(共77张PPT)
状语从句
一、定义:
状语从句是一个句子在复合句中充当状语,修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等。
何为状语,就是给一句话提供时间,地点,原因,条件,目的等成分,在这里表示动作发生的时间。
I heard the news when I was having lunch.
这也是一个主谓宾句型,但是状语由一个词变成了一个句子,如果状语是一个句子,那么这就是一个状语从句。
二、分类:
状语从句按其意义和作用可分为
1.时间状语从句 2.地点状语从句
3.原因状语从句 4.目的状语从句
5.条件状语从句 6.结果状语从句
7.让步状语从句 8.比较状语从句
9.方式状语从句
一、时间状语从句:
引导词:
常见连词有
when(当……时), while(与……同时), as(当……时),
before(在……之前), after(在……之后), till/until(直到……),
not... until(直到……才), since(自从……以来),
as soon as (一……就……), once(一旦……就……),
whenever(无论什么时候), hardly... when...(一……就……),
no sooner... than...(一……就……)等。
(一)when while as
注意1:When: 既可引导持续性动作,又可引导短暂性动作。
While:指的是“在某一时间里”, “在……期间”,从句里的动作必须是持续性的。
When he came back, his mother was washing clothes.
While he lived in China, I was a child.
当when, while,as表示“在…一段时间里”,主从句的动作同时发生时,可以换用。
注意2:when的句型: 1.be doing … when …
2.be about to do …when … 3.had done …when …
注意3:while 也可做并列连词,表示对照的含义,意思为“然而”。
He is tall while his brother is short.
注意4:as引导持续性动作,侧重主句和从句的动作同时发生. “一边…一边…”
He hurried home, looking behind as he went.
as也可表示“随着”,但要注意与with的区别:
as 是连词接句子。with 是介词,构成复合结构。
As the day went on, the weather got cold.
With the day going on, the weather got cold.
(as 引导从句,故用谓语动词)
(with 是介词,故用非谓语)
即学即练
( )①I was about to go out for a walk my uncle came in.
A. as B. when C. while D. and
【解析】 本题考查时间状语从句。句意:我正打算外出散步时,我舅舅来了。be about to do...when...是固定句型。故选B项。
即学即练
( )②They walked on they had a short rest.
A. before B. after C. until D. when
【解析】 本题考查时间状语从句。句意:他们短暂休息过后继续向前走。after意为“在……之后”,符合语境。故选B项。
即学即练
( )③ he got ready to leave home, his parents came to his home.
A. While B. As C. Until D. If
【解析】 本题考查时间状语从句。句意:当他准备离开家时,他的父母来到他的家。A项意为“当……时候”;B项意为“当……时候”;C项意为“直到”;D项意为“如果”。根据句意可知,此处为时间状语从句。while和as都可以引导时间状语从句,但使用while时,主从句的动词要用延续性动词,要用进行时。故选B项。
即学即练
( )④You'd better tidy up your room your father comes back.
A. so B. or C. before D. but
【解析】 本题考查时间状语从句。句意:你最好在你父亲回来之前清理你的房间。A项意为“因此”;B项意为“否则”;C项意为“在……之前”;D项意为“但是”。根据句意判断,此处应填写表示时间的连词。故选C项。
(二)before after (conj,prep)
before 可翻译为“还未… 就… ,在....之前” 等.
before 句型:
It will be+一 段时间 +before …过要多久才…
It won’t be+一段时间+ before ... 用不了多久就…
It was +一段时间 +before …过了多久才…
It wasn’t +一段时间 + before ... 没过多久就…
It won’t be long before we meet again.
It was three days before he handed in the report.
2、如果主句谓语动词是持续动词,通常用肯定式的主句,表示“直到…为止”.
3、如果主句谓语动词是瞬间动词,则主句用否定式表示“直到…才.
I worked till (until) he came back.
I didn’t go to bed until (till) he came back .
(三) till和until (直到......)
