人教版（2019）高中英语选择性必修第二册 学案Unit5 First Aid易混易错点辨析 （有答案）
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【名师原创】：Unit5 易混易错点辨析
●act as; serve as; work as
【教材原句】
Your skin acts as a barrier against disease, toxins, and the sun’s rays. (教材P50)
【辨析】
三者都有“充当，担任”的意思，多数情况下可以换用，但有些微的区别。
act as 意思是“充当，担任，扮演，起作用”，后接人或物，一般可以与serve as和work as 换用，但act as作“扮演”时，一般不可换用。
serve as意思是“充当，担任，起作用”，后接人或物。
work as 意思是“充当，是….身份；做…..工作”，后一般接人，跟表示职业的名词居多。
【例句呈现】
You are going to act as our sole agent in Brazil.
你将要担任我方在巴西的总代理。
This kind of system can act as part of the operating system.
这种系统能充当操作系统的一部分。
Dust bags act as a filter and suction will be reduced if they are too full
集尘袋起着过滤的作用，所集的灰尘太多时其吸附作用就会减小。
I asked my boss to act as a go-between.
我请我的老板当中间人。
Alcoholic drinks act as a poison to a child.
酒精饮料对小孩犹如毒药。
He volunteered to serve as the manager of our department store.
他自荐当我们商场的经理。
America cannot indefinitely serve as the breadbasket for the world
美国不可能无限期地作为世界的粮仓。
A group of piers on a commercial waterfront that serve as a general landing area for ships or boats.
作船只靠岸用的商业港口上的一组码头.
Trees give off large quantities of water and serve as cooling agents.
树木释放出大量的水分，可以起到降温的作用。
she was elected to serve as secretary of the local party.
她当选为地方党组织的书记。
After that, he moved to Seattle to work as an engineer with Boeing
之后他到西雅图为波音公司担任工程师
The Chinese account for 461 and work mostly as translators or general service providers.
其中中国人有461个，主要担任翻译或者提供一般性服务。
When she grows up, Millie would like to attend Penn State and then work as a detective in law enforcement.
米莉长大后想要进入宾州大学，随后在执法部门担任侦探。
I work as a programmer in the software company.
我在那间软件公司担任程式员。
【考点过关】
根据act as, serve as, work as.的用法填空
1. I was hired by the Personnel Section and told to ______ a secretary.
2. Now, small towns in South India ______ economic and cultural centers for the surrounding villages.
3. In my summer holidays, I used to _______ a part-time interpreter in several foreign companies.
4. But the 24-year-old Harry Potter star was attending a very different type of photo call as she continued to ______ a UN Goodwill Ambassador.
5. I agree to _______ chairman of the meeting.
6. Let these words of mine ________ a warning to you.
7. Every Christmas I used to _______ a temporary postman in my village, helping to deliver the seasonal avalanche of parcels and greeting cards.
8. The table used to ______ a hotel desk.
9. My mom can ________ a guard.
10. Tom will _______ the chief actor in the film.
11. The large box can _______ serve as a desk too.
12. I’ll ______ assistant editor on a trade journal in the food field, where my tasks included a great deal of interviewing and personal contact with members of the industry.
13. A trained dog can _______ a guide to a blind person.
14. But a typewriter was too limited to _______ a model.
15. I'll ________ interpreter.
【参考答案】
1. work as/act as/serve as; 2. act as/serve as; 3. work as/act as/serve as; 4. work as/act as/serve as; 5. work as/act as/serve as; 6. serve as/act as; 7. work as/act as/serve as; 8. act as/serve as; 9. work as/act as/serve as; 10. act as; 12. work as/serve as/act as; 13. act as/work as/serve as; 14. serve as/act as; 15. work as/act as/serve as
●too much; much too
【教材原句】
It also helps control your body temperature, prevents your body from losing too much water, warns you when things are too hot or cold, and gives you your sense of touch. (教材P50)
【辨析】
两者意思和用法均不相同。
too much意思是"太多….."，中心词是much，too用来修饰much，加强语气，是much的强化语，与much 用法相同，放在名词前面，用来修饰不可数名词。另外，too much也可做代词，单独使用，做宾语、主语或表语。
温馨提示：结构 be too much for…..意思是“对……来说太…..；非……力所能及”。
much too意思是"太…."，中心词是too，much用来修饰too，加强语气，是too的强化语，与too的用法相同，都放在形容词或副词的前面，用来修饰形容词或副词。
【例句呈现】
I've got far too much to do.
我要做的事情太多了。
Using too much water could spread the stain.
用水太多可能使污迹扩散。
I think the problem can be got over without too much difficulty.
我认为这个问题不太难解决。
Don't use too much of it ─ it cost a lot of money.
这东西很贵，不要用得太多。
I hope the children weren't too much trouble.
