人教版（2019）选择性必修第三册 Unit3 Environmental Protection 语法-精讲破学案（含解析）

Unit3 语法-精讲破
直接引语和间接引语
引用别人的话有两种方式，一种是讲述别人的原话，并把它放在引号里，这叫直接引语；另一种是用自己的话来转述别人的话，并且不能用引号，这叫间接引语。直接引语和间接引语之间可以互相转换。直接引语变成间接引语时，要注意以下几项问题。
【观察】
She said, “I am very happy to help you.” → She said that she was very happy to help me.
He said to me, “I have taught English since I came here.” → He told me that he had taught English since he came here.
【归纳】
直接引语是陈述句，变成间接引语时，由 ① 引导。
【观察】
He asked me, “Do like playing football ” → He asked me whether/if I liked playing football.
He asked me, “Can I do it or not ” → He asked me whether he could do it or not.
【归纳】
直接引语是 句或选择疑问句，变成间接引语时，由 whether或if引导。
注意：大多数情况下，if和 whether可以互换，但后有not时，一般只用 ③ 。
【观察】
My sister asked me, “How do you like the film ” → My sister asked me how I liked the film.
He asked Lucy, “Where did you go ” → He asked Lucy where she went.
Tom said, “What do you want, Ann ” → Tom asked Ann what she wanted.
【归纳】
直接引语是特殊疑问句，变成间接引语时，由相应的疑问词如who、whom、whose、how、when、why，where等引导，语序要用 ④ 语序。
【观察】
They said, “We will go there by bus.”→They said they would go there by bus.
She said to me, “Are you interested in science ”→She asked me if I was interested in science.
His mother said to me, “He can’t go to school.”→His mother told me that he couldn’t go to school.
【归纳】
由直接引语变为间接引语时从句人称的变化规则：从句的主语人称要遵循一主、二宾、三不变的原则，即如果直接引语的主语是第一人称，变为间接引语时要和主句的 ⑤ 人称保持一致；如果直接引语的主语是第二人称，变为间接引语时要与主句的 ⑥ 人称保持一致；如果直接引语的主语是第三人称，变为间接引语时，人称 ⑦ 。
【观察】
The girl said, “I’m sorry for being late for class.”→The girl said that she was sorry for being late for class.
He says, “I have finished my homework.”→ He says that he has finished his homework.
She will say, “I’ll do it tomorrow.”→She will say that she’ll do it the next day.
The teacher said. “The earth moves around the sun.”→The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun.
【归纳】
直接引语变为间接引语时从句时态的变化规则：
（1）如果主句的时态是一般过去时，则从句的时态应变为与主句时态相应的过去时态，即当直接引语是一般现在时时，间接引语用 ⑧ ；当直接引语是一般过去时时，间接引语用过去完成时；当直接引语是现在进行时时，间接引语用过去进行时；直接引语是现在完成时，间接引语用过去完成时；直接引语是过去完成时，间接引语用过去完成时；直接引语是一般将来时，间接引语用过去将来时。
（2）直接引语变为间接引语时，如果主句是一般现在时或一般将来时，则从句的时态 ⑨ 。
（3）直接引语如果是客观事实或真理，变为间接引语时，从句时态 ⑩ 。
【观察】
She said, “I will come this evening.’→She said that she would go that evening.
He said, “My sister was here three days ago, but she is not here now” →He said that his sister had been there three days before, but she was not there then.
She said, “My brother wants to go with me.”→She said her brother wanted to go with her.
He said. “These books are mine.”→ He said those books were his.
【归纳】
直接引语变为间接引语时指示代词、时间状语、地点状语、动词的变化规则：
（1）直接引语变为间接引语时，指示代词的变化：this→ , these→ 等。
（2）直接引语变为间接引语时时间状语的变化：now→ ，today→that day, yesterday→the day before, tomorrow→ the next day等。
（3）直接引语变为间接引语时地点状语的变化：here→ 。
（4）直接引语变为间接引语时动词的变化：come→ (go come)。
【观察】
The captain ordered, “Be quiet.”→The captain ordered us to be quiet.
My teacher asked me, “Don’t laugh.”→My teacher asked me not to laugh.
【归纳】
如果直接引语是祈使句，变成间接引语时，把动词原形变成 , 并根据情况在其前加 tell、ask、order等动词和相应的人称代词。注意：此种情况的否定句，在 前加not。
链接高考
单句语法填空
1.（2018课标全国I，语法填空，★★）While running regularly can’t make you live forever，the review says it ________ (be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.
2.（2017天津，4，★）She asked me ________ I had returned the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadn’t.
单句改错
3.（2019课标全国I，阅读理解B，★★）Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president.
