中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
重难点06 阅读理解之细节理解题
2023年中考英语【热点 重点 难点】专练
细节理解题常见设问方式
1．特殊疑问句形式。以when, where, what, which, who, how much/many等疑问词引出的问题。
2．判断是非形式。含有TRUE/FALSE, NOT true或EXCEPT等的判断是非的问题。此时要注意题干中是否含有否定词，如not, never等。
3．以“According to ...”开头的提问形式。
4．填空形式。如The biggest challenge for most mothers is from ________.
细节理解题正确选项特征
同义替换 指对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如把lose one's job换成了be out of work。有些细节理解题把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，如把important变换成of importance；改变原文中句子的语态，如主动语态与被动语态的转换。
信息归纳 用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，设置为正确答案。
正话反说 把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。
原文原词 利用原文原词作为正确选项。
细节理解题干扰选项特征
张冠李戴 是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。
无中生有 符合常识，但不是文章的内容。
曲解文意 与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动。
颠倒是非 在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。
正误参半 部分正确，部分错误。
一．直接信息题
考生可以采取“关键词定位法”，即“带着问题找答案”的方法，通过定位找题眼。先从题干中提取关键性词语(题眼)，然后以此为线索，运用略读及寻读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此关键词相关的段落、语句，快速定位该题与哪一段哪一句有关，然后仔细推敲，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定答案。解题流程如下：
第一步：依据题干信息，择定位关键词
细节理解直接信息题一般是对文章局部内容的考查,且题目相对简单,所以,不必通篇细读全文,可先通过题干信息来选择定位关键词。关键词主要是题干中的名词、动词和数词,即问题的核心信息
第二步：依据关键词,回原文定位信息进行比对
确定了定位关键词后,运用略读及寻读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与题于有关的关键词,回到原文进行信息定位,然后将选项内容与原文信息比对,得出正确答案。
例子1
…
I found the pre holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less used things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund (基金) (our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor)．
…
33．What made Georgia agree to sell some of her objects
A．Saving up for her holiday.
B．Raising money for a poor girl.
C．Adding the money to her fund.
D．Giving the money to a sick mother.
[解题示范]
第一步：定信息区间
抓关键 题干中的关键词：Georgia, sell, objects
锁信息 定位：用Georgia，sell，objects寻读，在文中找到信息源——She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund (基金) (our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor).
第二步：比对定答案
选项 选项意思 定位
A 为她的假期储蓄。 曲解文意
B 为一个贫困女孩募捐。 曲解文意
C 把钱放入她的基金。 同义替换
D 把钱送给一个生病的妈妈。 无中生有
[分析] 选C 比对选项和信息句可知，女儿愿意卖几件玩具，是因为我们承诺把钱放入她的求学基金；选项和原文中均出现fund一词，故为直接细节理解题。故选C。
二．间接信息题
相比直接信息题，命题的隐蔽性更强，正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。此类题目需要考生将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，有时还需要进一步的加工或整理。
例子2…
Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares However, they are rich in vitamin C.
…
24．What does the author seem to like about cherries
A．They contain protein.
B．They are high in vitamin A.
C．They have a pleasant taste.
D．They are rich in antioxidants.
[解题示范]
第一步：定信息区间
抓关键 题干中的关键词：cherries
锁信息 定位：用cherries寻读，在文中找到信息源——As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares However, they are rich in vitamin C.
第二步：比对定答案
选项 选项意思 定位
A 它们含有蛋白质。 张冠李戴
B 它们富含维生素A。 张冠李戴
C 它们口感好。 同义替换
D 它们含有丰富的抗氧化物质。 张冠李戴
[分析] 选C 根据该段最后一句“As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares However, they are rich in vitamin C．”可知，原文中的they are so delicious被替换成选项中的They have a pleasant taste，为间接细节理解题。故选C。
三．概括、归纳信息题
是指命题人用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，这是命题人设计细节理解题的正确选项时经常使用的手段之一。考生首先应依据题干指向，找到文中相应的信息区间，然后尝试用自己的语言去归纳总结文中的信息或事实，然后再看选项，挑选出和自己所归纳总结的信息最接近的选项作为正确答案。
例子3…
At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
…
30．How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present
A．About 6,800. B．About 3,400.
C．About 2,400. D．About 1,200.
