(共44张PPT)
词
汇
课
堂
版本:新人教 单元:选择性必修三 Unit 4
重难点词
resolve & resolution
一词多义
abandon
一词多义
正式用语
rough
commitment
同形异义词
turn down
一词多义
sink
一词多义
application
搭配义
一词多义
辨析义
wage
wage
2020年7月23日,华为公布了8名天才少年的年薪方案,全部为2019届应届顶尖学生,学历均为博士,年薪最低限89.6万元,最高限201万元,引起网友热议。
在羡慕的同时,让我们来学习一下关于“薪资”的表达吧!
说到“工资”“薪水”,你能想到的单词是?
pay
salary
wage
三个单词之间到底有何不同呢?
wage词源解读
wage原指承诺对别人的服务的报酬,引申为“工资” 。原仅限于手工和机械劳动所得,后词义通用化。
wage n [C][常用复数]工资;薪金:
high / low wages
a weekly wage
wage, pay, salary
析
辨
相同点:① 三者都可用作名词,含“报酬”之意
② 三者都常译为“工资”
不同点:
wage 指简单劳动或体力劳动工作者所得的“工资”“工钱”,通常按周、日、小时等短期计算发给,常用复数形式,但用于名词前时用单数形式。
Wages are paid on Fridays.
wage earners
pay 指不论工作性质如何,通过各种劳动所得到的报酬,它包含salary和wage,不可数。
He doesn’t like the job, but the pay is good.
salary 指非体力劳动者所得到的“工资”“薪水”,通常按月计算,有时按季或年计算。
The government has decided to increase salaries for all civil servants.
turn down
turn down由 turn + down 组成:
turn → 转动
down → 向下
借助小品词down去理解turn down的各义项。
turn down
turn down
关小;调低(音量等)反 turn up:
Could you please turn down your TV a bit
拒绝 (refuse):
How could you turn down such a fantastic job when you
have been out of work for months 2014 浙江
When I applied to join the expedition, Shackleton turned me down because he thought I was too young and wasn’t qualified.
使音量等降“下”来
将人的请求等扔“下”去
sink
sink
Loose lips sink ships.
祸从口出
这是二战时流行的一句著名口号。当时到处挂着的宣传画上都可以看到这样的警句。
这句话告诫人们,战争年代到处都可能有敌人的间谍和奸细,如果我们口疏泄密,随时都可能引起重大的破坏和事故。
sink v
vi & vt(使)下沉;(使)沉没 反 float:
The ship sank to the bottom of the river.
The wheels started to sink into the mud.
My father’s ship was sunk in World War II.2011 湖南改
vi(高度)下降;倒下;坐下:
The sun was starting to sink. 2010 浙江
She let out a sigh and sank into a chair.
vi 消沉;陷入;降低;减弱:
Her heart sank as the list ended without her name.
I was worried, sunk in thought.
The population of the village sank to just a few families.
n [C] 面盆;洗碗池
sink 语义网络图
sink
下沉;下落
基本义
船下沉
(具体物)
身体下沉
(由物及人)
情绪下沉
(由具体到抽象)
程度上下沉
(由具体到抽象)
降低;减弱
高度下沉
(高度)
消沉;陷入
(高度)下降
倒下;坐下
(使)下沉;(使)沉没
Life and Death
——Walter Savage Landor
I strove with none for none was worth my strife;
Nature I loved, and, next to nature, art
I warmed both hands before the fire of life;
It sinks, and I am ready to depart.
读下面的诗歌并体会sink的含义
生与死
——(译)杨绛
我和谁都不争,
和谁争我都不屑;
我爱大自然,
其次是艺术;
我双手烤着生命之火取暖;
火萎了,
我也准备走了。
abandon
看图猜词义
abandon ship
弃船
abandon vt
放弃 to stop doing or having sth:
Rescuers had abandoned all hope of finding any more survivors.
These plans were abandoned because of financial problems. 2017 全国
遗弃 to leave sb, especially sb you’re responsible for:
How could she abandon her own child
People find all sorts of excuses for abandoning an animal. 2010 北京
abandon的词源义及基本义为“放弃(to give up)”。
abandon 词源解读
离弃 to leave a place, vehicle etc., especially because it is impossible or dangerous to stay (leave):
Snow forced many drivers to abandon their vehicles.
Fearing further attacks, most of the population had abandoned the city.
词汇拓展
abandoned adj 被遗弃的;被离弃的;废弃的:
A shared bike is left abandoned at a bus stop.
abandon 语义网络图
放弃
abandon
基本义
放弃做某事;放弃信念等
不顾义务、责任等放弃人或动物
不得已而放弃某地或某交通工具
放弃
遗弃
离弃
根据所给汉语,用适当的词块完成句子。
Do you need advice on how to _______________________________(解决这个问题)
resolve
/ settle
/ resolve
the problem
solve
正式用语
resolve[正式用语]v
vt 解决 (settle):
resolve a conflict / an issue / difficulties
vt & vi 决心;决定:
Instead of resolving to lose weight, try an actionable resolution: “I’ll stop having dessert for lunch.” 2014 北京改
n [U] 决心;坚定的信念 (resolution)
from re-(back 回)+ solvere(to loosen 解开),resolve的基本义为 “解开”。
resolve 词源解读
解开问题
解开做某事的心结
resolution n
[U][单数]解决:
conflict resolution
[U] 坚决;坚定;[C] 决定;决心:
Courage and resolution are the spirit and soul of virtue.
