人教版（2019）必修第三册 学案Unit4 Space Exploration 易混易错点辨析学案（有答案）
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【名师原创】：Unit4 易混易错点辨析
●realize; come true
【教材原句】
However, some scientists were determined to help humans realize their dream to explore space. (教材P40)
However, others feel this is a shallow view which fails to realize how exploring space helps us. (教材P44)
Seeing pictures of our planet as an island in a black sea made people realize that our planet’s resources are limited. (教材P44)
【辨析】
两者都有“实现”的意思，但用法有区别。
come true 是系表结构, 无被动语态, 句型结构为：e(s) true，这里的come 为系动词，表示“变成”的意思。
realize vt. 意思是①“实现， 使…..成为现实” ②“认识到，意识到”（通常不用于进行时态）。
【例句呈现】
These predictions will come true if technology continues to develop.
如果科技不断发展，这些预言将会成真。
His dream will come true sooner or later.
他的理想迟早会实现。
Her wish to become a doctor has come true.
她想当医生的愿望实现了。
All our dreams can come true if we have the courage to pursue them.
只要有勇气去追求，一切梦想皆可成真。
People think all they need to do is endure one crazy, intense, job-free creative burst and their dreams will come true.
人们认为他们所需要做的事是忍耐一个疯狂，强烈的，无责任的创意突发而他们的梦想将成真。
My dream of getting into Beijing university has come true.
去北京大学读书让我的梦想成真。
The moment I saw her, I realized something was wrong.
我一看到她，就觉得不太对劲。
I don't think you realize how important this is to her.
我认为你没有意识到这对她是多么重要。
The situation was more complicated than they had at first realized.
形势比他们最初意识到的更为复杂。
They managed to leave without any of us realizing.
我们谁也没注意，他们悄悄走了。
Only later did she realize her mistake.
只是到了后来她才意识到自己的错误。
Those are our hopes; we are starting this clinical trial to investigate whether those hopes will be realized.
那些就是我们的希望；我们正在开展这些临床试验以调查那些希望是否可以实现。
Various textile techniques will be explored to realize design possibilities.
将尝试和探索纺织技巧来把这些设计变为现实。
Do you realize the importance of this question
你意识到这个问题的重要性吗
Only then did he realize that he had been wrong.
直到这时他才知道他错了.
【考点过关】
用come true或realize 的适当形式填空
1. The jobless can only hope that such predictions will ______.
2. Every minute you are making all your dreams ______!
3. What dreams would you like to see ________
4. Did Tom’s predictions about the gulf ecosystem _______
5. As soon as we _______ something was wrong, we moved the children away.
6. People don't _______ how serious this recession has actually been.
7. There was a cheer when it ________ that everyone was safely back.
8. She _________ her ambition of becoming a professional singer at last.
9. It takes patience for humans to ______ their dreams
10. It cannot ________ without technological innovation.
【参考答案】
1. come true/be realized; 2. come true/realized; 3. come true/realized; 4. come true; 5. realized; 6. realize; 7. came true/was realized; 8. realized; 9. realize; e true/realize
●mankind; man; human; human being; human race
【教材原句】
However, some scientists were determined to help humans realize their dream to explore space. (教材P40)
China became the third country in the world to independently send humans into space in 2003, when Yang Liwei successfully orbited Earth in the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft. (教材P41)
【辨析】
五个词或短语都表示“人，人类”，但用法有细微区别。
mankind, man作“人类”讲时，都是不可数名词，前面不可加任何冠词（包括定冠词和不定冠词）。它们对应的代词为it或its, 而不是they, them和their
温馨提示：man 做人类讲作主语时，谓语用单数，而human作主语时，谓语既可用单数也可用复数。
human, human being; human race 意思是““人，人类”, 是可数名词，可以构成以下表达：a human; three humans; a human being; two human beings; a human race; three human races；human 除了作名词，也可作形容词，表示“人的，人类的”。这三个词或词组作名词时完全可以换用。
【例句呈现】
Mankind's/man’s knowledge of the universe has increased beyond measure
人类对于宇宙的了解已经大为增加。
His research is for the betterment of mankind/man.
他的研究是为全人类造福。
It exerts a civilizing influence on mankind/man.
这产生了教化人类的影响。
The civilization of mankind/man has taken thousands of years to develop.
人类经数千年才文明开化。
Mankind must put an end to war, or war will put an end to mankind/man.
人类必须结束战争，否则战争就会毁灭人类。
In the world today, mankind/man is progressing at a tremendous pace.
在当今世界，人类进步一日千里。
That is no way to treat another human being/human race/human.
那绝不是对待他人的方式。
Physical perfection in a human being/human race/human is exceedingly rare.
体貌完美的人极为罕见。
No human being/human race/human on the face of the earth could do anything worse than what he did.
世界上再没有人能做出比他更坏的事情来。
No human being/human race/human can be free from mistakes.
是人总要犯错误。
she's the best human being/human race/human in the world.
她是世界上最好的人
Challenges are necessary for every human being/human race/human who is seeking quality life.