[解题示范]
第一步：定信息区间
抓关键 题干中的关键词：6,000
锁信息 定位：用6,000寻读，在文中找到信息源——The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
第二步：比对定答案
选项 选项意思 原文意思 定位
A 大约6 800种。 6 800为现在世界现存语言数量。 张冠李戴
B 大约3 400种。 世界语言总量的一半即为3 400。 信息归纳
C 大约2 400种。 2 400为非洲语言数量。 张冠李戴
D 大约1 200种。 数字1 200在原文中没有出现，也无法做出有效归纳。 无中生有
[分析] 选B 根据本段第一句“At present, the world has about 6,800 languages.”可知，目前世界上有大约6 800种语言；再根据最后一句“The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.”可知，目前世界上一半的语言的使用人数少于6 000，也就是说有大约3 400种语言的使用人数少于6 000。根据以上数据的归纳概括可知B项为正确选项。
A
（2022·山东济南·统考一模）
Florence Nightingale wanted to be a nurse. Friends laughed at her. “It’s a dirty job,” they said. “You’ll hate it.”
Florence didn’t care what they said. She read books, and she went to visit hospitals. She became a nurse. But her friends were right about one thing. It was a dirty job.
One day, she walked into a building to find soldiers on bare beds. Even if they were hurt, they didn’t have a pillow (枕头) or blanket (毯子). Mice ran around them. Bugs (小虫子) bit them. It was dirty everywhere.
“I will help these men,” Florence said. She cleaned each room. She worked twenty hours a day to nurse the men back to health. At night, she held up a lantern to make sure each man’s room was clean. That is why they loved her. They called her “The Lady with a Lamp.”
1．What did Florence’s friends say about being a nurse
A．People will love you.
B．You will love this job.
C．It is a dirty job.
D．It is a man’s job.
2．What does the writer mean by saying “soldiers on bare beds”
A．The beds were very dirty.
B．The soldiers didn’t have a pillow or blanket on beds.
C．Bugs bit everything on beds.
D．The soldiers were so poor that they had nothing except a pillow or blanket.
3．What did Florence do when she saw the soldiers
A．She ran away.
B．She laughed at them.
C．She cleaned their rooms.
D．She read books to them.
4．What can you say about Florence
A．She is kind and loving.
B．She is lazy but clever.
C．She is dirty and careless.
D．She is quiet and shy.
5．Florence is called “The Lady with a Lamp,” because ___________.
A．She has a nice lamp.
B．She is a nurse.
C．She has a dirty job.
D．She holds up a lantern to check each man’s room.
【答案】1．C 2．B 3．C 4．A 5．D
【解析】本文向我们介绍了Florence Nightingale，她是一个善良又富有爱心的人，人们称她为“提灯女士”。
1．细节理解题。根据“Friends laughed at her. ‘It’s a dirty job,’ they said.”可知，朋友们认为做护士是一份肮脏的工作。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据“One day, she walked into a building to find soldiers on bare beds. Even if they were hurt, they didn’t have a pillow (枕头) or blanket (毯子).”可知，士兵们躺在光秃秃的床上，即使他们受伤了，也没有枕头或毯子。故选B。
3．细节理解题。根据“‘I will help these men,’ Florence said. She cleaned each room.”可知，Florence看到士兵后打扫了房间。故选C。
4．推理判断题。根据文章描述可知，Florence是一个善良又富有爱心的人，故选A。
5．细节理解题。根据“At night, she held up a lantern to make sure each man’s room was clean.”可知，晚上，她提着灯确保每个人的房间是干净的，所以人们叫她“提灯女士”。故选D。
B
（2022·浙江杭州·模拟预测）
①It is true that people with better education are usually able to get better-paid jobs. In other words, they have more chances to choose a good job while people with little or no education don’t.
②It seems that the purpose of education is to make people get jobs. But this isn’t accepted by all people. Some people may think that a person should spend the best years of his life getting education only for a way of living. This was probably one of the earliest reasons of education. In fact, if education is just a way of making a living, people don’t need to spend so much time at school. People can get education for a living in a short time. Subjects like history and geography need not be taught to everyone. Even language and maths need not be taught in detail（详细地）either. Here it is clear that education is much more than teaching a man to get a way of living.
③Education is well-rounded（全面的）and it is mainly for improving a man. It is not only to teach him to speak, read and write, but also to develop his creative thinking and other abilities. After that, it is to make him a wise man and thankfully enjoy the achievements of humans. Education is to make a man lead a better life. Educated people are expected to be able to listen to good music, read good books, watch good plays and take an interest in the world.
