中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
重难点09 阅读理解之词义猜测题解题技
2023年中考英语【热点 重点 难点】专练
要做好词义猜测题，考生除了必须熟练掌握《考试大纲》规定的词汇外，在平时的训练中还要注意积累生词和短语，掌握构词法的基本知识，对于各种前、后缀的变化形式了然于心，还要学会根据上下文语境进行合理推测，掌握一定的解题技巧。
1.根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测
有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释。标点符号，如逗号后的解释(名词同位语)、破折号后的解释、括号内的解释等。这都是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。例如：
①Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.
句子给予了annealing一个明确的定义，即“退火”。
②It will be very hard but also very brittle — that is, it will break easily.
从that is(也就是说)后的解释中我们可以了解到，brittle是“脆的”意思。
③The herdsman,_who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.
定语从句中looks after sheep就表明了herdsman的词义为“牧人”。
④The weather in this area is treacherous;_its sudden changes often endanger the lives of sailors.
分号后的句子在解释什么样的天气是treacherous, sudden change与treacherous在语义上相对应，因此含义是“突变的”。
⑤Some good readers find it helpful to use their sense to visualize — or picture — what they read.
visualize的意思由破折号后的picture(想象)给出了说明，因此含义为“想象”。
⑥When President Torrijos of Panama met Carter, he tried to give him a friendly abrazo (hug)．
abrazo对大多数人来说都很陌生，但由括号内的hug(拥抱)，我们不难推测abrazo也是“拥抱”的意思。
例子1
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
29．Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlined in paragraph 2
A．Complex. B．Advanced.
C．Powerful. D．Modern.
[分析] 根据画线词所在句子可知，人类社会发展的很多因素导致许多语言消失，而逐渐被英语、西班牙语、汉语等语言取代，画线词前后的解释暗示了这些语言逐渐占主导地位，故选C项powerful (强大的，有影响力的)。
2.根据同位关系进行猜测
阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，因此可利用同位关系对前面的词义或句意进行猜测。例如：
①They traveled a long way, at last got to a castle,_a large building in old times.
同位语部分“a large building in old times”给出了castle的确切词义，即古时候的“城堡”。
②We are on the night_shift — from midnight to 8 a．m. — this week.
两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift是“夜班”的意思。
③The “Chunnel”， a tunnel (隧道) connecting England and France, is now complete.
此句中“a tunnel (隧道) connecting England and France”是Chunnel的同位语。因此，Chunnel指的就是英法之间的海底隧道。
例子2
I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips — of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells (干细胞) in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor (捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we've got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.
29．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph 1
A．provider B．delivery man
C．collector D．medical doctor
[分析] “a volunteer stem cell courier”是“Peter Hodes”的同位语；根据文中“I have 42 hours to carry stem cells (干细胞) in my little box”可知，Peter Hodes的任务就是将捐献者捐献的干细胞运送给需要的病人，即作者是干细胞递送员。故选择B项。
3.根据构词法(前缀、后缀、派生等)进行猜测
在英语中，有很多词可以通过增加前缀和后缀的方式，构成新词。乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但在掌握了一定的构词知识之后，就不难猜出它的词义。例如：
①“Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10，” Anaclerio said, “and they're very interactive and creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject.”
文中interactive是由前缀inter (相互的)和active(活动的，活跃的)构成的，同时根据上下文的意思可以判断，该词的含义应是“互动的”。
②Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. But the next hundred
possibility是possible的同根名词，据此可以判断possibility的意思是“可能性”。
例子3
A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness,_or worry.
[分析] 根据构词法知识我们可知，un 为否定前缀， ness为名词后缀，easy(舒适)为词根。因此，我们可猜测uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。
4.根据因果关系进行猜测
在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。例如：
①The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again.
从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”可以推测permanent的意思为“永远的，永久的”。
②Mary didn't notice me when I came into the classroom, because she was completely engrossed in her reading.
从前面的结果“当我走进教室时，玛丽没有注意到我”可以推测engrossed的意思为“全神贯注的”。
③Our vision was obscured by the trees, so we couldn't see the lake from our window.
由后面的结果couldn't see(看不见)可知，我们的视线被树遮挡住(obscured)了。
例子4
If you have a_juicer,_you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a “softserve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a children's party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.
26．What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph
A．A dessert. B．A drink.
C．A container. D．A machine.
