人教版（2019）选择性必修第二册 学案Unit1Science and Scientists Using Language 知识点解析（有答案解析）
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Unit 1 Science and scientists
1.3 Using Language & Assessing Your Progress
Important Words And Phrases
pour vt.倒出；倾泻；斟(饮料)
(教材P7) A non Newtonian fluid is strange because you can pour it like a liquid，but if you put any pressure on it，it suddenly becomes hard as concrete.
非牛顿流体很奇怪，因为你可以把它像液体一样倒出来，但如果你对它施加压力，它会突然变得像混凝土一样硬。
[例1] After the meeting the people poured out in crowds.
散会后人们成群地涌出来。
[例2] People poured into the hall.
人们涌进大厅。
[知识拓展]
pour in 涌进
pour into 涌进……
pour out 倒出；涌出；倾诉
pour out of... 从……中涌出来
pour down (雨)倾盆而降
break out(战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始；爆发
(教材P7) However，after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932，Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country.
然而，在1932年“淞沪会战”爆发后，钱学森决定转学航空专业，因为他意识到中国需要强大的空军来保护和保卫国家。
[例1] Something unexpected always breaks out in this area.
在这一地区总有意想不到的事情发生。
[例2] The Second World War broke out in September 1939.
第二次世界大战爆发于1939年9月。
[知识拓展]
break in 强行进入；打断
break through 突破；冲破
break up 破碎；解散；分手
break off 断开；中断；停顿
break away from 逃脱；脱离
break into 强行闯入；突然开始
break down 出故障；垮掉
in charge of主管；掌管
(教材P8) He received a hero's welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing China's rocket science but also its space and missile programme.
他受到了来自祖国的英雄般的欢迎，不仅负责发展中国的火箭科学，还负责中国的太空和导弹计划。
[例1] I'll be in charge of the whole factory next week when the director is away.
下周厂长不在时，我将负责整个工厂。
[例2] The cook is in charge of the kitchen helper.
这位厨师负责管理帮厨工。
[知识拓展]
take charge of 掌管/负责……
in charge of 控制/管理……
free of charge 免费
in sb.'s charge＝in the charge of sb.
由……主管(含被动意义)
fault n. 弱点；过错
(教材P9) Above all，Hawking was willing to admit his faults.
最重要的是，霍金愿意承认自己的错误。
[例1] It was all my fault.这都是我的错。
[例2] There is a fault in this machine.
这台机器出了故障。
[知识拓展]
find fault with sb. 挑剔某人；对某人吹毛求疵find fault in
看出……的缺点；找出……的毛病
Important Sentence Pattern
“否定词＋比较级”表示最高级
(教材P7) Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact on China's aerospace science than Qian Xuesen.
也许再没有哪一位科学家比钱学森对中国航天科学的影响更大了。
句式分析：句中no...greater...than为“否定词＋形容词/副词比较级＋than”结构，表示最高级。
[例1] Unfortunately，the technology of climate change is no simpler than anything else.
不走运的是，改变气候的科技比任何事情都要复杂。
[例2] What a wonderful novel！I have never read a more moving one.
多么好的一本小说啊！我从未读过比这更感人的了。
[知识拓展]
表示最高级意义的其他常见结构：
never＋比较级
nothing/no＋so＋原级＋as...
nothing/no＋比较级＋than...
比较级＋than＋
应用文写作：表达个人观点
表达个人观点类文章大多数是议论文，有时是夹叙夹议类文章。写好该类作文要注意以下要点：
1.观点鲜明，文章一定要有一个明确的中心论点。
2.层次分明，一个中心论点通常有几个分论点支持，层次要分明，过渡要自然。
3.最后一段一般要总结全文，得出一个符合逻辑的结论，突出中心思想。
4.通常采用一般现在时。
5.语言简洁有力，一般不采用口语。
[基本框架]
1.开头——开门见山，说明主题，并表明个人观点。
2.主体——从不同的角度给出详细的论据支持。
3.结尾——得出结论或重新强调自己的观点。
[常用词块]
1.attach great importance to高度重视
2.play a vital part in在……中起重要作用
3.make outstanding contributions to对……做出杰出贡献
4.serve the society服务社会
5.from my point of view依我之见
6.a wise choice一个明智的选择
7.support the opinion支持这个观点
8.oppose the opinion反对这个观点
9.the following three reasons以下三个原因
10.become more and more popular变得越来越受欢迎
[常用语句]
1.They hold the belief that the historical plays are attractive and easy to understand.
他们认为这些历史剧有吸引力，容易理解。
2.As far as I am concerned，I like reading books，because books tell me the truth and encourage us to use our imagination.
就我而言，我喜欢读书，因为书告诉我真相，鼓励我们使用我们的想象力。
3.However，every coin has two sides.
然而，任何事物都有两面性。
4.After all，not everyone dares to face reality bravely.
毕竟，不是每个人都敢勇敢地面对现实。
5.Some students support the opinion.Other students oppose the opinion.
一些学生支持这个观点。其他学生反对这个观点。
6.There are at least three good points of shopping online.
网上购物至少有三点好处。
7.Such a situation should be changed to give students both pleasure and knowledge.
这种情况应该改变，以便给予学生乐趣和知识。
8.In my opinion，I prefer shopping online，because going shopping is a kind of enjoying life for me and I can also get what I really want.
在我看来，我更喜欢网上购物，因为购物对我来说是享受生活，我也可以得到我真正想要的东西。
[写作举例]
每年，国家科学技术奖励大会都会在北京人民大会堂隆重举行，届时党和国家领导人会为获奖的科学家颁奖。请你围绕以下要点谈谈你的个人看法。
1.党和政府为什么如此重视科技事业的发展；
2.作为一名高中生，你应该如何去做。
注意：1.词数80左右；
2.短文要求包含所有要点，但不要逐条翻译；
3.可以适当增加细节以使行文连贯；
4.开头已为你写好，但不计入总词数。
Every year，the National Science Technology Award Ceremony is held in the Great Hall of the People.
[参考范文]
Every year，the National Science Technology Award Ceremony is held in the Great Hall of the People.At that time，the top leaders of our country award medals to scientists who achieve those goals.
It's clear that the government attaches great importance to science and technology.There's no doubt that science and technology play a vital part in a country's development.Those who receive the awards deserve them because，through years of hard work，they have made outstanding contributions to our country.China needs more scientists and inventors like them.
As a senior school student，I'll try my best to learn all my subjects well so as to serve the society as well as our country.
I.写出下列句子中加粗的词的词性与含义
1.suspect vt.& vi.怀疑；疑有；不信任 n.犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象 adj.可疑的；不可信的
①I suspect (that) you once thought otherwise.
②Two suspects are now being interrogated in connection with the killing.
③His reason for being absent is suspect.
2.blame vt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n.责备；指责
①He bears the blame of his brother.
②You can hardly blame Peter for being angry with her.
③Whenever something goes wrong，everyone blames it on me.
3.handle n.把手；拉手；柄 vt.处理；搬动；操纵(车辆、动物、工具等)
①You have to turn the handle and then pull it towards you.
②A label on the crate read：“Handle with care”.
③Garden tools can be dangerous if carelessly handled.
4.link n.联系；纽带 vt.把……连接起来；相关联
①The road links all the new towns.
②Scientists have established possible links between cancer and diet.
③The two countries have successfully solved the boundary issue，which now has become a link of friendship between the two peoples.
5.decrease n.减少；降低；减少量 vt. & vi.(使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低
①The population began to decrease.
②They decreased the size of the group from 25 to 15.
③There has been some decrease in imports.
答案：
1.①vt.怀疑 ②n.犯罪嫌疑人 ③adj.可疑的
2.①n.责备；指责 ②vt.责怪；指责 ③vt.把……归咎于
3.①n. 把手；拉手 ②vt.处理；搬动 ③vt.操纵；使用
4.①vt.把……连接起来 ②n.联系 ③n.纽带
5.①vi.减少；减小；降低 ②vt.减少；减小；降低 ③n.减少；降低
II.单句填空
1.Give the bottle a couple of shakes before (pour) the juice.
2.We are determined (defend) our motherland at all costs.
3.Klan called his (assist)，Hasher，to take over his duties while he went out.
4.Early (astronomer) thought that our planet was the centre of the universe.
5.He stopped， (shift) his cane to his left hand.
6.He came with illness last night and is still under emergency treatment.
7.Someone must be put charge of writing down all the ideas.
8.Fires broke everywhere，the entire city went up in flames.
9.The characters in the book are (vivid) presented.
10.I was disappointed whenever the cook found fault me.
答案：1.pouring 2. to defend 3.assistant 4.astronomers 5.shifting 6.down 7.in 8. out 9.vividly 10.with
一、阅读理解
1
What makes a person a scientist Does he have ways or tools of learning that are different from those of others The answer is “no”. It is not the tools a scientist uses but how he uses these tools that makes him a scientist. You will probably agree that knowing how to use a power is important to a carpenter. You will probably agree, too, that knowing how to investigate(调查),how to discover information, is important to everyone. The scientist, however, goes one step further, he must be sure that he has a reasonable answer to his questions and that his answer can be confirmed by other persons. He also works to fit the answers he gets to many questions into a large set of ideas about how the world works.
The scientist’s knowledge must be exact. There is no room for half right or right just half the time. He must be as nearly right as the conditions permit. What works under one set of conditions at one time must work under the same conditions at other times. If the conditions are different, any changes the scientist observes in a demonstration must be explained by the changes in the conditions. This is one reason that investigations are important in science. Albert Einstein, who developed the theory of relativity, arrived at this theory through mathematics. The accuracy of his mathematics was later tested through investigations, Einstein’s ideas were shown to be correct. A scientist uses many tools for measurements. Then the measurements are used to make mathematical calculations that may test his investigations.