④I would agree that making a good living is an important reason for education, but certainly not the most important or the main reason.
6．The earliest education was probably to ________.
A．make a man lead a better life
B．teach a man to write and read
C．make people get a way of living
D．teach people to read good books
7．What’s the main idea of Para 3
A．The advantages of education. B．The process of education.
C．The ways of getting education. D．The people for getting the education.
8．What’s the structure of the passage
A． B．
C． D．
9．Which is TRUE according to the passage
A．Education can improve a man.
B．Making a living is the main reason of education.
C．Little educated people can find jobs easily.
D．People can get education in a short time.
【答案】6．C 7．A 8．B 9．A
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。主要讲述了人们学习知识、接受教育的目的不仅是找一份高收入的工作和谋求更好的生活，而且是为了成为一个全面发展、能够自主学习、感恩世界的人才。
6．细节理解题。根据“Some people may think that a person should spend the best years of his life getting education only for a way of living. This was probably one of the earliest reasons of education.”可知，有些人可能认为一个人应该把他生命中最好的几年接受教育仅仅作为一种生活方式，这可能是教育的最早原因之一。故选C。
7．段落大意题。分析第三段内容可知，本段主要叙述教育的重要性和意义，故选A。
8．篇章结构题。分析全文内容可知，第一段引出主题，第二三两段分别叙述人们对于教育的看法，第四段收尾，进行总结。故选B。
9．推理判断题。根据“Education is well-rounded（全面的）and it is mainly for improving a man.”可知，教育是全面的，它主要是为了提高一个人。故选A。
C
（2022·广东深圳·校考模拟预测）
Car Free Day began in France on September 22, 1998. It aimed to make people realize the bad effects that cars had on the quality of life in cities. Later, it became a worldwide event. Now it has been celebrated around the world by more than 100 million people in about 1,500 cities. On this day, people are encouraged to give up driving private cars and take public transport(交通) so that they can experience their local area free from traffic. The purpose of this event is to draw people’s attention to environmental protection.
Many cities in China also celebrate this event every year. In 2004, Chengdu encouraged people to ride a bicycle on Car Free Day. In 2005, Xuzhou celebrated its first Car Free Day, whose theme was “Focus on the blue sky and white clouds”. On September 22, 2015, cars were restricted in three areas in Beijing from 9:00 a.m. to 16:00 p.m. Only pedestrians(行人) and bicycles were permitted to pass.
In the past four years, Car Free Day has changed from a simple “no driving day” to a new tradition of the Shekou community, Shenzhen. People sing, dance, open creative markets and have a picnic on car-free roads to celebrate it. The organizers of the event hope to create a greener and better community.
10．Which of the following activities is NOT encouraged on Car Free Day for travelling
A．Driving a car. B．Taking a subway. C．Riding a bike. D．Taking a Walk.
11．What kind of people may be interested in this event
A．People who like sports. B．People who love traveling around the world.
C．People who can drive. D．People who want to protect the environment.
12．What is the meaning of the underlined word “restricted” in Paragraph 2
A．not sold B．not allowed C．not made D．not changed
13．Which city has a new way of celebrating Car Free Day
A．Chengdu. B．Xuzhou. C．Beijing. D．Shenzhen.
14．Why do people in Shekou celebrate Car Free Day
A．To call on people to live a green life.
B．To collect money for the community.
C．To create more space for picnic lovers.
D．To encourage people to give up driving.
【答案】10．A 11．D 12．B 13．D 14．A
【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了源起自法国的“无车日”如今在我国许多城市变得越来越流行。
10．细节理解题。根据原文“On this day, people are encouraged to give up driving private cars and take public transport”可知，这天人们都被鼓励放弃驾车，转而乘坐公共交通出行。故选A。
11．推理判断题。根据原文“The purpose of this event is to draw people’s attention to environmental protection”可知，本次活动的目的是提醒人们注意环境保护，故可推断那些想要保护环境的人们会对这一活动感兴趣。故选D。
12．词句猜测题。根据原文“Only pedestrians(行人) and bicycles were permitted to pass”可知，只有行人和自行车被允许通行，车子不得通行。故restricted有“不被允许”之意，故选B。
13．细节理解题。根据原文“Car Free Day has changed from a simple “no driving day” to a new tradition of the Shekou community, Shenzhen”可知，深圳的无车日庆祝方式有了不同于以往的创新。故选D。
14．细节理解题。根据原文“The organizers of the event hope to create a greener and better community”可知，深圳蛇口的人们举办“无车日”活动是为了号召人们过一种更加绿色的生活。故选A。
D
（2022·山东济南·模拟预测）
The American newspaper has been around for about three hundred years. In 1721, the printer James Franklin, Benjamin's older brother, started the New England Courant, and that was what we might recognize(承认) today as a real newspaper. He filled his paper with stories of adventure, articles on art, on famous people, and on all sorts of political subjects.