[分析] 该段第一句含有一个if引导的条件状语从句，若满足该条件，则产生的结果是第一句的后半句和第二句， “you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a ‘soft serve’ creamy dessert, to be eaten right away.” 即“将冰冻香蕉和其他莓类、水果片放进去，出来的是奶油状甜品”。由此因果关系可推知juicer指的是榨汁机。故选择D项。
5.根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测
文章中的代词it, that, he, him或them可以指代上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指代一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时也需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事物。例如：
①Like Schmid, the editors of several self published art magazines also champion (捍卫) found photographs. One of them,_called simply Found, was born one snowy night in Chicago, when Davy Rothbard returned to his car to find under his wiper (雨刷) an angry note intended for someone else：“Why's your car HERE at HER place？”
them指的是前面出现的self published art magazines。
②However, the question that “moon people” asked is still an interesting one. A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it.
it指的是月球人(moon people)所问的问题(the question)。
例子5
[2]Despite the celebrations, though, in the U．S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.
[3]It's Jason Moran's job to help change that.As the Kennedy Center's artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.
…
29．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to
A．Jazz becoming more accessible.
B．The production of jazz growing faster.
C．Jazz being less popular with the young.
D．The jazz audience becoming larger.
[分析] 根据语境可知，画线词that指代第二段“Despite the celebrations, though, in the U．S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.”的内容，即爵士乐听众的数量减少并且趋于老龄化，不受年轻人喜欢的现状。故选C。
6.根据同义或近义关系进行猜测
在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。
Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more_is_more when it comes to kids and their belongings The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.
例子6…
32．What do the words “more is more” in paragraph 1 probably mean
A．The more, the better.
B．Enough is enough.
C．More money, more worries.
D．Earn more and spend more.
[分析] 根据该段第一句“Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects.”可知，作者认为成年人都理解物质过剩的那种感觉，后面又用反问句提出了问题：但是，说到孩子们和他们的物品，我们为什么通常又认定more is more呢？由此推知，这里的 more is more与前面的 flooded with为近义呼应，指“越多越好”。故选A。
7.根据转折或对比关系进行猜测
根据上下句的连接词，如but, however, otherwise等可以推断上下文之间的逻辑关系，从而可以依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。例如：
①A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle;_it can be a basket of fun.
从分号前后两句的意思可以看出，hassle和a basket of fun是相反的意义，所以不难判断hassle的意思是“困难，麻烦”。
②She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.
but一词表示转折，因此but前后的意思正好相反。根据后半句的意思“她今天第一节课上了一半才来”，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。
③The players in the World Cup are professionals, while those who play in the Olympics must be amateurs.
由于转折词“while”引导的两个分句前后意义相反，我们可推测出amateurs是professionals(专业人士)的反义词，意思为“业余人士，业余选手”。
例子7…
Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.
…
29．What does the underlined word “displaced” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Tested. B．Separated.
C．Forced out. D．Tracked down.
[分析] 画线词的前句说明在黄石公园和美洲大部分地区曾有许多的灰狼，连词but转折了句子意义，后来由于人类的发展，灰狼数量逐渐减少，几乎消失，由此可推断出画线词的意思为“被迫离开”，故选择C项。
A
（2022·山东济南·模拟预测）
Critical thinking is the ability to think clearly and rationally about what to believe or what to do. According to a report on the World Economic Forum (2016), critical thinking, creativity, and their practical application are widely accepted as the top three skills that young people need to have in their future career.
A good critical thinker usually takes the following steps before he decides what to do. Whenever he needs to do something, he would, first of all, reason. He checks why he needs to do it and whether he really needs to do it. Then, analyze. He tries to find out what it really is and the best way to do it. After that, evaluate. He makes sure whether he is able to do it and how to do it well. Finally, he makes the decision and takes action. Take the "Double 11" (a popular online shopping day in China) as an example. A few days before it, he checks carefully what he needs and whether he really needs them, and makes a shopping list. He goes to the online shops to compare the quality and the prices of the things that he is going to buy. He compares the shops that sell these things. Then he checks whether he can afford them and in which shops he is going to buy them. Although it takes him some time to make the decisions, he would not regret after the shopping.
Then what would happen if he didn't think critically before he made the decisions After the crazy "Double 11", there were usually a lot of complaints on the Internet. There were regrets about buying more things than they needed. There were complaints about the poor quality and the prices of the things they bought. There were also complaints because they received wrong things or simply received nothing. There were all kinds of regrets and complaints. Why so They had not thought critically before they made the decisions.
Critical thinking helps you make wiser decisions. It helps you avoid wasting time, money and so on. Therefore, do look before you leap.
1．According to the passage, critical thinking is a thinking skill that ________.
A．helps make better choices
B．will appear in the future
C．helps make quick decisions
D．makes us spend more money
2．In Paragraph 2, how does the critical thinker analyze the things he may buy
A．He checks what he needs to buy.
B．He studies the quality and the prices.
C．He makes a proper shopping list.
D．He checks how much money he has.