( until的强调结构为it is/was not until…that…)
1、till 不可以置于句首,而 until 可以。
(四) since/ever since ( 自从.......)
注意:since 句型:
It is /has been + 一段时间 + since…
(五)as soon as 一 … 就
注意:
用no sooner …than,hardly…when 引导的从句表示“一……就……”,主句中的动词一般用过去完成时,从句用过去时,若把 no sooner, hardly/scarcely/barely 提到句首,主句用部分倒装.
He had no sooner got to the lab than he set out to do the experiment.
该句倒装为:
No sooner had he got to the lab than he set out to do the experiment.
注意:
时间状语从句中谓语动词不能用将来时,只能用现在时或过去时表示将来时。
He won’t go to bed until she returns.
直到她回来他才去睡觉。
He wouldn’t go to bed until she returned.
直到她回来他才去睡觉。
二、条件状语从句
引导词:
if(如果), unless(除非,如果不), so/as long as(只要), in case(万一), once(一旦)等。
If 引导的条件状语从句
She will be late.
If she _____ to school, she _____ ___late.
She is going to
walk to school.
walks
will
be
It is going to rain tomorrow.
I will stay at home.
If it _____ tomorrow, I _____ _____ at home.
rains
will
stay
If it ____ sunny tomorrow, they _____ ______ a trip.
It will be sunny tomorrow.
They will have a trip
tomorrow.
is
will
have
定义:
if “如果, 假如” 它引导的句子表示某事发生所需的条件,即“在…条件下,某事才能发生”,在句子中充当状语,因此称之为条件状语从句。( If引导的条件状语从句表示假如有从句的动作发生,就会有主句动作的发生 )
eg: If I make a lot of money, I'll travel around the world.
=I'll travel around the world(主句) if I make a lot of money(从句).
位置:从句可放在主句之前或之后,但是放在主句之前须有逗号隔开
时态的运用:
1)如果主句是一般将来时,从句则用一般现在时。
(主将从现)
eg If it rains(从句), I will stay at home.
I’ll go with you if you don’t want to go alone(从句)
2) 主句是含有情态动词 may/ might/ can/ must/ should等的句子。从句要用一般现在时。
(主情从现)
eg: If you want to be healthy, you must/ should eat less meat(主句).
If you finish your homework, you can go home now.
3) 主句是祈使句时,从句也用一般现在时。
(主祈从现)
eg: Please let me know if someone calls me.
Don't play basketball if you don't finish your homework.
4) “祈使句+and/ or + 简单句”是一个固定结构,此时祈使句相当于一个由if引导的条件状语从句。用and引导的简单句通常表示一个较好的结果;用or引导的简单句表示一个不愉快的结果.简单句的时态常用一般现在时。
(主祈从现)
eg: Study hard, and you will pass the exam.
努力学习,你将会通过考试。
= If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
Hurry up, or you will miss the train.
快一点,否则你将赶不上火车。
= If you don't hurry up, you will miss the train.
注意:
为了避免重复,条件状语从句中常使用do( does, did ) 来代替上文提到的动作。
- I think I will ride my bike.
- If you do, you'll be late.
Summary
1. if 条件状语从句中,主句用一般将来时,从句用___________表示将来。_________原则。
一般现在时
主将从现
2. if 条件状语从句中,如果主句有must,can,may 等情态动词,从句用______________。_________原则。
一般现在时
3. if 条件状语从句中,主句是祈使句,从句用____________表示将来。_________原则。
一般现在时
主祈从现
主情从现
注意:
条件状语从句中的谓语动词的时态不可用将来时,只能用现在时或过去时表示将来时。
I shall not go to the cinema unless I finish my homework before eight.
即学即练
( )①You'll surely make progress you work with a strong will.
A. unless B. until C. as long as D. as well as
【解析】 本题考查条件状语从句。句意:只要你在工作上有坚定的信念,你一定能取得成绩。A项“除非”;B项意为“直到……才”; C项意为“只要”;D项意为“也,又”。根据句意可知,空格处缺少连词且后者是前者的条件,C项符合题意和语境。故选C项。
即学即练
( )②Tom and I will go climbing if it tomorrow.
