中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
2023届高考英语 全国名校模拟 新题速递：
阅读理解C 篇+D篇（解析版）
(2023届衡水中学高三一调考试）C篇
As one of the biggest: topics of the last decade, sustainability has become the beacon (灯塔) of hope to protect the planet. From supermarkets taking action on plastic packaging to the zero waste movement that can be practised from your kitchen, changes made by individuals and organizations across the globe have had an impact on the way we think, shop and live.
So what does that mean for the world of technology You'd be forgiven for thinking that the words “sustainable” and “technology” don’t usually go hand in hand. E-waste is, after all, one of the planet's biggest contributing waste streams. Not only that, but the materials that go into technology products are also part of the problem.
But with a challenge comes an opportunity, and there's already some brilliant progress happening --- great news for those of us wanting to be more sustainable with our technology. Firstly, renewed products are having its moment. While consumers would previously turn their noses up at the idea of a second-hand device, there's been a huge surge in demand for renewed technology products. The second major step in tackling the problem of e-waste is a change in attitudes from owning a product to subscribing for one. A subscription for a smartphone might sound like a foreign concept, but it's already gaining momentum. At the forefront of this movement is a London-based technology startup, which offers a subscription service for the latest smartphones. As customers aren't paying to own the phone at the end of their contract, the monthly price is significantly lower than average.
Studies show that extending a phone's lifespan from one to four years can decrease its environmental impact by about 40%. So the next time it comes to refreshing your device --- whether a smartphone, laptop, tablet or something else --- consider the more environmentally friendly options that are at your fingertips.
28. What's the purpose of paragraph 1
A. To change the way we think, shop and live.
B. To introduce the topic of sustainability in technology.
C. To tell us what people have done to protect the planet.
D. To call on people to do something for the environment.
29. What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about
A. High-tech products are in short supply.
B. E-waste contributes to the biggest waste streams.
C. The two sustainability problems in technology.
D. Ignoring sustainable technology is unforgivable.
30. What is present consumers' attitude towards a second-hand device
A. Supportive. B. Unacceptable. C. Sympathy. D. Doubtful.
31. How can we become sustainable in technology according to the text
A. By upgrading the old one. B. By subscribing for a smartphone.
C. By spending less money on a smartphone. D. By replacing the old one with the latest one.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了如何在科技领域实现可持续发展的目标，作者对此给出了两种方法。一是使用二手设备，二是付费使用而非购买电子产品。
28.B【解析】推理判断题。通读第一段内容可知，可持续发展已经影响了人们的思维、购物和生活方式，由此可推知，作者写第一段的目的是引出本文的主题:如何在科技领域实现可持续发展的目标。
29.C【解析】段落大意题。通读第二段内容可知，作者首先提及了电子垃圾，然后又提到制造科技产品的材料也是造成环境污染的原因，由此可推知，第二段主要介绍了科技领域出现的两个(阻碍)可持续发展的问题。
30.A解析)推理判断题，根据第三段 Firstly, renewed products are having its moment While consumers would previously turn their noses up at the idea of a second-hand device, there's been a huge surge in demand for renewed technology products.可知，尽管人们以前对翻新手机噎之以鼻，但是现在对翻新手机的需求却在激增，因此，现在的消费者对二手设备持支持的态度。
31.B【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段 The second major step in tackling the problem... but it's already gaining momentum 可知，付费使用手机也可以推动科技上的可持续发展。
2023届衡水中学高三一调考试）D篇
Super typhoon Rammasun swept over Hainan, China, destroying at least 23,000 houses and causing 2 billion dollars in damage. It was not just people who experienced the impact, though. In Hainan Bawangling National Nature Reserve, home to the world's 30 remaining Hainan gibbons (长臂猿), landslides tore through sections of the forest. The gibbons, a species living in trees, were forced to jump across a distance of up to 50 feet to get from one area to another.
The gibbons sometimes would break their fall only by managing to catch hold of the tip of a particular palm leaf. As months passed, Bosco Chan at the Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden in Hong Kong noticed that constant use caused the leaf to wear and bend downward, threatening to lead to the gibbons crashing down and breaking the extremely rare species' habitat into different islands. “It's really a matter of concern. Moreover, I didn't know how long the leaf would be able to hold the gibbons,” he said. “I thought it was time for us to build something.”
As recently described in Scientific Reports, Bosco Chan and his colleagues turned to aerial (空中的) bridges. They hired professional tree climbers to confront and get over the steep landform to fix a simple bridge, consisting of two parallel mountaineering-grade ropes. It took the gibbons over five months to catch on, but once they learned to use the ropes, they started regularly using them to make safe, quick crossings.
Till now, aerial bridges have been used in other countries to help a diversity of animals ranging from squirrels to capuchin monkeys. But many are small, one-off projects carried out by local organizations or even individuals; with little or no scientific study of what does or does not work. In addition, a solution for one species or habitat may not be applicable to another.
32. What can be learned about Hainan gibbons
A. They are severely endangered. B. They mainly feed on palm leaves.
C. They are good at long-distance jumping. D. They suffer a slight reduction in population.
33. What makes Bosco Chan worried about the gibbons
A. Their weak link with nature. B. Their fear of jumps between trees.
C. Their survival affected by typhoons. D. Their habitats’ likely being damaged.
34. Which can best explain the underlined word “confront” in paragraph 3
A. Make use of. B. Get rid of. C. Take down. D. Deal with.
35. Which aspect of aerial bridges does the last paragraph talk about
A. Their importance. B. Their limitations.
C. Their potential uses. D. Their long-term effects.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了通过修筑空中桥梁来保护长臂猿的方法。
32. A【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段 home to the world's 30 remaining Hainan gibbons (长臂猿)和第二段the extremely rare species' habitat 可知。目前世界上仅存30只海南长臂猿，它们是极其稀有的物种，即海南长臂猿严重濒危。
33.D【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段Bosco Chan...species’ habitat into different islands 可知，Bosco Chan 担心长臂猿的栖息地可能会被破坏。
34. D【解析】词义猜测题。根据画线词前的 They hired professional tree climbers及画线词后的 and get over the steep landform to fix a simple bridge可知画线词的含义应是“处理,解决”，D项的含义与之相近。
35. B【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段 many are small, one-off projects... may not be applicable to another 可知，本段主要谈论的是空中桥梁的局限性。
湖南省2023届高三九校联盟第二次联考
C
Rapid deforestation （毁林） of the Amazon rainforest could influence the temperature and precipitation （降水，降水量）over the Tibetan plateau 15, 000 kilometers away．
Saini Yang at Beijing Normal University in China and her colleagues analyzed global climatological data from 1979 to 2019 to identify relations in temperature and precipitation between the Amazon rainforest and other areas. Such links are called “teleconnection1s”. They focused on the Amazon rainforest in particular because of its significance as a major carbon sink and as a climatic “tipping point”（爆发点）that could see forest turn to savannah （稀树草 原）beyond a certain threshold （阈，界） of warming and human-driven deforestation.
The researchers found that since 1979, warm temperatures in the Amazon rainforest were related to warm temperatures over the Tibetan plateau and the West Antarctic ice sheet; more precipitation in the Amazon rainforest was associated with less precipitation in those regions. By analyzing changing temperatures in the regions between the Amazon rainforest and those distant areas, they were also able to trace the path through which energy or materials such as black carbon released in forest fires might spread through the atmosphere. Their analysis showed the route remained consistent under different future warming scenarios.
The collapse of the West Antarctic ice sheet is a known tipping point. Melting snow on the Tibetan plateau is not, but the region is warming more rapidly than much of the rest of the globe, and changes to snow and ice there could have consequences for ecosystems and the billions of people that rely on its snowmelt for water, says Yang.
Victor Brovkin at the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Germany says the teleconnections are an interesting find, but is skeptical that variability in the Amazon rainforest causes the changes elsewhere. He says the Amazon rainforest is too small an area to overcome the influence of the tropical oceans and the researchers don't present a physical mechanism to explain any influence.
If the Amazon rainforest does have an influence on these regions, however, it could mean there is à higher risk that the Amazon rainforest tipping point might set others off, says Jonathan Donges-at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research in Germany. “It adds an additional potential domino （多米诺骨牌）that can fall. ”
28. Why was the Amazon rainforest the focus for Saini Yang's research
A. Because it played a role as a main carbon sink.
B. Because it was the most important carbon sink.
C. Because it was very likely to turn to savannah.
D. Because it was at a high risk of becoming a climatic “tipping point”.
29. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A. The benefits of the research.
B. The findings of the research.
C. The means of analyzing the data.
D. The results of the Amazon rainforest being deforested.
30. Which of the following points may Saini Yang agree with
A. The temperature of the Tibetan plateau changes the fastest.
B. The variability in the Amazon rainforest may not lead to changes elsewhere.
C. The more the Amazon rainforest rains, the less rainfall the Tibetan plateau may have.
D. The consequences of the collapse of the West Antarctic ice sheet are little-known.
31. What can we learn about the Amazon rainforest from the last two paragraphs
A. Teleconnections have kept the researchers interested for a long time.
B. The Amazon rainforest tipping point is likely to set off those of other areas.
C. The findings of the research on the Amazon rainforest are controversial.
D. The Amazon rainforest is large enough to remove the influence of the tropical oceans.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了中国北京师范大学杨赛霓教授及其同事进行的一项研究，该研究通过对1979年到2019年间的全球气象数据进行分析，目的在于确认亚马孙雨林地区和其他地区是否在气温和降雨方面存在相互影响的关系，并提出了一个新的发现-亚马孙雨林的快速焚毁或滥伐可能影响远在15, 000千米以外的青藏高原地区的气温和降雨（量）。此外，文中也引用了其他国家科研人员对于此研究及其发现的不同观点。
28．A。细节理解题。根据第二段第三句中的“They focused on the Amazon rainforest in particular because of its significance as a major carbon sink”可知，正确答案为A。
29．B。段落大意题。根据第三段第一句的主干“The researchers found that．．．”可知，正确答案为B。
30．C。细节理解题。根据第三段中的“more precipitation in the Amazon rainforest was associated with less precipitation in those regions” 可知，正确答案为C。
31．C。推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“If the Amazon rainforest does have an influence on these regions, however, it could mean there is a higher risk that the Amazon rainforest tipping point might set others off”可知，亚马孙雨林发生质的颠覆性变化有一个前提条件，那就是它确实对这些地区有影响，而对于这一点，科学家仍然有争议；根据倒数第二段Victor Brovkin的观点可知，正确答案为C。
D
Until the 1940s，blood transfusions （输血）often went wrong because some main blood- group systems had yet to be discovered. This phenomenon is now a thing of the past, but finding a well-matched donor can still be difficult, especially for patients with rare blood types. Recently, a team of British researchers announced a step towards solving this problem by successfully transfusing into two healthy volunteers red blood cells grown from appropriate stem cells donated by others.