我希望这些孩子没有太烦人。
Eating too much sugar can lead to health problems.
食用过多的糖会引起健康问题。
Obviously, we don't want to spend too much money.
很明显，我们不想花太多的钱。
The other one was much too expensive.
另一个太贵了。
He started working hard much too late in the day ─ he couldn't possibly catch up.
他开始努力工作已为时太晚——不可能赶上了。
You'll never marry her ─ she's much too good for you.
你永远娶不到她——她对你来说高不可攀。
The clothes she wears are much too young for her.
她穿的衣服显得过于年轻了。
He takes bends much too fast.
他拐弯时车开得太快。
These shoes are much too tight.
这双鞋太紧了。
English students are forced to learn too much too soon.
英国学生被迫在极短的时间内学习太多的东西。
【考点过关】
用too much和much too填空
1. _______ was happening all at once．
2. The house was priced __________ high.
3. You have given me ________.
4. He was driving __________ fast.
5. This cake is ________ sweet.
6. There's _______ water.
7. You are ________ kind to me.
8. This one is ________ big.
9. Don't drink ________ wine. It is harmful to your health.
10. This kind of computer is _______ expensive.
11. She's afraid the trip will be ________ for me．
12. He is _______ busy to see visitors.
13. His parents' expectation was _______ for him.
14. The coat I bought yesterday was ________ large.
15. Americans eat _______ meat in my opinion.
【参考答案】
Too much; 2. much too; 3. too much; 4. much too; 5. much too; 6. too much; 7.
much too; 8. much too; 9. too much; 10. much too; 11. too much; 12. much too; 13. too much; 14. much too; 15. too much
●lead to; cause (vt)
【教材原句】
As you can imagine, getting burnt can lead to very serious injuries. (教材P50.)
Examples include mild sunburn and burns caused by other minor household incidents. (教材P50)
These burns cause very severe internal injuries and the victim must go to the hospital at once. (教材P50)
【辨析】
两者都有“导致，引起”的意思，在这种意思前提下，一般可以互换，但是在其它意思上有一定区别。
lead to …. 意思是“导致，引起；通向”，导致的后果可好可坏也可以是中性的，to 是介词，后面一般接名词。
温馨提示：
①lead sb./sth. to do sth. 引起某人/某物做某事
②lead sb./sth. to/into + 地点 把某人/某物领到某地/进入某地
cause 意思是“导致，引起”，一般导致的是坏的结果。也可以构成词组cause sb./sth. to do sth. 意思是“引起/导致某人或某物做某事”。
温馨提示：指坏的结果时，两者可以互换；做“通向” 讲时，不可互换。
【例句呈现】
He has warned that the serious rifts within the country could lead to civil war.
他已经发出了警告，国家内部严重的不和可能会引发内战。
Straining to lift heavy weights can lead to a rise in blood pressure.
用力提重物会导致血压升高。
He agreed that these policies will lead to gridlock in the future.
他认为这些政策将来会导致僵局。
Tampering with a single enzyme can lead to untoward effects elsewhere.
破坏一种酶可能会导致在别处出现异常。
There are recognized black spots in marriages which can lead to trouble
婚姻中有一些公认的容易引发问题的雷区。
So head northwest until you find a river which should lead to the coast.
一直向西北方向走，直到你发现一条小河，这条小河通向海岸。
Repairs and improvements can lead to higher rental rates.
修缮后可以提高租价。
Fire has caused severe damage to the contents of the building.
大火导致那栋大楼里的东西严重损毁。
A combination of internal and external factors caused the company to close down.
内外因结合导致了公司的倒闭。
The drug may cause an aggravation of the condition.
这种药可能导致病情恶化。
The disease can cause sterility in men and women.
这种疾病可能导致男女不育。
Heavy snow has caused total chaos on the roads.
大雪导致道路上交通一片混乱。
Anxiety can be caused by lack of sleep.
睡眠不足可能导致焦虑。
Researchers are still trying to isolate the gene that causes this abnormality.