3．The underlined word "complaints" means that the people ________.
A．are not satisfied B．are not confident
C．are not interested D．are not responsible
4．Which of the following examples is the use of "critical thinking"
A．David did a new science experiment before reading instructions.
B．Lucy's parents became very angry when they knew her bad marks.
C．After looking at the other team's weak points, the coach made a new plan.
D．After hearing the stranger's words, the girl followed him into a supermarket.
5．How many steps are mentioned before critical thinkers decide what to do
A．3 B．4 C．5 D．6
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．A 4．C 5．A
【分析】这是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了批判性思维的相关情况。
1．细节理解题。根据“Critical thinking is the ability to think clearly and rationally about what to believe or what to do.”可知批判性思维是一种清晰而理性地思考应该相信什么或做什么的能力。因此批判性思维是一种有助于做出更好的选择的思维技巧。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据“He goes to the online shops to compare the quality and the prices of the things that he is going to buy. He compares the shops that sell these things. Then he checks whether he can afford them and in which shops he is going to buy them .”可知，批判性思考者通过去网上商店比较他要买的东西的质量和价格来分析他可能购买的东西。故选B。
3．词意判断题。根据“After the crazy "Double 11", there were usually a lot of complaints on the Internet. There were regrets about buying more things than they needed. ”他们后悔买了太多的东西。可知此处complaints表示"不满意"。故选A。
4．推理判断题。根据“A good critical thinker usually takes the following steps before he decides what to do... Then, analyze... After that, evaluate... Finally, he makes the decision and takes action. ”可知一个好的批判性思考者在决定做什么之前通常会采取以下步骤：每当他需要做某事时，他首先会讲道理，他检查他为什么需要做这件事，以及他是否真的需要这样做；然后，分析。他试图找出它的真正含义和最好的方法；之后，进行评估。他确定自己是否有能力做这件事，以及如何做好它；最后，他做出决定并采取行动。因此可知，选项C“在看了对方球队的弱点后，教练制定了一个新的计划”这种做法是批判性思维的用法。故选C。
5．归纳总结题。根据“A good critical thinker usually takes the following steps before he decides what to do... Then, analyze... After that, evaluate... Finally, he makes the decision and takes action. ”可知一个好的批判性思考者在决定做什么之前通常会采取以下步骤：每当他需要做某事时，他首先会讲道理，他检查他为什么需要做这件事，以及他是否真的需要这样做；然后，分析。他试图找出它的真正含义和最好的方法；之后，进行评估。他确定自己是否有能力做这件事，以及如何做好它；最后，他做出决定并采取行动。因此可知在批判性思考者决定要做什么之前，有三个步骤被提到。故选A。
B
（2022·广东肇庆·校考一模）
Middle school students like joining a club. Joining a club in middle school can help you make new friends. It can also help you know a lot of things. Students need to know something about clubs.
School Clubs Take Time
Joining a school club isn't just about having fun, and kids must know that being in a club needs a little time and needs to do a lot of things.
_______________________
Many students like to meet new friends in the clubs. Lindsay Moore from No.8 Middle school says, "In the music club, I meet Jane. She likes music and she can play the piano well. I like music, too, and I can play the guitar. So Jane can help me play the piano. I can help her play the guitar. It's so great."
What Club to Join
There are many clubs in schools. Join a club that you like. If you like drawing, you can join the art club. If you like basketball, you can join the sports club. But what club to join is up to you. If your school doesn't have clubs, you can start (发起) a club.
They're Fun
Joining a club can be a lot of fun, so students like the clubs.
6．Joining a club can make you _________.
A．free B．right C．busy D．healthy
7．Which is the best to put in the blank
A．When to Join a Club B．Why to Join a Club
C．How to Join a Club D．A Club after School
8．What can Jane do
A．Play the piano. B．Play the guitar. C．Play basketball. D．Sing and dance.
9．Tina likes playing the drums. She can join the _________ club according to the passage.