Three centuries after the appearance of Franklin's Courant, few believe that newspapers in their present printed form will remain alive for long. Newspaper companies are losing advertisers (广告商), readers, market value and in some cases, their sense of purpose at a speed that would not have been imaginable just several years ago. The chief editor(主编) of the times said recently, "At places where they gather, editors ask one another, 'How are you ', as if they have just come out of the hospital or a lost law case." An article about the newspaper appeared on the website of the Guardian, under the headline "NOT DEAD YET."
Perhaps not, but the rise of the Internet, which has made the daily newspaper look slow and out of step with the world, has brought about a real sense of death. Some American newspapers have lost 42% of their market value in the past three years. The New York Times Company has seen its stock (股票) drop by 54% since the end of 2004, with much of the loss coming in the past year. A manager at Deutsche Bank suggested that stock-holders sell off their Times stock. The Washington Post Comply has prevented the trouble only by changing part of its business to education; its testing and test-preparation service now brings in at least half the company's income(收益).
15．According to Paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true about the first real newspaper
A．It has a history of about 300 years.
B．Its articles were written by famous people.
C．It was called New England Courant.
D．It was started by Benjamin's older brother.
16．According to the chief editor of the Times, the newspaper editors __________.
A．often accept readers' suggestions
B．stop doing business with advertisers
C．care a lot about each other's health
D．face great difficulties in their business
17．“NOT DEAD YET” in Paragraph 2 means __________ is not dead yet.
A．the editor B．the website C．the newspaper D．the Internet
18．Which of the following found a new way for its development
A．The Guardian. B．The New York Times.
C．The Washington Post. D．New England Courant.
19．How does the writer of this passage seem to feel about the future of newspapers
A．Worried. B．Surprised. C．Hopeful. D．Comfortable.
【答案】15．B 16．D 17．C 18．C 19．A
【分析】本文主要讲述了美国报纸的由来，现在面临的挑战和他们做出的调整。
15．推理判断题。根据第一段“He filled his paper with stories of adventure, articles on art, on famous people, and on all sorts of political subjects.”可知，他的报纸上写满了冒险故事、艺术文章、名人文章和各种政治题材的文章，并没说文章是由名人所写，B选项表达错误。故选B。
16．细节理解题。根据第二段主编的话“At places where they gather, editors ask one another, 'How are you ', as if they have just come out of the hospital or a lost law case."在编辑聚会的地方，这些编辑彼此之间相互问好，好像他们刚出院或者刚输了一场官司一样，说明这些编辑士气低落，面临着巨大的困难。故选D。
17．推理判断题。根据第二段内容可知，报纸的广告客户、读者、市场价值正在流失，报纸正面临着巨大的挑战，所以后面的“NOT DEAD YET.”指的是报纸。故选C。
18．细节理解题。根据最后一段“The Washington Post Comply has prevented the trouble only by changing part of its business to education，its testing and test-preparation service now brings in at least half the company's income(收益).”可知，《华盛顿邮报》通过将部分业务转向教育来避免麻烦，它的考试和备考服务现在为公司带来了至少一半的收入，所以是《华盛顿邮报》找到了发展的新出路。故选C。
19．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Perhaps not, but the rise of the Internet, which has made the daily newspaper look slow and out of step with the world, has brought about a real sense of death.”或许还没死，但是互联网的崛起，使今天的报纸看起来又慢又和世界脱节，这给报纸带来了真正意义上的死亡。说明作者对于报纸的前景感到不乐观。故选A。
E
（2022·北京海淀·101中学校考模拟预测）
Imagine this. There’s an apple and a piece of cake on a table. Which one would you like The delicious cake or the healthy apple A bestseller, Willpower Rediscovering Our Greater Strength, suggests that willpower (意志力) is the ability to make decisions that are better for us in the long term, rather than in the short term.