By now, such manufactured red cells have been given only to those whose own stem cells had been the source. The stem cells used for this experiment, however, were extracted from blood donated in the normal way. Then, the harvested stem cells were grown and multiplied in a nutrient solution for about 20 days, which served to turn them into young versions of red blood cells called reticulocytes, which, once transfused, quickly develop into the real McCoy. The lab-made red blood cells would be expected to last longer in a receiver's body than those from a normal transfusion, since transfused blood unavoidably contains some cells that are on their last legs. The next step is to measure how long the manufactured cells actually do last.
If they do indeed survive traditionally transfused cells, then receivers will not need frequent transfusions. That will help a lot. At the moment, patients with blood disorders such as sickle-cell disease and thalassemia may require a transfusion as often as every four to six weeks. . As a consequence， some develop iron overload， which causes severe complications （并 发症）. Others end up forming antibodies against many blood types， which makes finding a matching donor harder.
If all goes well, the trial will be extended to more volunteers. But larger tests, including tests on actual patients, will be needed before this approach can be put into practice. Even then, the technique will probably be reserved for a favored few-those possessing rare blood types being at the head of the queue. Unless some unforeseen breakthrough occurs, making the cells in quantity will be challenging.
32. What does the underlined part “the real McCoy” in paragraph 2 refer to
A. Red blood cells.
B. Stem cells.
C. Reticulocytes.
D. Nutrient solutions.
33. What can we learn about blood transfusions according to the text
A. The lab-made red blood cells last longer than those from a normal transfusion.
B. Those with rare blood types may enjoy priority in the transfusion of lab-made red blood cells.
C. Most patients with blood disorders may suffer severe complications and form antibodies.
D. Blood transfusions often go wrong because of people's ignorance of the main blood systems.
34. What's the author's attitude to the mass production of the lab-made red cells in the near future
A. Indifferent.
B. Optimistic.
C. Hopeless.
D. Cautious.
35. Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. Development of technology in blood transfusions
B. Transfusion of lab-made red blood cells into humans
C. Red blood cells coming from stem cells of receivers
D. Development and promotion of lab-made blood cells
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。本文选自 The Economist（13 Nov．2022），文章介绍了英国研究者开始了世界首个实验室培养“人工血液”的临床试验。
32．A。词义猜测题。根据第二段可知，stem cells（干细胞）被放在nutrient solutions（营养液）中进行培育，被培养成 reticulocytes（网织红细胞），被输注后快速转化成red blood cells（血红细胞），故选A。the real McCoy在字典中释义如下：（informal） something that is genuine and that has value，not a copy 真货；真品。If you describe someone or something as the real McCoy， you mean that they really are what they claim to be and are not a imitation（仿制品，赝品）．该词来源有三种说法：（1）来源于美国一位名McCoy的拳击冠军，他通过拳击向质疑者证明了自己的身份，他们终于承认他是真正的McCoy；（2）该词与美国禁酒令时期的一个叫McCoy的私酒贩子有关；（3）该词来自从格拉斯哥出口到美国的上好威士忌（whisky）。
33．B。细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句和第三段第一句可知A还有待测试，正是研究者们所期待的；根据第三段倒数第二、三句可知有blood disorder 的人可能会需要经常输血，作为后果，其中一部分人铁过剩，从而产生严重的并发症或形成抗体，并非大 多数，因此排除C；根据第一段第一句可知D时态错误；根据最后一段中的“those possessing rare blood types being at the head of the queue” 可知有罕见血型的受血者排在等候人工血液输注的前列，所以相比于其他人，被优先选中的可能性更大。故选B。
34．D。推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，如果一切顺利，这项试验将扩大志愿者人数，但在这种方法被实际应用之前，还需要开展更大规模的试验，包括在真正的患者身上试验。即使到那时，这项技术也只会让少数人受益-排在队伍最前面的那些血型罕见的人。除非出现一些未预见的技术突破，否则大批量生产这种细胞颇具挑战性。故选D。
35．B。主旨大意题。通读全文可知，英国研究者开始了世界首个实验室培养“人工血液”的临床试验。研究者从捐献者血液中分离出干细胞，在体外人工培养分化，然后用收获的红细胞制成了这种人工血液。目前，已经有两位健康受试者接受了人工血液的输注。故选B。
2023届河南省新高考高三核心模拟卷
C
China announced a long-awaited plan to integrate（融合）the southern Pearl River Delta Area （PRDA） as an attempt to create a powerhouse to rival（相匹敌）the US Silicon Valley that is home to such well-known companies as Google, Facebook and Apple. The possibilities and challenges of the effort are both equally promising and challenging.
The plan is a natural result of the economic and technological development in the area. China's opening up to the world more than four decades ago began in the south and PRDA has long been home to many of the country's leading technological companies, including Huawei and Tencent.
“The plan is promising,” said Adam Xu, an analyst at OC &. C Strategy Consultants. “If you really look at history in China, a lot of top-down plans always have very strong bottom-up support. And a lot of economic activities have already happened there. Now they have a big plan to officially recognize, promote and further accelerate.”
The key challenge will be execution（执行）. The plan has to integrate three different legal systems among Mainland China, Hongkong and Macau. That makes PRDA unique compared to the other two major areas in China-the Beijing, Hebei, Tianjin Area and the Yangtze River Delta Area near Shanghai.
“We don't know how effectively the top-down plan will guide the many independent growing forces at the local level,” Xu admitted. “This part will be quite an important challenge. ”
China has already taken major steps to overcome some of the physical barriers such as linking Hongkong with Guangzhou and Shenzhen by high-speed railways and its recent opening of the 55-kilometer Hongkong-Zhuhai-Macau bridge. But other barriers, such as the flow of people, information and money, may prove to be a bigger challenge.
Xu said, “The biggest challenge and the biggest beauty-if they eventually succeed-will be linking all of these together.”
28.What are paragraph 2 and paragraph 3 mainly about
A. The favorable conditions in PRDA.
B. The benefits of top-down plans in China.
C.PRDA's advantages over the Silicon Valley.
D.The flow of people, information and money.
29.Which challenge is unique in the Pearl River Delta Area
A.The physical barriers.
C.The government control.
B.The cultural differences.
D.The different legal systems.
30.Which of the following cities are connected by the 55-kilometer bridge
A.Shenzhen,Zhuhai,Macau.
C.Zhuhai,Macau,Hongkong.
B.Guangzhou,Shenzhen,Macau.
D.Guangzhou,Shenzhen,Hongkong.
31.What is the best title for the text
A. The Different Legal Systems in Hongkong and Macau
B.The Possibilities and Challenges of Integrating PRDA
C.The Problems Facing China's Newly Announced Plans
D.The Fast Development in the Pearl River Delta Area
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了深港澳大湾区融合所面临的机遇与挑战。
28．A 段落大意题。根据第二段“The plan is a natural result of the economic and technological development in the area．”、第三段“＊The plan is promising，＇”及细节可知，这两段主要介绍了深港澳大湾区融合的有利条件。
29．D 细节理解题。根据第四段“The plan has to integrate three different legal systems among Mainland China， Hongkong and Macau. That makes PRDA unique compared to the other two major areas in China. ..”可知答案。
30．C 细节理解题。根据第六段“its recent opening of the 55-kilometer Hongkong-Zhuhai-Macau bridge”可知答案。
31．B 标题判断题。通读全文、尤其是第一段“The possibilities and challenges of the effort are both equally promising and challenging.”可知，本文主要介绍了深港澳区域融合所面临的机遇与挑战。
D
A new study published in Thursday's edition of Cell reports that mosquitoes' sense of smell is more complex than we once thought. And it may explain how they are so good at seeking us out in the darkness and lead to new strategies to fight against the potentially deadly diseases caused by their bites.
Until Meg Younger, co-author of the study, and her colleagues started studying mosquitoes, it's long been known that mosquitoes rely on multiple clues to target humans. First, they will sense the CO2 in the breath from a distance that can be more than 30 feet. After the CO2, then they begin to sense human body smells. They follow the odors（气味）and，when they get very close， start to detect body heat. Once they land on the skin, they look for a place to bite with their legs.
In many parts of the world, their bites may lead to such diseases as dengue, Zika, chikungunya and malaria. The latter disease alone causes over half a million deaths each year around the globe.
“But most of what we know about mosquitoes' sense of smell comes from the study of the brains of mice and fruit flies, where the pathways between the brain and smell detectors are fairly simple: Each neuron（神经元）in their smell detectors just responds to a single kind of smell and all the neurons for that smell are connected to the same part of their brains. Of course, there are countless different detectors responding to countless smells,” says Younger. “When we started looking inside mosquito brains, we found that each neuron can detect multiple smells.”
“It's a great breakthrough,” says Josefina del Marmol, a scientist at the Harvard Medical School who wasn't involved with the research. “It will change a lot about what we know of how mosquitoes interact with the world and give researchers additional ways to fight the bugs. But there's more work to be done to test, neuron by neuron, which neuron actually responds to which human body smells.”
32.What can be learned about mosquitoes from paragraph 2
A. They look for a place to bite with their eyes.
B.They can only detect humans within 30 feet.
C.They are first attracted by human body smells.
D.They are more sensitive to the CO2 in the breath.
33. Which disease causes more than 0.5 million deaths each year in the world
A.Malaria.
B.Zika.
C.Dengue.
D.Chikungunya.
34.What is Meg Younger's new discovery
A.The pathways in the brains of mice are fairly simple.
B. A neuron in mosquitoes' detectors can detect many smells.
C.All the neurons for a smell are connected to the same part of the brain.
D.The neurons in fruit flies' brains just respond to a single kind of smell.
35.What does Josefina del Marmol say about the new study
A.The process is not very complete.
B.The conclusion is not very reliable.
C.More specific tests have to be done.
D.The research method is too complex.
【答案与解析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Meg Younger 及其研究团队对蚊子嗅觉的新发现。
32．D 推理判断题。根据第二段“First，they will sense the CO2 in the breath from a distance that can be more than 30 feet.”可推断，蚊子对空气中的二氧化碳浓度的变化非常敏感。
33．A 细节理解题。根据第三段“．．．their bites may lead to such diseases as dengue， Zika， chikungunya and malaria． The latter disease alone causes over half a million deaths each year around the globe.”可知答案。
34．B 细节理解题。根据第四段“＊When we started looking inside mosquito brains， we found that each neuron can detect multiple smells.＇”可知，蚊子的嗅觉神经元与老鼠及果蝇的嗅觉神经元不同：蚊子的单个神经元可以感受到多种气味的刺激。
35．C 细节理解题。根据最后一段“But there’s more work to be done to test， neuron by neuron， which neuron actually responds to which human body smells.”可知，Josefina del Marmol认为接下来要做的是更加具体地测试各个神经元对人体哪些气味有反应。
2022-2023学年高三第二学期浙江省浙南名校联盟第二次联考
C
Birds that dive underwater—such as penguins, gannets and pelicans-may be more likely to go extinct than their nondiving relatives, a new study reported in Proceedings of the Royal Society finds.