挑战对于每一个寻找有质量生活的人来说都是十分必要的。
【考点过关】
根据mankind, man, human being, human race和 human的用法填空
1. Although the Negroes were _______ just like the whites, they were not treated as human beings.
2. The need to communicate is a key characteristic of ______ society.
3. Mankind _______ (use) the horse since ancient times.
4. Scientists continue to push back the boundaries of _______ knowledge.
5. Mankind _______ (try) every means to maintain the balance of nature.
6. Contact with other people is a basic ______ need.
7. All progressive mankind _______ (love) peace.
8. She is best known for her work on the ______ brain.
9. The Chinese people should make a greater contribution to ______.
10. Each ______ has to die, but mankind goes on world without end.
11. The country has a poor record on ______ rights.
12. Each human being has to die, but _______ goes on world without end.
13. How long can a _______ go without sleep
14. In every ______ there is a wish to ameliorate his own condition.
15. Asia is one of the places where _______ originated.
16. Be a responsible _______ and do not do evil things to others.
17. One of writer's favorite themes is the fraternity of _______.
【参考答案】
1. human beings/humans/human races; 2. human; 3. have/has used; 4. human; 5. have/has been trying; 6. human; 7. love/loves; 8. human; 9. mankind/man; 10. human being/human race/human; 11. human; 12. mankind/man; 13. human being/human race/human; 14. human being/human race/human; 15. mankind/man; 16. human being/human race/human; 17. mankind/man
●no one; none
【教材原句】
No one knows the answers yet. (教材P42)
【辨析】
两者都是不定代词，意思相近， 但用法和含义上有一定的区别。
no one 通常只能指代人， 意思是“没有人， 谁都不”， 后面不能接of 短语，而且作主语时句子的谓语动词一般用单数形式，回答how many 或 how much 的特殊疑问句时不能用 no one, 而用 none; 而在回答 who/anybody/anyone 提出的疑问时用 no one 或nobody, 而不用none; no one 这种否定语气较强，通常与 everyone/everybody 相对。
none 既可指代人，也可指代事物，意思是“没有一个人”，“没有任何东西”，往往用于三个或三个以上的人或物的否定，与代词all 相对；作主语时，句子的谓语动词用单数和复数皆可，强调个体时，谓语动词用单数，强调整体时，谓语动词用复数，表示“所有…..都不/没有”；none后多数情况下接of 短语，作为固定的内容范围。
【例句呈现】
No one hopes to attend the lecture.
没有人希望听这个报告
-- Who is going to the movie
谁要去看电影？
-- No one.
没人。
-- Did anybody come to see us while we were away
我们外出时有人来看我们吗？
No one.
没人。
These trees were all cut down but none were/was planted.
这些树都被砍伐了，但是没有再栽种一棵树。
None of those books is/are in Russian.
那些书没有一本是俄文的。
The teacher said that none of the students watched the experiment carefully.
老师说，没有一个学生仔细观察这次实验。
-- How much water is there left in the bottle
瓶子里还剩多少水？
-- None.
没有水了
-- How many animals were hurt in the hurricane
这次飓风中多少动物受到伤害？
-- None.
没有任何动物受到伤害。
【考点过关】
用no one/nobody或none 填空
1. _______ of us have/has seen him.
2. -- How many students are there in the room
-- ______.
3. -- Is there any water in the thermos
-- _______.
4. -- How much money do you have on you
-- _______.
5. I want some coffee, but there is _______ in the pot.
6. He wants me to lend him some money, but I have ______ at hand.
7. They asked for nine books, but there _______ none in the library at present.
8. The war broke out. All the people felt frightened but ______ had left there.
9. Sorry, but none of us _______ English.
10. ______ of the money on the desk is mine.
11. There are many apples in the basket, but ______ of them are fresh.
12. ______ likes a person with bad manners.
13. -- Who will go to the party
-- _______.
14. -- Did any one of the passengers get injured in the accident
--No, ______ was injured.
15. -- Did anyone want to attend the meeting
-- No, _______ wanted to.
【参考答案】
1. None; 2. None; 3. None; 4. None; 5. none; 6. none; 7. is/are; 8. none; 9. speaks/speak; 10. None; 11. none; 12. No one/Nobody; 13. No one/Nobody; 14. none; 15. no one/nobody
●so as to do sth. ;in order to do sth
【教材原句】
What do they do so as not to float around while they sleep (教材P43)
【辨析】
两者都可以作目的状语，一般情况下没有什么区别, 常可互换使用, 但用法有细微区别。
so as to do sth. 引导的目的状语只能放在句尾，不能位于句首。
in order to do sth. 引导的目的状语既可以放句首，也可以放句尾，位置较为灵活。
温馨提示：
①两者的否定式: in order not to do sth.; so as not to do sth.
② 两者的复合结构: in order for sb. to do/so as for sb. to do （当不定式的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,必须用其复合结构）。
【例句呈现】
He arrived early in order to/so as to get a good seat.