研究人员仍然在试图分离导致这种畸形的基因。
【考点过关】
根据lead to和cause的用法, 用其适当形式填空
1. A faulty connection _______ the machine to stop that day.
2. If you string these experiences together, you can find a new life road will ______ your future.
3. The poor harvest ________ prices to rise sharply during those days.
4. He still believed that honesty and industry would ______ success.
5. Vitamin deficiency in the diet can ________ illness.
6. Excuse me, does this road _______ the railway station
7. Heavy seas can _______ cancellation of ferry services.
8. There were fears that privatization would _______ job losses.
9. Defeat could _______ one side to escalate the conflict.
10. Abuse can _______ both psychological and emotional problems.
11. Strong coffee or tea late at night may _______ sleeplessness
12. A poor diet will ultimately ________ illness.
13. Generally, a lack of magnesium _______ muscles to go into spasm.
14. Excessive drinking can ________ stomach disorders.
15. In its present form, the law could _______ new injustices.
【参考答案】
1. caused; 2. lead to; 3. caused; 4. lead to; 5. lead to/cause; 6. lead to; 7. lead to/cause; 8. cause/lead to; 9. cause; 10. cause/lead to; 11. lead to/cause; 12. cause/lead to; 13. causes; 14. cause/lead to; 15. cause/lead to
●depend on/upon; rely on/upon
【教材原句】
Burns are divided into three types, depending on the depth of skin damage. (教材P50)
【辨析】
两者都是“依靠，依赖”的意思，但用法上某些时候有区别。
depend 表示“依靠，依赖，信赖”， 常构成词组depend on/upon，表
示“指望，取决于，由……决定”。在交际用语中，要表示“那得看情况或视情况而定”时，一般只用depend, 不用rely, 即It/ That (all) depends.那得看情况。
rely 常构成词组rely on/upon，表示“取决于，由…决定”。
温馨提示：
①depend on/upon sb./sth. to do sth. = rely on/uopon sb./sth to do sth.
依赖/依靠/指望….做某事
②depend on/upon sb./sth. doing sth. = rely on/upon sb./sth doing sth.
依赖/依靠/指望….做某事
③depend on/upon…. for….= rely on/upon…. for….
依靠….来….
【例句呈现】
We depend on energy to do many things in our daily lives.
在日常生活中，我们做很多事都离不开能源。
If our parents do everything for us children, we won’t learn to depend on ourselves.
如果父母替我们这些孩子做所有的事情，我们就学不会独立。
We depend on him finishing the job this weekend.
我们指望他这个周末能完成工作。
Depend upon it. We shall solve the problem at last.
请相信，我们最终会解决这个问题。
You can depend on Jane - she always keeps her promises.
你可以信赖简，她总是信守诺言。
The future of space research depends on how much money we have.
太空研究的未来取决于我们的经济实力。
The journey takes about two hours, depending on traffic.
旅途大约需要两小时，这取决于交通状况
-- How long are you staying 你会待多久
-- I don't now. It depends. 我不知道，那得看情况，
I rely on you for good advice.
我靠你来给我好建议。
The wise will not rely on medicine for keeping their health.
明智的人不依赖药物来保持健康。
These days, we rely heavily on computers to organize our work.
现在，我们在很大程度上依赖电脑来安排工作。
You may rely on him coming on time.
你放心，他肯定会按时来的。
【考点过关】
用depend或rely 填空
1. -- What are you going to do this weekend
-- It ______. If time permits, I may go to Shanghai with my friends.
2. Don't always ask others to help you. You should learn to _______ on yourself
3. All living things ________ on the sun for their growth.
4. Did you still ________ on your parents
5. Everything _______ on the weather tomorrow.
6. Children _______ on their parents for food and clothing.
7. It all _____ on whether she likes the boss or not.
8. His success ______ chiefly on himself．
9. Whether the game will be played ______ on the weather．
10. The development of things ______ fundamentally on internal causes．
【参考答案】
1. depends; 2. depend/rely; 3. depend/rely; 4. depend/rely; 5. depends/relies; 6. depend/rely; 7. depends/relies; 8. depends/relies; 9. depends/relies;10. depends/relies
●especially; specially
【教材原句】
Place burns under cool running water, especially within the first ten minutes. (教材P51)
【辨析】
两者词形相似，但意义和用法不同。
especially副词，意思是 “尤其；特别；格外地”，往往用来对前面所述情况进行说明或补充，不强调目的性，只强调超乎寻常，通常用来修饰名词、形容词、副词、介词短语或者是句子。
specially副词，意思是“专门地；特意地；特别地”，强调目的的唯一性，暗含“，只是为了…而不为别的”。一般修饰动词或介词短语。
温馨提示：especially和specially一般不换用，但是especially可以和particularly通用。
【例句呈现】
We are especially encouraged by the strong representation, this year, of women in information technology disciplines
今年，女性在信息技术领域的突出表现尤其让我们备受鼓舞。
She was especially fond of a little girl named Betsy.
她尤其偏爱一个名叫贝齐的小女孩。
Millions of wild flowers color the valleys, especially in April and May
尤其是在四五月份，不计其数的野花盛开，山谷里一片绚烂色彩。
Under all the innocent fun, there are hidden dangers, especially for children
在所有简单无害的娱乐项目背后都隐藏着危险，特别是对儿童而言。
Re-apply sunscreen every two hours, especially if you have been swimming.
每两个小时重新涂一次防晒油，尤其是在游泳的时候。
The committee is concerned about players' behavior, especially arguing with referees
委员会很关注运动员的行为，特别是与裁判争吵的行为。
Many women, especially as they get older, develop lumpy veins in their legs.