Many waterbirds have evolved highly specialized bodies and behaviors that facilitate diving. Now, an analysis of the evolutionary history of more than 700 waterbird species shows that once a bird group gains the ability to dive, the change is irreversible, which could help explain why diving birds have a higher extinction rate compared with nondiving birds.
“There are considerable morphological（形态学的）adaptations for diving." says Catherine Sheard, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Bristol in England. For instance, gannets and some pelicans that dive into the water from the air have twists to the neck muscles and the bones in the chest. It's possible that some diving birds are evolving under an evolutionary “ratchet," where adaptations to use a certain food source or habitat encourage specialized. evolution. These birds may become trapped in their ways, increasing their risk of extinction.
Evolutionary biologists Josh Tyler and Jane Younger investigated the evolution of diving in a collection of 727 waterbird species across 11 bird groups. They explored the link between diving and the development of new species, or their extinction, in various bird lineages（家族）. Among 236 diving bird species, 75, or 32 percent, were part of lineages that are experiencing 0.02 more species extinctions per million years than the generation of new species. Bird lineages that don't dive, on the other hand, generated 0.1more new species per million years than the rate of species dying out.
"The more specialized you become, the more reliant you are on a particular diet, foraging（觅食）strategy or environment.” says Tyler. “The range of environments available for foraging is much larger for the nondiving birds than for the specialist divers, and this may play into their ability to adapt and thrive.”
28. What does the underlined word “irreversible” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A. Unexpected. B. Unchangeable. C. Unreal. D. Unwelcome.
29. Why are "gannets and pelicans” mentioned in Paragraph 3
A. To present a fact. B. To illustrate a concept.
C. To give a definition. D. To explain a phenomenon.
30. What do we know about Josh Tyler and Jane Younger's study
A. Biologists got the results by comparison.
B. Data were collected by observing waterbirds.
C. 32 diving bird species went extinct during the process.
D. The aim is to build connection between diving and nondiving birds.
31. Which of the following factors plays a role in nondiving birds' lower extinction rate
A. Wider habitat range. B. Quicker foraging speed
C. More food options. D. Stronger reproduction ability.
28. 解析 B 词义推测题。根据第二段可知划线词所在句子可知，鸟类一旦获得潜水的能力， 其会发生形态上的转变，所以会潜水的鸟类有较高的灭绝率， 由此可推测出这种转变是不可 逆转的。故正确答案为 B。
29. 解析 D 细节理解题。根据第三段可知，作者以 gannets and pelicans 为例，进一步解释 Catherine Sheard 所说的一种现象，即会潜水的鸟在进化过程中有很大的形态上的变化以适 应潜水。故正确答案为 D。
30. 解析 A 细节理解题。根据第四段可知，Josh Tyler and Jane Younger 的研究通过分析比较 潜水鸟类和非潜水鸟类死亡和新生物种的数量得出研究结果。研究目的是探索潜水和新生物 种发展或物种灭绝之间的关系。故正确答案为 A。
31. 解析 C 细节理解题。根据最后一段 “The range of environments available for foraging is much larger for the nondiving birds than for the specialist divers, and this may play into their ability to adapt and thrive.”可知对于非潜水鸟类来说觅食环境更大，这对于他们适应和繁衍能 力起到至关重要的作用。 故正确答案为 C。
D
Around the world, rivers seem to be raging. While catastrophic flooding of Pakistan's rivers has left tens of millions without homes, a drought unseen for 500 years has squeezed Europe's major waterways almost dry. There is little disagreement about what's going on: climate change is causing both rainfall and droughts to intensify. The question now is how to manage those climate-changed waterways and, specifically, what role dams should play in mitigating（缓和）against the kinds of disasters.
Advocates say water storage dams will become more essential as buffers（缓冲物）against extreme water flows by absorbing water during flooding and releasing it in times of drought. Dams, they say, can help combat climate change by producing renewable hydropower（水力发电）that is cleaner than fossil fuel energy.
However, criticisms have long centered on the negative impact most dams have on biodiversity and river ecosystems. Not only do the vast amounts of concrete used to build large dams leave huge carbon footprints, there is also much evidence that greenhouse gas emissions from dams are often far greater than previously thought. Increasingly a scientific case is also being made that dams actually worsen both floods and droughts.
Now, more dam developers are turning to "run-of-river" technology, in which the river's water flows continuously through a hydropower station without a reservoir to store it. Such projects are generally considered more environmentally friendly, but they do not allow for water to be managed according to weather conditions.
Then there are those who say we should stay away from dams, and look for ways using nature-based solutions. Many ecologists say that protecting wetlands, for example, should be a priority, since those ecosystems act as natural sponges（海绵）for floodwaters within a river basin. “We have turned river basins into economic machines that only serve people and not nature, and this creates more problems, like droughts and flooding," says Herman Wanningen, the founder of the advocacy group Dam Removal Europe. "We have to learn to cooperate with nature and not against it anymore."
32. Why do critics oppose the construction of dams
A. It may produce opposite effect. B. It destroys local ecosystem.
C. It needs a large amount of concrete. D. It gives off harmful gases.
33. What can we say about the “turn-to-river" projects
A. Economical. B. Inflexible. C. Fruitless. D. Popular.
34. What can we infer from the last paragraph
A. Dams have long lost their function as buffers.
B. Protecting wetland is a once-and-for-all solution.
C. Flooding and droughts can help promote economy.
D. The starting point of our solution should serve nature.
35. What's the best title for the text
A. Building More Dams: A Way Out
B. Disaster Relief: Working with Nature.
C. Dams' Traditional Role: Pros and Cons.
D. Worsening Climate Change: Take Action!
32. 解析 A 细节理解题。根据文章第三段可知 critics 着重关注大坝对于生物多样性以及河 流生态系统的消极影响， 通过“dams actually worsen both floods and droughts”可知他们认为
大坝甚至会事与愿违，加剧洪水和干旱。故正确答案为 A。
33. 解析 B 推理判断题。根据文章第 4 段最后一句可知，该项目虽然环保， 但是水资源不 能根据天气情况进行调整。故正确答案为 B。
34. 解析 D 推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句以及最后一句可知， 部分人以及很多生物学 家认为我们需要寻找基于自然的解决途径，与自然合作，如湿地是天然的吸水海绵，应用于 服务自然而非仅仅服务于人类, 因此解决途径的出发点应该是为自然服务。故正确答案为 D。
35. 解析 A 主旨大意题。本文为议论文。第一段陈述论点，即大坝对于处理部分自然灾害 起了什么作用。第二段支持者认为大坝在一定程度上能解决洪水和干旱问题以及通过水力发 电有效对抗气候变化。第三段反对者认为大坝对于生态系统及多样性有消极作用并加剧洪水 和干旱。第四段大坝的研发者希望通过水力发电站项目使得大坝的使用更环保。而在最后一 段部分人认为我们应远离大坝的使用，并且有生态学家认为我们应该保护湿地，这才是出路。 由此可见整篇文章都在讨论我们是否应该建立大坝来对抗自然灾害。故正确答案为 A。
2023年深圳市高三年级第一次调研考试
C
When put to tests, bees have long proved that they’ve got a lot more to offer than pollinating (授粉) , making honey and being loyal to a queen. The hard-working insects can change their behavior when things seem difficult, and now some scientists find there is proof that they also like to play.
Scientists from Queen Mary University of London performed an experiment, in which they set up a container that allowed bees to travel from their nest to a feeding area. But along the way, the bees could choose to pass through a separate section with some small wooden balls. Over 18 days, the scientists watched as the bees “went out of their way to roll wooden balls repeatedly, despite no apparent incentive (刺激)to do so. ”
Earlier studies have shown that the black and yellow bugs are willing to learn new tricks in exchange for food or other rewards. In this case, to get rid of external factors, scientists made sure the bees had adapted to their new home and that their environment was stress-free.
The finding suggests that like humans, insects also interact with objects as a form of play. Also similar to people, younger bees seem to be more playful than adult bees. “This research provides a strong indication that insect minds are far more complicated than we imagine. There are lots of animals who play just for the purpose of enjoyment, but most examples come from young mammals (哺乳动物) and birds,” said Lars Chittka, a professor of sensory and behavioral ecology at Queen Mary University of London, who led the study.
The study’s first author, Samadi Galpay, who is a PhD student at Queen Mary University of London, states that it is more evident that bees may be capable of experiencing feelings. “They may actually experience some kind of positive emotional states, even if basic, like other larger animals do. This finding has effects on our understanding of the sense and welfare of insects, which, consequently, encourages us to respect and protect wildlife on Earth ever more,” she says.
8. What is the new finding about bees
A. They are fond of having fun.
B. They are faithful to the queen.
C. They are adaptable to changes.
D. They are skilled at rolling balls.
9. How did scientists remove external influences in the experiment
A. By teaching bees new tricks.
B. By rewarding bees with food.
C. By making bees feel at home.
D. By building new homes for bees.
10. What are Lars Chittka’s words mainly about
A. The forms of bees’ interaction.
B. The complexity of bees’ minds.
C. The examples of mammals’ play.
D. The purpose of mammals’ enjoyment.
11. What does Samadi Galpay say about the study result
A. It backs up prior understanding of insects.
B It reveals reasons for bees’ positive feelings.
C. It drives research on animals’ emotional state.
D. It contributes to wildlife conservation on Earth.
【答案】8. A 9. C 10. B 11. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项研究结果表明昆虫的思维比人类想象的复杂。这项研究对于保护昆虫有很大的作用。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段第二句话“The hard-working insects can change their behavior when things seem difficult, and now some scientists find there is proof that they also like to play.(这种勤劳的昆虫可以在困难的时候改变自己的行为，现在一些科学家发现有证据表明它们也喜欢玩耍)”可知，新的研究表明蜜蜂喜欢玩耍。故选A。
【9题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段第二句话“In this case, to get rid of external factors, scientists made sure the bees had adapted to their new home and that their environment was stress-free.(在这种情况下，为了摆脱外部因素，科学家们确保蜜蜂已经适应了他们的新家，并且他们的环境没有压力)”可推知，为了消除外部因素，他们让蜜蜂适应新家，让他们有了家的感觉，从而对环境感觉不到压力。故选C。
【10题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段 Lars Chittka说的话“This research provides a strong indication that insect minds are far more complicated than we imagine. There are lots of animals who play just for the purpose of enjoyment, but most examples come from young mammals (哺乳动物)and birds,(这项研究有力地表明，昆虫的思维远比我们想象的复杂。有很多动物只是为了享乐而玩耍，但大多数例子来自于年轻的哺乳动物和鸟类)”可知， Lars Chittka的话表明了昆虫的思维非常复杂。故选B。
【11题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段Samadi Galpay所说的话“This finding has effects on our understanding of the sense and welfare of insects, which, consequently, encourages us to respect and protect wildlife on Earth ever more.(这一发现对我们理解昆虫的感觉和福利产生了影响，从而鼓励我们更加尊重和保护地球上的野生动物)”可知，该研究结果有助于保护地球上的野生动物。故选D。
D
“You’re so smart!” This encouraging response to children’s math performance is commonly heard. Recently, a new study, conducted by the University of Georgia, found that encouraging children with responses related to their personal characteristics or inborn abilities might weaken their math motivation and achievement over time.