Here is a famous experiment in the book: the marshmallow (棉花糖) test. In 1972, Professor Walter Mischel tested the willpower of 600 four-year-olds to six-year-olds. In the experiment, each child was left alone in a room for fifteen minutes with a marshmallow on a table in front of them. They were given two choices: they could either eat it or, if they waited fifteen minutes, they’d be given a second one and then they could eat both.
So, what did the kids do Well, as you can imagine, 70% ate the first marshmallow within the fifteen minutes. But the other 30% showed willpower they controlled themselves and waited for the second marshmallow. But then Mischel discovered something really interesting. Twenty years later, he got in touch with the children, who, by then, were in their early twenties. And he found that those who’d shown strong willpower were getting better marks at university and were more popular.
Willpower is like a muscle (肌肉), and the more you exercise it, the stronger it gets. So, if you do daily “self-control exercises”, such as making your bed or brushing your teeth, you’ll improve your overall willpower. And daily willpower exercises will help you with those bigger goals, such as studying for an exam or training for a marathon.
Be careful though. Just like any muscle, your “willpower muscle” can get tired. If you’ve had to do lots of things that require willpower, take a break or give yourself a treat. That way, you’ll build up your willpower again.
And one last thing, the writer mentions people who learn foreign languages usually have a lot of willpower. So, congratulations!
20．From the marshmallow test, we can learn that ______.
A．the kids felt difficult to make choices B．most of the kids showed weak willpower
C．marshmallows could help improve willpower D．the kids could eat one marshmallow every fifteen minutes
21．The writer probably agrees that ______.
A．willpower should be kept practicing without any stop
B．willpower can be built up by dealing with difficulties
C．strong willpower can help people achieve their goals
D．strong willpower can help people make right decisions
22．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about
A．The finding of the experiment. B．The process of the experiment.
C．The purpose of the experiment. D．The background of the experiment.
【答案】20．B 21．C 22．A
【解析】短文主要讲述了一本畅销书《意志力：重新发现我们最大的力量》，以及书中的一个著名试验，告诉我们意志力对人们的生活有着很大的影响。
20．推理判断题，根据“So, what did the kids do Well, as you can imagine, 70% ate the first marshmallow within the fifteen minutes. But the other 30% showed willpower they controlled themselves and waited for the second marshmallow. ”70%的人在15分钟内吃掉了第一块棉花糖。但另外30%的人表现出意志力，他们控制住自己，等待第二个棉花糖。可推知从棉花糖测试中，我们可以知道大多数孩子的意志力很弱，故选B。
21．细节理解题，根据“And daily willpower exercises will help you with those bigger goals, such as studying for an exam or training for a marathon.”，可知每天的意志力锻炼会帮助你实现这些更大的目标，比如为考试而学习或为马拉松而训练。故选C。
22．主旨大意题，根据第三段中“So, what did the kids do ”那么，孩子们做了什么 再结合“But then Mischel discovered something really interesting. ”但后来米歇尔发现了一件非常有趣的事。可推知文章第三段讲述了试验的发现，故选A。
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重难点06 阅读理解之细节理解题
2023年中考英语【热点 重点 难点】专练
细节理解题常见设问方式
1．特殊疑问句形式。以when, where, what, which, who, how much/many等疑问词引出的问题。
2．判断是非形式。含有TRUE/FALSE, NOT true或EXCEPT等的判断是非的问题。此时要注意题干中是否含有否定词，如not, never等。
3．以“According to ...”开头的提问形式。
4．填空形式。如The biggest challenge for most mothers is from ________.
细节理解题正确选项特征
同义替换 指对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如把lose one's job换成了be out of work。有些细节理解题把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，如把important变换成of importance；改变原文中句子的语态，如主动语态与被动语态的转换。
信息归纳 用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，设置为正确答案。
正话反说 把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。
原文原词 利用原文原词作为正确选项。
细节理解题干扰选项特征
张冠李戴 是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。
无中生有 符合常识，但不是文章的内容。
曲解文意 与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动。
颠倒是非 在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。
正误参半 部分正确，部分错误。
一．直接信息题
考生可以采取“关键词定位法”，即“带着问题找答案”的方法，通过定位找题眼。先从题干中提取关键性词语(题眼)，然后以此为线索，运用略读及寻读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此关键词相关的段落、语句，快速定位该题与哪一段哪一句有关，然后仔细推敲，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定答案。解题流程如下：
第一步：依据题干信息，择定位关键词
细节理解直接信息题一般是对文章局部内容的考查,且题目相对简单,所以,不必通篇细读全文,可先通过题干信息来选择定位关键词。关键词主要是题干中的名词、动词和数词,即问题的核心信息
第二步：依据关键词,回原文定位信息进行比对
确定了定位关键词后,运用略读及寻读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与题于有关的关键词,回到原文进行信息定位,然后将选项内容与原文信息比对,得出正确答案。
例子1
…
I found the pre holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less used things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund (基金) (our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor)．
…
33．What made Georgia agree to sell some of her objects
A．Saving up for her holiday.
