中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
重难点08 阅读理解之主旨大意
2023年中考英语【热点 重点 难点】专练
常见设问方式
·The best title of the passage is ________.
·Which of the following is the best title of the passage
·What would be the best title for the passage
·The most appropriate title of the passage is ______.
(一)理解标题的3大特点
一个好的标题应具备三大特点：
1．概括性——准确而又简短；
2．针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；
3．醒目性——能引发读者的阅读欲望。
(二)巧用3大方法确定文章标题
1．正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；
2．反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照，一一排除不符选项；
3．研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。
例子1
Good Morning Britain's Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role — showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.
In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under ￡5 per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she's been able to put a lot of what she's learnt into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack, 11.
“We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant，” she explains. “I pay ￡5 for a portion (一份), but Matt makes them for 26p a portion, because they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we're not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves.”
The eight part series (系列节目), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV's Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.
With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tonight's Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget. The team transforms the family's long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.
27．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Keeping Fit by Eating Smart
B．Balancing Our Daily Diet
C．Making Yourself a Perfect Chef
D．Cooking Well for Less
[解题示范]
第一步：读文章，概括文意
本文是一篇新闻报道。《早安英国》的节目主持人苏珊娜·瑞德新推出了一档节目——Save Money: Good Food，向观众展示如何用较少的预算做出美味营养的饭菜。
第二步：析选项，斟酌判断
A 通过明智的吃来保持健康文中虽提到有关饮食和健康方面的内容，但这不是文章主要内容。 以偏概全，主次不分
B 平衡我们的日常饮食文中没有提到平衡日常饮食。 无中生有，生搬硬套
C 让你自己成为一个完美的厨师文中只是提到用较少的预算做出美味的饭菜，没有说做一个完美的厨师。 以偏概全，主次不分
D 用的少，烹饪好文章围绕用较少的预算做出美味的饭菜展开的。 涵盖性强，覆盖全文
[答案] D
类型二 文章大意题
一、常见设问方式
·What's the main idea/point of the passage
·The passage is mainly about ________.
·The passage is mainly concerned about ________.
·Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage
·Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea/theme of the passage
·In this passage the author discusses primarily ________.
·The subject discussed in this text is ________.
·The general/main idea of the passage is about ________.
二、解题必备知能
掌握寻找主题句的4个小窍门，快速确定文章大意
文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。
用浏览法(skimming)，即快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息的方法可以快速找到主题句。以下是找主题句的四个小窍门：
1．段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。
2．首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
3．作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
4．表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词，通常是主旨。
例子2
Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter gatherers, small, tightly knit (联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction (消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.
31．What is the main idea of the text
A．New languages will be created.
B．People's lifestyles are reflected in languages.
C．Human development results in fewer languages.
D．Geography determines language evolution.
[解题示范]
第一步：读文章，概括文意
文章介绍了世界上语言的种类随着人类社会的发展而逐渐减少这一现象。
第二步：析选项，斟酌判断
A 新语言将会被创造。文章介绍的是语言的减少而不是新语言的创造。 移花接木，偷换概念
B 人们的生活方式会反映到语言上。文中没有这种说法。 无中生有，生搬硬套
C 人类的发展导致语言越来越少。文章介绍了世界上语言多样性的发展变化以及现在很多语言面临消亡的威胁这一现象。 涵盖性强，覆盖全文
D 地理决定语言的发展。文中没有这种说法。 无中生有，生搬硬套
[答案] C
类型三 段落大意题
一、常见设问方式
·What does the author tell us in Paragraph ...
·The main idea of the second paragraph probably is ________.
·The first paragraph is mainly about ________.
·Which of the following can best summarize Para.1
·What is the first paragraph mainly about
二、解题必备知能
归纳段落大意的2种方法
方法1：概括段落大意
要准确概括某段的大意，务必要知道该段的逻辑结构。
(1)如果该段是按总分顺序组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这种结构的主题句就在段首；
(2)如果按分总顺序组织，主题句就在段尾；
(3)如果按分总分的顺序组织，则主题句就在这段话的中间；
(4)如果按总分总的顺序，段落结构相对难度较低，我们可以很明显的看到一段的首句和末句的内容几乎完全一致，正确答案就呼之欲出了；
(5)如果按并列式行文，这种结构的段落一般会在一段中讨论两个平行的内容，整个段落可以从中间处分开，前后是平行关系，这样的段落结构对应的答案通常也会是很明显的并列关系；
(6)如果对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。
方法2：揣摩段落大意
有时，作者可能不直接写出主题句，而是通过各种方法暗示给读者，这就需要充分发挥读者的想象力与判断力，揣摩段落大意。
例子3
Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle — named the Transition — has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23 gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.
…
28．What is the first paragraph mainly about
A．The basic data of the Transition.
