新人教版高二英语选修八第三单元Inventors and inventions教案之语言点详解

新人教版高二英语
选修八第三单元
Inventors and inventions
教案之
语言点详解
词汇详解：
一.词语辨析
1. discover / find / invent
【解释】
discover表示“偶然”或“经过努力”发现客观存在的事物、真理或错误。
find意为“发现，找到”，指对某种事物的寻求，也指对丢失的事物的找到。
invent 指设计或制造原来没有的东西。
【练习】
用discover，find，invent的适当形式填空。
1). Columbus _______ America in 1492.
2). You will _______ it a difficult book.
3). When did you _______ that she’ s married
4). I’ ve _______ the book I was hunting for.
5). Alexander Graham Bell _______ the telephone in 1876.
Keys: 1). discovered ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) 2). find 3). found 4). discover 5). invented
2. hope / wish / expect
【解释】
hope 后面只能接不定式和that从句，表示一种有信心的可实现的希望。
注意：
1. hope后不能接动名词作宾语，也不能用hope sb. to do sth. 结构。
2. 省略答语中，not不可放在hope前，如不能说I don’ t hope so.只能说I hope not.
wish 通常表示有某种未实现或无法实现的欲望或希望，wish后跟从句时常用虚拟语气。
expect 表示“预期，盼望，期待，料想”，后面可跟名词、代词、不定式，that从句等。
【练习】
用hope，wish，expect的适当形式填空。
1). We _______ that o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ur children will carry on our family traditions.
2). I _______ you a very happy future.
3). What do you _______ me to do
4). Most of the parents _______ much of their children.
5). I am _______ a letter from her.
6). I ________ I were really wealthy.
Keys: 1). hope 2). wish 3). wish / expect 4). expect 5). expecting 6). Wish
3. bear / endure / stand / tolerate
【解释】
bear强调忍受者对痛苦、忧虑、烦恼以及责任的承受力，常用于否定句中。
endure意为“经受长期的艰难、困苦或折磨而不屈服”，强调持久力和意志坚强，常用于
否定句中。
stand强调不屈不挠或经受得起，常用于否定句中。
tolerate意为“忍受某人或某种行为而不反抗”，语气最弱，可用于肯定句和否定句。
【练习】
用bear，endure，stand，tolerate的适当形式填空。
1). Our tent won’ t _______ another storm like the last one.
2). I can’ t _______ to wait any longer.
3). She’ s al ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ready had to _______ three painful operations on her leg.
4). I will not _______ that sort of behaviour in my class.
Keys: 1). stand 2). bear 3). endure 4). tolerate
4. set off / set out / set about
【解释】
set off “出发”，侧重于去某个地方。
set out “出发，开始”，侧重于开始做某事，还有规划，展现的意思，后加不定式。
set about “开始，着手”，与set out意思相近，后加v-ing形式。
【练习】
用set off，set out，set about的适当形式填空。
1). They succeeded in what they had _______ to do.
2). Having made up his mind, he _______ carrying out the plan.
3). If you want to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )catch that train we’ d better _______ for the station immediately.
Keys: 1). set out 2). set about 3). set off
二.词性变化
1. mercy n.仁慈，宽容
merciful adj. 宽恕的
merciless adj.残忍的；无情的
2. abrupt adj.突然的，意外的；唐突的，鲁莽的
abruptly adv.突然地；粗鲁地

3. expect vt. 期待，预期， 指望
expectation n. 期待，预料，指望，展望
unexpected. adj. 想不到的，未预料
unexpectedly adv. 出乎意料地，想不到地
4. freeze v.(使)冻结，(使) 结冰 n.冻结；冰冻期
freezing n. 冰点 adj. 冰冻的，严寒的
5. practise vt.&vi. 实行； 练习；实习
practice n. 练习，实习，实践，习俗
practical adj.实际的，实 践的，实用的
【练习】
用括号内所提供词的适当形式填空。
1). This result was beyond my wildest ________ (expect).