许多妇女，尤其是年纪大了以后，腿上会现出疙疙瘩瘩的青筋。
The ring was specially made for her.
这枚戒指是为她订做的。
Most of these tools have been specially adapted for use by disabled people.
这些工具多数已经过特别改装，供残疾人使用。
The play was written specially for radio.
这出戏是专为无线电广播而写的。
The compost is specially formulated for pot plants.
此混合肥料专门用于盆栽植物。
They thought he had escaped through a specially constructed tunnel.
他们认为他是通过一条专门修建的地道逃跑的。
Patrick needs to use specially adapted computer equipment
帕特里克需要使用专门改装过的计算机设备。
We came specially to learn from you.
我们是特地来向您学习的。
【考点过关】
1. I made this _______ for your birthday.
2. Their main exports are textiles, _______ silk and cotton.
3. She came to London ________ to see Buckingham Palace.
4. We are not _______ interested in watching movies.
5. You can borrow my laptop for you exam, and you don’t need to buy one ______.
6. She was _______ fond of collecting stamps.
7. The smart-phone is ________ designed for software professionals.
8. It’s __________ hot today.
9. Patrick needs to use _______ adapted computer equipment.
10. Millions of wild flowers color the valleys, ________ in April and May.
11. He came here _________ to say sorry to her.
12. He likes all subjects, _________ English.
13. He returned to her hometown _________ to see her sick mother
14. These books will be __________ helpful to those who wish to improve their English.
15. I came here __________ to ask for your advice.
16. The Great Wall had been added to, __________ during the Ming Dynasty.
【参考答案】
1. specially; 2. especially; 3. specially; 4. especially; 5. specially; 6. especially; 7. specially; 8. especially; 9. specially; 10. especially; 11. specially; 12. especially; 13. specially; 14. especially; 15. specially; 16. especially
●interrupt；disturb
【教材原句】
Chen Wei, a high school student in Beijing, had his dinner interrupted when he heard someone screaming from another table. (教材P56)
【辨析】
两者都有“打扰”的意思，偶尔可互换，但是在意义上有很大区别。
interrupt 意思是“插嘴；打扰；打岔；使暂停；使中断；阻断，遮挡；打断(某人)”，强调客观上打断或打断别人的交谈，或者是正在进行的事情。
disturb意思是“打扰；干扰；妨碍;搅乱；弄乱；搞乱;使焦虑；使不安；使烦恼;扰乱治安”，侧重指别人在专心做某件事情，或者是在休息的时候，去打扰了对方,引起对方反感，从而使人产生精神层面的烦恼或焦虑。
【例句呈现】
Too many examples can interrupt the smooth flow of the text.
例子太多会使行文不流畅。
I can't stand people interrupting all the time.
我不能容忍老有人打岔。
Would you mind not interrupting all the time
请你别老是插嘴好吗？
The game was interrupted several times by rain.
比赛因下雨中断了几次。
Sorry to interrupt, but there's someone to see you.
对不起打扰一下，有人要见你。
We interrupt this program to bring you an important news bulletin.
我们暂停本节目，插播重要新闻。
You've interrupted my flow ─ I can't remember what I was saying.
你打断了我的话——我记不得我在说什么了。
If you get up early, try not to disturb everyone else.
如果你起得早，尽量不要打扰别人。
He knew an intimate little bar where they would not be disturbed.
他知道一处适合幽会的小酒吧，他们在那里不会受到打扰。
His wife's death disturbed the balance of his mind.
妻子的离世使他心神不宁。
She was in a disturbed state of mind.
她的脑子里一片混乱。
It disturbed her to realize that she was alone.
她意识到自己孤单一人，心里感到很不安。
Tourists often disturb the delicate balance of nature on the island.
观光客常常破坏岛上微妙的自然生态平衡。
I didn't like to disturb you.
我本不愿打搅你。
【考点训练】
用interrupt和disturb的适当形式填空
1. When we were talking, he often _______ the conversation.
2. Don’t _______ her because she is very busy.
3. His speech was constantly _______ by applause.
4. I'll see my patient now and we expect not to ________.
5. I was just going to tell you when you _______.
6. It is not polite ________ when someone is talking.
7. Please continue ─ I didn't mean _______.
8. Don’t ________ me while I am writing.
9. The phone ringing ________ my train of thought.
10. My sister always _______ me when I study.
11. Forgive my ________ but I really don't agree with that.
12. Please do not ________ us when we are working.
13. He jacked in the earphone so that he would not _______ others.
14. The manager will be angry if you ______ him when he's in conference.
15. It will ________ your normal mind.
【参考答案】
1. interrupted; 2. disturb; 3. interrupted; 4. be disturbed; 5. interrupted; 6. to interrupt; 7. to interrupt; 8. interrupt/disturb; 9. Interrupted; 10. disturbs; 11. interrupting; 12. interrupt/disturb; 13. disturb; 14. disturb; 15. disturb
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●act as; serve as; work as
【教材原句】
Your skin acts as a barrier against disease, toxins, and the sun’s rays. (教材P50)
【辨析】
三者都有“充当，担任”的意思，多数情况下可以换用，但有些微的区别。
act as 意思是“充当，担任，扮演，起作用”，后接人或物，一般可以与serve as和work as 换用，但act as作“扮演”时，一般不可换用。
serve as意思是“充当，担任，起作用”，后接人或物。
work as 意思是“充当，是….身份；做…..工作”，后一般接人，跟表示职业的名词居多。
【例句呈现】
You are going to act as our sole agent in Brazil.