B．Raising money for a poor girl.
C．Adding the money to her fund.
D．Giving the money to a sick mother.
[解题示范]
第一步：定信息区间
抓关键 题干中的关键词：Georgia, sell, objects
锁信息 定位：用Georgia，sell，objects寻读，在文中找到信息源——She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund (基金) (our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor).
第二步：比对定答案
选项 选项意思 定位
A 为她的假期储蓄。 曲解文意
B 为一个贫困女孩募捐。 曲解文意
C 把钱放入她的基金。 同义替换
D 把钱送给一个生病的妈妈。 无中生有
[分析] 选C 比对选项和信息句可知，女儿愿意卖几件玩具，是因为我们承诺把钱放入她的求学基金；选项和原文中均出现fund一词，故为直接细节理解题。故选C。
二．间接信息题
相比直接信息题，命题的隐蔽性更强，正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。此类题目需要考生将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，有时还需要进一步的加工或整理。
例子2…
Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares However, they are rich in vitamin C.
…
24．What does the author seem to like about cherries
A．They contain protein.
B．They are high in vitamin A.
C．They have a pleasant taste.
D．They are rich in antioxidants.
[解题示范]
第一步：定信息区间
抓关键 题干中的关键词：cherries
锁信息 定位：用cherries寻读，在文中找到信息源——As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares However, they are rich in vitamin C.
第二步：比对定答案
选项 选项意思 定位
A 它们含有蛋白质。 张冠李戴
B 它们富含维生素A。 张冠李戴
C 它们口感好。 同义替换
D 它们含有丰富的抗氧化物质。 张冠李戴
[分析] 选C 根据该段最后一句“As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares However, they are rich in vitamin C．”可知，原文中的they are so delicious被替换成选项中的They have a pleasant taste，为间接细节理解题。故选C。
三．概括、归纳信息题
是指命题人用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，这是命题人设计细节理解题的正确选项时经常使用的手段之一。考生首先应依据题干指向，找到文中相应的信息区间，然后尝试用自己的语言去归纳总结文中的信息或事实，然后再看选项，挑选出和自己所归纳总结的信息最接近的选项作为正确答案。
例子3…
At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
…
30．How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present
A．About 6,800. B．About 3,400.
C．About 2,400. D．About 1,200.
[解题示范]
第一步：定信息区间
抓关键 题干中的关键词：6,000
锁信息 定位：用6,000寻读，在文中找到信息源——The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
第二步：比对定答案
选项 选项意思 原文意思 定位
A 大约6 800种。 6 800为现在世界现存语言数量。 张冠李戴
B 大约3 400种。 世界语言总量的一半即为3 400。 信息归纳
C 大约2 400种。 2 400为非洲语言数量。 张冠李戴
D 大约1 200种。 数字1 200在原文中没有出现，也无法做出有效归纳。 无中生有
[分析] 选B 根据本段第一句“At present, the world has about 6,800 languages.”可知，目前世界上有大约6 800种语言；再根据最后一句“The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.”可知，目前世界上一半的语言的使用人数少于6 000，也就是说有大约3 400种语言的使用人数少于6 000。根据以上数据的归纳概括可知B项为正确选项。
A
（2022·山东济南·统考一模）
Florence Nightingale wanted to be a nurse. Friends laughed at her. “It’s a dirty job,” they said. “You’ll hate it.”
Florence didn’t care what they said. She read books, and she went to visit hospitals. She became a nurse. But her friends were right about one thing. It was a dirty job.
One day, she walked into a building to find soldiers on bare beds. Even if they were hurt, they didn’t have a pillow (枕头) or blanket (毯子). Mice ran around them. Bugs (小虫子) bit them. It was dirty everywhere.
