选择性必修第二册 Unit1Science and Scientists Using Language and Assessing Your Progress 词汇精讲课堂课件(共40张PPT)

(共40张PPT)
版本：新人教
单元：选择性必修二 Unit 1
(Using Language — Assessing Your Progress)
词
汇
课
堂
1 cast 一词多义：基本义“扔；投”
2. shadow shad- = shade，表示“阴影；暗影”
词块：cast a shadow over / on, in the shadow(s)
3. rainbow rain + bow (弓)
4. pour 一词多义：基本义“倒”
5. aerospace aero- (adj 航空的) + space
6. mechanical mechanic + -al
同源词：machine
7. defend de- (away 离开) + fend (to strike 击打)
基本义：(躲避击打) 防护；防御
本单元词汇梳理
8. assistant assist (v 帮助) + -ant (……人)
词族：assist, assistance, assistant
9. leadership leader + -ship (名词后缀)
10. outstanding out + stand + -ing
11. gifted gift (天赋) + -ed
近义词：talented
12. astronomer 来自 astronomy (天文学)
astronomy: astro- (star) + nomy （……学）
13. telescope tele- (far) + scope (观察仪器)
同根词：microscope
14. brilliant 词块：a brilliant idea, a brilliant musician / scientist
15. furthermore further + more
16. fault 精准的汉语释义：过失、过错（重在“过”）
词块：at fault, find fault (with), it’s sb’s fault
名词动词化
17. shift 基本义：(使) 转移
词块：shift from ... to, day / night shift
18. vivid (色彩) 鲜艳的 → (想象力) 丰富的
派生词：vividly
重难点词精讲
shift
shadow
一词多义
一词多义
in charge & in charge of
搭配义
break out
搭配义
cast
一词多义
defend
辨析义
搭配义
fault
一词多义
辨析义
pour
一词多义
句子副词
谈论影片的时候我们经常会说某部影片“卡司强大”，这里的“卡司”是英语cast的中文音译，意思是演员阵容。
cast
cast的名词释义由动词而来，cast 动词的词源义为“扔、投”。
cast vt
投；扔；抛；撒；掷：
The fisherman cast his net into the water.
投射（光、影、视线等）：
cast a shadow on the wall
He cast a look at the woman.
cast词源解读
“扔、投”具体的某物到某处
“扔、投”光线、视线等于某物
为（戏剧、角色）选派演员；投票：
Music talents from many different countries were cast.
People not only cast on-line votes themselves, but also urge others to vote for competitions. 2016 江苏
常用搭配
(be) cast down［不用于名词前］沮丧的
n [C]
投；抛：
He caught a fish at his second cast.
全体演员：
an all-star cast
把演员“扔、投”到舞台上
把选票“扔、投”给某人
cast语义网络图
“扔、投”具体的某物到某处
投；扔；抛；撒；掷
投；抛
n
扔、投
cast v
（基本义）
“扔、投”光线、视线于某物
把演员“扔、投”到舞台上
把选票“扔、投”给某人
投射（光、影、视线等）
为（戏剧、角色）选派演员
投票
全体演员
shadow
皮影戏是中国一门传统艺术。观众在观看皮影戏时，看到的是道具轮廓的“影子”，而其对应的英文是shadow play，很符合皮影戏的本质特点。还有一门中国传统文化艺术——太极拳，在英文中称作tai chi (音译) 或shadow boxing，为何太极拳也跟“影子”有关呢？这还要归到太极拳本质——虚实转换，转换间如“影子”一般，这也就可以解释为什么用shadow boxing了。
shadow n
[C] 影子；阴影；坏影响：
shadow play
Her father’s illness cast a shadow over / on the wedding celebrations.
shadows under sb’s eyes
the shadow of death
[U]［也可用复数］背光处；阴暗处 ：
Sometimes she sits alone in the shadow(s).
shade vs shadow
shade指阳光照不到的地方，如树下或墙边的阴凉处，一般没有具体的轮廓。
Let’s sit in the shade of the tree for a while.
shadow指某物遮住阳光或其他光源后形成的影子，可以引申为“不良的兆头或阴影”，也可指黑暗的地方。
My friend jumped out of the shadows and tapped on my shoulders.
pour
多义词pour都有哪些词义呢？
pour v
vt 倒；注；灌：
Please pour me another cup of tea.
She poured some milk into a glass.
vi（水等）不断流出；（烟等）被吐出 ：
Tears of happiness poured down Susan’s cheeks. 2010 湖北
Black smoke poured from the back of my car.
vi 不断涌向 / 涌现 (flood)：
People poured into the square from all parts of the city.