你将要担任我方在巴西的总代理。
This kind of system can act as part of the operating system.
这种系统能充当操作系统的一部分。
Dust bags act as a filter and suction will be reduced if they are too full
集尘袋起着过滤的作用，所集的灰尘太多时其吸附作用就会减小。
I asked my boss to act as a go-between.
我请我的老板当中间人。
Alcoholic drinks act as a poison to a child.
酒精饮料对小孩犹如毒药。
He volunteered to serve as the manager of our department store.
他自荐当我们商场的经理。
America cannot indefinitely serve as the breadbasket for the world
美国不可能无限期地作为世界的粮仓。
A group of piers on a commercial waterfront that serve as a general landing area for ships or boats.
作船只靠岸用的商业港口上的一组码头.
Trees give off large quantities of water and serve as cooling agents.
树木释放出大量的水分，可以起到降温的作用。
she was elected to serve as secretary of the local party.
她当选为地方党组织的书记。
After that, he moved to Seattle to work as an engineer with Boeing
之后他到西雅图为波音公司担任工程师
The Chinese account for 461 and work mostly as translators or general service providers.
其中中国人有461个，主要担任翻译或者提供一般性服务。
When she grows up, Millie would like to attend Penn State and then work as a detective in law enforcement.
米莉长大后想要进入宾州大学，随后在执法部门担任侦探。
I work as a programmer in the software company.
我在那间软件公司担任程式员。
【考点过关】
根据act as, serve as, work as.的用法填空
1. I was hired by the Personnel Section and told to ______ a secretary.
2. Now, small towns in South India ______ economic and cultural centers for the surrounding villages.
3. In my summer holidays, I used to _______ a part-time interpreter in several foreign companies.
4. But the 24-year-old Harry Potter star was attending a very different type of photo call as she continued to ______ a UN Goodwill Ambassador.
5. I agree to _______ chairman of the meeting.
6. Let these words of mine ________ a warning to you.
7. Every Christmas I used to _______ a temporary postman in my village, helping to deliver the seasonal avalanche of parcels and greeting cards.
8. The table used to ______ a hotel desk.
9. My mom can ________ a guard.
10. Tom will _______ the chief actor in the film.
11. The large box can _______ serve as a desk too.
12. I’ll ______ assistant editor on a trade journal in the food field, where my tasks included a great deal of interviewing and personal contact with members of the industry.
13. A trained dog can _______ a guide to a blind person.
14. But a typewriter was too limited to _______ a model.
15. I'll ________ interpreter.
【参考答案】
1. work as/act as/serve as; 2. act as/serve as; 3. work as/act as/serve as; 4. work as/act as/serve as; 5. work as/act as/serve as; 6. serve as/act as; 7. work as/act as/serve as; 8. act as/serve as; 9. work as/act as/serve as; 10. act as; 12. work as/serve as/act as; 13. act as/work as/serve as; 14. serve as/act as; 15. work as/act as/serve as
●too much; much too
【教材原句】
It also helps control your body temperature, prevents your body from losing too much water, warns you when things are too hot or cold, and gives you your sense of touch. (教材P50)
【辨析】
两者意思和用法均不相同。
too much意思是"太多….."，中心词是much，too用来修饰much，加强语气，是much的强化语，与much 用法相同，放在名词前面，用来修饰不可数名词。另外，too much也可做代词，单独使用，做宾语、主语或表语。
温馨提示：结构 be too much for…..意思是“对……来说太…..；非……力所能及”。
much too意思是"太…."，中心词是too，much用来修饰too，加强语气，是too的强化语，与too的用法相同，都放在形容词或副词的前面，用来修饰形容词或副词。
【例句呈现】
I've got far too much to do.
我要做的事情太多了。
Using too much water could spread the stain.
用水太多可能使污迹扩散。
I think the problem can be got over without too much difficulty.
我认为这个问题不太难解决。
Don't use too much of it ─ it cost a lot of money.
这东西很贵，不要用得太多。
I hope the children weren't too much trouble.
我希望这些孩子没有太烦人。
Eating too much sugar can lead to health problems.