1. What makes a scientist according to the passage
A. The tools he uses. B. His ways of learning.
C. The way he uses his tools. D. The various tools he use
2. “The scientist, however, goes one step further,” the author says this to show________.
A. the importance of information
B. the importance of thinking
C. the difference between scientists and ordinary people
D. the difference between carpenters and people with other jobs.
3. A sound scientific theory should be one that________ .
A. does not only work under one set of conditions at one time, but also works under the same conditions at other times
B. leaves no room for improvement
C. does not allow any change even under different conditions
D. can be used for many purposes
4. What is the main idea of the passage
A. Scientists are different from ordinary people.
B. The theory of relativity.
C. Exactness is the core（核心）of science.
D. Exactness and way of using tools are the keys to the making of a scientist.
【答案】
1. C
2. C
3. A
4. D
【解析】
1.细节理解题。由第-段It isn't the tools a scientist uses but how he uses these tools which makes him a scientist可知,答案选C项。
2.推理判断题。第-段第六句强调知道怎样去调查,去获取信息，即一种思考的过程，暗示思维的重要性。
3. 细节理解题。由第二段第四句可知-一个正确的科学理论应该是经得起推敲的。
4.主旨大意题。文章第- -段主要讲述合理利用工具的重要性,第二二段主要说明准确的重要性。故选D项。
2
The first science project I ever did was in fifth grade with my partner, Delaney. We looked online together for ideas and came up with an experiment to slide glass balls down a slope covered with different-textured materials. Our project was torn to pieces by our teacher. Our procedure wasn’t thorough. She told us we should consider waiting another year to enter the science fair. I felt so discouraged.
That night, I folded up our poster and started thinking about all of the things I could do differently the next year. I wanted to find a topic I cared about, one that interested me. As a beginner of the piano, I was curious about how the piano I practiced on for five hours every week could make the sounds that it did. I learned about something called “sympathetic resonance,” a phenomenon that allows string to vibrate (振动) together when played. I built my next project around this and ended up getting first place at the science fair the following year.
Today, I am 22 years old, a climate scientist. In the decade since I did my very first science project, I have wondered a lot about what it takes to be a good scientist. To me, what makes a truly good scientist is what makes a good person.
A good scientist has patience — patience for others, patience for herself or himself, and patience when things go wrong. A few years ago, I had the opportunity to work on a NASA asteroid-sample retrieval mission called OSIRIS-Rex. The spacecraft launched in September 2016, headed to the asteroid Bennu. Late last year, finally, it reached its destination. In four years, OSIRIS-Rex will bring a piece of the asteroid back to earth so that scientists can learn more about it. Scientific discoveries do not take place overnight, and many are small and gradual. Missions like the one I worked on often take years to complete. Success almost never comes quickly or easily.
A good scientist is open-minded. It can be easy to ignore people you disagree with or to assume the worst about them. But we should be open to ideas that are not what we expected when we set out. We should take the time to consider other people’s opinions, even when they conflict with our own. There is so much we don’t know, but we do know some things. We live in a world where knowledge and uncertainty can and do coexist. As scientists, we should have both confidence in ourselves and humility as we move through our lives.
Of course, good scientists are driven by curiosity. But curiosity does not have to be limited to science. When we are curious about other people, we can become more considerate. When we are curious about other perspectives, we can become more understanding. After all, it costs nothing to be kind to someone — at school, at the grocery store, with your friends, with your family. A kind gesture can make someone’s day, even save someone’s life. You never know what people are going through unless you take the time to find out. Curiosity is not and never will be something to be ashamed of. Curiosity is our superpower. But it’s also what makes us human. All we have to do is ask.
5. What are the first two paragraphs mainly about
A. The daily life of a scientist.
B. The procedures of choosing a project.
C. The personal experience of a scientist.
D. The achievements a scientist ever made.
6. What does the underlined word “humility” in Paragraph 5 probably mean
A. Being modest. B. Being cautious.
C. Being sceptical. D. Being ambitious.
7. What can we learn from the passage
A. Curiosity kills the cat.
B. Practice makes perfect.
C. When one door shuts, another opens.
D. Nothing is impossible for a willing heart.
8. What is the main purpose of the passage
A. To evaluate the effect of a science project.
B. To analyze the personalities of a scientist.
C. To explain the consequence of an experiment.
D. To compare some approaches to be a scientist.
【答案】
5. C
6. A
7. D
8. B
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了成为优秀科学家所应该具有的个性。
5. 主旨大意题。根据前两段中的“The first science project I ever did was in fifth grade with my partner, Delaney…”和“That night, I folded up our poster and started thinking about all of the things I could do differently the next year…”可知，这两段主要讲述的是作者曾经与搭档Delane做过的第一个科学项目，最终没有通过老师的审核。他们需要再等一年才能参加科学博览会。为此作者开始考虑明年可以做不同的事情并建立了下一个项目，于次年在科学博览会上获得第一名。因此前两段主要讲的是科学家成长过程中的个人经历。故选C。
6. 词义猜测题。根据第五段中的“But we should be open to ideas that are not what we expected when we set out. We should take the time to consider other people’s opinions, even when they conflict with our own. There is so much we don’t know, but we do know some things. We live in a world where knowledge and uncertainty can and do coexist.”可知，我们应该对那些我们开始时没有预料到的想法持开放态度。即使别人的意见与我们自己的意见不同，我们也应该花些时间考虑他们的意见。有很多我们不知道的东西，但是我们确实知道一些事情。我们生活在一个知识与不确定性共存的世界中。鉴于以上原因，下一句是得出的结论：As scientists, we should have both confidence in ourselves and humility as we move through our lives.应理解为：作为科学家，我们在生活中应该对自己充满信心，因为我们对世界有一定的了解，但因为我们也有自己的局限性，不能掌控一切。因此在保持自信心的同时，我们也要虚心地听取别人的看法。因此划线词humility意为“谦虚”。故选A。
7. 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Scientific discoveries do not take place overnight, and many are small and gradual. Missions like the one I worked on often take years to complete. Success almost never comes quickly or easily.”可知，科学发现不是一朝一夕就发生的，而且许多发现是微小和渐进的。像我致力所做的任务通常需要数年才能完成。成功几乎不会很快或轻松地到来。即坚持一个想法，在不断的努力下才能取得成功。A. Curiosity kills the cat.好奇害死猫；B. Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧；C. When one door shuts, another opens.天无绝人之路；D. Nothing is impossible for a willing heart.心之所愿，无事不成。因此D项符合文章内容。故选D。
8. 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“A good scientist has patience.”可知，一位优秀的科学家具有耐心。根据第五段中的“A good scientist is open-minded.”可知，一个好的科学家思想开阔。根据最后一段中的“Of course, good scientists are driven by curiosity.”可知，好的科学家是由好奇心驱使的。因此文章主要讲述的是成为优秀科学家所应该具有的个性。故选B。
二、七选五
Reasons why cellphone signals suddenly go bad
Heavy cellular traffic
Just take a look at those people around you. See if they are doing the same thing as you are: texting or talking on their phones. 9. Once your phone has linked to a tower, you are unlikely to lose your connection, but the more phone traffic there is, the weaker your signal can become.
Building material
The building material of your house, car or workplace is usually the main reason for weaker signals. 10. If you routinely notice service fading in and out as you walk around your home, or if your signal improves when you stand near a window or door, it’s likely that your signal is being blocked by the construction material.
Blocking your own antenna
11. Sure, they were as big as shoe boxes, but they also had antennas on the outside. Today’s phones have antennas fixed inside the phone. If you’re not careful how you re holding the phone, you can block the antenna, and lose your signal.
Hills and valleys
12. If you live on one side of a mountain, and the only cellphone tower in your area is on the other, you are not likely to get good reception.
Low battery
If you’ve been putting off charging your phone battery, you may find yourself with a weak signal when you need it most. 13. Therefore, it may struggle when its battery is low.
A. Avoid talking for a long time on your phone.
B. Geographic features are a common reason for weak signals.
C. Close your eyes and picture the early days of mobile phones.
D. Metal and colored, low-e glass are the two materials most responsible.
E.Your phone needs energy to maintain a connection with a cellphone tower.
F.If so, all those signals are fighting for space on the nearest cellphone tower.
G.Tall trees around your home seldom cause a drop in your cellular reception.
【答案】
9. F
10. G
11. C
12. B
13. E
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了五个导致手机信号突然变差的原因。
9.
根据上文“Just take a look at those people around you. See if they are doing the same thing as you are: texting or talking on their phones.(看看你周围的人吧。看看他们是否在做和你一样的事情：发短信或打电话)”以及后文“Once your phone has linked to a tower, you are unlikely to lose your connection, but the more phone traffic there is, the weaker your signal can become.(一旦你的手机连接到发射塔上，你就不太可能失去连接，但是电话流量越多，信号就会变得越弱)”可知，上文提到注意身边的人是否都在发短信或打电话，后文则提到了，打电话的人越多，信号越弱，可知本句承接上文说明：身边正在使用电话的人越多，他们会争夺手机发射塔的空间，故F选项“如果是这样，那么所有这些信号都在争夺最近的手机发射塔的空间”符合语境，故选F。
10.
根据上文“The building material of your house, car or workplace is usually the main reason for weaker signals. (你的房子、汽车或工作场所的建筑材料通常是信号减弱的主要原因)”以及后文“If you routinely notice service fading in and out as you walk around your home, or if your signal improves when you stand near a window or door, it’s likely that your signal is being blocked by the construction material.(如果你在家里走动时经常注意到信号的衰减，或者当你站在窗户或门附近时信号有所改善，那很可能是建筑材料挡住了信号)”可知，本段主要说明的是导致手机信号下降的事物，上文提到了会导致信号减弱的东西，后文提到了在家里，故本句应当也是在说明家里并不会导致信号下降的东西，且G选项中around your home与上文中around your home形成对应。故G选项“你家周围的大树很少会导致你的手机信号下降”符合语境，故选G。
11.