Letters and postcards poured in every day.
vi（雨）倾盆而下：
It never rains but it pours.
pour 语义网络图
“倒”液体
持续“倒”出（液体、烟、光等）
倒；注；灌
（水等）不断流出；（烟等）被吐出
“倒”出大量的人或物
不断涌向 / 涌现
雨水被“倒”出来
（雨）倾盆而下
倒
pour
基本义
（火灾、战争等）突然爆发：
Does everyone know what to do if a fire breaks out
When World War I broke out, he seemed to have become another man, downhearted. 2009 湖北
break out
defend
“我不同意你说的每一句话，但我誓死捍卫你说话的权利。”
这句话来自英国女作家伊夫林·比阿特丽斯·霍尔所作的《伏尔泰的朋友们》(The Friends of Voltaire)。
伏尔泰（Voltaire，1694—1778），18世纪法国启蒙思想家、文学家、哲学家 ，是十八世纪法国资产阶级启蒙运动的泰斗，被誉为“法兰西思想之王”“法兰西最优秀的诗人”“欧洲的良心”，主张开明的君主政治，强调自由和平等。
defend
defend 防御：de- 向下、离开。-fend 击、打，即击挡开、防御。
offend 冒犯、进攻 ：of- 向前、朝向。-fend 攻击，引申词义进攻、冒犯。
fence 隔开、击剑、篱笆 ：缩写自defence或defense, 挡开。引申义击剑，篱笆等。
词源义：“protect, guard”；
defend: de- (away 离开) + fend (to strike 打击) → 躲避击打 → 防护；防御
vt & vi 防护；防御；保卫：
All our officers are trained to defend themselves from / against knife attacks.
vt 为……辩护；为……辩解：
Students should be ready to explain and defend their views.
The law allows people to defend themselves against a charge.
vt & vi（比赛中）防守；防卫：
What are the forwards doing — attacking or defending
defend v
防护；防御；保卫
defend
防护
（基本义）
武力“防护”
为……辩护；为……辩解
（比赛中）防守；防卫
比赛中“防护”
言语“防护”
defend 语义网络图
defend, guard, protect 辨析
① 三者都含有“保护”之意。
defend 指“保卫”“防御”，指抵御或击退外来的攻击。
When the dog attacked me, I defended myself with a stick.
guard 指“守护”“看守”，指保持警惕或注意来防止危险发生。
The dog was guarding its owner’s luggage.
protect 语义范围广，指“保护”，以免遭受危险、伤害等。
We’re doing whatever we can to protect our environment from pollution.
② 在体育运动中，defend 和 guard 均指“防守”。
in charge (of sth) 主管 / 负责（某事）：
I’d like to speak to the person in charge.
Could I speak to whoever is in charge of International Sales please 2009 全国
不要纠缠于谁对谁错，重要的是要找到解决的办法。
——亨利 福特
亨利 福特（Henry Ford，1863—1947），美国汽车工程师与企业家，福特汽车公司的建立者。他也是世界上第一位使用流水线大批量生产（mass produce）汽车的人。他的生产方式使汽车成为一种大众产品，他不但革命了工业生产方式，而且对现代社会和文化起了巨大的影响。
fault
fault
n
[U]（对错误所负的）责任；过失；过错 the responsibility for sth wrong that has happened or been done：
I’m really sorry — it’s all my own fault.
It’s his fault that we were late.
[C] 缺点；缺陷；故障 a weak aspect of sb’s character or sth that is wrong or not perfect：
Everybody has his faults.
The sweater had a fault in it and I had to take it back.
at fault 有责任；有错：
Perhaps the railway authorities are at fault for poor signalling system. 2011 浙江
指事物时，意为“缺陷；毛病；瑕疵”
指人时，意为“缺点；弱点”，和shortcoming同义
find fault (with) 找茬儿；抱怨；挑剔：
The fault-finder will find fault in everywhere
and anytime, even in paradise!
Life can be great when you are not busy finding fault with it. 2015 福建
你知道网球比赛中，专业术语“发球失误”如何表达吗？其实 fault 还有个意思就是“（网球比赛中）发球失误”，而 double fault 就是“双误”，即网球连续两次发球失误，失一分。
■ vt 找……的缺点；指责；挑剔：
Nobody will fault you for it. 2014 辽宁
faultless adj 无错误的；完美无缺的 (perfect)
faulty adj 有错误的；有缺陷的
名词动词化
fault, error, mistake 辨析
fault 指对“过失、过错”应负的责任，强调“过”。
It’s my fault that we missed the bus.
mistake 在日常英语中用得最为广泛，指用词或数字上的错误、口误、笔误，也可指决定错误，强调“误”。
I’m not blaming you — we all make mistakes.
I picked up your bag by mistake.
error 与 mistake 意义相近，但较为正式。
There must be an error in our calculations.
The letter was sent to you in error.
shift
电脑键盘上的 shift 键，到底是干什么的？
Shift 键是键盘中的一个上档转换键，可用于中英文转换，左右各有1个 shift 键。shift 键具有输入法切换、快速切换半角和全角、选择连续文件、直接删除文件等功能。
■ v
vi & vt（使）转移；（使）移动：
shift the furniture
Joe listened, shifting uncomfortably from one foot to another.