食用过多的糖会引起健康问题。
Obviously, we don't want to spend too much money.
很明显，我们不想花太多的钱。
The other one was much too expensive.
另一个太贵了。
He started working hard much too late in the day ─ he couldn't possibly catch up.
他开始努力工作已为时太晚——不可能赶上了。
You'll never marry her ─ she's much too good for you.
你永远娶不到她——她对你来说高不可攀。
The clothes she wears are much too young for her.
她穿的衣服显得过于年轻了。
He takes bends much too fast.
他拐弯时车开得太快。
These shoes are much too tight.
这双鞋太紧了。
English students are forced to learn too much too soon.
英国学生被迫在极短的时间内学习太多的东西。
【考点过关】
用too much和much too填空
1. _______ was happening all at once．
2. The house was priced __________ high.
3. You have given me ________.
4. He was driving __________ fast.
5. This cake is ________ sweet.
6. There's _______ water.
7. You are ________ kind to me.
8. This one is ________ big.
9. Don't drink ________ wine. It is harmful to your health.
10. This kind of computer is _______ expensive.
11. She's afraid the trip will be ________ for me．
12. He is _______ busy to see visitors.
13. His parents' expectation was _______ for him.
14. The coat I bought yesterday was ________ large.
15. Americans eat _______ meat in my opinion.
【参考答案】
Too much; 2. much too; 3. too much; 4. much too; 5. much too; 6. too much; 7.
much too; 8. much too; 9. too much; 10. much too; 11. too much; 12. much too; 13. too much; 14. much too; 15. too much
●lead to; cause (vt)
【教材原句】
As you can imagine, getting burnt can lead to very serious injuries. (教材P50.)
Examples include mild sunburn and burns caused by other minor household incidents. (教材P50)
These burns cause very severe internal injuries and the victim must go to the hospital at once. (教材P50)
【辨析】
两者都有“导致，引起”的意思，在这种意思前提下，一般可以互换，但是在其它意思上有一定区别。
lead to …. 意思是“导致，引起；通向”，导致的后果可好可坏也可以是中性的，to 是介词，后面一般接名词。
温馨提示：
①lead sb./sth. to do sth. 引起某人/某物做某事
②lead sb./sth. to/into + 地点 把某人/某物领到某地/进入某地
cause 意思是“导致，引起”，一般导致的是坏的结果。也可以构成词组cause sb./sth. to do sth. 意思是“引起/导致某人或某物做某事”。
温馨提示：指坏的结果时，两者可以互换；做“通向” 讲时，不可互换。
【例句呈现】
He has warned that the serious rifts within the country could lead to civil war.
他已经发出了警告，国家内部严重的不和可能会引发内战。
Straining to lift heavy weights can lead to a rise in blood pressure.
用力提重物会导致血压升高。
He agreed that these policies will lead to gridlock in the future.
他认为这些政策将来会导致僵局。
Tampering with a single enzyme can lead to untoward effects elsewhere.
破坏一种酶可能会导致在别处出现异常。
There are recognized black spots in marriages which can lead to trouble
婚姻中有一些公认的容易引发问题的雷区。
So head northwest until you find a river which should lead to the coast.
一直向西北方向走，直到你发现一条小河，这条小河通向海岸。
Repairs and improvements can lead to higher rental rates.
修缮后可以提高租价。
Fire has caused severe damage to the contents of the building.
大火导致那栋大楼里的东西严重损毁。
A combination of internal and external factors caused the company to close down.
内外因结合导致了公司的倒闭。
The drug may cause an aggravation of the condition.
这种药可能导致病情恶化。
The disease can cause sterility in men and women.
这种疾病可能导致男女不育。
Heavy snow has caused total chaos on the roads.
大雪导致道路上交通一片混乱。
Anxiety can be caused by lack of sleep.
睡眠不足可能导致焦虑。
Researchers are still trying to isolate the gene that causes this abnormality.