他很早到达了以便找到好座位。
In order to arrive before dark, we started early.
为了天黑前到达，我们很早就出发了。
You'd better check the names once again so as to avoid mistakes.
你最好再检查一下名字，以免搞错。
The test questions are kept secret so as to prevent cheating.
试题要保密，以免泄密。
I got up early in order to catch the first bus.
为了赶上第一班公交车，我起得很早。
I got up early in order not to miss the first bus.
为了不错过第一班公交车，我起得很早。
I woke him early in order for him not to miss the first bus.
我把他早早叫醒，为的是不让他错过第一班车。
He started early so as to be there on time.
他出发很早，以便准时赶到那里。
【考点过关】
根据in order to do sth. 和 so as to do sth. 用法填空
1. We first need to understand the current usage scenarios and analyze the resulting performance problems _______ to do the correct performance correcting actions.
2. He started early _______ not to be late for school.
3. Zhang Yang’s mother woke him early _______ for him not to be late for work.
4. And _______ to do that, I need to talk about mice a little bit.
5. So, ______to do that, the technology has to be just as much human as it is artificial.
6. The purpose of these practices is to make athletes have a quicker recovery after training _______ to do their future study and training well.
【参考答案】
1. in order/so as; 2. in order/so as; 3. in order/so as; 4. in order; 5. in order; 6. in order/so as
【参考答案】
1. contained; 2. including; 3. contain; 4. included; 5. contains; 6. include; 7. contain; 8. includes; 9. contains; 10. including
●whether; if（是否）
【教材原句】
Countries around the globe are spending billions of dollars and lots of time on various space missions, whether to Mars or other planets much further away. (教材P44)
【辨析】
两者都表示“是否”，但用法有一定区别。
whether①引导主语从句可位于句首，if引导的主语从句只能放在句尾, 用it 做形式主语放句首。②介词之后宾语从句只能用whether引导，不能用if。③whether可引导表语从句和同位语从句, if则不能。④whether可以和动词不定式连用，if 则不能。⑤在whether …… or not 的固定搭配中, 一般不用if 。whether和if都可用it作形式主语从句中。⑥在discuss/consider等某些动词之后，只能用whether，不能用if引导宾语从句。
if 在引导否定概念宾语从句时，只能用if，而不用whether.
【例句呈现】
I don’t know whether they will come or not.
我不知道他们是否回来。
I don’t know if / whether it will snow tomorrow.
我不知道明天是否会下雪。
Can you tell me whether to go swimming after supper
你能告诉我饭后去哪儿游泳吗？
I worry about whether he will be angry with me.
我担心他是否生我的气。
You should consider whether the car you are interested in is good value.
你应该考虑你感兴趣的小汽车是否有价值。
I can’t decide whether to stay.
我不能决定是否留下。
I want to know whether it’s good news or not.
我想知道是否是好消息。
His father is worried about whether he will lose his work.
他的父亲担心是否会失去工作。
Whether they can finish the work on time is still a problem.
他们是否能准时完成这项工作还是个问题。
I want to know whether/if he lives there.
我想知道是否他住在那儿。
【考点过关】
用whether和if填空
1. He asked me _______ I could help him.
2. ______ the 2000 Olympic Games will be in Beijing is not known yet.
3. Success depends on _______ we make enough effort.
4. It's uncertain he'll come this evening.
5. The question is ________ it is not worth doing.
6. The question ________ the students answered correctly should be decided by the teacher.
7. We are uncertain Mary will come.
8. Please tell us ________ to go or stay here.
9. We discussed ________ we should close the shop.
10. He asked me _______ I hadn't finished my work.
11. I can't decide ________ to buy this pen or that one.
12. My question is _______ the Chinese team can go further.
13. _______ I can pass the exam isn’t clear.
【参考答案】
1. whether/if; 2. Whether; 3. whether; 4. whether/if; 5. whether; 6. whether; 7. whether/if; 8. whether; 9. whether; 10. if; 11. whether; 12. whether; 13. Whether
●such as; for example
【教材原句】
Instead, we should feed the world’s poor and find immediate solutions to other problems, such as pollution and fatal diseases. (教材P44)
Today, space technologies are widely used in all kinds of industries, and everyday products such as GPS, memory foam pillows, and smart phone cameras are changing our lives. (教材P44)
【辨析】
两者都可用于表示举例事物或情况，有时可互换，有一定区别。
such as 意思是“例如; 像; 象…这样; 诸如…之类”, 相当于like, 可以用来列举一个事物或情况，这时可以和for example换用，但更多情况下用于列举两个或两个以上的事物或情况，而且不能放在句首和句尾，such as后也不跟逗号，有时such 和as可以分开。
for example意思是“例如，比如”，相当于for instance, 一般列举一个事物或情况，for和example不能分开，for example后常接逗号，也可不用逗号；for example或for instance可以放句首或句尾。
【例句呈现】
Organizations such as schools and clubs bind a community together.
诸如学校、俱乐部等机构使社区成为一个整体。
The rate is determined by intrinsic qualities such as the land's slope.