Parents who make comments linking their children’s performance to personal characteristics like intelligence are using what’s referred to as person responses. In contrast, parents who link their children’s actions, such as efforts or strategy use, to their performance are using process responses.
For the study, researchers asked more than 500 parents to report on how they responded to their children’s math performance and their math beliefs and goals. Children were assessed in two waves across a year to measure their math motivation and achievement.
The results show that parents who view math ability as changeable are more likely to give process responses focused on their children’s strategy use and efforts rather than their intelligence or other personal characteristics. In contrast, parents who believe math ability is unchangeable and that math failure can’t be constructive give more person responses. Parents with high expectations for their children give a combination of both responses. While responses highlighting strategy and efforts are not related to any achievement outcomes, children who receive more responses about their personal characteristics — in particular, related to failure — are more likely to avoid harder math problems, exhibit higher levels of math anxiety, and score lower on math achievement tests.
Because person responses predict poor math adjustment in children over time, researchers suggest parents limit this type of responses at home. Another recommendation for parents is to think about their own beliefs and goals for their kids and examine how these might lead them to respond in person or process ways. Simply telling parents to avoid talking about math ability may not be enough. Focusing less on how children perform and more on their strategy and enjoyment of math might be a more effective way to enhance motivation.
12. Which of the following is an example of process response
A. You are a lucky dog.
B. Running is in your blood.
C. What works well for your study
D. Why are you such a math genius
13. What can be inferred from the study results
A Parents prefer to give more process responses.
B. Children are more likely to be affected by math anxiety.
C. Process responses help with children’s math achievement.
D. Person responses can discourage children from learning math.
14. What do researchers advise parents to do
A. Restrict person responses.
B. Defend their own beliefs.
C. Stress children’s performance.
D. Ignore children’s math problems.
15. Which can be a suitable title for the text
A. The Strategy Children Adopt to Learn Math Helps
B. The Way Parents Talk to Children on Math Matters
C. Responses to Enhance Children’s Math Performance
D. Suggestions for Parents to Teach Their Children Math
【答案】12. C 13. D 14. A 15. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。这篇文章主要内容是说父母对孩子的数学学习做出不同的反应，会对孩子产生不同的作用；用与个人特征或天生能力相关的反应来鼓励孩子，可能会削弱他们的数学动机和成绩，所以建议家长在家里限制这种类型的反应。
【12题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段的句子“Parents who make comments linking their children’s performance to personal characteristics like intelligence are using what’s referred to as person responses. In contrast, parents who link their children’s actions, such as efforts or strategy use, to their performance are using process responses.(将孩子的表现与智力等个人特征联系起来的父母使用的是所谓的‘个人反应’。相比之下，将孩子的行为(如努力或策略的使用)与他们的表现联系起来的父母使用的是‘过程反应’)”可知，使用“过程反应”的父母，将孩子的行为（如努力或策略的使用）与他们的表现联系起来，而C项“What works well for your study （什么对你的学习有帮助 ）”谈论的是孩子的学习策略，属于“过程反应”。故填C项。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段的句子“Recently, a new study, conducted by the University of Georgia, found that encouraging children with responses related to their personal characteristics or inborn abilities might weaken their math motivation and achievement over time.(最近，佐治亚大学进行的一项新研究发现，随着时间的推移，用与个人特征或天生能力相关的反应来鼓励孩子，可能会削弱他们的数学动机和成绩)”和第四段最后一句“While responses highlighting strategy and efforts are not related to any achievement outcomes, children who receive more responses about their personal characteristics — in particular, related to failure — are more likely to avoid harder math problems, exhibit higher levels of math anxiety, and score lower on math achievement tests.(虽然强调策略和努力的反应与任何成绩结果无关，但收到更多关于个人特征——特别是与失败有关——反应的孩子，更有可能避免更难的数学问题，表现出更高水平的数学焦虑，在数学成绩测试中得分更低)”可知，“个人反应”会阻碍孩子学习数学。故选D项。
【14题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段的第一句话“Because person responses predict poor math adjustment in children over time, researchers suggest parents limit this type of responses at home.(由于“个人反应”预示着随着时间的推移，孩子的数学适应能力会下降，研究人员建议家长在家里限制这种类型的反应)”可知，研究人员建议家长在家里限制“个人反映”这种类型的反应。故填A项。
【15题详解】
主旨大意题。这篇文章主要内容是说父母对孩子的数学学习做出不同的反应，会对孩子产生不同的作用；用与个人特征或天生能力相关的反应来鼓励孩子，可能会削弱他们的数学动机和成绩，所以建议家长在家里限制这种类型的反应。所以B项“The Way Parents Talk to Children on Math Matters(父母与孩子谈论数学的方式很重要)”作为本文的题目与文章主题相符合。故选B项。
吉林市普通中学 2022-2023 学年度高中毕业年级第二次调研测试
C
Teenagers around the world are familiar with the great pain of boredom. And every parent is familiar with the sounds of groaning (咕哝的) kids, sulking (生闷气) in their room or pacing aimlessly around the house. But sometimes, it’s this very sense of boredom that can inspire creativity and create fast-growing trends.
This is true for pickleball (匹克球), now a popular sport in the West. According to the Mental Floss website, the sport was invented in the summer of 1965. At that time, Frank Pritchard, 13, had nothing to do in his family’s summer home in Washington, US. After complaining loudly, his father, Joel, suggested he make up a game. When Frank replied “Why don’t you ” his father gladly took up the challenge. Thus, pickleball was born.
Certain parts of tennis, badminton and ping-pong can be seen from pickleball. It’s a bat game played on a badminton-sized court with what looks like a wiffle ball (威浮球) over a low net. Only the serving team can score points, and all serves must be made with an underhand stroke (击球).
The popularity of pickleball has grown steadily over the last decade. According to Mental Floss, the number of pickleball courts has grown by an estimated 385 percent worldwide since 2010. One reason for its popularity is that it’s “a sport for everyone”. Anyone can play pickleball because it’s relatively easy to pick up. There are simple rules, and all people need is a couple of bats and a ball, which is affordable and accessible to all. Plus, pickleball is a sport centered around fun and friendship. The game lasts as short as 15 minutes, which means less running and stress for players.
Pritchard said that the game’s rapid rise in popularity was amazing, especially considering that a bad-tempered kid “inspired a sports craze by making a stink (吵闹) about being bored one afternoon 56 years ago”.
28. What do we know about pickleball, according to the passage
A. It was invented accidentally by a young boy.
B. It is a game suitable for family gatherings.
C. It combines elements from several ball games.
D. The game’s judges come from a serving team.
29. What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about
A. Why pickleball has become so well received.
B. What equipment pickleball players need.
C. How significant pickleball is to the world.
D. What rules must be obeyed in pickleball.
30. What did Pritchard think of the popularity of pickleball
A. Unexpected.
B. Reasonable.
C. Natural.
D. Awkward.
31. Why does the author write the passage
A. To advise us to join in sports games.
B. To teach us how to play pickleball.
C. To tell us the birth of a sports game.
D. To motivate us to follow new trends.
本文为说明文。作者介绍了现在很流行的匹克球特殊的起源—— 因为一个孩子在一个
夏日里感到无聊而诞生。
28. C 细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“Certain parts of tennis, badminton and ping-pong can be seen from pickleball.”可知， 匹克球结合了网球 、 羽毛球及乒乓球的元素 。故选择 C 项。
29. A 主旨大意题 。根据第四段第一句“The popularity of pickleball has grown steadily over the last decade.”可知， 匹克球在过去的十年间一直受到人们的欢迎 。本段介绍了匹 克球受欢迎的原因： 易学及设备简单 、增进友谊及充满乐趣 、运动强度不大。
30. A 推理判断题 。根据文章最后一段：Pritchard 说， 这项运动受欢迎程度的迅速上升 令人惊讶，尤其考虑到这场体育热潮是由 56 年前的一个下午，一个坏脾气的孩子因为大 声抱怨无聊而引发的 。 因此，他对匹克球的流行感到出乎意料 。故选择 A 项。
31. C 推理判读题 。根据本文的主要内容， 可以推断作者的写作目的就是向读者介绍匹 克球的产生 。故选择 C 项。
D
A new study of older adults has found too much daytime napping (小睡) may signal an increasing risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Researchers from Brigham and Women’s Hospital have reported the relationship between the two: too much daytime napping predicts an increased future risk of Alzheimer’s, and a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s speeds up the increase in daytime napping during aging.
“Daytime sleep behaviors of older adults are often ignored, and an agreement for daytime napping in clinical practice and health care is still lacking,” said Peng Li, one of the researchers. “Our team calls for a closer attention to 24-hour sleep patterns — not only nighttime sleep but also daytime nap — for tracking the health of older adults.”
The researchers recognized that all previous studies on Alzheimer’s disease assessed napping within a participant only once, and most of which were subjective and questionnaire-based. In the new study, more than 1000 individuals, with an average age of 81, were provided Actical, a watch-like device, to wear on their wrist for up to 14 days. After napping episodes were identified, the nap duration and frequency were calculated.
The results have suggested that too much daytime napping may signal an increasing risk of Alzheimer’s, and that faster yearly increase in daytime napping may be a sign of worsening or unfavored clinical development of the disease.
Researchers have acknowledged that although the method of the new study has been widely used in sleep field studies, they recognize that polysomnography (多导睡眠记录 仪) is the gold standard for sleep scoring. Moreover, the participants studied were older, and therefore, the findings may not be easily translated to younger people. In addition, future studies should test whether a direct intervention in daytime napping can lower the risk of Alzheimer’s.
“We hope to draw more attention to daytime sleep patterns and the importance of patients noting if their sleep schedule changes over time,” said co-senior author Kun Hu of the Medical Biodynamics Program. “Sleep changes are critical in shaping the internal changes in the brain.”