A. won't snow B. doesn't snow
C. isn't snow D. can't snow
【解析】 本题考查条件状语从句。句意:如果明天不下雪,我和Tom会去爬山。根据“主将从现”的原则,条件状语从句主句用一般将来时态,从句用一般现在时表示将来,B项符合题意和语境。故选B项。
即学即练
( )③He always takes an umbrella with him it rains.
A. in case B. unless C. as long as D. as if
【解析】 本题考查条件状语从句。句意:他总是带着一把伞,以防天下雨。A项意为“万一;以防”;B项意为“除非”;C项意为“只要”;D项意为“好像”。根据句意可知,A项符合语境。故选A项。
即学即练
( )④Nobody can hear you you speak in a louder voice.
A. unless B. if C. when D. after
【解析】 本题考查条件状语从句。句意:除非你说话声音大一点,否则没人能听见。A项意为“除非”;B项意为“如果”;C项意为“当……时候”;D项意为“在……之后”。A项符合题意和语境。故选A项。
(二)since:表示“既然”,语气比because弱,经常用于主句前。(now that与since相似)
Since/Now that all the guests have arrived, let’s have our dinner.
三、原因状语从句 :
引导词:
有because(因为), as(由于), since(既然), now that(既然)(=since)。
(一)because:表示“因为”,直接而明确的原因和理由,语气最强,why提问的句子,一般都用because回答。
He didn’t come because he was ill.
(四) for也表示“因为”,但是并列连词,它连接的不是状语从句,语气比较强。For引导从句不说明主句发生的直接原因,只是提供一些补充说明,且不位于句首.
It must be morning,for the birds are singing.
(三) as:表示“由于”语气比because轻,引导从句可放主句前也可放主句后。
You needn’t go with me, as you are busy.
As I was afraid, I hid myself.
即学即练
( )① he didn’t know much English, he looked up the word in the dictionary.
A. When B. If C. As D. Until
【解析】 本题考查原因状语从句。句意:由于他不懂太多英语,他在字典上查阅了这个单词。A项意为“当……时候”;B项意为“如果”;C项意为“由于”;D项意为“直到……才”。根据句意可知,他不太懂英语所以去查了字典,C项符合语境。故选C项。
即学即练
( )②—Is Tim at school today
—No, he is at home he has a bad cold.
A. until B. if C. because D. so
【解析】 本题考查原因状语从句。句意:——Tim今天在学校吗?——不,他在家,因为他感冒了。because意为“因为”,表示最直接的原因。故选C项。
即学即练
( )③Tom had to wait for his wife to come back home he had left his key in the office.
A. because B. unless C. until D. although
【解析】 本题考查原因状语从句。句意:Tom不得不等他妻子回家,因为他把钥匙忘在办公室了。A项意为“因为”;B项意为“除非”;C项意为“直到”;D项意为“尽管”。由句意可知,空格后内容是空格前内容的直接原因。故选A项。
即学即练
( )④ we have a few minutes to wait for the train, let's have a cup of coffee.
A. Since B. Although C. Before D. While
【解析】 本题考查原因状语从句。句意:既然我们有几分钟的时间等火车,让我们喝杯咖啡吧。A项意为“既然,由于”;B项意为“尽管”;C项意为“在……之前”;D项意为“当……时候”。A项符合句意。故选A项。
四、目的状语从句 :
引导词:
有in order that(为了), so that(以便), in case(以防)等。从句中的谓语动词前常用may/might, can/could, should等情态动词。
He got up early in order that he could catch the early bus.
She married him so that she might look after him.
= In order that he could catch the early bus , he got up early.
即学即练
( )①We'll sit in the front we can hear better.
A. since B. so that C. as if D. unless
【解析】 本题考查目的状语从句。句意:我们坐在前面为了能够听得更清楚。A项意为“既然”;B项意为“为了”;C项意为“似乎”;D项意为“除非,如果不”。B项符合题意和语境。故选B项。
即学即练
( )②Please remind me about the interview I forget.