速度由诸如地面坡度这样的内在因素决定。
Personal characteristics, such as age and sex are taken into account.
个人的特征，如年龄和性别等，都要考虑进去。
Some houses still lack basic amenities such as bathrooms.
有些住宅仍没有像卫生间这样的基本设施。
A business needs insurance against risks such as fire and flood
公司需要上保险以防备火灾、洪灾等风险。
She was involved in many New Age activities such as yoga and healing.
她参加了很多“新时代”活动，如瑜伽和康复法。
You have to type in commands, such as 'help' and 'print'
你必须输入命令，例如“帮助”或“打印”。
The report is incomplete; it does not include sales in France, for example.
这份报告不完整，例如在法国的销售情况就没包括进去。
Have they, for example, demonstrated a commitment to democracy
例如，他们是否已表现出会致力于民主？
Let us suppose, for example, that you are married with two children.
比方说，我们假设你成家了，还有两个孩子。
Many factors are important, such as class, gender, age and ethnicity.
许多因素都很重要，如阶级、性别、年龄及民族。
It is possible to combine Computer Science with other subjects, for example Physics.
将计算机科学与其他学科，如物理学，结合起来是可能的。
There is a similar word in many languages, such as in French and in Italian.
许多语言，譬如法语和意大利语，都有相似的词。
There's confusion and resentment, and it's almost never expressed out in the open. Take this office, for example.
有人迷惘，有人憎恨，可是几乎谁也没有公开表达过。就拿这个办公室的人来说吧。
【考点过关】
根据donate, contribute 的用法及适当形式填空
1. After talking about the job in general, we got down to the specifics, ________ the salary.
2. Carmakers use robots to do unpleasant jobs, ________ painting cars in hot conditions.
3. There is a real risk of injury in sports ________ climbing.
4. There are many big cities in Europe, ________, London, Paris and Rome.
5. ________, we are to have less clothes, coal and food even than we have had and less petrol than we expected.
6. I know many women who have a career and a family Alison ________.
7. Great men have risen from poverty—Lincoln and Edison, ________.
8. Many young people are taking radio courses in English. There is the boy next door, ________.
9. Some sports, _______ motor racing, can be dangerous.
10. My wife likes social activities, ______ tennis and golf.
11. Avoid unhealthy foods ______ hamburger and chips.
12. The disease attacks such animals _______ cats and dogs.
13. Each situation is different. ______, a man with a rich wife doesn't have to work.
14. You make too many mistakes—lots of spelling mistakes, ______.
15. One of the side effects may be to change the geographical distribution of parasitic diseases _______ malaria.
【参考答案】
1. such as / for example 2. such as / for example 3. such as / like 4. for example 5. For example 6. for example 7. for example 8. for example; 9. such as/for example; 10. such as/like; 11. such as/like; 12. as; 13. For example; 14. for example; 15. such as/for example
●widely; wide (副词)
【教材原句】
Today, space technologies are widely used in all kinds of industries, and everyday products such as GPS, memory foam pillows, and smart phone cameras are changing our lives. (教材P44)
【辨析】
wide 做副词时表示“宽，宽地”，强调实际的具体的宽，可以测量出具体数值。wide awake 完全醒着；far and wide到处，四面八方，都是习惯短语。
widely 副词，表示“广泛地，普遍地，相差甚远地”，强调程度，无法测量出实际宽度。
【例句呈现】
The championship is still wide open.
谁将获得冠军还难以预料。
The flowers spread their fragrance far and wide.
花儿的芳香散发到四面八方。
Open your mouth wide, so that I may see clearly what's wrong with your teeth.
把嘴张大些,以便我能看清楚你的牙齿有什么毛病。
The door was wide open.
门敞开着。
He was standing with his feet wide apart.
他站在那儿，两脚分开的距离很大。
He has traveled widely.
他曾在广泛地区旅行。
The most widely distributed is the Hui people.
分布最广的是回族。
Gas is now widely used for cooking and heating.
现在普遍用煤气烧饭和取暖。
That the attempt to save her had failed soon became widely known.
想救她而未救成，此事不久已尽人皆知。
The conversation ranged widely.
谈话内容十分广泛。
Prices vary widely from shop to shop.
各家商店价格悬殊很大。
Society is made up of people of widely differing abilities.
社会是由能力迥异的人组成的。
In bed he lay wide awake.