32. What does the new study of older adults show
A. The link between daytime napping and Alzheimer’s.
B. The causes and symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease.
C. The proper amounts of daytime napping.
D. The ways to improve the quality of sleep.
33. How did the researchers conduct the new study
A. By asking about the participants’ ideas.
B. By carrying out a particular questionnaire.
C. By tracking participants’ sleep with a device.
D. By assigning participants calculating tasks.
34. What can we infer from Paragraph 5
A. The method of the new study is perfect.
B. The findings are suitable for all ages.
C. Further studies should be carried out.
D. Intervention can reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s.
35. What does Kun Hu talk about
A. The patterns of daytime nap. B. The way to make sleep schedules.
C. The causes of brain changes. D. The significance of the new study.
本文是说明文 。作者向我们介绍了一项最新的研究——老年人白天睡眠过多会增加 患阿尔茨海默症 (老年痴呆) 的几率。
32. A 细节理解题 。根据第一段内容可知：老年人白天睡眠过多会增加患阿尔茨海默症 的风险 。研究人员报告了两者之间的关系： 白天睡眠过多预示着未来患阿尔茨海默症的 风险增加， 而阿尔茨海默症患者在衰老过程中白天的睡眠会增加 。故选择 A 项。
33. C 细节理解题 。根据第三段第二“In the new study, more than 1000 individuals, with an average age of 81, were provided Actical, a watch-like device, to wear on their wrist for up to 14 days. ”可知，研究人员为 1000 多名平均年龄为 81 岁的人提供了一种类似手 表的设备，让他们在手腕上佩戴长达 14 天 。因此, 研究人员的研究方法为通过使用设备 跟踪参与者的睡眠 。故选择 C 项。
34. C 推理判断题。根据第五段最后一句“In addition, future studies should test whether a direct intervention in daytime napping can lower the risk of Alzheimer’s. 此外，未来的研 究应该测试：对白天睡眠直接干预是否可以降低阿尔茨海默病的风险 。”可以推断出，应 该开展进一步的研究 。故选择 C 项。
35. D 主旨大意题 。根据最后一段 Kun Hu 的话可知： 研究人员希望让更多的人关注白 天的睡眠模式， 以及关注到阿尔茨海默症的患者们注意睡眠时间表是否随着时间的推移 而变化的重要性 。睡眠变化对形成大脑内部变化至关重要 。因此，Kun Hu 在谈该研究的 重要意义 。故选择 D 项。
湖南师大附中2023届高三下学期月考试卷(一)
C
Generation Z is different. As a whole, Americans born between the late 1990s and early 2000s are less likely to have work or look for it: their labour- force-participation rate is 71%，compared with 75% for millennials ( born between 1980 and the late 1990s) and 78% for Generation X (born in the decade or so to 1980) when each came of age. As a result， they make up a smaller share of the workforce. With graduation ceremonies behind them， the latest group of diploma-holders are entering the job market. What they want from employers is also not quite the same as in generations past.
Although Gen-Z employees felt more lonely and isolated than their older colleagues at the start of the pandemic, the ability to work remotely has brought new possibilities. The benefits go beyond working in your pyjamas. Many are taking calls from beach chairs and hammocks(吊床) in more comfortable places or fleeing big cities in search for cheaper or larger homes.
This has big implications. Industries with jobs that cannot be done from home are falling out of favour with recent graduates. A study by ManpowerGroup， an employment company, suggests an inverse relationship(反 比关系) between talent shortages and flexible working policies. The sectors which are either less able to offer remote work or have been slower to embrace it- including construction, finance and manufacturing- have faced some of the biggest skills gaps for all types of job.
That in turn has accelerated a pre-existing trend of young employees trading Wall Street for Silicon Valley. Now technology bosses are more willing than their opposite numbers in finance to let employees work from home ( or anywhere else). Annual rankings of employer desirability by Universum, a graduate-staffing consultancy, bear this out. In 2008 the list of best employers graded by American graduates was dominated by big banks and the Big Four consulting firms. By 2021 seven of the ten highest spots were occupied by tech and media giants.
28. What does the underlined word “diploma-holders" in the first paragraph refer to
A. Employees. B. Students. C. Graduates. D. Shareholders.
29. Why do Gen-Z employees prefer work remotely
A. They want more holidays on the beach.
B. They love wearing pyjamas while working.
C. They want to work in a more flexible way.
D. They can't afford the residents in big cities.
30. What does the study by ManpowerGroup suggest
A. All walks of life are facing some of the biggest skills gaps.
B. Construction, finance and manufacturing can't offer remote work.
C. Industries with flexible working policies may suffer talent shortages.
D. Industries with jobs that cannot be done from home are less popular.
31. Why does the author mention Wall Street and Silicon Valley
A. To weigh up the pros and cons of the two industries.
B. To prove industries in technology are more appealing.
C. To predict the change of preference among employees.
D. To show Silicon Valley is a better place to settle down.
【语篇导读】本文介绍了Z世代(也称为“互联网世代”,通常是指1995年至2009年出生的一代人)毕业生对就 业需求的变化，他们更青睐能够让他们在家灵活办公的科技公司。
28.C。 词义猜测题。根据第一段中的“With graduation ceremonies behind them,the latest group of diploma- holders are entering the job market.”可以推出，diploma-holders指的是那些参加完毕业典礼，准备进入 就业市场的毕业生。这与diploma-holder “毕业文凭持有者”的字面意思也相符。
29.C。 推理判断题。根据第二段可知，远程办公带来了很多新的可能性。其中的好处不仅仅是可以居家工 作，许多人还可以在更闲适的地方处理工作电话，或者在大城市以外的地方找到更便宜或更宽敞的房子。 这些都是一种更为灵活的工作方式。
30.D。 推理判断题。根据第三段可知，招聘公司ManpowerGroup 的研究表明，人才短缺程度和就业政策的 灵活性之间成反比关系。很难实现远程办公或者对远程办公接受较慢的行业，其各种岗位都或多或少存 在着重大技能人才短缺的问题。
31.B。 写作手法题。根据最后一段中的“That in turn has accelerated a pre-existing trend of young employees trading Wall Street for Silicon Valley.”可知，上一段提到的人才短缺问题，反过来又加速了年轻求职者从 美国金融中心华尔街转投高科技事业云集的硅谷的既有倾向。可见科技产业更加受欢迎。 trade A for B的意思是“用A 换 B”。此外，转投高科技产业的趋势是pre-existing “现存的”,因此求职者的喜好并未发 生改变，故C 选项不对。
D
Have you ever had the urge to open a book and stick your nose straight into the pages The smell of old books can refresh any book lovers. We don't know why, but it is just pleasant to us.
Describing the smell can be a challenge. And mere adjectives will likely be of little use to future generations of historians trying to document, understand or reproduce the scent of slowly decaying books. Now， that task may have just gotten easier thanks to the Historic Book Odor Wheel.
In one experiment, researchers asked visitors at the historic library to characterize the scents they smelled. All the visitors selected words like “woody", “smoky” and “earthy” from the list, and described the smell's intensity and perceived pleasantness. In another experiment, the study authors presented visitors to the Birmingham Museum with eight smells- one of which was an unlabeled historic book scent and seven were non-bookish, such as coffee, chocolate, fish market and dirty clothes. The researchers then had those museumgoers describe the historic book smell. The top two responses Chocolate and coffee.“You tend to use familiar associations to describe smells when they are unlabeled," study author Cecilia Bembibre says.
The team even analyzed the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the book and the library. Using the data from the chemical analysis and visitors' smell descriptions, the researchers created the Historic Book Odor Wheel to document the “historic library smell”. Main categories, such as“ sweet/spicy”, fill the inner circle of the wheel; descriptors, such as “chocolate/ cream”, fill the middle; and the chemical compounds likely to be the smelly source, like furfural, fill the outer circle. The researchers want the book odor wheel to be a tool that “untrained noses" can use to identify smells and the compounds causing them， which could address conservators' concerns about material composition and historic paper conservation. And hopefully, smells of the past can be reproduced in the lab someday and museums and historians can use it to reconstruct a past we can no longer smell.
32. What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph
A. Addiction to reading books. B. Fascination for smells of books.
C. An odd reading habit. D. A dislike for smelling books.
33. How do people usually describe unlabeled smells
A. By referring to familiar items. B. By using adjectives to label them.
C. By linking them with food smells. D. By analyzing chemical components.
34. What is the function of the “Historic Book Odor Wheel"
A. To store book smells. B. To characterize smells.
C. To collect history books. D. To test different scents.
35. What is the potential future application of the study
A. Creating a whole new scent. B. Sharpening sensory perceptions.
C. Restoring smells of historic documents. D. Extracting components of “old book smell".
【语篇导读】本文介绍了一种用于记录旧书气味的“气味轮”的诞生。研究人员通过在博物馆和图书馆组织游客 进行气味感官描述，并开展化学分析，创建了历史书籍气味轮来记录“历史图书馆的气味”。
32.B。 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Have you ever had the urge to open a book and stick your nose straight into the pages The smell of old books can refresh any book lovers. We don't know why, but it is just pleasant to us.”可知，我们对于旧书的气味有一种迷恋，故选B。
33.A。 细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句话“You tend to use familiar associations to describe smells when they are unlabeled…”,再结合第三段全段对于实验过程的描述可知，人们在描述未知气味时，倾向于使用 熟悉的事物来展开联想，故选A。
34.B。 推理判断题。根据第四段“…the researchers created the Historic Book Odor Wheel to document the ‘historic library smell'. Main categories,such as‘sweet/spicy',fill the inner circle of the wheel; descriptors,such as ‘chocolate/cream',fill the middle; and the chemical compounds likely to be the smelly source,like furfural,fill the outer circle.”可知，气味轮是用来记录“历史图书馆的气味”的工具：分 三个圈，内圈是“甜/辣”等描述主要品类的词；中圈是“巧克力/奶油”等描述词；外圈则是气味来源的化学 化合物，如糠醛等。因此，气味轮的功能应是描述气味，故选B。
35.C。 推理判断题。根据全文最后一段“The researchers want the book odor wheel to be a tool…address conservators' concerns about material composition and historic paper conservation …reconstruct a past we can no longer smell.”可知，研究者们未来有望利用气味轮来保护历史材料文献、重现过去的气味，故选C。
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2023届高考英语 全国名校模拟 新题速递：
阅读理解C 篇+D篇（原卷版）
(2023届衡水中学高三一调考试）C篇
As one of the biggest: topics of the last decade, sustainability has become the beacon (灯塔) of hope to protect the planet. From supermarkets taking action on plastic packaging to the zero waste movement that can be practised from your kitchen, changes made by individuals and organizations across the globe have had an impact on the way we think, shop and live.
So what does that mean for the world of technology You'd be forgiven for thinking that the words “sustainable” and “technology” don’t usually go hand in hand. E-waste is, after all, one of the planet's biggest contributing waste streams. Not only that, but the materials that go into technology products are also part of the problem.