“I will help these men,” Florence said. She cleaned each room. She worked twenty hours a day to nurse the men back to health. At night, she held up a lantern to make sure each man’s room was clean. That is why they loved her. They called her “The Lady with a Lamp.”
1．What did Florence’s friends say about being a nurse
A．People will love you.
B．You will love this job.
C．It is a dirty job.
D．It is a man’s job.
2．What does the writer mean by saying “soldiers on bare beds”
A．The beds were very dirty.
B．The soldiers didn’t have a pillow or blanket on beds.
C．Bugs bit everything on beds.
D．The soldiers were so poor that they had nothing except a pillow or blanket.
3．What did Florence do when she saw the soldiers
A．She ran away.
B．She laughed at them.
C．She cleaned their rooms.
D．She read books to them.
4．What can you say about Florence
A．She is kind and loving.
B．She is lazy but clever.
C．She is dirty and careless.
D．She is quiet and shy.
5．Florence is called “The Lady with a Lamp,” because ___________.
A．She has a nice lamp.
B．She is a nurse.
C．She has a dirty job.
D．She holds up a lantern to check each man’s room.
B
（2022·浙江杭州·模拟预测）
①It is true that people with better education are usually able to get better-paid jobs. In other words, they have more chances to choose a good job while people with little or no education don’t.
②It seems that the purpose of education is to make people get jobs. But this isn’t accepted by all people. Some people may think that a person should spend the best years of his life getting education only for a way of living. This was probably one of the earliest reasons of education. In fact, if education is just a way of making a living, people don’t need to spend so much time at school. People can get education for a living in a short time. Subjects like history and geography need not be taught to everyone. Even language and maths need not be taught in detail（详细地）either. Here it is clear that education is much more than teaching a man to get a way of living.
③Education is well-rounded（全面的）and it is mainly for improving a man. It is not only to teach him to speak, read and write, but also to develop his creative thinking and other abilities. After that, it is to make him a wise man and thankfully enjoy the achievements of humans. Education is to make a man lead a better life. Educated people are expected to be able to listen to good music, read good books, watch good plays and take an interest in the world.
④I would agree that making a good living is an important reason for education, but certainly not the most important or the main reason.
6．The earliest education was probably to ________.
A．make a man lead a better life
B．teach a man to write and read
C．make people get a way of living
D．teach people to read good books
7．What’s the main idea of Para 3
A．The advantages of education. B．The process of education.
C．The ways of getting education. D．The people for getting the education.
8．What’s the structure of the passage
A． B．
C． D．
9．Which is TRUE according to the passage
A．Education can improve a man.
B．Making a living is the main reason of education.
C．Little educated people can find jobs easily.
D．People can get education in a short time.
C
（2022·广东深圳·校考模拟预测）
Car Free Day began in France on September 22, 1998. It aimed to make people realize the bad effects that cars had on the quality of life in cities. Later, it became a worldwide event. Now it has been celebrated around the world by more than 100 million people in about 1,500 cities. On this day, people are encouraged to give up driving private cars and take public transport(交通) so that they can experience their local area free from traffic. The purpose of this event is to draw people’s attention to environmental protection.
Many cities in China also celebrate this event every year. In 2004, Chengdu encouraged people to ride a bicycle on Car Free Day. In 2005, Xuzhou celebrated its first Car Free Day, whose theme was “Focus on the blue sky and white clouds”. On September 22, 2015, cars were restricted in three areas in Beijing from 9:00 a.m. to 16:00 p.m. Only pedestrians(行人) and bicycles were permitted to pass.
In the past four years, Car Free Day has changed from a simple “no driving day” to a new tradition of the Shekou community, Shenzhen. People sing, dance, open creative markets and have a picnic on car-free roads to celebrate it. The organizers of the event hope to create a greener and better community.
10．Which of the following activities is NOT encouraged on Car Free Day for travelling
A．Driving a car. B．Taking a subway. C．Riding a bike. D．Taking a Walk.
11．What kind of people may be interested in this event
A．People who like sports. B．People who love traveling around the world.
C．People who can drive. D．People who want to protect the environment.
12．What is the meaning of the underlined word “restricted” in Paragraph 2
A．not sold B．not allowed C．not made D．not changed
13．Which city has a new way of celebrating Car Free Day
A．Chengdu. B．Xuzhou. C．Beijing. D．Shenzhen.
14．Why do people in Shekou celebrate Car Free Day
A．To call on people to live a green life.