B．The advantages of flying cars.
C．The potential market for flying cars.
D．The designers of the Transition.
[解题示范]
第一步：读文章，概括段意
该段没有主题句，但是从以下几个方面说明了飞车the Transition的相关情况：
①制造商：Terrafugia Inc.
②首飞成功：completed its first flight
③上市时间：within the next year
④飞车名字：the Transition
⑤飞车构成：two seats, four wheels and wings
⑥飞行时速：around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air
⑦耗油：5 gallons per hour in the air; On the ground, 35 miles per gallon
由以上信息可以看出该段主要描述了飞车the Transition的一些基本数据。
第二步：析选项，斟酌判断
A 飞车the Transition的基本数据。A项是对本段内容的精炼概括和总结。 涵盖性强，覆盖全段
B 飞车的一些优点。该选项错误在于以下两点：①该段介绍了名字为the Transition的飞车；而不是全部飞车(flying cars)。②该段列举的是基本数据而不是优点。 无中生有，生搬硬套
C 飞车的潜在市场。原文没有提及。 无中生有，生搬硬套
D 飞车the Transition的设计商。该选项仅仅是文章中的一个方面。 以偏概全，主次不分
[答案] A
A
（2022·山东滨州·统考一模）
You have been told to wash your hands many times a day to help stop the spread of the new coronavirus（新冠病毒）. But what about the mobile phone that you're always using Scientific studies have shown that the virus can live for two to three days on smooth materials like plastic and stainless steel. Experts suggest cleaning all "high touch" surfaces every day, including phones, keyboards and computers. However, few people know how to do the cleaning. Here are some things not to do when cleaning the phone.
◆Do not spray（喷）cleaners directly on the phone.
◆Do not put the phone into any cleaning liquids（液体）.
◆Do not use tools that use forced air, which are often used to clean computer keyboards.
◆Do not clean the phone with hard materials, they could make small cuts on it.
So, what is the right way Below are some suggested ways to clean the phone. With any of these suggestions, be sure not to get the phone wet.
◆Start by turning off the phone. Make sure the phone is not connected to the electricity.
◆Use cleaning cloths with 70 percent alcohol（酒精）instead of the common ones.
◆Use paper cloths, or other soft cloths like those used to clean the eyeglasses. It's OK to cover the cloths lightly in cleaners. But do remember to clean the phone"gently".
Cleaning the phone is one of the measures that are helpful to keep away from the new coronavirus. You should clean your own phone often and tell others the correct ways to do it.
1．We can learn from Paragraph 1 that________.
A．people needn't wash their hands as required
B．all mobile phones are made of stainless steel
C．viruses can live on mobile phones much longer
D．people pay less attention to viruses on mobile phones
2．Which of the following can be used to clean the phone
A．Hard materials. B．Tools using forced air.
C．Paper cloths with cleaners. D．Common cleaning cloths.
3．Which of the suggested ways has a direct relation with virus killing
A．Turning off the phone. B．Using 70 percent alcohol.
C．Using soft cloths. D．Cleaning the phone gently.
4．What does the underlined word "measures" mean
A．Tools. B．Materials. C．Ways. D．Marks.
5．What can be the best title for the article
A．Cleaning mobile phones: do's & don'ts. B．Mobile phone: the most dangerous thing.
C．The correct ways to protect mobile phones. D．The best way to fight against the coronavirus.
【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．C 5．A
【分析】新冠病毒爆发以来，我们都知道应该勤洗手，帮助停止病毒的传播。但是你知道你的手机也需要消毒吗？你知道怎样给手机消毒吗？这篇短文中讲述了给手机消毒时错误的做法以及正确的做法。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“But what about the mobile phone that you're always using ...... However, few people know how to do the cleaning.”可知，人们对于手机也需要经常消毒以及怎样给手机消毒了解不多。故选D。
2．细节理解题。根据短文中“Use paper cloths, or other soft cloths like those used to clean the eyeglasses.”可知，作者建议用纸巾或其他柔软的布清洁手机。其余三个选项都是作者在文章中说到不能用来清洁手机的材料。故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据题意可知，题目问“哪一个方法与杀死病毒有直接关系”，由文章中“Use cleaning cloths with 70 percent alcohol（酒精）instead of the common ones.”和常识可知，70%的酒精与杀死病毒有直接关系。故选B。
4．词义猜测题。根据语境“Cleaning the phone is one of the measures that are helpful to keep away from the new coronavirus. You should clean your own phone often and tell others the correct ways to do it.”可知，文章中介绍的是清洁手机的方式，清洁手机有助于远离新冠病毒。measures意为“方式，措施”，与ways同义。故选C。
5．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Here are some things not to do when cleaning the phone.”以及第三段“Below are some suggested ways to clean the phone.”可知，这篇短文讲述了清洁手机的一些错误做法和正确的做法。A选项的标题最符合文意，全面概括了文章的大意，故选A。
B
（2022·湖北恩施·统考二模）
Would you like to live in a city where buildings turn the lights off for you, and self-driving cars will find the nearest parking space themselves Although it might sound a little far from you, living in a "smart" city like this could happen sooner than you think.