根据后文“Sure, they were as big as shoe boxes, but they also had antennas on the outside. Today’s phones have antennas fixed inside the phone.(当然，它们和鞋盒一样大，但在外面也有天线。如今的手机内置有天线)”可知，结合后文提到的和鞋盒一样大，外面有天线，可推知是早期移动电话的特征，且后文they指代C选项中the early days of mobile phones。故C选项“闭上你的眼睛，想象一下早期的移动电话”符合语境，故选C。
12.
根据后文“If you live on one side of a mountain, and the only cellphone tower in your area is on the other, you are not likely to get good reception.(如果你住在山的一边，而你所在地区唯一的手机发射塔在山的另一边，那么你将不太可能收到很好的信号)”可知，本段说明的导致手机信号弱的原因是地理因素，故B选项“地理特征是信号弱的常见原因”符合语境，故选B。
13.
根据上文“If you’ve been putting off charging your phone battery, you may find yourself with a weak signal when you need it most.(如果你一直推迟给手机电池充电，你可能会发现在你最需要的时候信号很弱)”以及后文“Therefore, it may struggle when its battery is low.(因此，当电池电量不足时，想收到好信号可能会很困难)”可知，本段主要说明的是手机电量不足，导致的信号弱，上文提到的给手机充电，即给手机补充能源。故E选项“你的手机需要能源来维持与手机发射塔的连接”符合语境，故选E。
三、完形填空
Benjamin Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America. He was a leading author and printer, political theorist, politician, scientist, 14 ,civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a major 15 in the Enlightenment(启蒙运动)and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories 16 electricity. He invented the lightning rod, bifocals, the Franklin stove, a carriage odometer, and the glass “armonica”.
He formed both the first public lending library in America and the first fire department in Pennsylvania. As a political writer and activist, he 17 the idea of an American nation. As a diplomat during the American Revolution he secured the French alliance(联盟)that helped to make 18 of the United States possible.
Franklin laid a foundation for the American 19 and character, such as thrift, hard work, and community spirit. In the words of Henry Steele Commager, ''In Franklin could be merged the virtues of Puritanism without its defects, the illumination of the Enlightenment without its 20 . '' ''To Walter Isaacson, this makes Franklin, ''the most accomplished American of his age and the most influential in 21 the type of society America would become. ''
Franklin became a newspaper editor, printer, and merchant in Philadelphia, becoming very wealthy, writing and publishing Poor Richard's Almanack and the Pennsylvania Gazette. Franklin was interested in science and technology, and gained an international 22 for his famous experiments. He played a major role in establishing the University of Pennsylvania and Franklin & Marshall College and was 23 the first president of the American Philosophical Society.
Franklin became a national hero in America when he made efforts to have Parliament 24 the unpopular Stamp Act. An accomplished diplomat, he was widely admired among the French as American minister to Paris and was a major figure in the development of 25 Franco-American relations. From 1775 to 1776, Franklin was Postmaster General under the Continental Congress and from 1785 to 1788 was President of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania.
His colorful life and legacy of scientific and 26 achievement, and status as one of America's most influential Founding Fathers, have seen Franklin 27 on coinage and money, the names of many towns, counties, educational institutions and companies, and more than two centuries after his 28 , countless cultural references.
14. A. dreamer B. inventor C. architect D. librarian
15. A. feature B. father C. sponsor D. figure
16. A. regarding B. despite C. relating D. regardless
17. A. abandoned B. rescued C. supported D. adapted
18. A. curiosity B. property C. independence D. attempt
19. A. theories B. humor C. masks. D. values
20. A. heat B. force C. shadow D. weight
21. A. capturing B. inventing C. applauding D. discovering
22. A. guidance B. frame C. reputation D. origin
23. A. selected B. lifted C. 1ed D. elected
24. A. spread B. cancel C. present D. kidnap
25. A. positive B. negative C. universal D. complex
26. A. cultural B. agricultural C. political D. economic
27. A. honored B. restored C. released D. burst
28. A. diploma B. charm C. anniversary D. death.
【答案】
14. B
15. D
16. A
17. C
18. C
19. D
20. A
21. B
22. C
23. D
24. B
25. A
26. C
27. A
28. D
【分析】
这是一篇人物传记。文章主要介绍了美国奠基国父之一——本杰明.富兰克林的事迹。
14. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：他是一位著名的作家、印刷商、政治理论家、政治家、科学家、发明家、公民活动家、政治家和外交家。A. dreamer梦想家；B. inventor发明家；C. architect建筑师；D. librarian图书管理员。根据下文的He invented the lightning rod, bifocals, the Franklin stove, a carriage odometer, and the glass ''armonica''.可知此处用“发明家”符合语境，故选B项。
15. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：作为一个科学家，他是启蒙运动的重要人物，也是物理发明和有关电理论的历史人物。A. feature 特点；B. father父亲；C. sponsor赞助商；D. figure重要人物。结合句意可知，此处是指富兰克林是启蒙运动的重要人物，故选D项。
16. 考查介词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. regarding关于；B. despite尽管；C. relating有关；D. regardless不管。结合句意可知，theories regarding electricity和电有关的理论，所以用介词regarding。故选A项。
17. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：作为一个政治作家和活动家，他支持建立美国的想法。A. abandoned放弃；B. rescued营救；C. supported支持；D. adapted适应。根据上文的Benjamin Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America.可知此处用“支持”符合语境，故选C项。
18. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：作为一个外交官在美国革命期间他获得了法国联盟的支持，使得美国的独立成为可能。A. curiosity好奇心；B. property财产；C. independence独立；D. attempt尝试。结合常识可知经过富兰克林一年多的努力，终于在1783年迫使英国签订了美英合约，正式承认美国独立，故选C项。
19. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：富兰克林为美国的价值观和特点奠定了基础，例如节俭、努力、集体精神等。A. theories理论；B. humor幽默；C. masks面具；D. values价值（观）。根据下文的thrift, hard work, and community spirit.可知此处用“价值观”符合语境，故选D项。
20. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：富兰克林可以融合清教主义的优点而不带缺点，受启蒙运动的启迪而不带激情。A. heat激情，；B. force武力；C. shadow阴影；D. weight重量。结合句意可知，此处是指富兰克林受到了启蒙运动的启迪但没有受其过多影响，也就是对它没有表现出过的的激情。故选A项。
21. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：对Walter Isaacson来说，这让富兰克林成为了他那个时代最有成就的美国人，对于美国社会的形态的影响也最大。A. capturing抓住；B. inventing创造；C. applauding鼓掌；D. discovering发现。根据上文的Franklin laid a foundation for the American values and character, such as thrift, hard work, and community spirit可知此处用“对于美国社会的形态的影响也最大”符合语境，故选B项。
22. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：富兰克林对科学技术很感兴趣，并以他闻名的实验而享有声誉。A. guidance指导；B. frame框架；C. reputation声誉；D. origin起源。根据下文的for his famous experiments.可知此处用“声誉”符合语境，reputation和famous是同义词复现，故选C项。
23. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：他在建立宾夕法尼亚大学和富兰克林与马歇尔学院的过程中发挥了重要作用，并被选为美国哲学学会的首任会长。A. selected选择；B. lifted举起；C. 1ed带领；D. elected选举。因为富兰克林发挥了重要作用，所以被选为首任会长，故选D项。
24. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：当富兰克林努力使国会取消不受欢迎的印花税法按时，他成为了美国的名族英雄。A. spread散播；B. cancel取消；C. present呈献；D. kidnap绑架。结合常识，富兰克林于1766年到众议院论述废除印花税，故选B项。
25. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：作为一名颇有成就的外交官，他在担任美国驻巴黎公使期间受到法国人的广泛赞赏，并且是发展法、美两国积极关系的重要人物。A. positive积极的；B. negative消极的；C. universal宇宙的；D. complex复杂的。根据前文的he was widely admired among the French可知此处用“法、美两国家积极关系”符合语境，故选A项。
26. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他丰富多彩的人生，传奇的政治和科学成就，以及作为美国最有影响力的开国元勋之一的地位，使富兰克林获得了铸币和货币的荣誉，许多城镇、县、教育机构和公司的都以他的名字来命名，在他逝世后的两个多世纪里有无数关于他的文化参考。A. cultural文化的；B. agricultural农业的；C. political政治的；D. economic经济的。根据上文的He was a leading author and printer, political theorist, politician, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat.可知此处用“政治的成就”符合语境，故选C项。
27. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. honored给与荣誉；B. restored储存；C. released释放；D. burst爆炸。结合句意可知，把富兰克林的头像印在硬币和纸币上或者用他的名字来给城市、公司等命名是给与他的荣誉，对他的尊敬，故选A项。
28. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. diploma外交；B. charm魅力；C. anniversary周年庆；D. death.死亡。结合句意可知，此处是指在他去世之后两百多年力依然受到人们的爱戴，在很多文学作品力都会提到他，故选D项。
四、语法填空
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
A new study looked at conversations between parents and their kids when they explored a city park as well as an indoor education center. They found that talking outdoors was much more enthusiastic29. talking inside.
Researchers from the University of Manchester recorded conversations between parents and30. (they) 3-and 4-year-old children. They focused on children of that age because they 31. (usual) have a lot to say, but often it can be challenging32. (hold) a conversation with them, researchers said. But being outside seemed to help.
“Our research shows that33. (nature) environments can better improve social communication, 34. raises the quality of parent-child conversations,” the study author Thea Cameron Faulkner said in a statement.The study35. (publish) in the journal of Knviron-mental Psychology.
Researchers said that there was obvious improvement in conversations held outside, but they didn’t know why the communication flowed better. One explanation, they said, is that being outside in nature 36. (ease) pressure for both children and adults37. creates a better atmosphere for easier conversations. Another explanation is that talking outside may get greater levels of attention between38. (person).