2). She was subje ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )cted to the ________ (mercy) criticism of her opponents.
3). They asked her to be ________ (mercy) to the prisoners.
4). We must put our plans into ________ (practise).
5). Your invention is very ________ (practice).
6). The young girl practices ________ (play) the violin every day.
7). His father di ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ed _______ (expect), and it was ten years since they were last together.
8). We were _______ (freeze) cold in the tent last night.
9). Our conversation c ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ame to an _______ (abruptly) end when George burst into the room.
Keys: 1). ex ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )pectation 2). merciless 3). merciful 4). practice
5). practica ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l 6). playing 7). unexpectedly 8). freezing 9). abrupt
三.重点词汇
1. distinguish 辨别；辨认；（常与from, between连用）区别；区分
[典例]
1). I can distinguish them at a distance.
从远处我能认出他们。
2). The man distinguishes himself by his wisdom
这个人因智慧而扬名。
[重点用法]
distinguish A from B 辨别A与B
be distinguished from不同于...
be distinguished by 以...为特征
be distinguished for 因...而著称
distinguish oneself 显扬自己；使自己扬名
[练习]
根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的介词或翻译。
1). Can you distinguish _______ those two objects
2). Children should ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) be taught to _______ _______ _______ _______ (分辨好坏).
3). Speech distinguishes human beings _______ the animals.
4). The Chinese nat ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ion is distinguished _______ its diligence and courage.
Keys: 1). between ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) 2). distinguish right from wrong 3). from 4). for
2. convenient adj.便利的，方便的
convenience n.便利，方便
conveniently adv.便利地
[典例]
1). Is it convenient for you to come next Sunday
下个星期天你方便来吗？
2). I can’ t see him now; it’ s not convenient.
我现在不便见他。
[重点用法]
be convenient to sb. 对某人方便
It is convenient (for sb) to do sth. (某人)做某事方便
[练习]
根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的词或翻译。
e and see me ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )_______ _______ _______ _______ _______ (无论你何时方便).
2). We must arran ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ge a ________ (convenience) time and place for the meeting.
3). I keep my reference books near by desk for _______ (convenient).
Keys: 1). whenever ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )it’ s convenient to you 2). convenient 3). convenience

3. seize vt. 抓住，捉住；占据；（指强烈的感情﹑ 愿望等）突然影响或控制（某人）
[典例]
1). She seized me by the wrist.
她抓住我的手腕。
2). Panic seized us.
我们惊恐万状。
[重点用法]
seize hold of sth 抓住某物
seize a chance / an opportunity 抓住时机
seize on/upon sth 意识到某事物而立即加以利用
[练习]
完成句子。
1). His father ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )asked him ______________________________________ (抓住时机赚一些钱).
2). We _____________ (身不由己) by a sudden impulse to run.
3). The critics _______ _______ (抓住) my mistake and said I was ignorant.
Keys: 1). to seize th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e chance to make some money 2). were seized 3). seized on
4. file n.[c] 文件；档案 vt. 把...归档
[典例]
1). Here are o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ur files on the results of the business in the past five years.
这是我们过去五年来经营成绩的案卷。
2). Please file this paper away, Miss Mary.
玛丽小姐，请把这份文件归档。
[重点用法]
have／open／keep a file on存有／设立／保存...的档案
[练习]
翻译下面的句子。
1). 她把她所有的信件仔细归档。
_______________________________________________________________________________
2). 他阅读了有关这个案件的全部卷宗。
_______________________________________________________________________________
Keys: 1). She filed all her letters carefully.
2). He read all the files on the case.
5. hang vt.& vi. (hung; hung) 悬挂，附着；悬挂着
vt. (hanged; hanged) 吊死，绞死
[典例]
1). His pictures were hung in the Museum of Modem Arts.
他的画在现代艺术馆展出。
2). The man was hanged for murder.