Great changes have taken place in towns that we have lived in for centuries, while completely new cities are being built. One such place is the city of Songdo. Every home there will have a telepresence system (远程遥控系统) allowing users to control the heating and locks, take part in video meetings, and receive education, health care and government services. Around the city, escalators ( 自动扶梯 ) will only move when someone is on them, and offices and schools will all be connected to the system.
The great mind behind Songdo is from the company Cisco. In fact, technology companies around the world such as IBM, Siemens and Microsoft are already in the business.
About 75% of the world's population will live in cities by 2050, so cities will need to be more modern to deal with the coming problems. Making cities smarter is one way out, and I think this will in turn make cities greener, said Dan Hill, head of a research company.
6．According to the text, living in a "smart" city ______.
A．is not a green way B．will be far from you
C．will soon become true D．is completely impossible
7．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about
A．A city of the future. B．A meeting in Songdo.
C．A plan to build a house. D．A report on public health.
8．Which company offers the great mind to build Songdo
A．Cisco. B．IBM. C．Siemens D．Microsoft.
9．Dan Hill thinks that making cities smarter is one way to________.
A．drive people out of cities B．control the world’s population
C．develop his own company D．solve the cities' coming problems
10．Which of the following might be the best title for the text
A．Future Education B．Smart Cities
C．Government Services D．Famous Companies
【答案】6．C 7．A 8．A 9．D 10．B
【分析】本文是说明文，主要描述了未来可能出现的智能城市。
6．细节理解题。根据文中“living in a “smart” city like this could happen sooner than you think.”可知，“智能”城市生活可能在不久的将来就会实现，故选C。
7．段落大意题。根据文中“Great changes have taken place in towns that we have lived in for centuries, while completely new cities are being built.”可知，我们生活了几个世纪的城市将发生巨大的变化，而全新的城市正在建设中，由此可以推断出，本段主要介绍的是将来的城市会是什么样子，故选A。
8．细节理解题。根据文中“The great mind behind Songdo is from the company Cisco.”可知，Songdo背后的伟大思想来自思科公司，故选A。
9．细节理解题。根据文中“so cities will need to be more modern to deal with the coming problems. Making cities smarter is one way out, and I think this will in turn make cities greener”可知，Dan Hill认为让城市变得更加智慧是解决城市未来问题的一种方式，故选D。
10．最佳标题题。根据整个文章的理解及文中“living in a “smart” city like this could happen sooner than you think.”可知，本文主要讲述的是未来的智能城市的生活情况，故选B。
C
（2022·贵州铜仁·统考三模）
By the Youth
When we were scared, sad and helpless, you gave us courage, warmth and hopes.When we had to stay at home to keep away from the illness, you, workers, helped us buy living things;Leaving your children behind, you worked in the neighborhood every day, you never complained but smiled the whole day.When we needed all kinds of materials, you, drivers, drove them there without thinking twice;Running on the streets, between the cities, you made sure things went well as usual. When we had coughs or fevers, you, ▲, tried your best to save our lives;Looking after the patients in the hospital day and night, you never gave up until the sick got well.There are many people doing jobs in silence;There are many people giving hands without telling their names.Thanks for your hard work and selflessness.You're the heroes of the times.You're the most beautiful in our hearts.We love you!
We had to stay at home because ________.
A．we didn't want to go out B．we had enough food
C．we didn't want to work D．we wanted to avoid the illness
12．According to the poem, the drivers were ________.
A．warm-hearted B．awful C．cruel D．cold
13．Which can be the best for ▲
A．scientists. B．officers. C．doctors and nurses. D．drivers.
14．What's the writer's purpose of writing this poem
A．To show his praises. B．To show his regrets.
C．To show his worries. D．To show his wishes.
15．What's the best title for the poem
A．To the politest people. B．To the most beautiful people.
C．To the cleverest people. D．To the most humorous people.