A．art B．music C．sports D．game
10．Which is the best title for the passage
A．Middle School Students B．School Clubs Are Fun
C．Join a Club in Middle School D．Clubs in School
【答案】6．C 7．B 8．A 9．B 10．C
【分析】本文介绍了中学生对于参加学校俱乐部需要了解的一些事情。
6．细节理解题。根据文中“School Clubs Take Time Joining a school club isn't just about having fun, and kids must know that being in a club needs a little time and needs to do a lot of things.”可知，参加俱乐部可以让你忙碌起来，故选C。
7．词句猜测题。根据下文中“Many students like to meet new friends in the clubs.” 许多学生喜欢在俱乐部结识新朋友，可知本段介绍的是参加俱乐部的原因，故选B。
8．细节理解题。根据文中“In the music club, I meet Jane. She likes music and she can play the piano well.”可知，Jane会弹钢琴，故选A。
9．推理判断题。根据文中“Join a club that you like.”以及“But what club to join is up to you.”结合“Tina likes playing the drums.”可知，加入一个你喜欢的俱乐部，但是要加入什么俱乐部由你自己决定。Tina喜欢打鼓，drums“鼓”，属于乐器，所以蒂娜可以加入音乐俱乐部，故选B。
10．标题归纳题。本文就中学生参加校园俱乐部问题介绍了参加学校俱乐部需要了解的一些事情，结合选项，可知C选项“Join a Club in Middle School参加中学俱乐部”，符合题意，故选C。
C
（2022·广西桂林·统考一模）
Do you know what family instructions are They are common beliefs（信念）that family members follow. In ancient China, people passed down their family instructions from generation to generation.
Some schools in Zhejiang are encouraging students to learn more about their own family instructions. At Hangzhou Gongyi Middle School and Hangzhou Xuejun High School, it was part of students' winter vacation homework to learn about their family instructions.
Meng Yaohan, 16, from Hangzhou Xuejun High School, looked at her family instructions. One of them is "Don't take the wrong way", a piece of advice that has been passed down for 100years. Her father told her how her grandfather stuck to his "right way" - to become an engineer. "It encouraged me to pursue what I love," she said.
Shen Duanjie, 14, from Hangzhou Gongyi Middle School, has got good from his family instructions-" democratic" （民主的）and "equal". In his own words, they have helped him get along with his parents.
The school has also published（出版）books about two classic collections of family instructions-The Family Instructions of Zhu Xi and Family Instructions of Yan Clan. The books include dialogues and pictures drawn by students.
Gong Zhenyue, 14, drew pictures for one of the instructions in Family Instructions of Yan Clan. She was impressed（留下深刻印象）by the instruction, which says that parents should not only love their children, but also educate them. "It made me understand my parents' strictness with me," she said. She made it her own family instruction.
11．What are family instructions
A．The words of one's grandparents.
B．Dialogues between family members.
C．Common beliefs that family members follow.
D．Books which were passed down from the past.
12．Which of the following is TRUE about Meng Yaohan
A．She knows nothing about her family instructions.
B．"Democratic" and "equal" are her family instructions.
C．Her family instructions helped her get along with her parents.
D．"Don't take the wrong way" is one of her family instructions.
13．What does the underlined word "pursue" mean in Chinese
A．创造 B．追求 C．选择 D．感受
14．Who drew pictures for Family Instructions of Yan Clan
A．Gong Zhenyue. B．Zhu Xi. C．Shen Duanjie. D．Meng Yaohan.
15．Learning family instructions helps Gong Zhenyue .
A．study better at school B．draw pictures for other books
C．understand her parents better D．learn to publish books by herself
【答案】11．C 12．D 13．B 14．A 15．C
【分析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了一些学生的家训，以及学生学习家训的帮助和作用。
11．细节理解题。根据第1段“They are common beliefs（信念）that family members follow.”可知，家训是家庭成员之间遵循的共同信念。故选C。
12．推理判断题。根据第3段“One of them is "Don't take the wrong way",”可知，不要走错路是她的家训之一。故D正确。故选D。
13．词义猜测题。根据第3段“Her father told her how her grandfather stuck to his "right way" - to become an engineer.”可知，她的爷爷坚持自己的正确道路，成为了一个工程师，从这个事激励她要去追求自己的所爱。故pursue是追求的意思。故选B。
14．细节理解题。根据第6段“Gong Zhenyue, 14, drew pictures for one of the instructions in Family Instructions of Yan Clan.”可知，龚振月画了《颜氏家训》的画。故选A。
15．细节理解题。根据第6段“"It made me understand my parents' strictness with me,"”可知，她学习这个家训之后，能更好地理解父母对自己的严厉。故选C。
D
（2022·甘肃陇南·校考模拟预测）
Huawei is firing back against the US-led campaign(运动、战役) to push it out of major markets, insisting it’s still on track to lead the world in the introduction of 5G technology.
Despite efforts in markets creating fear for Huawei, using politics to interfere(干预) with growth, customers continue to trust us and continue to work with us and build networks with our technologies, Deputy Chairman(副董事长) Ken Hu told reporters in the Chinese city of Dongguan on Tuesday.
Hu was speaking during a turbulent period for the Chinese company, one of the world’s biggest makers of smartphones and telecommunications equipment. Its chief financial officer Ms. Wanzhou Meng is under irrational arrest(不合理的逮捕) in Canada, facing possible extradition(引渡) to the United States, and its products are coming under increasingscrutinyfrom businesses and governments over security(安全) concerns.