那男子因谋杀罪被处绞刑。
[重点用法]
hang about 闲待着，终日无所事事；闲荡 hang on 紧握着；(电话用语)别挂断
hang up 挂；挂断电话；延迟；推迟或搁置
[练习]
用与hang的正确形式或相关的词组填空。
1). She __________ the phone angrily before I could speak.
2). He _________ for murder.
3). The curtain ________ well.
4). _________ a minute; I’ m just coming.
Keys: 1). hung up 2). was hanged 3). hangs 4). Hang on
四.重点词组
1. call up 征召；召集服兵役；唤起；使人回忆；带入心中；打电话给某人
[典例]
1). He called me up to tell me the good news.
他打电话给我并告诉我这个好消息。
2). I was called up three months after war broke out..
战争爆发后的第三个月，我应征入伍。
[短语归纳]
call短语：
call back 召回；回电话；收回处理
call on/at 拜访(on后跟人；at后跟地点名词)
call for 要求，提倡，为...叫喊
call forth 使产生；引起；使起作用
call in 召集，召来，来访
call off 取消；取消或延期
call out 出动，唤起，大声叫唤
[练习]
根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的介词或副词。
1). This is the work that calls _______ patience.
2). Human Rights gro ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ups are calling _______ the release of political prisoners.
3). He had to _______ the meeting because of the bad weather.
4). I’ ll call _______ him tomorrow do you want to visit him with me
5). The company has called _______ all such models as built in 1990.
6). The government ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) then called _______ troops to deal with the disturbances.
7). The old photo calls _______ memories of my childhood.
Keys: 1). for 2). for 3). off 4). on 5). back 6). in 7). up
2. set about sth/doing sth (不用於被动语态) 开始（某工作）； 着手做某事
[典例]
1). I must set about my packing.
我得开始收拾行李了。
2). The new governme ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nt must set about finding solutions to the country’ s economic problems.
新政府必须立即找出解决国家经济问题的办法。
[短语归纳]
set短语：
set sth aside 将某事物放在一边；（为某目的）节省或保留（钱或时间）
set sth down 将某事物记在纸上； 写下来
set out 从某地出发上路
set off 开始（旅行、赛跑等）
set sth off 使（炸弹、地雷等）爆炸
set to 精力充沛地开始做某事
set sth up 摆放或竖起某物；创（体育）记录
[练习]
根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的介词。
1). I don’ t know how to set _______ this job.
2). She set _______ a new world record time _______ the 100 metres.
3). They set _______ on the last stage _______ their journey.
4). How do senior managers set _______ making these decisions
Keys: 1). about 2). up; in 3). out; of 4). about
3. (every) now and then/again 时而；偶尔；有时
[典例]
1). I like to go to the opera now and then.
我喜欢偶尔去看歌剧。
2). Every now and ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) again she went upstairs to see if he was still asleep.
她时而到楼上看看他是否还在睡着。
[短语归纳]
now短语：
now (that)... 由於...；既然
right now 此刻；现在
by now 到目前为止
just now 刚才
from now on 从现在开始
[练习]
用与now相关的词组填空。
1). Sonia should h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ave been home _______ _______. Do you think she’ s OK
2). I hear from him ________ ________ ________ ________.
3). Please try to be more careful ________ ________ ________.
4). There’ s nothing I can do about this ________ ________.
Keys: 1). by now ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) 2). every now and then 3). from now on 4). right now
4. out of order次序颠倒；发生故障
[典例]
Our air—conditioner is out of order.
我们的冷气机出故障了。
[短语归纳]
order短语：
in order 整齐，状况良好，适宜，按顺序
in order that后接从句，
in order to后接动词原形
[练习]
翻译下面的句子。
1). 电梯出故障了。
______________________________________________________________________________
2). 情况一团杂糟。
______________________________________________________________________________
3). 他现在发言是十分合适的。
______________________________________________________________________________
Keys: 1). The elevator is out of order.