【答案】11．D 12．A 13．C 14．A 15．B
【分析】文章是歌颂志愿者和医护人员以及一些热心人在疫情期间对人们的关爱和照顾。
11．细节理解题。根据文中When we had to stay at home to keep away from the illness可知，当我们呆在家里是为了远离疾病，故选D。
12．细节理解题。根据文中When we needed all kinds of materials, you, drivers, drove them there without thinking twice可知，当我们需要各种材料的时候，你，司机，不假思索就把他们开到了那里，所以司机是热心的，故选A。
13．细节理解题。根据文中空格后面的tried your best to save our lives可知，这里表达的是对医护人员的赞美，故选C。
14．主旨大意题。根据文中Thanks for your hard work and selflessness. You’re the heroes of the times. You’re the most beautiful in our hearts. We love you!可知，作者写这首诗的目的是来表示他的赞扬，故选A。
15．最佳标题题。根据文中There are many people doing jobs in silence; There are many people giving hands without telling their names. Thanks for your hard work and selflessness. You’re the heroes of the times. You’re the most beautiful in our hearts. We love you!以及整个文章的理解可知，文章主要是赞美那些在疫情期间为人们奉献了很多的最美逆行者，所以B选项的概括比较合适，故选B。
D
（2022·广东深圳·统考一模）
Do you know 5G It is the fifth generation（代）of mobile network technology. These new networks are coming.
China just issued commercial licenses（发放商用牌照）for 5G on June 6, 2019. This means that China's telecom companies will be able to offer 5G networks for mobile phone users.
Each mobile network generation is faster and more powerful than the one before it. 1G let us talk to each other. 2G let us send messages. 3G gave us data（数据）and the Internet. And 4G made all of these things faster. What's special about 5G
5G has a very short delay between sending and receiving information. Now, 4G takes about 100 to 200 milliseconds（毫秒）to send and receive data. But 5G will get it down to 1 millisecond or less-this is almost real-time.
'This big change will not only make our mobile Internet faster，but also deeply change our lives. Read on to find out how.
5G + entertainment（娱乐）
5G networks are about 100 times faster than 4G. This means you can download a movie in seconds using 5G.
Also, virtual reality（VR）games will become more popular with 5G. The short delay of 5G will make the games feel even more real.
5G + transport
5C will also bring us safer self-driving cars. These cars can send signals（信号）to each other. They also talk to traffic lights and road sensors（传感器）. 5G will allow cars to react（反应）even faster than human drivers.
5G + smart homes
5G also makes the Internet of things possible. Internet of things is a large network that connects everything to the Internet. Smart homes are part of it.
For example, your toaster can automatically（自动地）start making breakfast after your alarm rings. And if its sensor feels the air becoming dry, a smart sprinkler（洒水器）could water your plants by itself.
16．What's the writer's purpose in writing the third paragraph
A．To explain 5G is the best of all.
B．To share his knowledge about 5G.
C．To encourage people to use the new network technology.
D．To show the development of mobile network technology.
17．What does the underlined word “delay” in paragraph 4 mean in Chinese
A．卡顿 B．延时 C．暂停 D．掉线
18．Which of the following ways is not mentioned that 5G will change people's lives
A．Health care B．Entertainment. C．Transport. D．Smart homes.
19．What will people do possibly with 5G according to the passage
A．Download a movie in minutes.
B．Put everything onto the Internet.
C．Make self-driving cars safer.
D．Make food more easily and faster.
20．What's the main idea of the passage
A．5G will change our lives in many ways.
B．Mobile networks are changing for better.
C．5G will make the Internet of things possible.
D．5G networks for mobile phone users are coming.
【答案】16．D 17．B 18．A 19．C 20．A
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了5G网络的便捷，同时指出5G网络在娱乐，交通以及智能家庭方面给人们生活带来的改变。
16．推理判断题。根据“Each mobile network generation is faster and more powerful than the one before it. 1G let us talk to each other. 2G let us send messages. 3G gave us data（数据）and the Internet. And 4G made all of these things faster. What's special about 5G”可知此处1G、2G、3G、4G以及5G，显示了手机网络的发展和变化。故选D。
17．词义猜测题。根据第四段“Now, 4G takes about 100 to 200 milliseconds to send and receive data. But 5G will get it down to 1 millisecond or less —this is almost real-time.”可知4G 网络用100-200毫秒收发数据，但是5G网络用不了一毫秒就能收发信息，真的很快了。所以5G在接收发送信息只有很短的延迟。delay表示“延迟”。故选B。
18．细节理解题。根据文中“This big change will not only make our mobile Internet faster, but also deeply change our lives. Read on to find out how”以及文中的介绍5G+entertainment，5G+transportation，5G+smart homes可知没有介绍5G对健康的改变，故选A。
19．细节理解题。根据“5G networks are about 100 times faster than 4G. This means you can download a movie in seconds using 5G.”在几秒钟就可以下载电影而不是几分钟，可知A选项表述错误。根据第二个黑色小标题第二句“These cars can send signals to each other. They also talk to traffic lights and road sensors. 5G will allow cars to react even faster than human drivers”可知车辆之间可以发送信号，可以和信号灯和传感器沟通，让轿车反应更快，让驾驶变得更安全，C选项表述正确。根据“Internet of things is a large network that connects everything to the Internet.”把每样事物连接到网络而不是把事物放到网上，可知B选项表述错误。根据“your toaster can automatically start making breakfast after your alarm rings”自动的做饭而不是烹饪食物更容易和更快，可知D选项表述错误。故选C。
20．主旨大意题。文章讲解了5G网络的便捷，同时指出在娱乐，交通以及智能家庭方面给人们生活带来的改变。文章主要是介绍5G对我们生活的改变5G will change our lives in many ways。故选A。
E
（2022·福建厦门·校考二模）
How did people tell the time before clocks were invented
At first, the ancient people looked up at the sun and could tell it was the middle of the day when the sun was directly overhead in the sky. They also knew when it was morning or evening.