A. in case B. so that C. in order that D. unless
【解析】 本题考查目的状语从句。句意:请提醒我参加面试以防我忘记。A项意为“以防”,引导目的状语从句;B、C两项均意为“为了”,引导目的状语从句;D项意为“除非,如果不”,引导条件状语从句,表示否定的条件。仅A项符合题意和语境。故选A项。
即学即练
( )③You'd better take the map with you you won't get lost.
A. so that B. as soon as C. now that D. as long as
【解析】 本题考查目的状语从句。句意:你最好带着地图,这样你就不会迷路了。 A项意为“以便于,为了”,表示目的;B项意为“一……
就……”;C项意为“既然”;D项意为“只要”。带地图的目的是不迷路,故用so that引导目的状语从句。故选A项。
即学即练
( )④ he can win the race, he practices running every day.
A. Until B. In order that C. As soon as D. Unless
【解析】 本题考查目的状语从句。句意:为了能够赢比赛,他每天都练习跑步。A项意为“直到”;B项意为“为了”;C项意为“一……就……”;D项意为“除非”。B项符合题意和语境。故选B项。
五、结果状语从句 :
引导词:
有so... that(如此……以至于……),
such... that(如此……以至于……)等。
(一)在so... that结构中, so所修饰的是形容词或副词。
在such... that结构中, such所修饰的是名词或名词性词组。
(二)当 so , such 置于句首时,主句用部分倒装。
Such an excellent speech did he make that every one admired him.
即学即练
( )①She studied so hard she made great progress in English.
A. as B. that C. while D. when
【解析】 本题考查结果状语从句。句意:她学习如此努力,结果她在英语方面取得很大进步。根据句意可知,空格处表示“以至于”,so... that意为“如此……以至于……”,故B项符合题意和语境。故选B项。
即学即练
( )②It was such a difficult problem no one in his class could solve it.
A. as B. because C. that D. since
【解析】 本题考查结果状语从句。句意:这个问题是如此之难,以至于他班上没人能解答。由so... that意为“如此……以至于……”可知,C项符合题意和语境。A、B、D三项均不能和前面的so搭配,故不可选。故选C项。
即学即练
( )③The work was hard it took us quite a long time to do it.
A. such; that B. so; that C. too; that D. too; to
【解析】 本题考查结果状语从句。句意:这项工作如此难,以至于我们花了很长时间来做它。“so+形容词/副词+that从句”意为“如此……以至于……”,符合题意。such后面接名词,故排除A项。“too+形容词+to do sth.”意为“太……而不能”,故排除C、D两项。故选B项。
即学即练
( )④Miss Smith is kind lady that her friends all like her.
A. so B. so a C. such D. such a
【解析】 本题考查结果状语从句。句意:Smith小姐是一位如此善良的女士,以至于她的朋友们都喜欢她。so... that与such... that引导结果状语从句时,常用的结构有:“so+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数”;“such+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数”;“such+形容词+不可数名词/可数名词复数”。故选D项。
六、让步状语从句 :
引导词:
有though/although(虽然), even though/even if(即使), 疑问词-ever(无论……), no matter+疑问词(无论……)。
(一)though与although同义,用法基本一样,前者通俗,口语化;后者较正式,多放于句首,不能与 but连用,但可以与yet, still等连用,用来加强语气。
Though ( Although ) he was tired, yet (still) he went on working.
注意:引导某些倒装让步从句只能用though, 而不用although。
(二)as 引导让步状语从句时从句部分必须要前置一些成分。though引导让步状语从句时从句可以前置也可以不前置。构成“adj./v./n./adv.+as/though+主语+谓语” 结构
Young as he is, he can read and write in several foreign languages.(表语提前)
Child as he was, he had to support the family.
(表语名词提前并省去冠词)
Hard as he studies, he can not pass the exam.
(副词提前)
Try as he would , he might fail again.