The White House hopes to shift the media’s attention away from foreign policy issues.
vi & vt（使）改变 to change your opinion of or attitude towards sb / sth：
He refused to shift his ground (= change his opinion).
■ n
[C] 转移；转换：
A shift in the wind is expected tonight.
[C] 班；轮班：
be on the day / night shift
[U]（计算机）转换（键）(shift key)
shift
基本义：转移
shift 语义网络图
转移
shift
（基本义）
“转移”物体
“转移”想法或态度等
（使）转移；（使）移动
（使）改变
转移；转换
班；轮班
（计算机）转换（键）
n
v
1. Jenny was looking for a seat when, ___________, a man got up and left.（2010 四川）
2. Bicycling is good exercise; _____________, it does not pollute the air.（2012 湖南改）
3. He holds an important position in the company; ___________, I don’t quite trust him.
4. There had been a terrible accident on the highway and, ____________, there was a long line of traffic for at least six miles.（2012 辽宁改）
5. Some of the laws were contradictory. _____________, measures were taken to clarify them.
fortunately
nevertheless
consequently
Accordingly
furthermore
概括起来，句子副词修饰整个句子，通常表示说话人的态度或语气，这类副词通常置于句首，与句子的主要部分相对来说关系不十分紧密，因此常用逗号与它分开。英语中经常用句子副词来连接句子，反映说话人的看法或观点，使语义更丰富、顺畅。写作时可以有意识地使用句子副词，使表达更地道、自然。
句子副词
选出适当的句子副词填空。
accordingly, nevertheless, fortunately, furthermore, consequently
本单元金句汇总
1. Sometimes she sits alone in the shadow(s).
2. Tears of happiness poured down Susan’s cheeks.
3. We’re doing whatever we can to protect our environment from pollution.
4. I’m really sorry — it’s all my own fault.
5. Everybody has his faults.
6. Life can be great when you are not busy finding fault with it. 2015 福建
7. He refused to shift his ground (= change his opinion).
随堂检测
cast
写出下列句子中画线部分的汉语释义。
1. Again she cast a look toward the window.（2011 浙江）______
2. The play is being cast in both the US and Britain. ________
3. The site where Zhang Xianzhong cast lumps（块）of pure silver is being dug. ________
4. To qualify, candidates must get at least 10% of the votes cast.
________
投射（视线）
挑选演员
扔
投票
shadow
写出下列句子中画线部分的汉语释义。
1. The children were having fun, chasing each other’s shadows.
________
2. He didn’t want to cast a shadow on their happiness.
________
3. I thought I saw a figure standing in the shadows. ________
4. Kate grew up in the shadow of her film star sister. ________
影子
给……蒙上一层阴影
在阴暗处
在……的阴影下
pour
写出下列句子中画线部分的汉语释义。
1. Pour the oil into a frying pan. ________
2. I felt a sharp pain and looked down to see blood pouring from my leg. ________
3. I was standing in the pouring rain for an hour waiting for my bus.
________
4. Offers of help poured in from all over the country. ________
5. Light was pouring into the yard. ________
涌出
倾盆大雨
倒
纷纷伸出援助之手
倾泄
defend
一、写出下列句子中画线部分的汉语释义。
1. The traveler may fire at a wild beast to defend himself in case he is attacked.（2014 江西） ________
2. Politicians are skilled at defending themselves against their critics.
________
3. In the last ten minutes of the match, we needed to defend.
________
自卫
为……辩护
防守
二、选出适当的单词，并用其正确形式填空。
1. The dog was __________ its owner’s luggage.
2. The cover __________ the machine from dust.
3. He has two guns to help you ___________ yourself when you go outside with him.（2009 江西）
guard defend protect
guarding
protects
defend
一、写出下列句子中画线部分的汉语释义。
1. He has many faults, but dishonesty isn’t one of them. __________
2. There is a fault in the electrical system. __________
3. She believes it was the doctor’s fault that the patient died. __________
二、根据所给提示，用适当的词块完成下列句子。
1. He is such a man who is always __________________（挑剔）other
people.
2. “I don’t think ______________（是我的过错）that the TV blew up.
I just turned it on, that’s all,” said the boy.
3. Parents are ___________（有责任）for the change in their children.
缺点
故障
过错 / 责任
fault
it’s my fault
finding fault with
at fault
shift
根据句意，写出画线部分的汉语意思。
1. Within four hours of my first shift, I had angry customers who complained how slow I was.（2012 湖南） ___________
2. The 21st century has been seeing a gradual shift of people from the country to the town. ___________
3. You must press the shift key before entering each letter. ___________
4. Someone has shifted my bicycle and I can’t find it. ___________
5. Nowadays the priority for travelling is shifted from shopping to food and scenery.（2019 江苏） ___________
6. Public attitudes towards the Internet have shifted over the past 50 years. ___________
轮班
转移
转换键
（使）移动
（使）转移
改变
谢
谢
观
赏