B．To collect money for the community.
C．To create more space for picnic lovers.
D．To encourage people to give up driving.
D
（2022·山东济南·模拟预测）
The American newspaper has been around for about three hundred years. In 1721, the printer James Franklin, Benjamin's older brother, started the New England Courant, and that was what we might recognize(承认) today as a real newspaper. He filled his paper with stories of adventure, articles on art, on famous people, and on all sorts of political subjects.
Three centuries after the appearance of Franklin's Courant, few believe that newspapers in their present printed form will remain alive for long. Newspaper companies are losing advertisers (广告商), readers, market value and in some cases, their sense of purpose at a speed that would not have been imaginable just several years ago. The chief editor(主编) of the times said recently, "At places where they gather, editors ask one another, 'How are you ', as if they have just come out of the hospital or a lost law case." An article about the newspaper appeared on the website of the Guardian, under the headline "NOT DEAD YET."
Perhaps not, but the rise of the Internet, which has made the daily newspaper look slow and out of step with the world, has brought about a real sense of death. Some American newspapers have lost 42% of their market value in the past three years. The New York Times Company has seen its stock (股票) drop by 54% since the end of 2004, with much of the loss coming in the past year. A manager at Deutsche Bank suggested that stock-holders sell off their Times stock. The Washington Post Comply has prevented the trouble only by changing part of its business to education; its testing and test-preparation service now brings in at least half the company's income(收益).
15．According to Paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true about the first real newspaper
A．It has a history of about 300 years.
B．Its articles were written by famous people.
C．It was called New England Courant.
D．It was started by Benjamin's older brother.
16．According to the chief editor of the Times, the newspaper editors __________.
A．often accept readers' suggestions
B．stop doing business with advertisers
C．care a lot about each other's health
D．face great difficulties in their business
17．“NOT DEAD YET” in Paragraph 2 means __________ is not dead yet.
A．the editor B．the website C．the newspaper D．the Internet
18．Which of the following found a new way for its development
A．The Guardian. B．The New York Times.
C．The Washington Post. D．New England Courant.
19．How does the writer of this passage seem to feel about the future of newspapers
A．Worried. B．Surprised. C．Hopeful. D．Comfortable.
E
（2022·北京海淀·101中学校考模拟预测）
Imagine this. There’s an apple and a piece of cake on a table. Which one would you like The delicious cake or the healthy apple A bestseller, Willpower Rediscovering Our Greater Strength, suggests that willpower (意志力) is the ability to make decisions that are better for us in the long term, rather than in the short term.
Here is a famous experiment in the book: the marshmallow (棉花糖) test. In 1972, Professor Walter Mischel tested the willpower of 600 four-year-olds to six-year-olds. In the experiment, each child was left alone in a room for fifteen minutes with a marshmallow on a table in front of them. They were given two choices: they could either eat it or, if they waited fifteen minutes, they’d be given a second one and then they could eat both.
So, what did the kids do Well, as you can imagine, 70% ate the first marshmallow within the fifteen minutes. But the other 30% showed willpower they controlled themselves and waited for the second marshmallow. But then Mischel discovered something really interesting. Twenty years later, he got in touch with the children, who, by then, were in their early twenties. And he found that those who’d shown strong willpower were getting better marks at university and were more popular.
Willpower is like a muscle (肌肉), and the more you exercise it, the stronger it gets. So, if you do daily “self-control exercises”, such as making your bed or brushing your teeth, you’ll improve your overall willpower. And daily willpower exercises will help you with those bigger goals, such as studying for an exam or training for a marathon.
Be careful though. Just like any muscle, your “willpower muscle” can get tired. If you’ve had to do lots of things that require willpower, take a break or give yourself a treat. That way, you’ll build up your willpower again.
And one last thing, the writer mentions people who learn foreign languages usually have a lot of willpower. So, congratulations!
20．From the marshmallow test, we can learn that ______.
A．the kids felt difficult to make choices B．most of the kids showed weak willpower
C．marshmallows could help improve willpower D．the kids could eat one marshmallow every fifteen minutes
21．The writer probably agrees that ______.
A．willpower should be kept practicing without any stop
B．willpower can be built up by dealing with difficulties
C．strong willpower can help people achieve their goals
D．strong willpower can help people make right decisions
22．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about
A．The finding of the experiment. B．The process of the experiment.
C．The purpose of the experiment. D．The background of the experiment.
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