研究人员仍然在试图分离导致这种畸形的基因。
【考点过关】
根据lead to和cause的用法, 用其适当形式填空
1. A faulty connection _______ the machine to stop that day.
2. If you string these experiences together, you can find a new life road will ______ your future.
3. The poor harvest ________ prices to rise sharply during those days.
4. He still believed that honesty and industry would ______ success.
5. Vitamin deficiency in the diet can ________ illness.
6. Excuse me, does this road _______ the railway station
7. Heavy seas can _______ cancellation of ferry services.
8. There were fears that privatization would _______ job losses.
9. Defeat could _______ one side to escalate the conflict.
10. Abuse can _______ both psychological and emotional problems.
11. Strong coffee or tea late at night may _______ sleeplessness
12. A poor diet will ultimately ________ illness.
13. Generally, a lack of magnesium _______ muscles to go into spasm.
14. Excessive drinking can ________ stomach disorders.
15. In its present form, the law could _______ new injustices.
【参考答案】
1. caused; 2. lead to; 3. caused; 4. lead to; 5. lead to/cause; 6. lead to; 7. lead to/cause; 8. cause/lead to; 9. cause; 10. cause/lead to; 11. lead to/cause; 12. cause/lead to; 13. causes; 14. cause/lead to; 15. cause/lead to
●depend on/upon; rely on/upon
【教材原句】
Burns are divided into three types, depending on the depth of skin damage. (教材P50)
【辨析】
两者都是“依靠，依赖”的意思，但用法上某些时候有区别。
depend 表示“依靠，依赖，信赖”， 常构成词组depend on/upon，表
示“指望，取决于，由……决定”。在交际用语中，要表示“那得看情况或视情况而定”时，一般只用depend, 不用rely, 即It/ That (all) depends.那得看情况。
rely 常构成词组rely on/upon，表示“取决于，由…决定”。
温馨提示：
①depend on/upon sb./sth. to do sth. = rely on/uopon sb./sth to do sth.
依赖/依靠/指望….做某事
②depend on/upon sb./sth. doing sth. = rely on/upon sb./sth doing sth.
依赖/依靠/指望….做某事
③depend on/upon…. for….= rely on/upon…. for….
依靠….来….
【例句呈现】
We depend on energy to do many things in our daily lives.
在日常生活中，我们做很多事都离不开能源。
If our parents do everything for us children, we won’t learn to depend on ourselves.
如果父母替我们这些孩子做所有的事情，我们就学不会独立。
We depend on him finishing the job this weekend.
我们指望他这个周末能完成工作。
Depend upon it. We shall solve the problem at last.
请相信，我们最终会解决这个问题。
You can depend on Jane - she always keeps her promises.
你可以信赖简，她总是信守诺言。
The future of space research depends on how much money we have.
太空研究的未来取决于我们的经济实力。
The journey takes about two hours, depending on traffic.
旅途大约需要两小时，这取决于交通状况
-- How long are you staying 你会待多久
-- I don't now. It depends. 我不知道，那得看情况，
I rely on you for good advice.
我靠你来给我好建议。
The wise will not rely on medicine for keeping their health.
明智的人不依赖药物来保持健康。
These days, we rely heavily on computers to organize our work.
现在，我们在很大程度上依赖电脑来安排工作。
You may rely on him coming on time.
你放心，他肯定会按时来的。
【考点过关】
用depend或rely 填空
1. -- What are you going to do this weekend
-- It ______. If time permits, I may go to Shanghai with my friends.
2. Don't always ask others to help you. You should learn to _______ on yourself
3. All living things ________ on the sun for their growth.
4. Did you still ________ on your parents
5. Everything _______ on the weather tomorrow.
6. Children _______ on their parents for food and clothing.
7. It all _____ on whether she likes the boss or not.
8. His success ______ chiefly on himself．
9. Whether the game will be played ______ on the weather．
10. The development of things ______ fundamentally on internal causes．
【参考答案】
1. depends; 2. depend/rely; 3. depend/rely; 4. depend/rely; 5. depends/relies; 6. depend/rely; 7. depends/relies; 8. depends/relies; 9. depends/relies;10. depends/relies
●especially; specially
【教材原句】
Place burns under cool running water, especially within the first ten minutes. (教材P51)
【辨析】
两者词形相似，但意义和用法不同。
especially副词，意思是 “尤其；特别；格外地”，往往用来对前面所述情况进行说明或补充，不强调目的性，只强调超乎寻常，通常用来修饰名词、形容词、副词、介词短语或者是句子。
specially副词，意思是“专门地；特意地；特别地”，强调目的的唯一性，暗含“，只是为了…而不为别的”。一般修饰动词或介词短语。
温馨提示：especially和specially一般不换用，但是especially可以和particularly通用。
【例句呈现】
We are especially encouraged by the strong representation, this year, of women in information technology disciplines
今年，女性在信息技术领域的突出表现尤其让我们备受鼓舞。
She was especially fond of a little girl named Betsy.
她尤其偏爱一个名叫贝齐的小女孩。
Millions of wild flowers color the valleys, especially in April and May
尤其是在四五月份，不计其数的野花盛开，山谷里一片绚烂色彩。
Under all the innocent fun, there are hidden dangers, especially for children
在所有简单无害的娱乐项目背后都隐藏着危险，特别是对儿童而言。
Re-apply sunscreen every two hours, especially if you have been swimming.
每两个小时重新涂一次防晒油，尤其是在游泳的时候。
The committee is concerned about players' behavior, especially arguing with referees
委员会很关注运动员的行为，特别是与裁判争吵的行为。
Many women, especially as they get older, develop lumpy veins in their legs.
许多妇女，尤其是年纪大了以后，腿上会现出疙疙瘩瘩的青筋。
The ring was specially made for her.