【答案】
29. than
30. their
31. usually
32. to hold
33. natural
34. which
35. was published
36. eases
37. and
38. persons
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。研究发现，父母与孩子在户外交流时，交流会更加的畅通。
29.
考查介词。句意：他们发现在户外交谈比在室内交谈更有激情。根据上文中的“much more enthusiastic”可知此处表示进行比较，空后是动名词短语talking inside,故空处应填介词than。故答案为than。
30.
考查代词。句意：曼彻斯特大学的研究人员录下了父母和他们3岁和4岁孩子之间的对话。设空处后为名词children（孩子们）为名词，故设空处应用形容词性物主代词修饰名词。故答案为their。
31.
考查副词。句意：研究人员说，他们关注这个年龄段的孩子，因为他们通常有很多话要说，但通常和他们交谈是很有挑战性的。设空处后为动词，故设空处应用副词作状语。故答案为usually。
32.
考查非谓语动词。句意：研究人员说，他们关注这个年龄段的孩子，因为他们通常有很多话要说，但通常和他们交谈是很有挑战性的。 固定结构：It +is +adj+to do sth“做…是怎么样的”，其中it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式，故设空处应为to do形式。故答案为to hold。
33.
考查形容词。句意：该研究报告的撰写者西娅·卡梅伦·福克纳在一份声明中说：“我们的研究表明，自然环境能更好地改善社会交流，从而提高父母和孩子的对话质量。”设空处后为名词，故设空处应用形容词修饰名词。故答案为natural。
34.
考查非限制性定语从句的引导词。句意见上题解析。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，且在句中做指物的主语，先行词为communication（交流），应用关系代词which（that不能引导非限）。故答案为which。
35.
考查谓语动词的时态和语态。句意：这项研究发表在《Knviron-mental Psychology》杂志上。设空处在句中做谓语，和句子的主语之间是被动关系。叙述的是过去的事情，应用一般过去时，主语the study是单数，be动词用was。故答案为was published。
36.
考查谓语动词的时态。句意：他们说，一种解释是，身处大自然中可以减轻孩子和成年人的压力，并创造一个更容易交谈的氛围。句子的主语为being outside in nature（置身大自然），设空处在句中作谓语；根据主句的谓语is，可知时态为一般现在时。动名词短语作主语，谓语动词应用单数形式。故答案为eases。
37.
考查连词。句意见上题解析。设空处后的creates (创造)和上句中的eases（减轻）并列作谓语，故应用表示并列的连接词。故答案为and。
38.
考查名词的数。句意：另一种解释是，在外面交谈可能会引起人们更多的注意。设空处前为介词，设空处应用名词，设空处所给词为可数名词，且前无冠词，故应用复数形式表泛指。故答案为persons。
五、书面表达
请根据以下提示写一篇100词左右短文，简要介绍一下对遇到心脏病(heart attacks)等疾病突发(seizure)病人应该采取什么样的措施。题目：First Aid for Seizures
急救过程中的注意事项：
1. 把附近的危险物体移开以免受到伤害；不要移动病人，除非他们处于危险中。
2. 把病人的头部用垫子(cushion) 垫起来，等病发结束后帮助病人呼吸。
3. 在病人没有完全恢复之前不要给他任何吃的或喝的；等病人完全恢复后再离开。
4. 如果病情发作持续5分钟以上，打电话叫救护车。
【答案】
First Aid for Seizures
In our daily life, we sometimes come across a number of cases where people suffer from heart attacks or they fall ill suddenly. So there is no doubt that we should know some knowledge of first aid. The following are some tips we can follow to help these people on urgent occasions.
Firstly, remove nearby objects to prevent the person from being further hurt. Don’t try to move the person unless he is in danger. Secondly, support his head with a cushion and aid him in breathing once the seizure stops. Thirdly, don’t leave the person alone until he is fully recovered. Then you can give him something to eat or drink if necessary. Bear in mind that if the seizure continues for more than five minutes, call an ambulance immediately.
I really hope the tips above will make a difference to you.
【分析】
本篇书面表达属于说明文，要求考生介绍一下对遇到心脏病(heart attacks)等疾病突发(seizure)病人应该采取什么样的措施。
【详解】
第一步：审题
体裁：说明文
时态：根据提示，时态主要为一般现在时和一般将来时。
结构：总分法
总分法指把主题句作为总说，把支持句作为分说，并以这种方式安排所写内容。
要求：1. 把附近的危险物体移开以免受到伤害；不要移动病人，除非他们处于危险中。
2. 把病人的头部用垫子(cushion) 垫起来，等病发结束后帮助病人呼吸。
3. 在病人没有完全恢复之前不要给他任何吃的或喝的；等病人完全恢复后再离开。
4. 如果病情发作持续5分钟以上，打电话叫救护车。
第二步:列提纲 （重点词组）
come across; a number of; suffer from; prevent from; leave alone; make a difference
第三步：连词成句
1.In our daily life, we sometimes come across a number of cases where people suffer from heart attacks or they fall ill suddenly
2. The following are some tips we can follow to help these people on urgent occasions.
3. Firstly, remove nearby objects to prevent the person from being further hurt.
4.Secondly, support his head with a cushion and aid him in breathing once the seizure stops.
5.Thirdly, don’t leave the person alone until he is fully recovered.
6.Bear in mind that if the seizure continues for more than five minutes, call an ambulance immediately.
7.I really hope the tips above will make a difference to you.
根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第四步：连句成篇（衔接词）
1.表文章结构顺序：Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly
2.表因果关系：So
连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰。
【点睛】
[高分句型1]So there is no doubt that we should know some knowledge of first aid.（由连接词that引导的同位语从句）
[高分句型2]Don’t leave the person alone until he is fully recovered.（由until引导的时间状语从句）
[高分句型3]I really hope the tips above will make a difference to you.（由that引导的宾语从句）
六、读后续写
阅读下面短文，根据所给情节进行续写，使之构成一个完整的故事。
Amanda felt as gray as the sky outside when she looked across the table at her three-year-old sister. Li sat on a booster scat, drinking from her sippy (有吸嘴的)cup. Wondering why Li was still afraid of her, Amanda took a cookie off her plate and held it out to Li, "Want a bite ”
As soon as Li saw Amanda reaching over, her eyes widened. She jumped down from her seat and raced to her room. What an annoyance! Amanda complained to Mom that she had thought being a big sister would be fun. Mom took Amanda's hand reminding her that Li was in a new country with a new family and how scared she might be.
“Honey, she is still getting used to you，' Mom added. "It's only been two weeks."
Over a year ago, Amanda's parents said that they were adopting a daughter from China, and Amanda had danced with excitement. She'd dreamed of taking her sister to the park, reading books to her, and teaching her to ride a bicycle. That hadn't happened, though. In the weeks since their trip to China, Li had only let their mom and dad near her. Amanda had drawn pictures for her, read to her, and made funny faces, but none had worked. Whenever she got close, Li ran away.
“I just wish I knew how to help her,“ Amanda said to herself, thinking of Li's frightened eyes. As she sat onto the couch, she turned on the TV and began to watch a cartoon about a dog and a cat. After a few seconds, Amanda realized that the cartoon was in another language. The show looked funny, but she didn't understand any of it. She frowned, turning off the TV. It reminded her of when they were in China. She had got frustrated when people talked in Mandarin, the language spoken in Li's province.
注意:
1.所续写短文的词数应为150左右；
3,续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已为你写好；
Paragraph 1:
“That's it," Amanda sped to her room
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Paragraph 2:
Mom came to the door and found them sitting side by side.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】
Paragraph 1:
“That’s it,” Amanda sped to her room. There on the bookshelf stood a book titled Chinese Nursery Rhymes with a CD inside. Sheer excitement in her heart, Amanda grabbed it and raced to Li’s room. “Ni hao,” she whispered. Li was playing with a Barbie doll and didn’t scream. Amanda approached the CD player and slid the CD in. “Yi, er, san, si, wu,” sweet voices of children filled the room. Amanda glanced over; in sight Li was smiling and clapping her hands. [76 words]
Paragraph 2:
Mom came to the door and found them sitting side by side. They were listening and reading the book together. “Wow!” Mom exclaimed with delight. Amanda turned around, explaining that she thought the book bought last year to help her learn Mandarin might work. Mom gave her a thumbs-up and asked what was being played. Smiling wide, Amanda said that was one about families. “Jie jie,” Li said, pointing at Amanda. “That means big sister,” Amanda beamed, feeling her throat tighten, “And you’re my mei mei.” [74 words]
【分析】
本文以倒叙的方式展开写作，先是讲了Amanda一直无法取得妹妹Li的信任，而且情况非常夸张，设置悬念；紧接着揭开谜团，妹妹Li是父母在中国收养的孩子，来到一个全新环境中；最后因电视中正在播放中文动画片这一机缘巧合，使得Amanda逐渐发现了不信任的产生源于语言沟通的障碍。
【详解】
1.段落续写：
①由第一段首句内容“That’s it”的提示作用可知，Amanda找到了问题的根源，紧接着她走向了房间。这一段的续写可记录Amanda找到汉语学习资料，入门并运用，接着打破两人隔阂的过程。
②由第二段首句内容“妈妈来到房间门口，发现她们肩并肩坐在一起”可知，此时隔阂已被打破，第二段可描写妈妈的反应，以及姐妹互动的过程。
2.续写线索：奇怪的隔阂——失望与困惑——找到原因——学习汉语，打破隔阂——母亲欣喜——姐妹进一步互动
3.词汇激活
动作行为类：grab, race, whisper, glance, beam
情绪类：excitement, delight, feeling her throat tighten
【点睛】
[高分句型1]. Sheer excitement in her heart, Amanda grabbed it and raced to Li’s room. “Ni hao,” she whispered. Li was playing with a Barbie doll and didn’t scream.（系列动词使用得当、精彩）
[高分句型2]. Amanda turned around, explaining that she thought the book bought last year to help her learn Mandarin might work.（非谓语动词做状语与后置定语的使用）
1.3 Using Language & Assessing Your Progress
Important Words And Phrases
pour vt.倒出；倾泻；斟(饮料)
(教材P7) A non Newtonian fluid is strange because you can pour it like a liquid，but if you put any pressure on it，it suddenly becomes hard as concrete.