My father made a New Year’s resolution to give up smoking.
[C] 正式决定;决议:
pass / adopt / approve a resolution
近义词:
determination
resolve & resolution 语义网络图
“解开”问题等
“解开”做某事的心结
解决
决心;决定
resolve
解开
(基本义)
坚决;坚定
决定;决心
解决
resolve
resolution
application
随着智能手机和平板电脑的普及,人们的日常生活、学习和工作已经离不开App了:吃饭可以用App随时团购优惠券、或叫外卖;出行可以用App约车、导航、购票;聊QQ、发微信、购物、看视频甚至学习等都可以使用App。App的读音应该是/ p/,它是application的缩写。
词源解读
application的词源义已经消失了。随着时代的发展和社会的进步,逐渐衍生出其他的释义,特别是“申请(书)”和“应用程序”这两个释义,是到近现代才产生的。
申请;申请书;申请表:
a job application
make / submit / put in an application
fill in / out an application (form)
accept / reject / turn down sb’s application
application n [C] & [U]
在高考中出现频率较高,需掌握常见搭配并会熟练运用
apply的名词形式
应用;运用;[缩略为 app] 应用程序:
make practical application of new technology to teaching
This is a new invention that will have a wide range of applications in industry.
释义②多出现于阅读文章中,侧重释义的理解
App是英文application的缩写,由于iPhone和安卓系统的智能手机的流行,现在的App多指智能手机的第三方应用程序。目前最著名App商店就是Apple的iTunes商店里面的App Store。
小贴士
rough
一般而言,词汇释义的演化是有一定的时间顺序的,首先产生的是表示物理 / 生理特征的词义,之后才产生表示“情感 / 性格”特征的词义,因而,rough的基本义是“粗糙的”,随后才出现“粗略的”,“难受的”,“多暴力的;犯罪率高的”等词义,这样才符合人类思维发展的顺序。
rough ground / road
rough kids
a rough sketch
粗野的小孩
高低不平的地面
草图
rough adj
(表面)粗糙的;(道路)崎岖的 反 smooth;简陋的:
a rough road
Your hand was rough but strong and warm.
(天气)恶劣的;有暴风雨的;风浪大的:
rough weather
sail in rough sea
[无比较级变化]粗略的:
a rough estimate
艰难的 (tough);难受的:
have a rough time
多暴力的;犯罪率高的:
It was a rough neighbourhood and it was already dark.
“粗糙的”水面
“粗糙的”气流
“粗糙的”思考即不确切
“粗糙的”感受即不舒服
“粗糙的”环境即不安全
“粗糙的”道路
rough 语义网络图
粗糙的
rough
(基本义)
(表面)粗糙的;(道路)崎岖的
(天气)恶劣的;有暴风雨的
风浪大的
粗略的
艰难的;难受的
多暴力的;犯罪率高的
【词汇拓展】
roughly adv 粗略地;大约:
Confucius lived from roughly 551 to 479 BC. 2016 全国改
同义异构:
翻译: 人非圣贤,孰能无过;
过能改之,善莫大焉;
about / around / approximately
朦胧的青春是草稿,打造人生的基础。正值青春的同学如同未经打磨的璞玉。成语rough diamond的意思就是“未经打磨的璞玉”。如:
Peter looks awkward, but he is a rough diamond.
I’ll have to say that Mary is a diamond in the rough.
成语 rough diamond
commitment 词源解读
commitment由commit + -ment(名词后缀)构成。commit由前缀com- (together)“一起”,和词根 mit- (send)“发送”构成,所以 commit 的字面意思就是“(一起)发送”。
大家联系解读学过含有词根 mit 的单词,如admit, submit,也可以尝试猜测一下transmit的意思。
commit v 句中学
1. commit murder / a crime / a mistake
2. Smoking is committing suicide slowly.
3. The world has already committed to establishing / establish a Climate Adaptation Fund.
4. commit an hour to reading the newspapers every morning
犯(错误、罪行等)
自杀
承诺
投入
同义异构:
devote sth to (doing) sth
温故
(选择性必修一 Unit 1)
commitment n
[U] 投入;奉献 being prepared to give a lot of your time and attention to sth because you believe it is right or important:
A career as an actor requires one hundred percent commitment.
[C] 承诺;许诺;保证 a promise or agreement to do sth:
She has made a commitment to going bottle-free. 2008 湖北
[C] 承诺的事 / 责任:
I’m overworked at the moment — I’ve taken on too many commitments.