他睡意全无地躺在床
【考点过关】
用wide和widely填空。
1. We must publicize the meeting ________.
2. The river runs ______
3. The school is _______ admired for its excellent teaching.
4. He opened the window _______.
5. He is _______ acknowledged as the best player in the world.
6. I want to travel far and ________.
7. Garlic is ________ used in Chinese folk medicine.
8. His name has spread far and ________ and become more and more celebrated with the passing of time.
9. The idea is now ________ accepted.
10. Those old people lay in bed _______ awake all night long.
【参考答案】
1. widely; 2. wide; 3. widely; 4. wide; 5. widely; 6. wide; 7. widely; 8. wide; 9. widely; 10. wide
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●realize; come true
【教材原句】
However, some scientists were determined to help humans realize their dream to explore space. (教材P40)
However, others feel this is a shallow view which fails to realize how exploring space helps us. (教材P44)
Seeing pictures of our planet as an island in a black sea made people realize that our planet’s resources are limited. (教材P44)
【辨析】
两者都有“实现”的意思，但用法有区别。
come true 是系表结构, 无被动语态, 句型结构为：e(s) true，这里的come 为系动词，表示“变成”的意思。
realize vt. 意思是①“实现， 使…..成为现实” ②“认识到，意识到”（通常不用于进行时态）。
【例句呈现】
These predictions will come true if technology continues to develop.
如果科技不断发展，这些预言将会成真。
His dream will come true sooner or later.
他的理想迟早会实现。
Her wish to become a doctor has come true.
她想当医生的愿望实现了。
All our dreams can come true if we have the courage to pursue them.
只要有勇气去追求，一切梦想皆可成真。
People think all they need to do is endure one crazy, intense, job-free creative burst and their dreams will come true.
人们认为他们所需要做的事是忍耐一个疯狂，强烈的，无责任的创意突发而他们的梦想将成真。
My dream of getting into Beijing university has come true.
去北京大学读书让我的梦想成真。
The moment I saw her, I realized something was wrong.
我一看到她，就觉得不太对劲。
I don't think you realize how important this is to her.
我认为你没有意识到这对她是多么重要。
The situation was more complicated than they had at first realized.
形势比他们最初意识到的更为复杂。
They managed to leave without any of us realizing.
我们谁也没注意，他们悄悄走了。
Only later did she realize her mistake.
只是到了后来她才意识到自己的错误。
Those are our hopes; we are starting this clinical trial to investigate whether those hopes will be realized.
那些就是我们的希望；我们正在开展这些临床试验以调查那些希望是否可以实现。
Various textile techniques will be explored to realize design possibilities.
将尝试和探索纺织技巧来把这些设计变为现实。
Do you realize the importance of this question
你意识到这个问题的重要性吗
Only then did he realize that he had been wrong.
直到这时他才知道他错了.
【考点过关】
用come true或realize 的适当形式填空
1. The jobless can only hope that such predictions will ______.
2. Every minute you are making all your dreams ______!
3. What dreams would you like to see ________
4. Did Tom’s predictions about the gulf ecosystem _______
5. As soon as we _______ something was wrong, we moved the children away.
6. People don't _______ how serious this recession has actually been.
7. There was a cheer when it ________ that everyone was safely back.
8. She _________ her ambition of becoming a professional singer at last.
9. It takes patience for humans to ______ their dreams
10. It cannot ________ without technological innovation.
【参考答案】
1. come true/be realized; 2. come true/realized; 3. come true/realized; 4. come true; 5. realized; 6. realize; 7. came true/was realized; 8. realized; 9. realize; e true/realize
●mankind; man; human; human being; human race
【教材原句】
However, some scientists were determined to help humans realize their dream to explore space. (教材P40)
China became the third country in the world to independently send humans into space in 2003, when Yang Liwei successfully orbited Earth in the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft. (教材P41)
【辨析】
五个词或短语都表示“人，人类”，但用法有细微区别。
mankind, man作“人类”讲时，都是不可数名词，前面不可加任何冠词（包括定冠词和不定冠词）。它们对应的代词为it或its, 而不是they, them和their
温馨提示：man 做人类讲作主语时，谓语用单数，而human作主语时，谓语既可用单数也可用复数。
human, human being; human race 意思是““人，人类”, 是可数名词，可以构成以下表达：a human; three humans; a human being; two human beings; a human race; three human races；human 除了作名词，也可作形容词，表示“人的，人类的”。这三个词或词组作名词时完全可以换用。
【例句呈现】
Mankind's/man’s knowledge of the universe has increased beyond measure
人类对于宇宙的了解已经大为增加。
His research is for the betterment of mankind/man.
他的研究是为全人类造福。
It exerts a civilizing influence on mankind/man.
这产生了教化人类的影响。
The civilization of mankind/man has taken thousands of years to develop.
人类经数千年才文明开化。
Mankind must put an end to war, or war will put an end to mankind/man.
人类必须结束战争，否则战争就会毁灭人类。
In the world today, mankind/man is progressing at a tremendous pace.
在当今世界，人类进步一日千里。
That is no way to treat another human being/human race/human.
那绝不是对待他人的方式。
Physical perfection in a human being/human race/human is exceedingly rare.
体貌完美的人极为罕见。
No human being/human race/human on the face of the earth could do anything worse than what he did.
世界上再没有人能做出比他更坏的事情来。
No human being/human race/human can be free from mistakes.
是人总要犯错误。
she's the best human being/human race/human in the world.
她是世界上最好的人
Challenges are necessary for every human being/human race/human who is seeking quality life.