非牛顿流体很奇怪，因为你可以把它像液体一样倒出来，但如果你对它施加压力，它会突然变得像混凝土一样硬。
[例1] After the meeting the people poured out in crowds.
散会后人们成群地涌出来。
[例2] People poured into the hall.
人们涌进大厅。
[知识拓展]
pour in 涌进
pour into 涌进……
pour out 倒出；涌出；倾诉
pour out of... 从……中涌出来
pour down (雨)倾盆而降
break out(战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始；爆发
(教材P7) However，after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932，Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country.
然而，在1932年“淞沪会战”爆发后，钱学森决定转学航空专业，因为他意识到中国需要强大的空军来保护和保卫国家。
[例1] Something unexpected always breaks out in this area.
在这一地区总有意想不到的事情发生。
[例2] The Second World War broke out in September 1939.
第二次世界大战爆发于1939年9月。
[知识拓展]
break in 强行进入；打断
break through 突破；冲破
break up 破碎；解散；分手
break off 断开；中断；停顿
break away from 逃脱；脱离
break into 强行闯入；突然开始
break down 出故障；垮掉
in charge of主管；掌管
(教材P8) He received a hero's welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing China's rocket science but also its space and missile programme.
他受到了来自祖国的英雄般的欢迎，不仅负责发展中国的火箭科学，还负责中国的太空和导弹计划。
[例1] I'll be in charge of the whole factory next week when the director is away.
下周厂长不在时，我将负责整个工厂。
[例2] The cook is in charge of the kitchen helper.
这位厨师负责管理帮厨工。
[知识拓展]
take charge of 掌管/负责……
in charge of 控制/管理……
free of charge 免费
in sb.'s charge＝in the charge of sb.
由……主管(含被动意义)
fault n. 弱点；过错
(教材P9) Above all，Hawking was willing to admit his faults.
最重要的是，霍金愿意承认自己的错误。
[例1] It was all my fault.这都是我的错。
[例2] There is a fault in this machine.
这台机器出了故障。
[知识拓展]
find fault with sb. 挑剔某人；对某人吹毛求疵find fault in
看出……的缺点；找出……的毛病
Important Sentence Pattern
“否定词＋比较级”表示最高级
(教材P7) Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact on China's aerospace science than Qian Xuesen.
也许再没有哪一位科学家比钱学森对中国航天科学的影响更大了。
句式分析：句中no...greater...than为“否定词＋形容词/副词比较级＋than”结构，表示最高级。
[例1] Unfortunately，the technology of climate change is no simpler than anything else.
不走运的是，改变气候的科技比任何事情都要复杂。
[例2] What a wonderful novel！I have never read a more moving one.
多么好的一本小说啊！我从未读过比这更感人的了。
[知识拓展]
表示最高级意义的其他常见结构：
never＋比较级
nothing/no＋so＋原级＋as...
nothing/no＋比较级＋than...
比较级＋than＋
应用文写作：表达个人观点
表达个人观点类文章大多数是议论文，有时是夹叙夹议类文章。写好该类作文要注意以下要点：
1.观点鲜明，文章一定要有一个明确的中心论点。
2.层次分明，一个中心论点通常有几个分论点支持，层次要分明，过渡要自然。
3.最后一段一般要总结全文，得出一个符合逻辑的结论，突出中心思想。
4.通常采用一般现在时。
5.语言简洁有力，一般不采用口语。
[基本框架]
1.开头——开门见山，说明主题，并表明个人观点。
2.主体——从不同的角度给出详细的论据支持。
3.结尾——得出结论或重新强调自己的观点。
[常用词块]
1.attach great importance to高度重视
2.play a vital part in在……中起重要作用
3.make outstanding contributions to对……做出杰出贡献
4.serve the society服务社会
5.from my point of view依我之见
6.a wise choice一个明智的选择
7.support the opinion支持这个观点
8.oppose the opinion反对这个观点
9.the following three reasons以下三个原因
10.become more and more popular变得越来越受欢迎
[常用语句]
1.They hold the belief that the historical plays are attractive and easy to understand.
他们认为这些历史剧有吸引力，容易理解。
2.As far as I am concerned，I like reading books，because books tell me the truth and encourage us to use our imagination.
就我而言，我喜欢读书，因为书告诉我真相，鼓励我们使用我们的想象力。
3.However，every coin has two sides.
然而，任何事物都有两面性。
4.After all，not everyone dares to face reality bravely.
毕竟，不是每个人都敢勇敢地面对现实。
5.Some students support the opinion.Other students oppose the opinion.
一些学生支持这个观点。其他学生反对这个观点。
6.There are at least three good points of shopping online.
网上购物至少有三点好处。
7.Such a situation should be changed to give students both pleasure and knowledge.
这种情况应该改变，以便给予学生乐趣和知识。
8.In my opinion，I prefer shopping online，because going shopping is a kind of enjoying life for me and I can also get what I really want.
在我看来，我更喜欢网上购物，因为购物对我来说是享受生活，我也可以得到我真正想要的东西。
[写作举例]
每年，国家科学技术奖励大会都会在北京人民大会堂隆重举行，届时党和国家领导人会为获奖的科学家颁奖。请你围绕以下要点谈谈你的个人看法。
1.党和政府为什么如此重视科技事业的发展；
2.作为一名高中生，你应该如何去做。
注意：1.词数80左右；
2.短文要求包含所有要点，但不要逐条翻译；
3.可以适当增加细节以使行文连贯；
4.开头已为你写好，但不计入总词数。
Every year，the National Science Technology Award Ceremony is held in the Great Hall of the People.
[参考范文]
Every year，the National Science Technology Award Ceremony is held in the Great Hall of the People.At that time，the top leaders of our country award medals to scientists who achieve those goals.
It's clear that the government attaches great importance to science and technology.There's no doubt that science and technology play a vital part in a country's development.Those who receive the awards deserve them because，through years of hard work，they have made outstanding contributions to our country.China needs more scientists and inventors like them.
As a senior school student，I'll try my best to learn all my subjects well so as to serve the society as well as our country.
I.写出下列句子中加粗的词的词性与含义
1.suspect vt.& vi.怀疑；疑有；不信任 n.犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象 adj.可疑的；不可信的
①I suspect (that) you once thought otherwise.
②Two suspects are now being interrogated in connection with the killing.
③His reason for being absent is suspect.
2.blame vt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n.责备；指责
①He bears the blame of his brother.
②You can hardly blame Peter for being angry with her.
③Whenever something goes wrong，everyone blames it on me.
3.handle n.把手；拉手；柄 vt.处理；搬动；操纵(车辆、动物、工具等)
①You have to turn the handle and then pull it towards you.
②A label on the crate read：“Handle with care”.
③Garden tools can be dangerous if carelessly handled.
4.link n.联系；纽带 vt.把……连接起来；相关联
①The road links all the new towns.
②Scientists have established possible links between cancer and diet.
③The two countries have successfully solved the boundary issue，which now has become a link of friendship between the two peoples.
5.decrease n.减少；降低；减少量 vt. & vi.(使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低
①The population began to decrease.
②They decreased the size of the group from 25 to 15.
③There has been some decrease in imports.
答案：
1.①vt.怀疑 ②n.犯罪嫌疑人 ③adj.可疑的
2.①n.责备；指责 ②vt.责怪；指责 ③vt.把……归咎于
3.①n. 把手；拉手 ②vt.处理；搬动 ③vt.操纵；使用
4.①vt.把……连接起来 ②n.联系 ③n.纽带
5.①vi.减少；减小；降低 ②vt.减少；减小；降低 ③n.减少；降低
II.单句填空
1.Give the bottle a couple of shakes before (pour) the juice.
2.We are determined (defend) our motherland at all costs.
3.Klan called his (assist)，Hasher，to take over his duties while he went out.
4.Early (astronomer) thought that our planet was the centre of the universe.
5.He stopped， (shift) his cane to his left hand.
6.He came with illness last night and is still under emergency treatment.
7.Someone must be put charge of writing down all the ideas.
8.Fires broke everywhere，the entire city went up in flames.
9.The characters in the book are (vivid) presented.
10.I was disappointed whenever the cook found fault me.
答案：1.pouring 2. to defend 3.assistant 4.astronomers 5.shifting 6.down 7.in 8. out 9.vividly 10.with
一、阅读理解
1
What makes a person a scientist Does he have ways or tools of learning that are different from those of others The answer is “no”. It is not the tools a scientist uses but how he uses these tools that makes him a scientist. You will probably agree that knowing how to use a power is important to a carpenter. You will probably agree, too, that knowing how to investigate(调查),how to discover information, is important to everyone. The scientist, however, goes one step further, he must be sure that he has a reasonable answer to his questions and that his answer can be confirmed by other persons. He also works to fit the answers he gets to many questions into a large set of ideas about how the world works.
The scientist’s knowledge must be exact. There is no room for half right or right just half the time. He must be as nearly right as the conditions permit. What works under one set of conditions at one time must work under the same conditions at other times. If the conditions are different, any changes the scientist observes in a demonstration must be explained by the changes in the conditions. This is one reason that investigations are important in science. Albert Einstein, who developed the theory of relativity, arrived at this theory through mathematics. The accuracy of his mathematics was later tested through investigations, Einstein’s ideas were shown to be correct. A scientist uses many tools for measurements. Then the measurements are used to make mathematical calculations that may test his investigations.
1. What makes a scientist according to the passage
A. The tools he uses. B. His ways of learning.
C. The way he uses his tools. D. The various tools he use
2. “The scientist, however, goes one step further,” the author says this to show________.