But with a challenge comes an opportunity, and there's already some brilliant progress happening --- great news for those of us wanting to be more sustainable with our technology. Firstly, renewed products are having its moment. While consumers would previously turn their noses up at the idea of a second-hand device, there's been a huge surge in demand for renewed technology products. The second major step in tackling the problem of e-waste is a change in attitudes from owning a product to subscribing for one. A subscription for a smartphone might sound like a foreign concept, but it's already gaining momentum. At the forefront of this movement is a London-based technology startup, which offers a subscription service for the latest smartphones. As customers aren't paying to own the phone at the end of their contract, the monthly price is significantly lower than average.
Studies show that extending a phone's lifespan from one to four years can decrease its environmental impact by about 40%. So the next time it comes to refreshing your device --- whether a smartphone, laptop, tablet or something else --- consider the more environmentally friendly options that are at your fingertips.
28. What's the purpose of paragraph 1
A. To change the way we think, shop and live.
B. To introduce the topic of sustainability in technology.
C. To tell us what people have done to protect the planet.
D. To call on people to do something for the environment.
29. What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about
A. High-tech products are in short supply.
B. E-waste contributes to the biggest waste streams.
C. The two sustainability problems in technology.
D. Ignoring sustainable technology is unforgivable.
30. What is present consumers' attitude towards a second-hand device
A. Supportive. B. Unacceptable. C. Sympathy. D. Doubtful.
31. How can we become sustainable in technology according to the text
A. By upgrading the old one. B. By subscribing for a smartphone.
C. By spending less money on a smartphone. D. By replacing the old one with the latest one.
2023届衡水中学高三一调考试）D篇
Super typhoon Rammasun swept over Hainan, China, destroying at least 23,000 houses and causing 2 billion dollars in damage. It was not just people who experienced the impact, though. In Hainan Bawangling National Nature Reserve, home to the world's 30 remaining Hainan gibbons (长臂猿), landslides tore through sections of the forest. The gibbons, a species living in trees, were forced to jump across a distance of up to 50 feet to get from one area to another.
The gibbons sometimes would break their fall only by managing to catch hold of the tip of a particular palm leaf. As months passed, Bosco Chan at the Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden in Hong Kong noticed that constant use caused the leaf to wear and bend downward, threatening to lead to the gibbons crashing down and breaking the extremely rare species' habitat into different islands. “It's really a matter of concern. Moreover, I didn't know how long the leaf would be able to hold the gibbons,” he said. “I thought it was time for us to build something.”
As recently described in Scientific Reports, Bosco Chan and his colleagues turned to aerial (空中的) bridges. They hired professional tree climbers to confront and get over the steep landform to fix a simple bridge, consisting of two parallel mountaineering-grade ropes. It took the gibbons over five months to catch on, but once they learned to use the ropes, they started regularly using them to make safe, quick crossings.
Till now, aerial bridges have been used in other countries to help a diversity of animals ranging from squirrels to capuchin monkeys. But many are small, one-off projects carried out by local organizations or even individuals; with little or no scientific study of what does or does not work. In addition, a solution for one species or habitat may not be applicable to another.
32. What can be learned about Hainan gibbons
A. They are severely endangered. B. They mainly feed on palm leaves.
C. They are good at long-distance jumping. D. They suffer a slight reduction in population.
33. What makes Bosco Chan worried about the gibbons
A. Their weak link with nature. B. Their fear of jumps between trees.
C. Their survival affected by typhoons. D. Their habitats’ likely being damaged.
34. Which can best explain the underlined word “confront” in paragraph 3
A. Make use of. B. Get rid of. C. Take down. D. Deal with.
35. Which aspect of aerial bridges does the last paragraph talk about
A. Their importance. B. Their limitations.
C. Their potential uses. D. Their long-term effects.
湖南省2023届高三九校联盟第二次联考
C
Rapid deforestation （毁林） of the Amazon rainforest could influence the temperature and precipitation （降水，降水量）over the Tibetan plateau 15, 000 kilometers away．
Saini Yang at Beijing Normal University in China and her colleagues analyzed global climatological data from 1979 to 2019 to identify relations in temperature and precipitation between the Amazon rainforest and other areas. Such links are called “teleconnection1s”. They focused on the Amazon rainforest in particular because of its significance as a major carbon sink and as a climatic “tipping point”（爆发点）that could see forest turn to savannah （稀树草 原）beyond a certain threshold （阈，界） of warming and human-driven deforestation.
The researchers found that since 1979, warm temperatures in the Amazon rainforest were related to warm temperatures over the Tibetan plateau and the West Antarctic ice sheet; more precipitation in the Amazon rainforest was associated with less precipitation in those regions. By analyzing changing temperatures in the regions between the Amazon rainforest and those distant areas, they were also able to trace the path through which energy or materials such as black carbon released in forest fires might spread through the atmosphere. Their analysis showed the route remained consistent under different future warming scenarios.
The collapse of the West Antarctic ice sheet is a known tipping point. Melting snow on the Tibetan plateau is not, but the region is warming more rapidly than much of the rest of the globe, and changes to snow and ice there could have consequences for ecosystems and the billions of people that rely on its snowmelt for water, says Yang.
Victor Brovkin at the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Germany says the teleconnections are an interesting find, but is skeptical that variability in the Amazon rainforest causes the changes elsewhere. He says the Amazon rainforest is too small an area to overcome the influence of the tropical oceans and the researchers don't present a physical mechanism to explain any influence.
If the Amazon rainforest does have an influence on these regions, however, it could mean there is à higher risk that the Amazon rainforest tipping point might set others off, says Jonathan Donges-at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research in Germany. “It adds an additional potential domino （多米诺骨牌）that can fall. ”
28. Why was the Amazon rainforest the focus for Saini Yang's research
A. Because it played a role as a main carbon sink.
B. Because it was the most important carbon sink.
C. Because it was very likely to turn to savannah.
D. Because it was at a high risk of becoming a climatic “tipping point”.
29. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A. The benefits of the research.
B. The findings of the research.
C. The means of analyzing the data.
D. The results of the Amazon rainforest being deforested.
30. Which of the following points may Saini Yang agree with
A. The temperature of the Tibetan plateau changes the fastest.
B. The variability in the Amazon rainforest may not lead to changes elsewhere.
C. The more the Amazon rainforest rains, the less rainfall the Tibetan plateau may have.
D. The consequences of the collapse of the West Antarctic ice sheet are little-known.
31. What can we learn about the Amazon rainforest from the last two paragraphs
A. Teleconnections have kept the researchers interested for a long time.
B. The Amazon rainforest tipping point is likely to set off those of other areas.
C. The findings of the research on the Amazon rainforest are controversial.
D. The Amazon rainforest is large enough to remove the influence of the tropical oceans.
D
Until the 1940s，blood transfusions （输血）often went wrong because some main blood- group systems had yet to be discovered. This phenomenon is now a thing of the past, but finding a well-matched donor can still be difficult, especially for patients with rare blood types. Recently, a team of British researchers announced a step towards solving this problem by successfully transfusing into two healthy volunteers red blood cells grown from appropriate stem cells donated by others.
By now, such manufactured red cells have been given only to those whose own stem cells had been the source. The stem cells used for this experiment, however, were extracted from blood donated in the normal way. Then, the harvested stem cells were grown and multiplied in a nutrient solution for about 20 days, which served to turn them into young versions of red blood cells called reticulocytes, which, once transfused, quickly develop into the real McCoy. The lab-made red blood cells would be expected to last longer in a receiver's body than those from a normal transfusion, since transfused blood unavoidably contains some cells that are on their last legs. The next step is to measure how long the manufactured cells actually do last.
If they do indeed survive traditionally transfused cells, then receivers will not need frequent transfusions. That will help a lot. At the moment, patients with blood disorders such as sickle-cell disease and thalassemia may require a transfusion as often as every four to six weeks. . As a consequence， some develop iron overload， which causes severe complications （并 发症）. Others end up forming antibodies against many blood types， which makes finding a matching donor harder.
If all goes well, the trial will be extended to more volunteers. But larger tests, including tests on actual patients, will be needed before this approach can be put into practice. Even then, the technique will probably be reserved for a favored few-those possessing rare blood types being at the head of the queue. Unless some unforeseen breakthrough occurs, making the cells in quantity will be challenging.
32. What does the underlined part “the real McCoy” in paragraph 2 refer to
A. Red blood cells.
B. Stem cells.
C. Reticulocytes.
D. Nutrient solutions.
33. What can we learn about blood transfusions according to the text
A. The lab-made red blood cells last longer than those from a normal transfusion.
B. Those with rare blood types may enjoy priority in the transfusion of lab-made red blood cells.
C. Most patients with blood disorders may suffer severe complications and form antibodies.
D. Blood transfusions often go wrong because of people's ignorance of the main blood systems.
34. What's the author's attitude to the mass production of the lab-made red cells in the near future
A. Indifferent.
B. Optimistic.
C. Hopeless.
D. Cautious.
35. Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. Development of technology in blood transfusions
B. Transfusion of lab-made red blood cells into humans
C. Red blood cells coming from stem cells of receivers
D. Development and promotion of lab-made blood cells
2023届河南省新高考高三核心模拟卷
C
China announced a long-awaited plan to integrate（融合）the southern Pearl River Delta Area （PRDA） as an attempt to create a powerhouse to rival（相匹敌）the US Silicon Valley that is home to such well-known companies as Google, Facebook and Apple. The possibilities and challenges of the effort are both equally promising and challenging.
The plan is a natural result of the economic and technological development in the area. China's opening up to the world more than four decades ago began in the south and PRDA has long been home to many of the country's leading technological companies, including Huawei and Tencent.
“The plan is promising,” said Adam Xu, an analyst at OC &. C Strategy Consultants. “If you really look at history in China, a lot of top-down plans always have very strong bottom-up support. And a lot of economic activities have already happened there. Now they have a big plan to officially recognize, promote and further accelerate.”
The key challenge will be execution（执行）. The plan has to integrate three different legal systems among Mainland China, Hongkong and Macau. That makes PRDA unique compared to the other two major areas in China-the Beijing, Hebei, Tianjin Area and the Yangtze River Delta Area near Shanghai.
“We don't know how effectively the top-down plan will guide the many independent growing forces at the local level,” Xu admitted. “This part will be quite an important challenge. ”
China has already taken major steps to overcome some of the physical barriers such as linking Hongkong with Guangzhou and Shenzhen by high-speed railways and its recent opening of the 55-kilometer Hongkong-Zhuhai-Macau bridge. But other barriers, such as the flow of people, information and money, may prove to be a bigger challenge.
Xu said, “The biggest challenge and the biggest beauty-if they eventually succeed-will be linking all of these together.”
28.What are paragraph 2 and paragraph 3 mainly about
A. The favorable conditions in PRDA.
B. The benefits of top-down plans in China.
C.PRDA's advantages over the Silicon Valley.