Despite decisions this year by Australia and New Zealand to stop wireless operators(无线设备) from using Huawei to build their 5G networks, Hu expressed confidence that the company’s technology is “significantly more advanced”than that of its rivals(对手), giving it a head start of 12 to 18 months and the ability to attract new customers.
16．Huawei is good at ________ according to the passage.
A．producing computers B．international negotiations
C．designing earphones D．5G technology development
17．Ms. Wanzhou Meng’s case will be possible transferred(转移)to ________.
A．China B．the US
C．Canada D．the United Nations
18．The meaning of the underlined word “scrutiny” in the passage is “________”.
A．introduction B．sales
C．admiring D．examination
19．From the passage, we can know that Huawei faces big troubles mainly because ________.
A．Huawei is a leader company in the world
B．Huawei commits a crime against other foreign countries
C．some countries are worried Huawei’s products are not completely secure
D．many countries build networks using Huawei’s technologies
20．What is the best title for this passage
A．Huawei is still a leader in 5G development although facing troubles.
B．Most foreign countries stop using Huawei’s 5G technology and equipment.
C．Huawei’s CFO Ms. Wanzhou Meng is under arrest in Canada.
D．The advanced and rapid development of 5G technology is made by Huawei.
【答案】16．D 17．B 18．D 19．C 20．A
【分析】本文是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了华为公司在5G技术领域处于国际领先地位，但是华为公司现在正面临着首席财务官被捕、多国对其生产的产品进行更多的检查、有的国家甚至拒绝使用华为产品建设5G基站等问题，但华为方面表示技术优先就可以赢得新客户。
16．细节理解题。根据第一段“Huawei is firing back against the US-led campaign(运动、战役)to push it out of major markets, insisting it’s still on track to lead the world in the introduction of 5G technology.”可知华为在5G领域处于领先地位。故选D。
17．细节理解题。根据第三段“Its chief financial officer Ms. Wanzhou Meng is under irrational arrest(不合理的逮捕)in Canada, facing possible extradition(引渡)to the United States, and its products are coming under increasing scrutiny.”可知孟晚舟可能会转移到美国。故选B。
18．词义猜测题。划线词所在句句意为“其首席财务官孟晚舟在加拿大被非理性逮捕，面临可能被引渡到美国的危险，其产品正受到企业和政府越来越多的……”，根据其中的“over security concerns”出于安全考虑，可推知此处是面临更多的检查。故选D。
19．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Its chief financial officer Ms. Wanzhou Meng is under irrational arrest(不合理的逮捕)in Canada, facing possible extradition(引渡)to the United States, and its products are coming under increasing scrutiny from businesses and governments over security(安全)concerns.”提到华为的产品受到更多的安全检查，可推知其公司最大的麻烦是有国家担心华为产品不是绝对安全，故选C。
20．主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了华为公司现在正面临着首席财务官被捕、多国对其生产的产品进行更多的检查、有的国家甚至拒绝使用华为产品建设5G基站等问题，但是华为公司依旧在5G技术领域处于国际领先地位，华为方面表示技术优先就可以赢得新客户。所以A选项“华为虽然面临困境，但仍是5G发展的领头羊。”更能体现全文主旨。故选A。
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重难点09 阅读理解之词义猜测题解题技
2023年中考英语【热点 重点 难点】专练
要做好词义猜测题，考生除了必须熟练掌握《考试大纲》规定的词汇外，在平时的训练中还要注意积累生词和短语，掌握构词法的基本知识，对于各种前、后缀的变化形式了然于心，还要学会根据上下文语境进行合理推测，掌握一定的解题技巧。
1.根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测
有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释。标点符号，如逗号后的解释(名词同位语)、破折号后的解释、括号内的解释等。这都是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。例如：
①Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.
句子给予了annealing一个明确的定义，即“退火”。
②It will be very hard but also very brittle — that is, it will break easily.
从that is(也就是说)后的解释中我们可以了解到，brittle是“脆的”意思。
③The herdsman,_who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.
定语从句中looks after sheep就表明了herdsman的词义为“牧人”。
④The weather in this area is treacherous;_its sudden changes often endanger the lives of sailors.
分号后的句子在解释什么样的天气是treacherous, sudden change与treacherous在语义上相对应，因此含义是“突变的”。
⑤Some good readers find it helpful to use their sense to visualize — or picture — what they read.
visualize的意思由破折号后的picture(想象)给出了说明，因此含义为“想象”。
⑥When President Torrijos of Panama met Carter, he tried to give him a friendly abrazo (hug)．
abrazo对大多数人来说都很陌生，但由括号内的hug(拥抱)，我们不难推测abrazo也是“拥抱”的意思。
例子1
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
29．Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlined in paragraph 2
A．Complex. B．Advanced.