挑战对于每一个寻找有质量生活的人来说都是十分必要的。
【考点过关】
根据mankind, man, human being, human race和 human的用法填空
1. Although the Negroes were _______ just like the whites, they were not treated as human beings.
2. The need to communicate is a key characteristic of ______ society.
3. Mankind _______ (use) the horse since ancient times.
4. Scientists continue to push back the boundaries of _______ knowledge.
5. Mankind _______ (try) every means to maintain the balance of nature.
6. Contact with other people is a basic ______ need.
7. All progressive mankind _______ (love) peace.
8. She is best known for her work on the ______ brain.
9. The Chinese people should make a greater contribution to ______.
10. Each ______ has to die, but mankind goes on world without end.
11. The country has a poor record on ______ rights.
12. Each human being has to die, but _______ goes on world without end.
13. How long can a _______ go without sleep
14. In every ______ there is a wish to ameliorate his own condition.
15. Asia is one of the places where _______ originated.
16. Be a responsible _______ and do not do evil things to others.
17. One of writer's favorite themes is the fraternity of _______.
【参考答案】
1. human beings/humans/human races; 2. human; 3. have/has used; 4. human; 5. have/has been trying; 6. human; 7. love/loves; 8. human; 9. mankind/man; 10. human being/human race/human; 11. human; 12. mankind/man; 13. human being/human race/human; 14. human being/human race/human; 15. mankind/man; 16. human being/human race/human; 17. mankind/man
●no one; none
【教材原句】
No one knows the answers yet. (教材P42)
【辨析】
两者都是不定代词，意思相近， 但用法和含义上有一定的区别。
no one 通常只能指代人， 意思是“没有人， 谁都不”， 后面不能接of 短语，而且作主语时句子的谓语动词一般用单数形式，回答how many 或 how much 的特殊疑问句时不能用 no one, 而用 none; 而在回答 who/anybody/anyone 提出的疑问时用 no one 或nobody, 而不用none; no one 这种否定语气较强，通常与 everyone/everybody 相对。
none 既可指代人，也可指代事物，意思是“没有一个人”，“没有任何东西”，往往用于三个或三个以上的人或物的否定，与代词all 相对；作主语时，句子的谓语动词用单数和复数皆可，强调个体时，谓语动词用单数，强调整体时，谓语动词用复数，表示“所有…..都不/没有”；none后多数情况下接of 短语，作为固定的内容范围。
【例句呈现】
No one hopes to attend the lecture.
没有人希望听这个报告
-- Who is going to the movie
谁要去看电影？
-- No one.
没人。
-- Did anybody come to see us while we were away
我们外出时有人来看我们吗？
No one.
没人。
These trees were all cut down but none were/was planted.
这些树都被砍伐了，但是没有再栽种一棵树。
None of those books is/are in Russian.
那些书没有一本是俄文的。
The teacher said that none of the students watched the experiment carefully.
老师说，没有一个学生仔细观察这次实验。
-- How much water is there left in the bottle
瓶子里还剩多少水？
-- None.
没有水了
-- How many animals were hurt in the hurricane
这次飓风中多少动物受到伤害？
-- None.
没有任何动物受到伤害。
【考点过关】
用no one/nobody或none 填空
1. _______ of us have/has seen him.
2. -- How many students are there in the room
-- ______.
3. -- Is there any water in the thermos
-- _______.
4. -- How much money do you have on you
-- _______.
5. I want some coffee, but there is _______ in the pot.
6. He wants me to lend him some money, but I have ______ at hand.
7. They asked for nine books, but there _______ none in the library at present.
8. The war broke out. All the people felt frightened but ______ had left there.
9. Sorry, but none of us _______ English.
10. ______ of the money on the desk is mine.
11. There are many apples in the basket, but ______ of them are fresh.
12. ______ likes a person with bad manners.
13. -- Who will go to the party
-- _______.
14. -- Did any one of the passengers get injured in the accident
--No, ______ was injured.
15. -- Did anyone want to attend the meeting
-- No, _______ wanted to.
【参考答案】
1. None; 2. None; 3. None; 4. None; 5. none; 6. none; 7. is/are; 8. none; 9. speaks/speak; 10. None; 11. none; 12. No one/Nobody; 13. No one/Nobody; 14. none; 15. no one/nobody
●so as to do sth. ;in order to do sth
【教材原句】
What do they do so as not to float around while they sleep (教材P43)
【辨析】
两者都可以作目的状语，一般情况下没有什么区别, 常可互换使用, 但用法有细微区别。
so as to do sth. 引导的目的状语只能放在句尾，不能位于句首。
in order to do sth. 引导的目的状语既可以放句首，也可以放句尾，位置较为灵活。
温馨提示：
①两者的否定式: in order not to do sth.; so as not to do sth.
② 两者的复合结构: in order for sb. to do/so as for sb. to do （当不定式的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,必须用其复合结构）。
【例句呈现】
He arrived early in order to/so as to get a good seat.
他很早到达了以便找到好座位。
In order to arrive before dark, we started early.