D.The flow of people, information and money.
29.Which challenge is unique in the Pearl River Delta Area
A.The physical barriers.
C.The government control.
B.The cultural differences.
D.The different legal systems.
30.Which of the following cities are connected by the 55-kilometer bridge
A.Shenzhen,Zhuhai,Macau.
C.Zhuhai,Macau,Hongkong.
B.Guangzhou,Shenzhen,Macau.
D.Guangzhou,Shenzhen,Hongkong.
31.What is the best title for the text
A. The Different Legal Systems in Hongkong and Macau
B.The Possibilities and Challenges of Integrating PRDA
C.The Problems Facing China's Newly Announced Plans
D.The Fast Development in the Pearl River Delta Area
D
A new study published in Thursday's edition of Cell reports that mosquitoes' sense of smell is more complex than we once thought. And it may explain how they are so good at seeking us out in the darkness and lead to new strategies to fight against the potentially deadly diseases caused by their bites.
Until Meg Younger, co-author of the study, and her colleagues started studying mosquitoes, it's long been known that mosquitoes rely on multiple clues to target humans. First, they will sense the CO2 in the breath from a distance that can be more than 30 feet. After the CO2, then they begin to sense human body smells. They follow the odors（气味）and，when they get very close， start to detect body heat. Once they land on the skin, they look for a place to bite with their legs.
In many parts of the world, their bites may lead to such diseases as dengue, Zika, chikungunya and malaria. The latter disease alone causes over half a million deaths each year around the globe.
“But most of what we know about mosquitoes' sense of smell comes from the study of the brains of mice and fruit flies, where the pathways between the brain and smell detectors are fairly simple: Each neuron（神经元）in their smell detectors just responds to a single kind of smell and all the neurons for that smell are connected to the same part of their brains. Of course, there are countless different detectors responding to countless smells,” says Younger. “When we started looking inside mosquito brains, we found that each neuron can detect multiple smells.”
“It's a great breakthrough,” says Josefina del Marmol, a scientist at the Harvard Medical School who wasn't involved with the research. “It will change a lot about what we know of how mosquitoes interact with the world and give researchers additional ways to fight the bugs. But there's more work to be done to test, neuron by neuron, which neuron actually responds to which human body smells.”
32.What can be learned about mosquitoes from paragraph 2
A. They look for a place to bite with their eyes.
B.They can only detect humans within 30 feet.
C.They are first attracted by human body smells.
D.They are more sensitive to the CO2 in the breath.
33. Which disease causes more than 0.5 million deaths each year in the world
A.Malaria.
B.Zika.
C.Dengue.
D.Chikungunya.
34.What is Meg Younger's new discovery
A.The pathways in the brains of mice are fairly simple.
B. A neuron in mosquitoes' detectors can detect many smells.
C.All the neurons for a smell are connected to the same part of the brain.
D.The neurons in fruit flies' brains just respond to a single kind of smell.
35.What does Josefina del Marmol say about the new study
A.The process is not very complete.
B.The conclusion is not very reliable.
C.More specific tests have to be done.
D.The research method is too complex.
2022-2023学年高三第二学期浙江省浙南名校联盟第二次联考
C
Birds that dive underwater—such as penguins, gannets and pelicans-may be more likely to go extinct than their nondiving relatives, a new study reported in Proceedings of the Royal Society finds.
Many waterbirds have evolved highly specialized bodies and behaviors that facilitate diving. Now, an analysis of the evolutionary history of more than 700 waterbird species shows that once a bird group gains the ability to dive, the change is irreversible, which could help explain why diving birds have a higher extinction rate compared with nondiving birds.
“There are considerable morphological（形态学的）adaptations for diving." says Catherine Sheard, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Bristol in England. For instance, gannets and some pelicans that dive into the water from the air have twists to the neck muscles and the bones in the chest. It's possible that some diving birds are evolving under an evolutionary “ratchet," where adaptations to use a certain food source or habitat encourage specialized. evolution. These birds may become trapped in their ways, increasing their risk of extinction.
Evolutionary biologists Josh Tyler and Jane Younger investigated the evolution of diving in a collection of 727 waterbird species across 11 bird groups. They explored the link between diving and the development of new species, or their extinction, in various bird lineages（家族）. Among 236 diving bird species, 75, or 32 percent, were part of lineages that are experiencing 0.02 more species extinctions per million years than the generation of new species. Bird lineages that don't dive, on the other hand, generated 0.1more new species per million years than the rate of species dying out.
"The more specialized you become, the more reliant you are on a particular diet, foraging（觅食）strategy or environment.” says Tyler. “The range of environments available for foraging is much larger for the nondiving birds than for the specialist divers, and this may play into their ability to adapt and thrive.”
28. What does the underlined word “irreversible” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A. Unexpected. B. Unchangeable. C. Unreal. D. Unwelcome.
29. Why are "gannets and pelicans” mentioned in Paragraph 3
A. To present a fact. B. To illustrate a concept.
C. To give a definition. D. To explain a phenomenon.
30. What do we know about Josh Tyler and Jane Younger's study
A. Biologists got the results by comparison.
B. Data were collected by observing waterbirds.
C. 32 diving bird species went extinct during the process.
D. The aim is to build connection between diving and nondiving birds.
31. Which of the following factors plays a role in nondiving birds' lower extinction rate
A. Wider habitat range. B. Quicker foraging speed
C. More food options. D. Stronger reproduction ability.
D
Around the world, rivers seem to be raging. While catastrophic flooding of Pakistan's rivers has left tens of millions without homes, a drought unseen for 500 years has squeezed Europe's major waterways almost dry. There is little disagreement about what's going on: climate change is causing both rainfall and droughts to intensify. The question now is how to manage those climate-changed waterways and, specifically, what role dams should play in mitigating（缓和）against the kinds of disasters.
Advocates say water storage dams will become more essential as buffers（缓冲物）against extreme water flows by absorbing water during flooding and releasing it in times of drought. Dams, they say, can help combat climate change by producing renewable hydropower（水力发电）that is cleaner than fossil fuel energy.
However, criticisms have long centered on the negative impact most dams have on biodiversity and river ecosystems. Not only do the vast amounts of concrete used to build large dams leave huge carbon footprints, there is also much evidence that greenhouse gas emissions from dams are often far greater than previously thought. Increasingly a scientific case is also being made that dams actually worsen both floods and droughts.
Now, more dam developers are turning to "run-of-river" technology, in which the river's water flows continuously through a hydropower station without a reservoir to store it. Such projects are generally considered more environmentally friendly, but they do not allow for water to be managed according to weather conditions.
Then there are those who say we should stay away from dams, and look for ways using nature-based solutions. Many ecologists say that protecting wetlands, for example, should be a priority, since those ecosystems act as natural sponges（海绵）for floodwaters within a river basin. “We have turned river basins into economic machines that only serve people and not nature, and this creates more problems, like droughts and flooding," says Herman Wanningen, the founder of the advocacy group Dam Removal Europe. "We have to learn to cooperate with nature and not against it anymore."
32. Why do critics oppose the construction of dams
A. It may produce opposite effect. B. It destroys local ecosystem.
C. It needs a large amount of concrete. D. It gives off harmful gases.
33. What can we say about the “turn-to-river" projects
A. Economical. B. Inflexible. C. Fruitless. D. Popular.
34. What can we infer from the last paragraph
A. Dams have long lost their function as buffers.
B. Protecting wetland is a once-and-for-all solution.
C. Flooding and droughts can help promote economy.
D. The starting point of our solution should serve nature.
35. What's the best title for the text
A. Building More Dams: A Way Out
B. Disaster Relief: Working with Nature.
C. Dams' Traditional Role: Pros and Cons.
D. Worsening Climate Change: Take Action!
2023年深圳市高三年级第一次调研考试
C
When put to tests, bees have long proved that they’ve got a lot more to offer than pollinating (授粉) , making honey and being loyal to a queen. The hard-working insects can change their behavior when things seem difficult, and now some scientists find there is proof that they also like to play.
Scientists from Queen Mary University of London performed an experiment, in which they set up a container that allowed bees to travel from their nest to a feeding area. But along the way, the bees could choose to pass through a separate section with some small wooden balls. Over 18 days, the scientists watched as the bees “went out of their way to roll wooden balls repeatedly, despite no apparent incentive (刺激)to do so. ”
Earlier studies have shown that the black and yellow bugs are willing to learn new tricks in exchange for food or other rewards. In this case, to get rid of external factors, scientists made sure the bees had adapted to their new home and that their environment was stress-free.
The finding suggests that like humans, insects also interact with objects as a form of play. Also similar to people, younger bees seem to be more playful than adult bees. “This research provides a strong indication that insect minds are far more complicated than we imagine. There are lots of animals who play just for the purpose of enjoyment, but most examples come from young mammals (哺乳动物) and birds,” said Lars Chittka, a professor of sensory and behavioral ecology at Queen Mary University of London, who led the study.
The study’s first author, Samadi Galpay, who is a PhD student at Queen Mary University of London, states that it is more evident that bees may be capable of experiencing feelings. “They may actually experience some kind of positive emotional states, even if basic, like other larger animals do. This finding has effects on our understanding of the sense and welfare of insects, which, consequently, encourages us to respect and protect wildlife on Earth ever more,” she says.
8. What is the new finding about bees
A. They are fond of having fun.
B. They are faithful to the queen.
C. They are adaptable to changes.
D. They are skilled at rolling balls.
9. How did scientists remove external influences in the experiment
A. By teaching bees new tricks.
B. By rewarding bees with food.
C. By making bees feel at home.
D. By building new homes for bees.
10. What are Lars Chittka’s words mainly about
A. The forms of bees’ interaction.
B. The complexity of bees’ minds.
C. The examples of mammals’ play.
D. The purpose of mammals’ enjoyment.
11. What does Samadi Galpay say about the study result
A. It backs up prior understanding of insects.
B It reveals reasons for bees’ positive feelings.
C. It drives research on animals’ emotional state.
D. It contributes to wildlife conservation on Earth.
D
“You’re so smart!” This encouraging response to children’s math performance is commonly heard. Recently, a new study, conducted by the University of Georgia, found that encouraging children with responses related to their personal characteristics or inborn abilities might weaken their math motivation and achievement over time.
Parents who make comments linking their children’s performance to personal characteristics like intelligence are using what’s referred to as person responses. In contrast, parents who link their children’s actions, such as efforts or strategy use, to their performance are using process responses.
For the study, researchers asked more than 500 parents to report on how they responded to their children’s math performance and their math beliefs and goals. Children were assessed in two waves across a year to measure their math motivation and achievement.