这枚戒指是为她订做的。
Most of these tools have been specially adapted for use by disabled people.
这些工具多数已经过特别改装，供残疾人使用。
The play was written specially for radio.
这出戏是专为无线电广播而写的。
The compost is specially formulated for pot plants.
此混合肥料专门用于盆栽植物。
They thought he had escaped through a specially constructed tunnel.
他们认为他是通过一条专门修建的地道逃跑的。
Patrick needs to use specially adapted computer equipment
帕特里克需要使用专门改装过的计算机设备。
We came specially to learn from you.
我们是特地来向您学习的。
【考点过关】
1. I made this _______ for your birthday.
2. Their main exports are textiles, _______ silk and cotton.
3. She came to London ________ to see Buckingham Palace.
4. We are not _______ interested in watching movies.
5. You can borrow my laptop for you exam, and you don’t need to buy one ______.
6. She was _______ fond of collecting stamps.
7. The smart-phone is ________ designed for software professionals.
8. It’s __________ hot today.
9. Patrick needs to use _______ adapted computer equipment.
10. Millions of wild flowers color the valleys, ________ in April and May.
11. He came here _________ to say sorry to her.
12. He likes all subjects, _________ English.
13. He returned to her hometown _________ to see her sick mother
14. These books will be __________ helpful to those who wish to improve their English.
15. I came here __________ to ask for your advice.
16. The Great Wall had been added to, __________ during the Ming Dynasty.
【参考答案】
1. specially; 2. especially; 3. specially; 4. especially; 5. specially; 6. especially; 7. specially; 8. especially; 9. specially; 10. especially; 11. specially; 12. especially; 13. specially; 14. especially; 15. specially; 16. especially
●interrupt；disturb
【教材原句】
Chen Wei, a high school student in Beijing, had his dinner interrupted when he heard someone screaming from another table. (教材P56)
【辨析】
两者都有“打扰”的意思，偶尔可互换，但是在意义上有很大区别。
interrupt 意思是“插嘴；打扰；打岔；使暂停；使中断；阻断，遮挡；打断(某人)”，强调客观上打断或打断别人的交谈，或者是正在进行的事情。
disturb意思是“打扰；干扰；妨碍;搅乱；弄乱；搞乱;使焦虑；使不安；使烦恼;扰乱治安”，侧重指别人在专心做某件事情，或者是在休息的时候，去打扰了对方,引起对方反感，从而使人产生精神层面的烦恼或焦虑。
【例句呈现】
Too many examples can interrupt the smooth flow of the text.
例子太多会使行文不流畅。
I can't stand people interrupting all the time.
我不能容忍老有人打岔。
Would you mind not interrupting all the time
请你别老是插嘴好吗？
The game was interrupted several times by rain.
比赛因下雨中断了几次。
Sorry to interrupt, but there's someone to see you.
对不起打扰一下，有人要见你。
We interrupt this program to bring you an important news bulletin.
我们暂停本节目，插播重要新闻。
You've interrupted my flow ─ I can't remember what I was saying.
你打断了我的话——我记不得我在说什么了。
If you get up early, try not to disturb everyone else.
如果你起得早，尽量不要打扰别人。
He knew an intimate little bar where they would not be disturbed.
他知道一处适合幽会的小酒吧，他们在那里不会受到打扰。
His wife's death disturbed the balance of his mind.
妻子的离世使他心神不宁。
She was in a disturbed state of mind.
她的脑子里一片混乱。
It disturbed her to realize that she was alone.
她意识到自己孤单一人，心里感到很不安。
Tourists often disturb the delicate balance of nature on the island.
观光客常常破坏岛上微妙的自然生态平衡。
I didn't like to disturb you.
我本不愿打搅你。
【考点训练】
用interrupt和disturb的适当形式填空
1. When we were talking, he often _______ the conversation.
2. Don’t _______ her because she is very busy.
3. His speech was constantly _______ by applause.
4. I'll see my patient now and we expect not to ________.
5. I was just going to tell you when you _______.
6. It is not polite ________ when someone is talking.
7. Please continue ─ I didn't mean _______.
8. Don’t ________ me while I am writing.
9. The phone ringing ________ my train of thought.
10. My sister always _______ me when I study.
11. Forgive my ________ but I really don't agree with that.
12. Please do not ________ us when we are working.
13. He jacked in the earphone so that he would not _______ others.
14. The manager will be angry if you ______ him when he's in conference.
15. It will ________ your normal mind.
【参考答案】
1. interrupted; 2. disturb; 3. interrupted; 4. be disturbed; 5. interrupted; 6. to interrupt; 7. to interrupt; 8. interrupt/disturb; 9. Interrupted; 10. disturbs; 11. interrupting; 12. interrupt/disturb; 13. disturb; 14. disturb; 15. disturb
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