知新
同义异构:
devotion
同义异构:
make a promise to do sth
抽象名词具体化
commit & commitment 语义网络图
“发送”错误或非法的事情
犯(错误、罪行等)
投入
承诺;许诺;保证
commitment
把时间精力金钱等“发送”到某事上
把责任义务“发送”到某事上
(使)承担义务;(使)作出保证
commit
投入;奉献
发送 commit
(基本义)
承诺的事 / 责任
写作同义异构:你还能想到哪些表示“专注于 / 致力于做某事”的表达?
词汇拓展
committed adj 尽心尽力的;坚定的:
He loved playing this instrument, and was committed to practicing it.
be lost in
devote oneself to
focus on
be occupied in
be absorbed in
devote … to
be involved in
be engaged in
be dedicated to sth
bury oneself in
be employed in doing sth
concentrate on
同形异义词
写出下列句子中画线单词的词性及汉语释义。
1. Mary found that the table-tennis bats were printed with patterns of little bats. ___________ ___________
2. While George was shaving off the bark of a tree, a dog came running and barked at him. ___________ ___________
3. In the museum he saw that the sculpture of a seal was sealed in a glass box. ___________ ___________
4. The woman wearing fine clothes was fined for driving too fast.
___________ ___________
同形异义词指拼写相同,但意义不同的词。学习时要注意同形异义词与多义词的区别:同形异义词各源自不同的词,而多义词的词源是同一个词。多义词的释义之间有联系,而同形异义词的释义之间无联系。
n 球拍
n 蝙蝠
n 树皮
v(犬)吠叫
n 海豹
v 封 / 密封
adj 漂亮的
v 对……处以罚款
随堂检测
根据所给提示,用适当的词块完成下列句子。
1. Can you _____________________(关小收音机的音量) I’m trying to work.
2. I’m not going to ___________________(拒绝邀请)to go to New York.
3. He asked her to marry him but she _______________(拒绝了他).
turn down
turn down an invitation
turn down the radio
turned him down
根据所给提示,用适当的词块完成下列句子。
1. They watched as the coin ________________________ (沉入池底).
2. ______________________(她心里一沉)as she read the results.
3. Fred entered without knocking and, very out of breath, ________________(坐进椅子里).(2008 安徽改)
4. Soon afterward, waves crashed over the boat, and it ______________________(开始下沉).(2013 四川)
5. Susan’s husband Mark watched her ______________________________________(陷入绝望)and he was determined to use every possible means to help his wife.(2010 湖北)
sink
Her heart sank
sank to the bottom of the pool
sank into a chair
began / started to sink
sink into hopelessness / despair / desperation
写出下列句子中画线部分的汉语释义。
1. Barnet was desperate for money to resolve his financial problems.
___________
2. The government is pressing for an early resolution of the dispute.
___________
3. She made a resolution to visit her relatives more often.
___________
4. The resolution was passed by a two-thirds majority. ___________
解决
解决
决心
决议
resolve & resolution
将下列汉语译成英语。
1. 填写申请表 ___________________________
2. 申请信 ___________________________
3. 接受某人的申请 ___________________________
4. 拒绝某人的申请 ___________________________
5. 求职信 ___________________________
fill in / out an application (form)
a letter of application
accept sb’s application
reject / turn down / refuse sb’s application
a job application
application
rough
一、写出下列句子中画线部分的汉语释义。
1. Because the areas used for playing fields are often rough and rocky, millions of real balls go flat within 24 hours.(2013 湖南) __________
2. The Atlantic Ocean has personalities: sometimes peaceful and pleasant, on rare occasions rough and wild; always it is strong and striking.(2013 重庆改)
__________
3. The first year was rough, but things have gotten better. __________
4. We were only able to make a rough estimate of how much fuel would be required. __________
高低不平的
风浪大的
艰难的
大致的 / 粗略的
二、根据所给汉语完成下列句子。
1. Cathy finally joined our local swim team. The team practice, however, was _____________ (艰难的开始).(2016 天津)
2. Though the span of water is less than 100 miles wide, it is _____________________ (风浪大且危险). (2012 天津)
3. She found writing helped her _________________________(度过艰难的日子). (2011 全国)
4. I don’t understand what the engineer means, but I’ve got a ______________ (大致知道)of the project plan.(2009 浙江)
5. At a _________________(粗略估计), Nigeria is three times the size of Great Britain.
a rough start
rough and dangerous
get through the rough days
rough idea
rough estimate
写出下列句子中画线部分的汉语释义。
1. The company’s commitment to providing quality at a reasonable price has been vital to its success. ___________
2. I was impressed by the energy and commitment shown by the players. ___________
3. Women very often have to have a balance between work and family commitments. ___________
4. Achieving success at this level requires a commitment of time and energy. ___________
奉献精神
承诺
家庭事务
投入
commitment
谢
谢
观
赏