2). Things were in terrible order.
3). It’ ll be quite in order for him to speak now.
5. get through 用完，消耗掉；（设法）做或完成某事；通过（与某人）联系（尤指通电话）
[典例]
1). I’ ve got through a lot of correspondence today.
今天我处理了一大批信件。
2). I tried ringing yo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )u several times yesterday but I couldn’ t get through (to you).
昨天我给你打了几次电话, 可是都没（和你）接通。
[短语归纳]
get短语：
get (sth) across (to sb)（使某事）传播或为人理解
get ahead (of sb) 领先（於某人）
get along with sb 与某人合得来；与某人和睦相处
get on/along with sth 取得进展
get away (from sb/...) 逃离或摆脱开（某人或某地）
get off 离开某地或出发
get away with sth 偷携某物潜逃；不因某事受惩罚
get by (on sth)（靠某物）勉强维生；设法维持；对付
get down to sth/doing sth 开始做某事；重视某事物；认真处理某事
get over sth overcome克服；战胜；掌握
[练习]
翻译下面的句子。
1). If you cheat in th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e exam you’ ll never _______ _______ _______ it.
2). He’ s not very good at _______ his ideas _______.
3). It’ s time I _______ _______ (认真干) some serious work.
4). He was dis ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )appointed at not getting the job, but he’ ll ______ ______ it.
Keys: 1). get aw ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ay with 2). getting; across 3). got down to 4). get over
6. ring back 回复电话
[典例]
1). I’ ll ask him to ring you back.
我会叫他给你回电话。
2). He rang off before I could answer it.
我还没来得及接他就挂断了。
[短语归纳]
ring短语：
ring...up 给...打电话
ring off 挂断电话
give sb. a ring给某人打电话
[练习]
翻译下面的句子。
1). 他们一到我就给你打电话。
______________________________________________________________________________
2). 你一定要挂电话了。我要用这个电话。
______________________________________________________________________________
3). 他给他的医生打了电话，取消了他们的约会。
______________________________________________________________________________
Keys: 1). I’ ll ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ring you up as soon as they arrive. / I will give you a ring as soon as they arrive. 2). You must ring off now. I want to use this phone.
3). He gave his doctor a ring and canceled his appiontment.
7. in case 因为可能发生某事；以防万一；万一
[典例]
It may rain you’ d better take an umbrella (just) in case (it does).
可能下雨---你最好带把伞，以防万一（下起来）。
[短语归纳]
case短语：
in case of sth 若发生某事；假如
in any case 无论如何；总之
in no case 在任何情形下决不；无论如何都不
in that case 既然那样；假若是那样的话
[练习]
翻译下面的句子。
1). _______ _______ _______ _______ (遇火警时), ring the alarm bell.
2). You don’ t like ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) your job _______ _______ _______ (既然那样), why don’ t you leave
3). Bring some mo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ney with you _______ _______ (以防万一) you want to buy something.
Keys: 1). In case of fire 2). In that case 3). in case
五.重点句子

1. The first thing ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) I tried to do was to see if there were products that might help me, but there only seemed to be powders designed to kill snakes.
我先看看有没有能派得上用场的产品，好象只有一些用来杀死蛇的药粉。
[解释]
(1) 在there be结构中，be的人称与数应遵循就近一致原则：
There was a buck ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )et of water and two chairs in the comer of the house.
There are tw ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o chairs and a bucket of water in the comer of the house.
(2) there be常见的形式有：there seems to be...
there happens to be...
there used to be...
(3) seem的归纳总结：
① sth.／sb. seem (to be)+adj.／名词好像
② It seems that... 似乎，好像...
③ It seems to sb that... 在某人看来好像...