A. the importance of information
B. the importance of thinking
C. the difference between scientists and ordinary people
D. the difference between carpenters and people with other jobs.
3. A sound scientific theory should be one that________ .
A. does not only work under one set of conditions at one time, but also works under the same conditions at other times
B. leaves no room for improvement
C. does not allow any change even under different conditions
D. can be used for many purposes
4. What is the main idea of the passage
A. Scientists are different from ordinary people.
B. The theory of relativity.
C. Exactness is the core（核心）of science.
D. Exactness and way of using tools are the keys to the making of a scientist.
【答案】
1. C
2. C
3. A
4. D
【解析】
1.细节理解题。由第-段It isn't the tools a scientist uses but how he uses these tools which makes him a scientist可知,答案选C项。
2.推理判断题。第-段第六句强调知道怎样去调查,去获取信息，即一种思考的过程，暗示思维的重要性。
3. 细节理解题。由第二段第四句可知-一个正确的科学理论应该是经得起推敲的。
4.主旨大意题。文章第- -段主要讲述合理利用工具的重要性,第二二段主要说明准确的重要性。故选D项。
2
The first science project I ever did was in fifth grade with my partner, Delaney. We looked online together for ideas and came up with an experiment to slide glass balls down a slope covered with different-textured materials. Our project was torn to pieces by our teacher. Our procedure wasn’t thorough. She told us we should consider waiting another year to enter the science fair. I felt so discouraged.
That night, I folded up our poster and started thinking about all of the things I could do differently the next year. I wanted to find a topic I cared about, one that interested me. As a beginner of the piano, I was curious about how the piano I practiced on for five hours every week could make the sounds that it did. I learned about something called “sympathetic resonance,” a phenomenon that allows string to vibrate (振动) together when played. I built my next project around this and ended up getting first place at the science fair the following year.
Today, I am 22 years old, a climate scientist. In the decade since I did my very first science project, I have wondered a lot about what it takes to be a good scientist. To me, what makes a truly good scientist is what makes a good person.
A good scientist has patience — patience for others, patience for herself or himself, and patience when things go wrong. A few years ago, I had the opportunity to work on a NASA asteroid-sample retrieval mission called OSIRIS-Rex. The spacecraft launched in September 2016, headed to the asteroid Bennu. Late last year, finally, it reached its destination. In four years, OSIRIS-Rex will bring a piece of the asteroid back to earth so that scientists can learn more about it. Scientific discoveries do not take place overnight, and many are small and gradual. Missions like the one I worked on often take years to complete. Success almost never comes quickly or easily.
A good scientist is open-minded. It can be easy to ignore people you disagree with or to assume the worst about them. But we should be open to ideas that are not what we expected when we set out. We should take the time to consider other people’s opinions, even when they conflict with our own. There is so much we don’t know, but we do know some things. We live in a world where knowledge and uncertainty can and do coexist. As scientists, we should have both confidence in ourselves and humility as we move through our lives.
Of course, good scientists are driven by curiosity. But curiosity does not have to be limited to science. When we are curious about other people, we can become more considerate. When we are curious about other perspectives, we can become more understanding. After all, it costs nothing to be kind to someone — at school, at the grocery store, with your friends, with your family. A kind gesture can make someone’s day, even save someone’s life. You never know what people are going through unless you take the time to find out. Curiosity is not and never will be something to be ashamed of. Curiosity is our superpower. But it’s also what makes us human. All we have to do is ask.
5. What are the first two paragraphs mainly about
A. The daily life of a scientist.
B. The procedures of choosing a project.
C. The personal experience of a scientist.
D. The achievements a scientist ever made.
6. What does the underlined word “humility” in Paragraph 5 probably mean
A. Being modest. B. Being cautious.
C. Being sceptical. D. Being ambitious.
7. What can we learn from the passage
A. Curiosity kills the cat.
B. Practice makes perfect.
C. When one door shuts, another opens.
D. Nothing is impossible for a willing heart.
8. What is the main purpose of the passage
A. To evaluate the effect of a science project.
B. To analyze the personalities of a scientist.
C. To explain the consequence of an experiment.
D. To compare some approaches to be a scientist.
【答案】
5. C
6. A
7. D
8. B
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了成为优秀科学家所应该具有的个性。
5. 主旨大意题。根据前两段中的“The first science project I ever did was in fifth grade with my partner, Delaney…”和“That night, I folded up our poster and started thinking about all of the things I could do differently the next year…”可知，这两段主要讲述的是作者曾经与搭档Delane做过的第一个科学项目，最终没有通过老师的审核。他们需要再等一年才能参加科学博览会。为此作者开始考虑明年可以做不同的事情并建立了下一个项目，于次年在科学博览会上获得第一名。因此前两段主要讲的是科学家成长过程中的个人经历。故选C。
6. 词义猜测题。根据第五段中的“But we should be open to ideas that are not what we expected when we set out. We should take the time to consider other people’s opinions, even when they conflict with our own. There is so much we don’t know, but we do know some things. We live in a world where knowledge and uncertainty can and do coexist.”可知，我们应该对那些我们开始时没有预料到的想法持开放态度。即使别人的意见与我们自己的意见不同，我们也应该花些时间考虑他们的意见。有很多我们不知道的东西，但是我们确实知道一些事情。我们生活在一个知识与不确定性共存的世界中。鉴于以上原因，下一句是得出的结论：As scientists, we should have both confidence in ourselves and humility as we move through our lives.应理解为：作为科学家，我们在生活中应该对自己充满信心，因为我们对世界有一定的了解，但因为我们也有自己的局限性，不能掌控一切。因此在保持自信心的同时，我们也要虚心地听取别人的看法。因此划线词humility意为“谦虚”。故选A。
7. 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Scientific discoveries do not take place overnight, and many are small and gradual. Missions like the one I worked on often take years to complete. Success almost never comes quickly or easily.”可知，科学发现不是一朝一夕就发生的，而且许多发现是微小和渐进的。像我致力所做的任务通常需要数年才能完成。成功几乎不会很快或轻松地到来。即坚持一个想法，在不断的努力下才能取得成功。A. Curiosity kills the cat.好奇害死猫；B. Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧；C. When one door shuts, another opens.天无绝人之路；D. Nothing is impossible for a willing heart.心之所愿，无事不成。因此D项符合文章内容。故选D。
8. 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“A good scientist has patience.”可知，一位优秀的科学家具有耐心。根据第五段中的“A good scientist is open-minded.”可知，一个好的科学家思想开阔。根据最后一段中的“Of course, good scientists are driven by curiosity.”可知，好的科学家是由好奇心驱使的。因此文章主要讲述的是成为优秀科学家所应该具有的个性。故选B。
二、七选五
Reasons why cellphone signals suddenly go bad
Heavy cellular traffic
Just take a look at those people around you. See if they are doing the same thing as you are: texting or talking on their phones. 9. Once your phone has linked to a tower, you are unlikely to lose your connection, but the more phone traffic there is, the weaker your signal can become.
Building material
The building material of your house, car or workplace is usually the main reason for weaker signals. 10. If you routinely notice service fading in and out as you walk around your home, or if your signal improves when you stand near a window or door, it’s likely that your signal is being blocked by the construction material.
Blocking your own antenna
11. Sure, they were as big as shoe boxes, but they also had antennas on the outside. Today’s phones have antennas fixed inside the phone. If you’re not careful how you re holding the phone, you can block the antenna, and lose your signal.
Hills and valleys
12. If you live on one side of a mountain, and the only cellphone tower in your area is on the other, you are not likely to get good reception.
Low battery
If you’ve been putting off charging your phone battery, you may find yourself with a weak signal when you need it most. 13. Therefore, it may struggle when its battery is low.
A. Avoid talking for a long time on your phone.
B. Geographic features are a common reason for weak signals.
C. Close your eyes and picture the early days of mobile phones.
D. Metal and colored, low-e glass are the two materials most responsible.
E.Your phone needs energy to maintain a connection with a cellphone tower.
F.If so, all those signals are fighting for space on the nearest cellphone tower.
G.Tall trees around your home seldom cause a drop in your cellular reception.
【答案】
9. F
10. G
11. C
12. B
13. E
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了五个导致手机信号突然变差的原因。
9.
根据上文“Just take a look at those people around you. See if they are doing the same thing as you are: texting or talking on their phones.(看看你周围的人吧。看看他们是否在做和你一样的事情：发短信或打电话)”以及后文“Once your phone has linked to a tower, you are unlikely to lose your connection, but the more phone traffic there is, the weaker your signal can become.(一旦你的手机连接到发射塔上，你就不太可能失去连接，但是电话流量越多，信号就会变得越弱)”可知，上文提到注意身边的人是否都在发短信或打电话，后文则提到了，打电话的人越多，信号越弱，可知本句承接上文说明：身边正在使用电话的人越多，他们会争夺手机发射塔的空间，故F选项“如果是这样，那么所有这些信号都在争夺最近的手机发射塔的空间”符合语境，故选F。
10.
根据上文“The building material of your house, car or workplace is usually the main reason for weaker signals. (你的房子、汽车或工作场所的建筑材料通常是信号减弱的主要原因)”以及后文“If you routinely notice service fading in and out as you walk around your home, or if your signal improves when you stand near a window or door, it’s likely that your signal is being blocked by the construction material.(如果你在家里走动时经常注意到信号的衰减，或者当你站在窗户或门附近时信号有所改善，那很可能是建筑材料挡住了信号)”可知，本段主要说明的是导致手机信号下降的事物，上文提到了会导致信号减弱的东西，后文提到了在家里，故本句应当也是在说明家里并不会导致信号下降的东西，且G选项中around your home与上文中around your home形成对应。故G选项“你家周围的大树很少会导致你的手机信号下降”符合语境，故选G。
11.