C．Powerful. D．Modern.
[分析] 根据画线词所在句子可知，人类社会发展的很多因素导致许多语言消失，而逐渐被英语、西班牙语、汉语等语言取代，画线词前后的解释暗示了这些语言逐渐占主导地位，故选C项powerful (强大的，有影响力的)。
2.根据同位关系进行猜测
阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，因此可利用同位关系对前面的词义或句意进行猜测。例如：
①They traveled a long way, at last got to a castle,_a large building in old times.
同位语部分“a large building in old times”给出了castle的确切词义，即古时候的“城堡”。
②We are on the night_shift — from midnight to 8 a．m. — this week.
两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift是“夜班”的意思。
③The “Chunnel”， a tunnel (隧道) connecting England and France, is now complete.
此句中“a tunnel (隧道) connecting England and France”是Chunnel的同位语。因此，Chunnel指的就是英法之间的海底隧道。
例子2
I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips — of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells (干细胞) in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor (捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we've got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.
29．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph 1
A．provider B．delivery man
C．collector D．medical doctor
[分析] “a volunteer stem cell courier”是“Peter Hodes”的同位语；根据文中“I have 42 hours to carry stem cells (干细胞) in my little box”可知，Peter Hodes的任务就是将捐献者捐献的干细胞运送给需要的病人，即作者是干细胞递送员。故选择B项。
3.根据构词法(前缀、后缀、派生等)进行猜测
在英语中，有很多词可以通过增加前缀和后缀的方式，构成新词。乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但在掌握了一定的构词知识之后，就不难猜出它的词义。例如：
①“Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10，” Anaclerio said, “and they're very interactive and creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject.”
文中interactive是由前缀inter (相互的)和active(活动的，活跃的)构成的，同时根据上下文的意思可以判断，该词的含义应是“互动的”。
②Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. But the next hundred
possibility是possible的同根名词，据此可以判断possibility的意思是“可能性”。
例子3
A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness,_or worry.
[分析] 根据构词法知识我们可知，un 为否定前缀， ness为名词后缀，easy(舒适)为词根。因此，我们可猜测uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。
4.根据因果关系进行猜测
在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。例如：
①The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again.
从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”可以推测permanent的意思为“永远的，永久的”。
②Mary didn't notice me when I came into the classroom, because she was completely engrossed in her reading.
从前面的结果“当我走进教室时，玛丽没有注意到我”可以推测engrossed的意思为“全神贯注的”。
③Our vision was obscured by the trees, so we couldn't see the lake from our window.
由后面的结果couldn't see(看不见)可知，我们的视线被树遮挡住(obscured)了。
例子4
If you have a_juicer,_you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a “softserve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a children's party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.
26．What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph
A．A dessert. B．A drink.
C．A container. D．A machine.
[分析] 该段第一句含有一个if引导的条件状语从句，若满足该条件，则产生的结果是第一句的后半句和第二句， “you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a ‘soft serve’ creamy dessert, to be eaten right away.” 即“将冰冻香蕉和其他莓类、水果片放进去，出来的是奶油状甜品”。由此因果关系可推知juicer指的是榨汁机。故选择D项。
5.根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测
文章中的代词it, that, he, him或them可以指代上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指代一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时也需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事物。例如：
①Like Schmid, the editors of several self published art magazines also champion (捍卫) found photographs. One of them,_called simply Found, was born one snowy night in Chicago, when Davy Rothbard returned to his car to find under his wiper (雨刷) an angry note intended for someone else：“Why's your car HERE at HER place？”
them指的是前面出现的self published art magazines。
②However, the question that “moon people” asked is still an interesting one. A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it.
it指的是月球人(moon people)所问的问题(the question)。
例子5
[2]Despite the celebrations, though, in the U．S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.
[3]It's Jason Moran's job to help change that.As the Kennedy Center's artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.
…
29．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to
A．Jazz becoming more accessible.
B．The production of jazz growing faster.
C．Jazz being less popular with the young.
D．The jazz audience becoming larger.
[分析] 根据语境可知，画线词that指代第二段“Despite the celebrations, though, in the U．S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.”的内容，即爵士乐听众的数量减少并且趋于老龄化，不受年轻人喜欢的现状。故选C。
6.根据同义或近义关系进行猜测
在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。
Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more_is_more when it comes to kids and their belongings The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.
例子6…
32．What do the words “more is more” in paragraph 1 probably mean
A．The more, the better.
B．Enough is enough.
C．More money, more worries.
D．Earn more and spend more.