为了天黑前到达，我们很早就出发了。
You'd better check the names once again so as to avoid mistakes.
你最好再检查一下名字，以免搞错。
The test questions are kept secret so as to prevent cheating.
试题要保密，以免泄密。
I got up early in order to catch the first bus.
为了赶上第一班公交车，我起得很早。
I got up early in order not to miss the first bus.
为了不错过第一班公交车，我起得很早。
I woke him early in order for him not to miss the first bus.
我把他早早叫醒，为的是不让他错过第一班车。
He started early so as to be there on time.
他出发很早，以便准时赶到那里。
【考点过关】
根据in order to do sth. 和 so as to do sth. 用法填空
1. We first need to understand the current usage scenarios and analyze the resulting performance problems _______ to do the correct performance correcting actions.
2. He started early _______ not to be late for school.
3. Zhang Yang’s mother woke him early _______ for him not to be late for work.
4. And _______ to do that, I need to talk about mice a little bit.
5. So, ______to do that, the technology has to be just as much human as it is artificial.
6. The purpose of these practices is to make athletes have a quicker recovery after training _______ to do their future study and training well.
【参考答案】
1. in order/so as; 2. in order/so as; 3. in order/so as; 4. in order; 5. in order; 6. in order/so as
【参考答案】
1. contained; 2. including; 3. contain; 4. included; 5. contains; 6. include; 7. contain; 8. includes; 9. contains; 10. including
●whether; if（是否）
【教材原句】
Countries around the globe are spending billions of dollars and lots of time on various space missions, whether to Mars or other planets much further away. (教材P44)
【辨析】
两者都表示“是否”，但用法有一定区别。
whether①引导主语从句可位于句首，if引导的主语从句只能放在句尾, 用it 做形式主语放句首。②介词之后宾语从句只能用whether引导，不能用if。③whether可引导表语从句和同位语从句, if则不能。④whether可以和动词不定式连用，if 则不能。⑤在whether …… or not 的固定搭配中, 一般不用if 。whether和if都可用it作形式主语从句中。⑥在discuss/consider等某些动词之后，只能用whether，不能用if引导宾语从句。
if 在引导否定概念宾语从句时，只能用if，而不用whether.
【例句呈现】
I don’t know whether they will come or not.
我不知道他们是否回来。
I don’t know if / whether it will snow tomorrow.
我不知道明天是否会下雪。
Can you tell me whether to go swimming after supper
你能告诉我饭后去哪儿游泳吗？
I worry about whether he will be angry with me.
我担心他是否生我的气。
You should consider whether the car you are interested in is good value.
你应该考虑你感兴趣的小汽车是否有价值。
I can’t decide whether to stay.
我不能决定是否留下。
I want to know whether it’s good news or not.
我想知道是否是好消息。
His father is worried about whether he will lose his work.
他的父亲担心是否会失去工作。
Whether they can finish the work on time is still a problem.
他们是否能准时完成这项工作还是个问题。
I want to know whether/if he lives there.
我想知道是否他住在那儿。
【考点过关】
用whether和if填空
1. He asked me _______ I could help him.
2. ______ the 2000 Olympic Games will be in Beijing is not known yet.
3. Success depends on _______ we make enough effort.
4. It's uncertain he'll come this evening.
5. The question is ________ it is not worth doing.
6. The question ________ the students answered correctly should be decided by the teacher.
7. We are uncertain Mary will come.
8. Please tell us ________ to go or stay here.
9. We discussed ________ we should close the shop.
10. He asked me _______ I hadn't finished my work.
11. I can't decide ________ to buy this pen or that one.
12. My question is _______ the Chinese team can go further.
13. _______ I can pass the exam isn’t clear.
【参考答案】
1. whether/if; 2. Whether; 3. whether; 4. whether/if; 5. whether; 6. whether; 7. whether/if; 8. whether; 9. whether; 10. if; 11. whether; 12. whether; 13. Whether
●such as; for example
【教材原句】
Instead, we should feed the world’s poor and find immediate solutions to other problems, such as pollution and fatal diseases. (教材P44)
Today, space technologies are widely used in all kinds of industries, and everyday products such as GPS, memory foam pillows, and smart phone cameras are changing our lives. (教材P44)
【辨析】
两者都可用于表示举例事物或情况，有时可互换，有一定区别。
such as 意思是“例如; 像; 象…这样; 诸如…之类”, 相当于like, 可以用来列举一个事物或情况，这时可以和for example换用，但更多情况下用于列举两个或两个以上的事物或情况，而且不能放在句首和句尾，such as后也不跟逗号，有时such 和as可以分开。
for example意思是“例如，比如”，相当于for instance, 一般列举一个事物或情况，for和example不能分开，for example后常接逗号，也可不用逗号；for example或for instance可以放句首或句尾。
【例句呈现】
Organizations such as schools and clubs bind a community together.
诸如学校、俱乐部等机构使社区成为一个整体。
The rate is determined by intrinsic qualities such as the land's slope.