根据后文“Sure, they were as big as shoe boxes, but they also had antennas on the outside. Today’s phones have antennas fixed inside the phone.(当然，它们和鞋盒一样大，但在外面也有天线。如今的手机内置有天线)”可知，结合后文提到的和鞋盒一样大，外面有天线，可推知是早期移动电话的特征，且后文they指代C选项中the early days of mobile phones。故C选项“闭上你的眼睛，想象一下早期的移动电话”符合语境，故选C。
12.
根据后文“If you live on one side of a mountain, and the only cellphone tower in your area is on the other, you are not likely to get good reception.(如果你住在山的一边，而你所在地区唯一的手机发射塔在山的另一边，那么你将不太可能收到很好的信号)”可知，本段说明的导致手机信号弱的原因是地理因素，故B选项“地理特征是信号弱的常见原因”符合语境，故选B。
13.
根据上文“If you’ve been putting off charging your phone battery, you may find yourself with a weak signal when you need it most.(如果你一直推迟给手机电池充电，你可能会发现在你最需要的时候信号很弱)”以及后文“Therefore, it may struggle when its battery is low.(因此，当电池电量不足时，想收到好信号可能会很困难)”可知，本段主要说明的是手机电量不足，导致的信号弱，上文提到的给手机充电，即给手机补充能源。故E选项“你的手机需要能源来维持与手机发射塔的连接”符合语境，故选E。
三、完形填空
Benjamin Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America. He was a leading author and printer, political theorist, politician, scientist, 14 ,civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a major 15 in the Enlightenment(启蒙运动)and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories 16 electricity. He invented the lightning rod, bifocals, the Franklin stove, a carriage odometer, and the glass “armonica”.
He formed both the first public lending library in America and the first fire department in Pennsylvania. As a political writer and activist, he 17 the idea of an American nation. As a diplomat during the American Revolution he secured the French alliance(联盟)that helped to make 18 of the United States possible.
Franklin laid a foundation for the American 19 and character, such as thrift, hard work, and community spirit. In the words of Henry Steele Commager, ''In Franklin could be merged the virtues of Puritanism without its defects, the illumination of the Enlightenment without its 20 . '' ''To Walter Isaacson, this makes Franklin, ''the most accomplished American of his age and the most influential in 21 the type of society America would become. ''
Franklin became a newspaper editor, printer, and merchant in Philadelphia, becoming very wealthy, writing and publishing Poor Richard's Almanack and the Pennsylvania Gazette. Franklin was interested in science and technology, and gained an international 22 for his famous experiments. He played a major role in establishing the University of Pennsylvania and Franklin & Marshall College and was 23 the first president of the American Philosophical Society.
Franklin became a national hero in America when he made efforts to have Parliament 24 the unpopular Stamp Act. An accomplished diplomat, he was widely admired among the French as American minister to Paris and was a major figure in the development of 25 Franco-American relations. From 1775 to 1776, Franklin was Postmaster General under the Continental Congress and from 1785 to 1788 was President of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania.
His colorful life and legacy of scientific and 26 achievement, and status as one of America's most influential Founding Fathers, have seen Franklin 27 on coinage and money, the names of many towns, counties, educational institutions and companies, and more than two centuries after his 28 , countless cultural references.
14. A. dreamer B. inventor C. architect D. librarian
15. A. feature B. father C. sponsor D. figure
16. A. regarding B. despite C. relating D. regardless
17. A. abandoned B. rescued C. supported D. adapted
18. A. curiosity B. property C. independence D. attempt
19. A. theories B. humor C. masks. D. values
20. A. heat B. force C. shadow D. weight
21. A. capturing B. inventing C. applauding D. discovering
22. A. guidance B. frame C. reputation D. origin
23. A. selected B. lifted C. 1ed D. elected
24. A. spread B. cancel C. present D. kidnap
25. A. positive B. negative C. universal D. complex
26. A. cultural B. agricultural C. political D. economic
27. A. honored B. restored C. released D. burst
28. A. diploma B. charm C. anniversary D. death.
【答案】
14. B
15. D
16. A
17. C
18. C
19. D
20. A
21. B
22. C
23. D
24. B
25. A
26. C
27. A
28. D
【分析】
这是一篇人物传记。文章主要介绍了美国奠基国父之一——本杰明.富兰克林的事迹。
14. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：他是一位著名的作家、印刷商、政治理论家、政治家、科学家、发明家、公民活动家、政治家和外交家。A. dreamer梦想家；B. inventor发明家；C. architect建筑师；D. librarian图书管理员。根据下文的He invented the lightning rod, bifocals, the Franklin stove, a carriage odometer, and the glass ''armonica''.可知此处用“发明家”符合语境，故选B项。
15. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：作为一个科学家，他是启蒙运动的重要人物，也是物理发明和有关电理论的历史人物。A. feature 特点；B. father父亲；C. sponsor赞助商；D. figure重要人物。结合句意可知，此处是指富兰克林是启蒙运动的重要人物，故选D项。
16. 考查介词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. regarding关于；B. despite尽管；C. relating有关；D. regardless不管。结合句意可知，theories regarding electricity和电有关的理论，所以用介词regarding。故选A项。
17. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：作为一个政治作家和活动家，他支持建立美国的想法。A. abandoned放弃；B. rescued营救；C. supported支持；D. adapted适应。根据上文的Benjamin Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America.可知此处用“支持”符合语境，故选C项。
18. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：作为一个外交官在美国革命期间他获得了法国联盟的支持，使得美国的独立成为可能。A. curiosity好奇心；B. property财产；C. independence独立；D. attempt尝试。结合常识可知经过富兰克林一年多的努力，终于在1783年迫使英国签订了美英合约，正式承认美国独立，故选C项。
19. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：富兰克林为美国的价值观和特点奠定了基础，例如节俭、努力、集体精神等。A. theories理论；B. humor幽默；C. masks面具；D. values价值（观）。根据下文的thrift, hard work, and community spirit.可知此处用“价值观”符合语境，故选D项。
20. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：富兰克林可以融合清教主义的优点而不带缺点，受启蒙运动的启迪而不带激情。A. heat激情，；B. force武力；C. shadow阴影；D. weight重量。结合句意可知，此处是指富兰克林受到了启蒙运动的启迪但没有受其过多影响，也就是对它没有表现出过的的激情。故选A项。
21. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：对Walter Isaacson来说，这让富兰克林成为了他那个时代最有成就的美国人，对于美国社会的形态的影响也最大。A. capturing抓住；B. inventing创造；C. applauding鼓掌；D. discovering发现。根据上文的Franklin laid a foundation for the American values and character, such as thrift, hard work, and community spirit可知此处用“对于美国社会的形态的影响也最大”符合语境，故选B项。
22. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：富兰克林对科学技术很感兴趣，并以他闻名的实验而享有声誉。A. guidance指导；B. frame框架；C. reputation声誉；D. origin起源。根据下文的for his famous experiments.可知此处用“声誉”符合语境，reputation和famous是同义词复现，故选C项。
23. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：他在建立宾夕法尼亚大学和富兰克林与马歇尔学院的过程中发挥了重要作用，并被选为美国哲学学会的首任会长。A. selected选择；B. lifted举起；C. 1ed带领；D. elected选举。因为富兰克林发挥了重要作用，所以被选为首任会长，故选D项。
24. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：当富兰克林努力使国会取消不受欢迎的印花税法按时，他成为了美国的名族英雄。A. spread散播；B. cancel取消；C. present呈献；D. kidnap绑架。结合常识，富兰克林于1766年到众议院论述废除印花税，故选B项。
25. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：作为一名颇有成就的外交官，他在担任美国驻巴黎公使期间受到法国人的广泛赞赏，并且是发展法、美两国积极关系的重要人物。A. positive积极的；B. negative消极的；C. universal宇宙的；D. complex复杂的。根据前文的he was widely admired among the French可知此处用“法、美两国家积极关系”符合语境，故选A项。
26. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他丰富多彩的人生，传奇的政治和科学成就，以及作为美国最有影响力的开国元勋之一的地位，使富兰克林获得了铸币和货币的荣誉，许多城镇、县、教育机构和公司的都以他的名字来命名，在他逝世后的两个多世纪里有无数关于他的文化参考。A. cultural文化的；B. agricultural农业的；C. political政治的；D. economic经济的。根据上文的He was a leading author and printer, political theorist, politician, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat.可知此处用“政治的成就”符合语境，故选C项。
27. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. honored给与荣誉；B. restored储存；C. released释放；D. burst爆炸。结合句意可知，把富兰克林的头像印在硬币和纸币上或者用他的名字来给城市、公司等命名是给与他的荣誉，对他的尊敬，故选A项。
28. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. diploma外交；B. charm魅力；C. anniversary周年庆；D. death.死亡。结合句意可知，此处是指在他去世之后两百多年力依然受到人们的爱戴，在很多文学作品力都会提到他，故选D项。
四、语法填空
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
A new study looked at conversations between parents and their kids when they explored a city park as well as an indoor education center. They found that talking outdoors was much more enthusiastic29. talking inside.
Researchers from the University of Manchester recorded conversations between parents and30. (they) 3-and 4-year-old children. They focused on children of that age because they 31. (usual) have a lot to say, but often it can be challenging32. (hold) a conversation with them, researchers said. But being outside seemed to help.
“Our research shows that33. (nature) environments can better improve social communication, 34. raises the quality of parent-child conversations,” the study author Thea Cameron Faulkner said in a statement.The study35. (publish) in the journal of Knviron-mental Psychology.
Researchers said that there was obvious improvement in conversations held outside, but they didn’t know why the communication flowed better. One explanation, they said, is that being outside in nature 36. (ease) pressure for both children and adults37. creates a better atmosphere for easier conversations. Another explanation is that talking outside may get greater levels of attention between38. (person).
【答案】
29. than
30. their
31. usually
32. to hold
33. natural
34. which
35. was published
36. eases
37. and
38. persons
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。研究发现，父母与孩子在户外交流时，交流会更加的畅通。
29.