[分析] 根据该段第一句“Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects.”可知，作者认为成年人都理解物质过剩的那种感觉，后面又用反问句提出了问题：但是，说到孩子们和他们的物品，我们为什么通常又认定more is more呢？由此推知，这里的 more is more与前面的 flooded with为近义呼应，指“越多越好”。故选A。
7.根据转折或对比关系进行猜测
根据上下句的连接词，如but, however, otherwise等可以推断上下文之间的逻辑关系，从而可以依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。例如：
①A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle;_it can be a basket of fun.
从分号前后两句的意思可以看出，hassle和a basket of fun是相反的意义，所以不难判断hassle的意思是“困难，麻烦”。
②She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.
but一词表示转折，因此but前后的意思正好相反。根据后半句的意思“她今天第一节课上了一半才来”，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。
③The players in the World Cup are professionals, while those who play in the Olympics must be amateurs.
由于转折词“while”引导的两个分句前后意义相反，我们可推测出amateurs是professionals(专业人士)的反义词，意思为“业余人士，业余选手”。
例子7…
Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.
…
29．What does the underlined word “displaced” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Tested. B．Separated.
C．Forced out. D．Tracked down.
[分析] 画线词的前句说明在黄石公园和美洲大部分地区曾有许多的灰狼，连词but转折了句子意义，后来由于人类的发展，灰狼数量逐渐减少，几乎消失，由此可推断出画线词的意思为“被迫离开”，故选择C项。
A
（2022·山东济南·模拟预测）
Critical thinking is the ability to think clearly and rationally about what to believe or what to do. According to a report on the World Economic Forum (2016), critical thinking, creativity, and their practical application are widely accepted as the top three skills that young people need to have in their future career.
A good critical thinker usually takes the following steps before he decides what to do. Whenever he needs to do something, he would, first of all, reason. He checks why he needs to do it and whether he really needs to do it. Then, analyze. He tries to find out what it really is and the best way to do it. After that, evaluate. He makes sure whether he is able to do it and how to do it well. Finally, he makes the decision and takes action. Take the "Double 11" (a popular online shopping day in China) as an example. A few days before it, he checks carefully what he needs and whether he really needs them, and makes a shopping list. He goes to the online shops to compare the quality and the prices of the things that he is going to buy. He compares the shops that sell these things. Then he checks whether he can afford them and in which shops he is going to buy them. Although it takes him some time to make the decisions, he would not regret after the shopping.
Then what would happen if he didn't think critically before he made the decisions After the crazy "Double 11", there were usually a lot of complaints on the Internet. There were regrets about buying more things than they needed. There were complaints about the poor quality and the prices of the things they bought. There were also complaints because they received wrong things or simply received nothing. There were all kinds of regrets and complaints. Why so They had not thought critically before they made the decisions.
Critical thinking helps you make wiser decisions. It helps you avoid wasting time, money and so on. Therefore, do look before you leap.
1．According to the passage, critical thinking is a thinking skill that ________.
A．helps make better choices
B．will appear in the future
C．helps make quick decisions
D．makes us spend more money
2．In Paragraph 2, how does the critical thinker analyze the things he may buy
A．He checks what he needs to buy.
B．He studies the quality and the prices.
C．He makes a proper shopping list.
D．He checks how much money he has.
3．The underlined word "complaints" means that the people ________.
A．are not satisfied B．are not confident
C．are not interested D．are not responsible
4．Which of the following examples is the use of "critical thinking"
A．David did a new science experiment before reading instructions.
B．Lucy's parents became very angry when they knew her bad marks.
C．After looking at the other team's weak points, the coach made a new plan.
D．After hearing the stranger's words, the girl followed him into a supermarket.
5．How many steps are mentioned before critical thinkers decide what to do
A．3 B．4 C．5 D．6
B
（2022·广东肇庆·校考一模）
Middle school students like joining a club. Joining a club in middle school can help you make new friends. It can also help you know a lot of things. Students need to know something about clubs.
School Clubs Take Time
Joining a school club isn't just about having fun, and kids must know that being in a club needs a little time and needs to do a lot of things.
_______________________
Many students like to meet new friends in the clubs. Lindsay Moore from No.8 Middle school says, "In the music club, I meet Jane. She likes music and she can play the piano well. I like music, too, and I can play the guitar. So Jane can help me play the piano. I can help her play the guitar. It's so great."
What Club to Join
There are many clubs in schools. Join a club that you like. If you like drawing, you can join the art club. If you like basketball, you can join the sports club. But what club to join is up to you. If your school doesn't have clubs, you can start (发起) a club.
They're Fun
Joining a club can be a lot of fun, so students like the clubs.
6．Joining a club can make you _________.