④ It seems as if ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )／as though... 看起来好像(后可接虚拟语气，这可接表真实的表语从句。) It seems as if it were going to rain. 看起来好像要下雨了。(天气好得很，不会下雨。) It seems as if it is going to rain. 看起来好像要下雨了。(真的快要下雨了。)
⑤ There seems (to be)... 好象...
[练习]
根据句子的意思在括号里填入适当的词。
1). The chil ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d seems _______ (be) healthy, but the doctor is concerned.
2). It seems to me _______ there’ s something funny about the case.
3). There doesn’ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t seem _______ (be) much hope that he’ ll come / of him coming.
Keys: 1). to be 2). that 3). to be
2. Between the o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )utside and inside walls of the bowl there is some jelly, which freezes hard when cooled.
在碗的内外壁中间有些果冻，当冷冻时就会变得非常硬。
[解释]
when cooled的构成：连词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )+过去分词，相当于when 引导的状语从句when it is cooled 如果when／while引导的时间状语从句中的主语与主句的主语相同，常常可用when／while + 现在分词短语或者过去分词短语的结构来代替。
1). When offe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )red help, you should say “thank you” or “it’ s very kind of you”.
= When you are ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )offered help, you should say “thank you” or “it’ s very kind of you”.
2). You must be careful when crossing the street.
= You must be careful when you cross the street.
3). Seen from the hill, the city is beautiful.
= If／When the city is seen from the hill, the city is beautiful.
4). Seeing from the hi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ll, you call see that the whole city is beautiful.
= If／When you see ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )from the hill, you can see that the whole city is beautiful.
[练习]
用括号内所提供词的适当形式填空。
1). Once _______ (publish), this novel will be very popular!
2). _______ (tell) many times, he still couldn’ t understand.
3). The girl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s are talking excitedly, _______ (follow) their teacher.
Keys: 1). published 2). Having been told 3). following
六．课文佳句背诵与仿写
1.【原句】Prepar ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ed with some research findings, I decided on three possible approaches.
经过一番研究准备之后，我决定采用三种可能的方法
[模仿要点] 句子结构：V-ed 状语，+ 主句
【模仿1】有电子词典的帮助，学生可以学得更多更快。
_______________________________________________________________________________
答案：Assisted with e ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lectronic dictionaries, students can learn much more and faster.
【模仿2】有知识的武装，我们能有更多的机会与别人竞争。
_______________________________________________________________________________

答案：Equipped with kn ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )owledge, we can have more chances to compete with others.
2．【原句】Pressed by my fr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )iends and relations, I decided to send my invention to the patent office
to get recognition for my successful idea.
由于朋友和亲戚的敦促，我决定抓住这次机会把我的发明送到专利局去，请他们对我这次成功的思路给予认可.
[模仿要点] 句子结构：V-ed状语，主句
【模仿1】虽然做好了失败的准备，我仍然感到伤心并决定抓住每一分钟更加努力提高我的
英语。
_______________________________________________________________________________
答案：Prepared for ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the failure, I still felt upset and decided to work even harder to seize every minute to improve my English.
【模仿2】被她的耐心所感动，我对我的粗鲁行为感到尴尬并决定要学做耐心的人，这有助
于我与我的同学，朋友和我的父母很好地相处。
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答案：Moved by her patien ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ce, I felt embarrassed for my rude behavior and decided to learn to be a patient person, which helps me get along well with my classmates, my friends and my parents.
3. 【原句】Only after you ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) have had that recognition can you say that you are truly an inventor. 只有你得到这种承认，你才可以说是一个真正的发明家。
[模仿要点] 句子结构：Only + 介词短语 + 倒装
【模仿1】只有通过生产用太阳能驱动的交通工具我们才能解决能源短缺问题。
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答案：Only by prod ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ucing vehicle which is powered with solar can we solve the problem of fuel shortage.
【模仿2】只有把竞争和合作相联合，才能有助于我们达到目标并满足自身需求。
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答案：Only when ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) competition combine with cooperation can it help in obtaining our goals and satisfying our needs.