考查介词。句意：他们发现在户外交谈比在室内交谈更有激情。根据上文中的“much more enthusiastic”可知此处表示进行比较，空后是动名词短语talking inside,故空处应填介词than。故答案为than。
30.
考查代词。句意：曼彻斯特大学的研究人员录下了父母和他们3岁和4岁孩子之间的对话。设空处后为名词children（孩子们）为名词，故设空处应用形容词性物主代词修饰名词。故答案为their。
31.
考查副词。句意：研究人员说，他们关注这个年龄段的孩子，因为他们通常有很多话要说，但通常和他们交谈是很有挑战性的。设空处后为动词，故设空处应用副词作状语。故答案为usually。
32.
考查非谓语动词。句意：研究人员说，他们关注这个年龄段的孩子，因为他们通常有很多话要说，但通常和他们交谈是很有挑战性的。 固定结构：It +is +adj+to do sth“做…是怎么样的”，其中it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式，故设空处应为to do形式。故答案为to hold。
33.
考查形容词。句意：该研究报告的撰写者西娅·卡梅伦·福克纳在一份声明中说：“我们的研究表明，自然环境能更好地改善社会交流，从而提高父母和孩子的对话质量。”设空处后为名词，故设空处应用形容词修饰名词。故答案为natural。
34.
考查非限制性定语从句的引导词。句意见上题解析。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，且在句中做指物的主语，先行词为communication（交流），应用关系代词which（that不能引导非限）。故答案为which。
35.
考查谓语动词的时态和语态。句意：这项研究发表在《Knviron-mental Psychology》杂志上。设空处在句中做谓语，和句子的主语之间是被动关系。叙述的是过去的事情，应用一般过去时，主语the study是单数，be动词用was。故答案为was published。
36.
考查谓语动词的时态。句意：他们说，一种解释是，身处大自然中可以减轻孩子和成年人的压力，并创造一个更容易交谈的氛围。句子的主语为being outside in nature（置身大自然），设空处在句中作谓语；根据主句的谓语is，可知时态为一般现在时。动名词短语作主语，谓语动词应用单数形式。故答案为eases。
37.
考查连词。句意见上题解析。设空处后的creates (创造)和上句中的eases（减轻）并列作谓语，故应用表示并列的连接词。故答案为and。
38.
考查名词的数。句意：另一种解释是，在外面交谈可能会引起人们更多的注意。设空处前为介词，设空处应用名词，设空处所给词为可数名词，且前无冠词，故应用复数形式表泛指。故答案为persons。
五、书面表达
请根据以下提示写一篇100词左右短文，简要介绍一下对遇到心脏病(heart attacks)等疾病突发(seizure)病人应该采取什么样的措施。题目：First Aid for Seizures
急救过程中的注意事项：
1. 把附近的危险物体移开以免受到伤害；不要移动病人，除非他们处于危险中。
2. 把病人的头部用垫子(cushion) 垫起来，等病发结束后帮助病人呼吸。
3. 在病人没有完全恢复之前不要给他任何吃的或喝的；等病人完全恢复后再离开。
4. 如果病情发作持续5分钟以上，打电话叫救护车。
【答案】
First Aid for Seizures
In our daily life, we sometimes come across a number of cases where people suffer from heart attacks or they fall ill suddenly. So there is no doubt that we should know some knowledge of first aid. The following are some tips we can follow to help these people on urgent occasions.
Firstly, remove nearby objects to prevent the person from being further hurt. Don’t try to move the person unless he is in danger. Secondly, support his head with a cushion and aid him in breathing once the seizure stops. Thirdly, don’t leave the person alone until he is fully recovered. Then you can give him something to eat or drink if necessary. Bear in mind that if the seizure continues for more than five minutes, call an ambulance immediately.
I really hope the tips above will make a difference to you.
【分析】
本篇书面表达属于说明文，要求考生介绍一下对遇到心脏病(heart attacks)等疾病突发(seizure)病人应该采取什么样的措施。
【详解】
第一步：审题
体裁：说明文
时态：根据提示，时态主要为一般现在时和一般将来时。
结构：总分法
总分法指把主题句作为总说，把支持句作为分说，并以这种方式安排所写内容。
要求：1. 把附近的危险物体移开以免受到伤害；不要移动病人，除非他们处于危险中。
2. 把病人的头部用垫子(cushion) 垫起来，等病发结束后帮助病人呼吸。
3. 在病人没有完全恢复之前不要给他任何吃的或喝的；等病人完全恢复后再离开。
4. 如果病情发作持续5分钟以上，打电话叫救护车。
第二步:列提纲 （重点词组）
come across; a number of; suffer from; prevent from; leave alone; make a difference
第三步：连词成句
1.In our daily life, we sometimes come across a number of cases where people suffer from heart attacks or they fall ill suddenly
2. The following are some tips we can follow to help these people on urgent occasions.
3. Firstly, remove nearby objects to prevent the person from being further hurt.
4.Secondly, support his head with a cushion and aid him in breathing once the seizure stops.
5.Thirdly, don’t leave the person alone until he is fully recovered.
6.Bear in mind that if the seizure continues for more than five minutes, call an ambulance immediately.
7.I really hope the tips above will make a difference to you.
根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第四步：连句成篇（衔接词）
1.表文章结构顺序：Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly
2.表因果关系：So
连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰。
【点睛】
[高分句型1]So there is no doubt that we should know some knowledge of first aid.（由连接词that引导的同位语从句）
[高分句型2]Don’t leave the person alone until he is fully recovered.（由until引导的时间状语从句）
[高分句型3]I really hope the tips above will make a difference to you.（由that引导的宾语从句）
六、读后续写
阅读下面短文，根据所给情节进行续写，使之构成一个完整的故事。
Amanda felt as gray as the sky outside when she looked across the table at her three-year-old sister. Li sat on a booster scat, drinking from her sippy (有吸嘴的)cup. Wondering why Li was still afraid of her, Amanda took a cookie off her plate and held it out to Li, "Want a bite ”
As soon as Li saw Amanda reaching over, her eyes widened. She jumped down from her seat and raced to her room. What an annoyance! Amanda complained to Mom that she had thought being a big sister would be fun. Mom took Amanda's hand reminding her that Li was in a new country with a new family and how scared she might be.
“Honey, she is still getting used to you，' Mom added. "It's only been two weeks."
Over a year ago, Amanda's parents said that they were adopting a daughter from China, and Amanda had danced with excitement. She'd dreamed of taking her sister to the park, reading books to her, and teaching her to ride a bicycle. That hadn't happened, though. In the weeks since their trip to China, Li had only let their mom and dad near her. Amanda had drawn pictures for her, read to her, and made funny faces, but none had worked. Whenever she got close, Li ran away.
“I just wish I knew how to help her,“ Amanda said to herself, thinking of Li's frightened eyes. As she sat onto the couch, she turned on the TV and began to watch a cartoon about a dog and a cat. After a few seconds, Amanda realized that the cartoon was in another language. The show looked funny, but she didn't understand any of it. She frowned, turning off the TV. It reminded her of when they were in China. She had got frustrated when people talked in Mandarin, the language spoken in Li's province.
注意:
1.所续写短文的词数应为150左右；
3,续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已为你写好；
Paragraph 1:
“That's it," Amanda sped to her room
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Paragraph 2:
Mom came to the door and found them sitting side by side.
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【答案】
Paragraph 1:
“That’s it,” Amanda sped to her room. There on the bookshelf stood a book titled Chinese Nursery Rhymes with a CD inside. Sheer excitement in her heart, Amanda grabbed it and raced to Li’s room. “Ni hao,” she whispered. Li was playing with a Barbie doll and didn’t scream. Amanda approached the CD player and slid the CD in. “Yi, er, san, si, wu,” sweet voices of children filled the room. Amanda glanced over; in sight Li was smiling and clapping her hands. [76 words]
Paragraph 2:
Mom came to the door and found them sitting side by side. They were listening and reading the book together. “Wow!” Mom exclaimed with delight. Amanda turned around, explaining that she thought the book bought last year to help her learn Mandarin might work. Mom gave her a thumbs-up and asked what was being played. Smiling wide, Amanda said that was one about families. “Jie jie,” Li said, pointing at Amanda. “That means big sister,” Amanda beamed, feeling her throat tighten, “And you’re my mei mei.” [74 words]
【分析】
本文以倒叙的方式展开写作，先是讲了Amanda一直无法取得妹妹Li的信任，而且情况非常夸张，设置悬念；紧接着揭开谜团，妹妹Li是父母在中国收养的孩子，来到一个全新环境中；最后因电视中正在播放中文动画片这一机缘巧合，使得Amanda逐渐发现了不信任的产生源于语言沟通的障碍。
【详解】
1.段落续写：
①由第一段首句内容“That’s it”的提示作用可知，Amanda找到了问题的根源，紧接着她走向了房间。这一段的续写可记录Amanda找到汉语学习资料，入门并运用，接着打破两人隔阂的过程。
②由第二段首句内容“妈妈来到房间门口，发现她们肩并肩坐在一起”可知，此时隔阂已被打破，第二段可描写妈妈的反应，以及姐妹互动的过程。
2.续写线索：奇怪的隔阂——失望与困惑——找到原因——学习汉语，打破隔阂——母亲欣喜——姐妹进一步互动
3.词汇激活
动作行为类：grab, race, whisper, glance, beam
情绪类：excitement, delight, feeling her throat tighten
【点睛】
[高分句型1]. Sheer excitement in her heart, Amanda grabbed it and raced to Li’s room. “Ni hao,” she whispered. Li was playing with a Barbie doll and didn’t scream.（系列动词使用得当、精彩）
[高分句型2]. Amanda turned around, explaining that she thought the book bought last year to help her learn Mandarin might work.（非谓语动词做状语与后置定语的使用）