A．free B．right C．busy D．healthy
7．Which is the best to put in the blank
A．When to Join a Club B．Why to Join a Club
C．How to Join a Club D．A Club after School
8．What can Jane do
A．Play the piano. B．Play the guitar. C．Play basketball. D．Sing and dance.
9．Tina likes playing the drums. She can join the _________ club according to the passage.
A．art B．music C．sports D．game
10．Which is the best title for the passage
A．Middle School Students B．School Clubs Are Fun
C．Join a Club in Middle School D．Clubs in School
C
（2022·广西桂林·统考一模）
Do you know what family instructions are They are common beliefs（信念）that family members follow. In ancient China, people passed down their family instructions from generation to generation.
Some schools in Zhejiang are encouraging students to learn more about their own family instructions. At Hangzhou Gongyi Middle School and Hangzhou Xuejun High School, it was part of students' winter vacation homework to learn about their family instructions.
Meng Yaohan, 16, from Hangzhou Xuejun High School, looked at her family instructions. One of them is "Don't take the wrong way", a piece of advice that has been passed down for 100years. Her father told her how her grandfather stuck to his "right way" - to become an engineer. "It encouraged me to pursue what I love," she said.
Shen Duanjie, 14, from Hangzhou Gongyi Middle School, has got good from his family instructions-" democratic" （民主的）and "equal". In his own words, they have helped him get along with his parents.
The school has also published（出版）books about two classic collections of family instructions-The Family Instructions of Zhu Xi and Family Instructions of Yan Clan. The books include dialogues and pictures drawn by students.
Gong Zhenyue, 14, drew pictures for one of the instructions in Family Instructions of Yan Clan. She was impressed（留下深刻印象）by the instruction, which says that parents should not only love their children, but also educate them. "It made me understand my parents' strictness with me," she said. She made it her own family instruction.
11．What are family instructions
A．The words of one's grandparents.
B．Dialogues between family members.
C．Common beliefs that family members follow.
D．Books which were passed down from the past.
12．Which of the following is TRUE about Meng Yaohan
A．She knows nothing about her family instructions.
B．"Democratic" and "equal" are her family instructions.
C．Her family instructions helped her get along with her parents.
D．"Don't take the wrong way" is one of her family instructions.
13．What does the underlined word "pursue" mean in Chinese
A．创造 B．追求 C．选择 D．感受
14．Who drew pictures for Family Instructions of Yan Clan
A．Gong Zhenyue. B．Zhu Xi. C．Shen Duanjie. D．Meng Yaohan.
15．Learning family instructions helps Gong Zhenyue .
A．study better at school B．draw pictures for other books
C．understand her parents better D．learn to publish books by herself
D
（2022·甘肃陇南·校考模拟预测）
Huawei is firing back against the US-led campaign(运动、战役) to push it out of major markets, insisting it’s still on track to lead the world in the introduction of 5G technology.
Despite efforts in markets creating fear for Huawei, using politics to interfere(干预) with growth, customers continue to trust us and continue to work with us and build networks with our technologies, Deputy Chairman(副董事长) Ken Hu told reporters in the Chinese city of Dongguan on Tuesday.
Hu was speaking during a turbulent period for the Chinese company, one of the world’s biggest makers of smartphones and telecommunications equipment. Its chief financial officer Ms. Wanzhou Meng is under irrational arrest(不合理的逮捕) in Canada, facing possible extradition(引渡) to the United States, and its products are coming under increasingscrutinyfrom businesses and governments over security(安全) concerns.
Despite decisions this year by Australia and New Zealand to stop wireless operators(无线设备) from using Huawei to build their 5G networks, Hu expressed confidence that the company’s technology is “significantly more advanced”than that of its rivals(对手), giving it a head start of 12 to 18 months and the ability to attract new customers.
16．Huawei is good at ________ according to the passage.
A．producing computers B．international negotiations
C．designing earphones D．5G technology development
17．Ms. Wanzhou Meng’s case will be possible transferred(转移)to ________.
A．China B．the US
C．Canada D．the United Nations
18．The meaning of the underlined word “scrutiny” in the passage is “________”.
A．introduction B．sales
C．admiring D．examination
19．From the passage, we can know that Huawei faces big troubles mainly because ________.
A．Huawei is a leader company in the world
B．Huawei commits a crime against other foreign countries
C．some countries are worried Huawei’s products are not completely secure
D．many countries build networks using Huawei’s technologies
20．What is the best title for this passage
A．Huawei is still a leader in 5G development although facing troubles.
B．Most foreign countries stop using Huawei’s 5G technology and equipment.
C．Huawei’s CFO Ms. Wanzhou Meng is under arrest in Canada.
D．The advanced and rapid development of 5G technology is made by Huawei.
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