Later, the Egyptians used sticks. These sticks measured (测量) time during the day. The sun shone on the tall stick and the stick made a shadow (阴影). As the sun moved across the sky, the position (位置) of the shadow changed. This would let people tell what time it was.
Over time, the Chinese first used sundials instead of shadow sticks. The sundial has a type of shadow stick on it. As the sun shines on it, a shadow appears on the numbers. Each number stands for an hour of the day. But sundials don't work at night or on a cloudy day! There are no shadows unless the sun is out.
Water clocks used water to measure time at night. Water dripped (滴落) slowly from one bowl into another. The level of the water in the bowls showed the time.
People also used sand-glasses. You may have seen one. Some games still use sand-glasses. The sand falls from the top of the sand-glasses to the bottom. It measures short amounts of the time. The more sand falls, the more time has passed. When the sand has finished falling, you have to turn the sand-glasses over.
21．At first, the ancient people told the time by looking at ________.
A．the stick B．the shadow C．the sun D．the moon
22．Which picture can be a "sundial"
A． B． C． D．
23．Sundials can be used to tell the time when it is ________.
A．sunny B．rainy C．cloudy D．snowy
24．Which is right according to the passage
A．Sticks measured time in Egypt day and night.
B．Sundials were first used in ancient Egypt.
C．Sand-glasses usually measure a long time.
D．The water clock told the time by the water level in the bowls.
25．What's the main idea of the passage
A．Something about sundials. B．How to tell the time by looking at the sun.
C．How to tell the time in the past. D．Some inventions in China.
【答案】21．C 22．B 23．A 24．D 25．C
【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了在钟表发明出来之前，人们都是利用什么来计时和看时间的。
21．细节理解题。根据“At first, the ancient people looked up at the sun and could tell it was the middle of the day when the sun was directly overhead in the sky”可知起初古代人是通过看太阳来计算时间的，故选C。
22．推理判断题。根据“The sundial has a type of shadow stick on it. As the sun shines on it, a shadow appears on the numbers”，可知日晷有一根阴影棒，太阳照射后阴影会出现在数字上，根据图片所示，可判断是B图，故选B。
23．细节理解题。根据“But sundials don't work at night or on a cloudy day! There are no shadows unless the sun is out”，可知必须要有太阳，故选A。
24．判断正误题。根据“These sticks measured (测量) time during the day”，可知小棍子只在白天测量时间，晚上不行，A选项表述错误，排除；根据“Over time, the Chinese first used sundials instead of shadow sticks”，可知是中国人率先使用日晷，而不是埃及人，B选项表述错误，排除；根据“The sand falls from the top of the sand-glasses to the bottom. It measures short amounts of the time”，可知沙漏只能测量短的时间，而不是长的时间，C选项表述错误，排除；根据“The level of the water in the bowls showed the time”，可知水时钟是通过水平面来展示时间的，D选项表述正确，故选D。
25．文章主旨题。通读全文，可知文章主要介绍了在钟表发明出来之前，人们都是利用什么来计时和看时间的，故选C。
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重难点08 阅读理解之主旨大意
2023年中考英语【热点 重点 难点】专练
常见设问方式
·The best title of the passage is ________.
·Which of the following is the best title of the passage
·What would be the best title for the passage
·The most appropriate title of the passage is ______.
(一)理解标题的3大特点
一个好的标题应具备三大特点：
1．概括性——准确而又简短；
2．针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；
3．醒目性——能引发读者的阅读欲望。
(二)巧用3大方法确定文章标题
1．正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；
2．反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照，一一排除不符选项；
3．研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。
例子1
Good Morning Britain's Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role — showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.
In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under ￡5 per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she's been able to put a lot of what she's learnt into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack, 11.
“We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant，” she explains. “I pay ￡5 for a portion (一份), but Matt makes them for 26p a portion, because they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we're not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves.”
The eight part series (系列节目), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV's Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.
With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tonight's Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget. The team transforms the family's long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.