The results show that parents who view math ability as changeable are more likely to give process responses focused on their children’s strategy use and efforts rather than their intelligence or other personal characteristics. In contrast, parents who believe math ability is unchangeable and that math failure can’t be constructive give more person responses. Parents with high expectations for their children give a combination of both responses. While responses highlighting strategy and efforts are not related to any achievement outcomes, children who receive more responses about their personal characteristics — in particular, related to failure — are more likely to avoid harder math problems, exhibit higher levels of math anxiety, and score lower on math achievement tests.
Because person responses predict poor math adjustment in children over time, researchers suggest parents limit this type of responses at home. Another recommendation for parents is to think about their own beliefs and goals for their kids and examine how these might lead them to respond in person or process ways. Simply telling parents to avoid talking about math ability may not be enough. Focusing less on how children perform and more on their strategy and enjoyment of math might be a more effective way to enhance motivation.
12. Which of the following is an example of process response
A. You are a lucky dog.
B. Running is in your blood.
C. What works well for your study
D. Why are you such a math genius
13. What can be inferred from the study results
A Parents prefer to give more process responses.
B. Children are more likely to be affected by math anxiety.
C. Process responses help with children’s math achievement.
D. Person responses can discourage children from learning math.
14. What do researchers advise parents to do
A. Restrict person responses.
B. Defend their own beliefs.
C. Stress children’s performance.
D. Ignore children’s math problems.
15. Which can be a suitable title for the text
A. The Strategy Children Adopt to Learn Math Helps
B. The Way Parents Talk to Children on Math Matters
C. Responses to Enhance Children’s Math Performance
D. Suggestions for Parents to Teach Their Children Math
吉林市普通中学 2022-2023 学年度高中毕业年级第二次调研测试
C
Teenagers around the world are familiar with the great pain of boredom. And every parent is familiar with the sounds of groaning (咕哝的) kids, sulking (生闷气) in their room or pacing aimlessly around the house. But sometimes, it’s this very sense of boredom that can inspire creativity and create fast-growing trends.
This is true for pickleball (匹克球), now a popular sport in the West. According to the Mental Floss website, the sport was invented in the summer of 1965. At that time, Frank Pritchard, 13, had nothing to do in his family’s summer home in Washington, US. After complaining loudly, his father, Joel, suggested he make up a game. When Frank replied “Why don’t you ” his father gladly took up the challenge. Thus, pickleball was born.
Certain parts of tennis, badminton and ping-pong can be seen from pickleball. It’s a bat game played on a badminton-sized court with what looks like a wiffle ball (威浮球) over a low net. Only the serving team can score points, and all serves must be made with an underhand stroke (击球).
The popularity of pickleball has grown steadily over the last decade. According to Mental Floss, the number of pickleball courts has grown by an estimated 385 percent worldwide since 2010. One reason for its popularity is that it’s “a sport for everyone”. Anyone can play pickleball because it’s relatively easy to pick up. There are simple rules, and all people need is a couple of bats and a ball, which is affordable and accessible to all. Plus, pickleball is a sport centered around fun and friendship. The game lasts as short as 15 minutes, which means less running and stress for players.
Pritchard said that the game’s rapid rise in popularity was amazing, especially considering that a bad-tempered kid “inspired a sports craze by making a stink (吵闹) about being bored one afternoon 56 years ago”.
28. What do we know about pickleball, according to the passage
A. It was invented accidentally by a young boy.
B. It is a game suitable for family gatherings.
C. It combines elements from several ball games.
D. The game’s judges come from a serving team.
29. What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about
A. Why pickleball has become so well received.
B. What equipment pickleball players need.
C. How significant pickleball is to the world.
D. What rules must be obeyed in pickleball.
30. What did Pritchard think of the popularity of pickleball
A. Unexpected.
B. Reasonable.
C. Natural.
D. Awkward.
31. Why does the author write the passage
A. To advise us to join in sports games.
B. To teach us how to play pickleball.
C. To tell us the birth of a sports game.
D. To motivate us to follow new trends.
D
A new study of older adults has found too much daytime napping (小睡) may signal an increasing risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Researchers from Brigham and Women’s Hospital have reported the relationship between the two: too much daytime napping predicts an increased future risk of Alzheimer’s, and a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s speeds up the increase in daytime napping during aging.
“Daytime sleep behaviors of older adults are often ignored, and an agreement for daytime napping in clinical practice and health care is still lacking,” said Peng Li, one of the researchers. “Our team calls for a closer attention to 24-hour sleep patterns — not only nighttime sleep but also daytime nap — for tracking the health of older adults.”
The researchers recognized that all previous studies on Alzheimer’s disease assessed napping within a participant only once, and most of which were subjective and questionnaire-based. In the new study, more than 1000 individuals, with an average age of 81, were provided Actical, a watch-like device, to wear on their wrist for up to 14 days. After napping episodes were identified, the nap duration and frequency were calculated.
The results have suggested that too much daytime napping may signal an increasing risk of Alzheimer’s, and that faster yearly increase in daytime napping may be a sign of worsening or unfavored clinical development of the disease.
Researchers have acknowledged that although the method of the new study has been widely used in sleep field studies, they recognize that polysomnography (多导睡眠记录 仪) is the gold standard for sleep scoring. Moreover, the participants studied were older, and therefore, the findings may not be easily translated to younger people. In addition, future studies should test whether a direct intervention in daytime napping can lower the risk of Alzheimer’s.
“We hope to draw more attention to daytime sleep patterns and the importance of patients noting if their sleep schedule changes over time,” said co-senior author Kun Hu of the Medical Biodynamics Program. “Sleep changes are critical in shaping the internal changes in the brain.”
32. What does the new study of older adults show
A. The link between daytime napping and Alzheimer’s.
B. The causes and symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease.
C. The proper amounts of daytime napping.
D. The ways to improve the quality of sleep.
33. How did the researchers conduct the new study
A. By asking about the participants’ ideas.
B. By carrying out a particular questionnaire.
C. By tracking participants’ sleep with a device.
D. By assigning participants calculating tasks.
34. What can we infer from Paragraph 5
A. The method of the new study is perfect.
B. The findings are suitable for all ages.
C. Further studies should be carried out.
D. Intervention can reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s.
35. What does Kun Hu talk about
A. The patterns of daytime nap. B. The way to make sleep schedules.
C. The causes of brain changes. D. The significance of the new study.
湖南师大附中2023届高三下学期月考试卷(一)
C
Generation Z is different. As a whole, Americans born between the late 1990s and early 2000s are less likely to have work or look for it: their labour- force-participation rate is 71%，compared with 75% for millennials ( born between 1980 and the late 1990s) and 78% for Generation X (born in the decade or so to 1980) when each came of age. As a result， they make up a smaller share of the workforce. With graduation ceremonies behind them， the latest group of diploma-holders are entering the job market. What they want from employers is also not quite the same as in generations past.
Although Gen-Z employees felt more lonely and isolated than their older colleagues at the start of the pandemic, the ability to work remotely has brought new possibilities. The benefits go beyond working in your pyjamas. Many are taking calls from beach chairs and hammocks(吊床) in more comfortable places or fleeing big cities in search for cheaper or larger homes.
This has big implications. Industries with jobs that cannot be done from home are falling out of favour with recent graduates. A study by ManpowerGroup， an employment company, suggests an inverse relationship(反 比关系) between talent shortages and flexible working policies. The sectors which are either less able to offer remote work or have been slower to embrace it- including construction, finance and manufacturing- have faced some of the biggest skills gaps for all types of job.
That in turn has accelerated a pre-existing trend of young employees trading Wall Street for Silicon Valley. Now technology bosses are more willing than their opposite numbers in finance to let employees work from home ( or anywhere else). Annual rankings of employer desirability by Universum, a graduate-staffing consultancy, bear this out. In 2008 the list of best employers graded by American graduates was dominated by big banks and the Big Four consulting firms. By 2021 seven of the ten highest spots were occupied by tech and media giants.
28. What does the underlined word “diploma-holders" in the first paragraph refer to
A. Employees. B. Students. C. Graduates. D. Shareholders.
29. Why do Gen-Z employees prefer work remotely
A. They want more holidays on the beach.
B. They love wearing pyjamas while working.
C. They want to work in a more flexible way.
D. They can't afford the residents in big cities.
30. What does the study by ManpowerGroup suggest
A. All walks of life are facing some of the biggest skills gaps.
B. Construction, finance and manufacturing can't offer remote work.
C. Industries with flexible working policies may suffer talent shortages.
D. Industries with jobs that cannot be done from home are less popular.
31. Why does the author mention Wall Street and Silicon Valley
A. To weigh up the pros and cons of the two industries.
B. To prove industries in technology are more appealing.
C. To predict the change of preference among employees.
D. To show Silicon Valley is a better place to settle down.
D
Have you ever had the urge to open a book and stick your nose straight into the pages The smell of old books can refresh any book lovers. We don't know why, but it is just pleasant to us.
Describing the smell can be a challenge. And mere adjectives will likely be of little use to future generations of historians trying to document, understand or reproduce the scent of slowly decaying books. Now， that task may have just gotten easier thanks to the Historic Book Odor Wheel.
In one experiment, researchers asked visitors at the historic library to characterize the scents they smelled. All the visitors selected words like “woody", “smoky” and “earthy” from the list, and described the smell's intensity and perceived pleasantness. In another experiment, the study authors presented visitors to the Birmingham Museum with eight smells- one of which was an unlabeled historic book scent and seven were non-bookish, such as coffee, chocolate, fish market and dirty clothes. The researchers then had those museumgoers describe the historic book smell. The top two responses Chocolate and coffee.“You tend to use familiar associations to describe smells when they are unlabeled," study author Cecilia Bembibre says.
The team even analyzed the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the book and the library. Using the data from the chemical analysis and visitors' smell descriptions, the researchers created the Historic Book Odor Wheel to document the “historic library smell”. Main categories, such as“ sweet/spicy”, fill the inner circle of the wheel; descriptors, such as “chocolate/ cream”, fill the middle; and the chemical compounds likely to be the smelly source, like furfural, fill the outer circle. The researchers want the book odor wheel to be a tool that “untrained noses" can use to identify smells and the compounds causing them， which could address conservators' concerns about material composition and historic paper conservation. And hopefully, smells of the past can be reproduced in the lab someday and museums and historians can use it to reconstruct a past we can no longer smell.
32. What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph
A. Addiction to reading books. B. Fascination for smells of books.
C. An odd reading habit. D. A dislike for smelling books.
33. How do people usually describe unlabeled smells
A. By referring to familiar items. B. By using adjectives to label them.
C. By linking them with food smells. D. By analyzing chemical components.
34. What is the function of the “Historic Book Odor Wheel"
A. To store book smells. B. To characterize smells.
C. To collect history books. D. To test different scents.
35. What is the potential future application of the study
A. Creating a whole new scent. B. Sharpening sensory perceptions.
C. Restoring smells of historic documents. D. Extracting components of “old book smell".
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