4.（2019北京，阅读理解C，★★）Soon you will also question that the voice you’re hearing is actually real.
5.（★★）Jack asked John where he is going when he met him in the street.
将下列直接引语变成间接引语
6.（2020浙江1月，读后续写，★★）“I’m going to miss you so much, Poppy,” said the tall, thin teenager.
_____________________________________________________________________
7.（2019北京，阅读理解B，★★）With that in mind, Moore asked her dad. “Can I start my own candy company ”
_____________________________________________________________________
8.（2019北京，阅读理解B改编，★★）“Why can’t I make a healthy candy that’s good for my teeth so that my parents can't say no to it ” Moore asked herself.
_____________________________________________________________________
9.（2019天津，阅读理解B改编，★★）Mom said, “I can’t believe what’s printed in the newspaper this morning.”
_____________________________________________________________________
10.（2018天津改编，13，★★）He said, “My washing machine is being repaired this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.”
_____________________________________________________________________
11.（2018天津，阅读理解B，★★）I raced to the staircase and called out, “Sally! Come down immediately!”
_____________________________________________________________________
12.（2018天津，阅读理解B，★★）She asked, “Do you have the address ”
_____________________________________________________________________
13.（2017北京，阅读理解A改编，★★）Paris said, “My team saved my life.”
_____________________________________________________________________
14.（2017浙江，阅读理解A改编，★★）Benjamin later said, “Those two books were my companions by day, and under my pillow at night.”
_____________________________________________________________________
15.（2017课标全国Ⅲ，语法填空改编，★★）Sarah said, “My dad thinks I should take the offer now.”
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16.（2016课标全国I，阅读理解C改编，★★）The lady on the desk said, “Jim, I have some bad news for you that there are no flights from Washington.”
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17.（2016北京，阅读理解B改编，★★）The man said, “My neighborhood will be back, even stronger than before.”
_____________________________________________________________________
18.（2016四川，完形填空，★★）“Have you read it ” asked Aunt Dede.
_____________________________________________________________________
19.（2016江苏，完形填空改编，★★★）Kurt asked, “John, what is your plan for personal growth ”
_____________________________________________________________________
20.（★★）“Is it raining out there，Tom ” asked the man at the petrol station.
_____________________________________________________________________
21.（★★）I wasn’t able to hide my eagerness when I asked, “What do you wish me to do now, Dad ”
_____________________________________________________________________
参考答案：
①that②一般疑问③ whether④陈述句⑤主语
⑥宾语⑦不变⑧一般过去时⑨不变不变
that those then there go 不变
动词不定式 动词不定式
1. is 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。句意：尽管经常跑步不能使你长生，但报告上说，跑步比散步、骑车或游泳更能有效地延长寿命。此处表示一种理论事实，因此用一般现在时。此处主语是it，故填is。
2. whether/if 考查宾语从句。句意：她问我是否已经把书还给图书馆了，我承认了我还没有还。whether/if在此处是“是否”的意思，引导宾语从句。
3. 在 raise前加to 考查动词不定式。句意：有一天当Whaley让认为自己永远都成不了总统的孩子举起手时，他有了这个二年级总统竞选项目的想法。直接引语变成间接引语时，需将祈使句中的动词原形变成不定式。
4. that改为 whether/if 考查连接词。句意：很快你也会怀疑你正在听到的声音是不是真的。直接引语是一般疑问句，变成间接引语时，由 whether或if引导，意思为“是否”。
5. is改为was 考查时态。句意：杰克在街上遇见约翰时，问他要去哪里。直接引语在改为间接引语时，如果主句是一般过去时，从句的时态需要做相应的调整，现在进行时要改为过去进行时。
6. The tall, thin teenager said to Poppy that he was going to miss him so much.
7. with that in mind, Moore asked her dad if/whether she could start her own candy company.
8. Moore asked herself why she couldn’t make a health candy that was good for her teeth so that her parents couldn’t say no to it.
9. Mom said that she couldn’t believe what was printed in the newspaper that morning.
10. He said that his washing machine was being repaired that week, so he had to wash his clothes by hand.
11. I raced to the staircase and ordered Sally to go down immediately
12. She asked me if/whether I had the address.
13. Paris said that his team had saved his life.
14. Benjamin later said that those two books had been his companions by day, and under his pillow at night.
15. Sarah said that her dad thought she should take the offer then.
16. The lady on the desk said to Jim that she had some bad news for him that there were no flights from Washington.
17. The man said that his neighborhood would be back, even stronger than before.
18. Aunt Dede asked me if/whether I had read it.
19. Kurt asked John what his plan for personal growth was.
20. The man at the petrol station asked Tom if/ whether it was raining out there.
21. I wasn’t able to hide my eagerness when I asked Dad what he wished me to do then.
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