27．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Keeping Fit by Eating Smart
B．Balancing Our Daily Diet
C．Making Yourself a Perfect Chef
D．Cooking Well for Less
[解题示范]
第一步：读文章，概括文意
本文是一篇新闻报道。《早安英国》的节目主持人苏珊娜·瑞德新推出了一档节目——Save Money: Good Food，向观众展示如何用较少的预算做出美味营养的饭菜。
第二步：析选项，斟酌判断
A 通过明智的吃来保持健康文中虽提到有关饮食和健康方面的内容，但这不是文章主要内容。 以偏概全，主次不分
B 平衡我们的日常饮食文中没有提到平衡日常饮食。 无中生有，生搬硬套
C 让你自己成为一个完美的厨师文中只是提到用较少的预算做出美味的饭菜，没有说做一个完美的厨师。 以偏概全，主次不分
D 用的少，烹饪好文章围绕用较少的预算做出美味的饭菜展开的。 涵盖性强，覆盖全文
[答案] D
类型二 文章大意题
一、常见设问方式
·What's the main idea/point of the passage
·The passage is mainly about ________.
·The passage is mainly concerned about ________.
·Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage
·Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea/theme of the passage
·In this passage the author discusses primarily ________.
·The subject discussed in this text is ________.
·The general/main idea of the passage is about ________.
二、解题必备知能
掌握寻找主题句的4个小窍门，快速确定文章大意
文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。
用浏览法(skimming)，即快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息的方法可以快速找到主题句。以下是找主题句的四个小窍门：
1．段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。
2．首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
3．作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
4．表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词，通常是主旨。
例子2
Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter gatherers, small, tightly knit (联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction (消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.
31．What is the main idea of the text
A．New languages will be created.
B．People's lifestyles are reflected in languages.
C．Human development results in fewer languages.
D．Geography determines language evolution.
[解题示范]
第一步：读文章，概括文意
文章介绍了世界上语言的种类随着人类社会的发展而逐渐减少这一现象。
第二步：析选项，斟酌判断
A 新语言将会被创造。文章介绍的是语言的减少而不是新语言的创造。 移花接木，偷换概念
B 人们的生活方式会反映到语言上。文中没有这种说法。 无中生有，生搬硬套
C 人类的发展导致语言越来越少。文章介绍了世界上语言多样性的发展变化以及现在很多语言面临消亡的威胁这一现象。 涵盖性强，覆盖全文
D 地理决定语言的发展。文中没有这种说法。 无中生有，生搬硬套
[答案] C
类型三 段落大意题
一、常见设问方式
·What does the author tell us in Paragraph ...
·The main idea of the second paragraph probably is ________.
·The first paragraph is mainly about ________.
·Which of the following can best summarize Para.1
·What is the first paragraph mainly about
二、解题必备知能
归纳段落大意的2种方法
方法1：概括段落大意
要准确概括某段的大意，务必要知道该段的逻辑结构。
(1)如果该段是按总分顺序组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这种结构的主题句就在段首；
(2)如果按分总顺序组织，主题句就在段尾；
(3)如果按分总分的顺序组织，则主题句就在这段话的中间；
(4)如果按总分总的顺序，段落结构相对难度较低，我们可以很明显的看到一段的首句和末句的内容几乎完全一致，正确答案就呼之欲出了；
(5)如果按并列式行文，这种结构的段落一般会在一段中讨论两个平行的内容，整个段落可以从中间处分开，前后是平行关系，这样的段落结构对应的答案通常也会是很明显的并列关系；
(6)如果对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。
方法2：揣摩段落大意
有时，作者可能不直接写出主题句，而是通过各种方法暗示给读者，这就需要充分发挥读者的想象力与判断力，揣摩段落大意。
例子3
Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle — named the Transition — has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23 gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.
…
28．What is the first paragraph mainly about
A．The basic data of the Transition.
B．The advantages of flying cars.
C．The potential market for flying cars.
D．The designers of the Transition.
[解题示范]
第一步：读文章，概括段意
该段没有主题句，但是从以下几个方面说明了飞车the Transition的相关情况：
①制造商：Terrafugia Inc.