速度由诸如地面坡度这样的内在因素决定。
Personal characteristics, such as age and sex are taken into account.
个人的特征，如年龄和性别等，都要考虑进去。
Some houses still lack basic amenities such as bathrooms.
有些住宅仍没有像卫生间这样的基本设施。
A business needs insurance against risks such as fire and flood
公司需要上保险以防备火灾、洪灾等风险。
She was involved in many New Age activities such as yoga and healing.
她参加了很多“新时代”活动，如瑜伽和康复法。
You have to type in commands, such as 'help' and 'print'
你必须输入命令，例如“帮助”或“打印”。
The report is incomplete; it does not include sales in France, for example.
这份报告不完整，例如在法国的销售情况就没包括进去。
Have they, for example, demonstrated a commitment to democracy
例如，他们是否已表现出会致力于民主？
Let us suppose, for example, that you are married with two children.
比方说，我们假设你成家了，还有两个孩子。
Many factors are important, such as class, gender, age and ethnicity.
许多因素都很重要，如阶级、性别、年龄及民族。
It is possible to combine Computer Science with other subjects, for example Physics.
将计算机科学与其他学科，如物理学，结合起来是可能的。
There is a similar word in many languages, such as in French and in Italian.
许多语言，譬如法语和意大利语，都有相似的词。
There's confusion and resentment, and it's almost never expressed out in the open. Take this office, for example.
有人迷惘，有人憎恨，可是几乎谁也没有公开表达过。就拿这个办公室的人来说吧。
【考点过关】
根据donate, contribute 的用法及适当形式填空
1. After talking about the job in general, we got down to the specifics, ________ the salary.
2. Carmakers use robots to do unpleasant jobs, ________ painting cars in hot conditions.
3. There is a real risk of injury in sports ________ climbing.
4. There are many big cities in Europe, ________, London, Paris and Rome.
5. ________, we are to have less clothes, coal and food even than we have had and less petrol than we expected.
6. I know many women who have a career and a family Alison ________.
7. Great men have risen from poverty—Lincoln and Edison, ________.
8. Many young people are taking radio courses in English. There is the boy next door, ________.
9. Some sports, _______ motor racing, can be dangerous.
10. My wife likes social activities, ______ tennis and golf.
11. Avoid unhealthy foods ______ hamburger and chips.
12. The disease attacks such animals _______ cats and dogs.
13. Each situation is different. ______, a man with a rich wife doesn't have to work.
14. You make too many mistakes—lots of spelling mistakes, ______.
15. One of the side effects may be to change the geographical distribution of parasitic diseases _______ malaria.
【参考答案】
1. such as / for example 2. such as / for example 3. such as / like 4. for example 5. For example 6. for example 7. for example 8. for example; 9. such as/for example; 10. such as/like; 11. such as/like; 12. as; 13. For example; 14. for example; 15. such as/for example
●widely; wide (副词)
【教材原句】
Today, space technologies are widely used in all kinds of industries, and everyday products such as GPS, memory foam pillows, and smart phone cameras are changing our lives. (教材P44)
【辨析】
wide 做副词时表示“宽，宽地”，强调实际的具体的宽，可以测量出具体数值。wide awake 完全醒着；far and wide到处，四面八方，都是习惯短语。
widely 副词，表示“广泛地，普遍地，相差甚远地”，强调程度，无法测量出实际宽度。
【例句呈现】
The championship is still wide open.
谁将获得冠军还难以预料。
The flowers spread their fragrance far and wide.
花儿的芳香散发到四面八方。
Open your mouth wide, so that I may see clearly what's wrong with your teeth.
把嘴张大些,以便我能看清楚你的牙齿有什么毛病。
The door was wide open.
门敞开着。
He was standing with his feet wide apart.
他站在那儿，两脚分开的距离很大。
He has traveled widely.
他曾在广泛地区旅行。
The most widely distributed is the Hui people.
分布最广的是回族。
Gas is now widely used for cooking and heating.
现在普遍用煤气烧饭和取暖。
That the attempt to save her had failed soon became widely known.
想救她而未救成，此事不久已尽人皆知。
The conversation ranged widely.
谈话内容十分广泛。
Prices vary widely from shop to shop.
各家商店价格悬殊很大。
Society is made up of people of widely differing abilities.
社会是由能力迥异的人组成的。
In bed he lay wide awake.
他睡意全无地躺在床
【考点过关】
用wide和widely填空。
1. We must publicize the meeting ________.
2. The river runs ______
3. The school is _______ admired for its excellent teaching.
4. He opened the window _______.
5. He is _______ acknowledged as the best player in the world.
6. I want to travel far and ________.
7. Garlic is ________ used in Chinese folk medicine.
8. His name has spread far and ________ and become more and more celebrated with the passing of time.
9. The idea is now ________ accepted.
10. Those old people lay in bed _______ awake all night long.
【参考答案】
1. widely; 2. wide; 3. widely; 4. wide; 5. widely; 6. wide; 7. widely; 8. wide; 9. widely; 10. wide
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