take 15 minutes when you are waking up, going to bed, eating lunch, or having a coffee. Good luck and happy reading!
16．According to the passage, the writer’s dad ________.
A．is a book lover B．likes watching TV
C．is busy with work D．likes delicious food
17．Which way does the writer think is good to relax
A．Doing sports. B．Reading for 15 minutes.
C．Avoiding books. D．Playing computer games.
18．The underlined words another world in paragraph 3 refers to ________.
A．the real world B．the world in your dream
C．the world in a book D．the world in a film or a TV show
19．What can we learn from the passage
A．A coffee can help you read better. B．Reading can help make many new friends.
C．A book can help you teach yourself. D．Reading can help understand others better.
20．The writer probably thinks that reading is ________.
A．natural B．stressful C．valuable D．painful
E
（2022·浙江杭州·模拟预测）
The history of Chinese characters dates back to ancient times, with the history of at least several thousand years.
There are many tales and legends about the origin of hanzi, Chinese characters: there is Cangjie, the legendary inventor of Chinese character; the ancient practice of knot-tying; the eight trigrams (八卦); and ancient painting legends to name a few. It is generally agreed that hanzi began as simple pictures, images that the ancient Chinese people drew, painted or carved to describe nature or their lives. Other ancient cultures developed picture-based writing systems as well, such as the hieroglyphs (象形文字) of ancient Egypt or the script of the ancient Mayan civilization. Hanzi, however, is the only one of these ancient writing systems to survive.
Today, Chinese characters are the oldest continuously used system of writing in the world. Researchers generally agree that the oldest symbols recognizable as Chinese characters are those found on ancient oracle bones. These 3000-year-old symbols, known as, jiaguwen, were carved on turtle shells or bones of animals. The jiaguwen can give all of us in the modern era insight into how ancient Chinese saw the world around them and into their great creativity in expressing their observations. Take, for example, the modern character jia, meaning home or family. The jiaguwen character looks like a house with a nice pig inside, originating from the ancient idea that a good family home has plenty of food. Over thousands of years, this hanzi evolved into a variety of different forms but finally developed in a more stable manner after the unification of China under Emperor Qinshihuang.
When you first look at Chinese characters, you will most likely feel that they are very complicated. However, if you know just a little about how these characters are formed, you will find that they are not nearly as difficult as they seem. About 80% of Chinese characters are composed of small parts, known as radicals (部首), which are combined in many different ways to form tens of thousands of hanzi. Fortunately, you need to know only about two or three thousand characters for use in daily life!
As China takes its place in the international community, the Chinese writing system has spread to other countries. Today, many international students are studying Chinese, both the spoken and written language, and are coming to appreciate China’s fascinating culture. And, as China’s culture and society have continued to develop, the amazingly versatile(多功能的) Chinese characters (hanzi) have been adapted for use in digital format on computers and other devices. And so written Chinese lives on, spreading Chinese culture wherever it goes.
21．According to the passage, we can learn that Chinese characters ________.
A．have a long history with seven thousand years.
B．began as simple pictures.
C．are the only one ancient writing system.
D．are so complicated that nobody can understand.
22．Why did the writer mention Emperor Qinshihuang in the passage
A．Because he was the inventor of Chinese characters.
B．Because hanzi evolved into a variety of different forms.
C．Because he helped developed hanzi in a more steady form.
D．Because he unified China and created hanzi.
23．What can we learn from the underlined sentence (划线句子) in Paragraphr4
A．Radicals are smaller parts which can be combined to form hanzi.
B．Chinese characters are composed of radicals.
C．Chinese characters can be combined.
D．Radicals can be combined into thousands of hanzi only.
24．What may the writer probably talk about Chinese characters in the next paragraph
A．The relation between Chinese characters and Chinese culture.
B．Tips for foreigners on how to learn Chinese well.
C．Another Chinese traditional culture.
D．The origin of Chinese characters.
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