②首飞成功：completed its first flight
③上市时间：within the next year
④飞车名字：the Transition
⑤飞车构成：two seats, four wheels and wings
⑥飞行时速：around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air
⑦耗油：5 gallons per hour in the air; On the ground, 35 miles per gallon
由以上信息可以看出该段主要描述了飞车the Transition的一些基本数据。
第二步：析选项，斟酌判断
A 飞车the Transition的基本数据。A项是对本段内容的精炼概括和总结。 涵盖性强，覆盖全段
B 飞车的一些优点。该选项错误在于以下两点：①该段介绍了名字为the Transition的飞车；而不是全部飞车(flying cars)。②该段列举的是基本数据而不是优点。 无中生有，生搬硬套
C 飞车的潜在市场。原文没有提及。 无中生有，生搬硬套
D 飞车the Transition的设计商。该选项仅仅是文章中的一个方面。 以偏概全，主次不分
[答案] A
A
（2022·山东滨州·统考一模）
You have been told to wash your hands many times a day to help stop the spread of the new coronavirus（新冠病毒）. But what about the mobile phone that you're always using Scientific studies have shown that the virus can live for two to three days on smooth materials like plastic and stainless steel. Experts suggest cleaning all "high touch" surfaces every day, including phones, keyboards and computers. However, few people know how to do the cleaning. Here are some things not to do when cleaning the phone.
◆Do not spray（喷）cleaners directly on the phone.
◆Do not put the phone into any cleaning liquids（液体）.
◆Do not use tools that use forced air, which are often used to clean computer keyboards.
◆Do not clean the phone with hard materials, they could make small cuts on it.
So, what is the right way Below are some suggested ways to clean the phone. With any of these suggestions, be sure not to get the phone wet.
◆Start by turning off the phone. Make sure the phone is not connected to the electricity.
◆Use cleaning cloths with 70 percent alcohol（酒精）instead of the common ones.
◆Use paper cloths, or other soft cloths like those used to clean the eyeglasses. It's OK to cover the cloths lightly in cleaners. But do remember to clean the phone"gently".
Cleaning the phone is one of the measures that are helpful to keep away from the new coronavirus. You should clean your own phone often and tell others the correct ways to do it.
1．We can learn from Paragraph 1 that________.
A．people needn't wash their hands as required
B．all mobile phones are made of stainless steel
C．viruses can live on mobile phones much longer
D．people pay less attention to viruses on mobile phones
2．Which of the following can be used to clean the phone
A．Hard materials. B．Tools using forced air.
C．Paper cloths with cleaners. D．Common cleaning cloths.
3．Which of the suggested ways has a direct relation with virus killing
A．Turning off the phone. B．Using 70 percent alcohol.
C．Using soft cloths. D．Cleaning the phone gently.
4．What does the underlined word "measures" mean
A．Tools. B．Materials. C．Ways. D．Marks.
5．What can be the best title for the article
A．Cleaning mobile phones: do's & don'ts. B．Mobile phone: the most dangerous thing.
C．The correct ways to protect mobile phones. D．The best way to fight against the coronavirus.
B
（2022·湖北恩施·统考二模）
Would you like to live in a city where buildings turn the lights off for you, and self-driving cars will find the nearest parking space themselves Although it might sound a little far from you, living in a "smart" city like this could happen sooner than you think.
Great changes have taken place in towns that we have lived in for centuries, while completely new cities are being built. One such place is the city of Songdo. Every home there will have a telepresence system (远程遥控系统) allowing users to control the heating and locks, take part in video meetings, and receive education, health care and government services. Around the city, escalators ( 自动扶梯 ) will only move when someone is on them, and offices and schools will all be connected to the system.
The great mind behind Songdo is from the company Cisco. In fact, technology companies around the world such as IBM, Siemens and Microsoft are already in the business.
About 75% of the world's population will live in cities by 2050, so cities will need to be more modern to deal with the coming problems. Making cities smarter is one way out, and I think this will in turn make cities greener, said Dan Hill, head of a research company.
6．According to the text, living in a "smart" city ______.
A．is not a green way B．will be far from you
C．will soon become true D．is completely impossible
7．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about
A．A city of the future. B．A meeting in Songdo.
C．A plan to build a house. D．A report on public health.
8．Which company offers the great mind to build Songdo
A．Cisco. B．IBM. C．Siemens D．Microsoft.
9．Dan Hill thinks that making cities smarter is one way to________.
A．drive people out of cities B．control the world’s population
C．develop his own company D．solve the cities' coming problems
10．Which of the following might be the best title for the text
A．Future Education B．Smart Cities
C．Government Services D．Famous Companies
C
（2022·贵州铜仁·统考三模）
By the Youth
When we were scared, sad and helpless, you gave us courage, warmth and hopes.When we had to stay at home to keep away from the illness, you, workers, helped us buy living things;Leaving your children behind, you worked in the neighborhood every day, you never complained but smiled the whole day.When we needed all kinds of materials, you, drivers, drove them there without thinking twice;Running on the streets, between the cities, you made sure things went well as usual. When we had coughs or fevers, you, ▲, tried your best to save our lives;Looking after the patients in the hospital day and night, you never gave up until the sick got well.There are many people doing jobs in silence;There are many people giving hands without telling their names.Thanks for your hard work and selflessness.You're the heroes of the times.You're the most beautiful in our hearts.We love you!
We had to stay at home because ________.
A．we didn't want to go out B．we had enough food
C．we didn't want to work D．we wanted to avoid the illness
12．According to the poem, the drivers were ________.
A．warm-hearted B．awful C．cruel D．cold
13．Which can be the best for ▲
A．scientists. B．officers. C．doctors and nurses. D．drivers.
14．What's the writer's purpose of writing this poem
A．To show his praises. B．To show his regrets.
C．To show his worries. D．To show his wishes.
15．What's the best title for the poem
A．To the politest people. B．To the most beautiful people.
C．To the cleverest people. D．To the most humorous people.
D
（2022·广东深圳·统考一模）
Do you know 5G It is the fifth generation（代）of mobile network technology. These new networks are coming.
China just issued commercial licenses（发放商用牌照）for 5G on June 6, 2019. This means that China's telecom companies will be able to offer 5G networks for mobile phone users.
Each mobile network generation is faster and more powerful than the one before it. 1G let us talk to each other. 2G let us send messages. 3G gave us data（数据）and the Internet. And 4G made all of these things faster. What's special about 5G
5G has a very short delay between sending and receiving information. Now, 4G takes about 100 to 200 milliseconds（毫秒）to send and receive data. But 5G will get it down to 1 millisecond or less-this is almost real-time.
'This big change will not only make our mobile Internet faster，but also deeply change our lives. Read on to find out how.
5G + entertainment（娱乐）
5G networks are about 100 times faster than 4G. This means you can download a movie in seconds using 5G.
Also, virtual reality（VR）games will become more popular with 5G. The short delay of 5G will make the games feel even more real.
5G + transport
5C will also bring us safer self-driving cars. These cars can send signals（信号）to each other. They also talk to traffic lights and road sensors（传感器）. 5G will allow cars to react（反应）even faster than human drivers.
5G + smart homes
5G also makes the Internet of things possible. Internet of things is a large network that connects everything to the Internet. Smart homes are part of it.
For example, your toaster can automatically（自动地）start making breakfast after your alarm rings. And if its sensor feels the air becoming dry, a smart sprinkler（洒水器）could water your plants by itself.
16．What's the writer's purpose in writing the third paragraph
A．To explain 5G is the best of all.
B．To share his knowledge about 5G.
C．To encourage people to use the new network technology.
D．To show the development of mobile network technology.
17．What does the underlined word “delay” in paragraph 4 mean in Chinese
A．卡顿 B．延时 C．暂停 D．掉线
18．Which of the following ways is not mentioned that 5G will change people's lives
A．Health care B．Entertainment. C．Transport. D．Smart homes.
19．What will people do possibly with 5G according to the passage
A．Download a movie in minutes.
B．Put everything onto the Internet.
C．Make self-driving cars safer.
D．Make food more easily and faster.
20．What's the main idea of the passage
A．5G will change our lives in many ways.
B．Mobile networks are changing for better.
C．5G will make the Internet of things possible.
D．5G networks for mobile phone users are coming.
E
（2022·福建厦门·校考二模）
How did people tell the time before clocks were invented
At first, the ancient people looked up at the sun and could tell it was the middle of the day when the sun was directly overhead in the sky. They also knew when it was morning or evening.
Later, the Egyptians used sticks. These sticks measured (测量) time during the day. The sun shone on the tall stick and the stick made a shadow (阴影). As the sun moved across the sky, the position (位置) of the shadow changed. This would let people tell what time it was.
Over time, the Chinese first used sundials instead of shadow sticks. The sundial has a type of shadow stick on it. As the sun shines on it, a shadow appears on the numbers. Each number stands for an hour of the day. But sundials don't work at night or on a cloudy day! There are no shadows unless the sun is out.
Water clocks used water to measure time at night. Water dripped (滴落) slowly from one bowl into another. The level of the water in the bowls showed the time.
People also used sand-glasses. You may have seen one. Some games still use sand-glasses. The sand falls from the top of the sand-glasses to the bottom. It measures short amounts of the time. The more sand falls, the more time has passed. When the sand has finished falling, you have to turn the sand-glasses over.
21．At first, the ancient people told the time by looking at ________.
A．the stick B．the shadow C．the sun D．the moon
22．Which picture can be a "sundial"
A． B． C． D．
23．Sundials can be used to tell the time when it is ________.
A．sunny B．rainy C．cloudy D．snowy
24．Which is right according to the passage
A．Sticks measured time in Egypt day and night.
B．Sundials were first used in ancient Egypt.
C．Sand-glasses usually measure a long time.
D．The water clock told the time by the water level in the bowls.
25．What's the main idea of the passage
A．Something about sundials. B．How to tell the time by looking at the sun.
C．How to tell the time in the past. D．Some inventions in China.
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