(动词提前)
(三)whatever/whoever/whichever/…既可引导让步状语从句(=no matter what/who/which…), 又可引导名词性从句(=anything that/ anyone who/ anyone that).
Whatever = you do, do it well.
Whoever does business with that fellow is bound to lose money.
(No matter what)
(Whoever=Anyone who)
即学即练
( )① hard it may be, do your best.
A. Whatever B. However
C. Whenever D. Wherever
【解析】 本题考查让步状语从句。句意:无论它多难,尽你所能。本题中However hard=No matter how hard, however后面跟形容词,表示一种让步。故选B项。
即学即练
( )②Rich she is, she has lots of trouble.
A. although B. because C. as if D. though
【解析】 本题考查让步状语从句。句意:尽管她很富有,她有很多烦恼。让步状语从句中,形容词置于句首,用倒装形式,引导词只能用though或as。故选D项。
即学即练
( )③We should try to do it well, there are a lot of difficulties.
A. even though B. as long as
C. as soon as D. if
【解析】 本题考查让步状语从句。句意:即使有很多的困难,我们也应该努力把它做好。A项意为“即使”,引导让步状语从句;B项意为“只要”,引导条件状语从句;C项意为“一……就”,引导时间状语从句;D项意为“如果”,引导条件状语从句。根据there are a lot of difficulties可知,此处表示即使有很多困难也要努力做好,B、C、D三项均与句意不符,故排除。故选A项。
即学即练
( )④The Chinese doctors went to Italy to help the patients they knew it was dangerous.
A. because B. if C. though D. as soon as
【解析】 本题考查让步状语从句。句意:中国医生去意大利帮助病人,尽管他们知道这很危险。A项意为“因为”;B项意为“如果”;C项意为“尽管,虽然”;D项意为“一……就……”。根据句意可知,空格前后两个分句呈转折关系。故选C项。
七、方式状语从句 :
引导词:
有as(按照,正如), as if(=as though)(好像,似乎)。
注意:
as if和as though意义和用法大致一样,意为“仿佛……似的;好像……似的”,引导的从句多用虚拟语气,但也可用陈述语气。
He treats me as if I were his own son.
他待我就像我是他的亲生儿子一样。
When in Rome, do as Romans do. 入乡随俗。
即学即练
( )①When learning spoken English, just practise the teacher says.
A. after B. because C. when D. as
【解析】 本题考查方式状语从句。句意:在学习英语口语时,就按照老师说的去练。A项意为“在……之后”;B项意为“因为”;C项意为“当……时”;D项“按照”。D项符合题意和语境。故选D项。
即学即练
( )②He runs very fast he were a professional athlete.
A. even though B. even if C. as if D. as like
【解析】 本题考查方式状语从句。句意:他跑得很快,好像他是一个职业运动员。as if引导方式状语从句,意为“好像”,符合句意。故选C项。
即学即练
( )③She sits there smiling it were her prize.
A. as B. so C. as if D. even if
【解析】 本题考查方式状语从句。句意:她面带微笑坐在那儿,好像这个奖品是她的一样。A项意为“按照;像……一样”;B项意为“因此”;C项意为“好像”;D项意为“即使”。as if表示一种方式,从句用虚拟语气,符合题意和语境。故选C项。
即学即练
( )④As a rule, you'd better leave the things in nature they are.
A. so B. like C. as D. for
【解析】 本题考查方式状语从句。句意:作为一个规则,你最好让事物保持原状。as引导方式状语从句,表示“像……一样”, 符合题意和语境。故选C项。
八、比较状语从句 :
引导词:
有than(比……), as... as(和……一样),
not as/so... as(和……不一样),
the more..., the more...(越……,越……)等。
即学即练
( )①John plays football Tom.
A. so well as B. as well as
C. so well D. as well
【解析】 本题考查比较状语从句。句意:John踢足球和Tom踢得一样好。表示“和……一样”用as... as句型。B项符合题意和语境。故选B项。
即学即练
( )②The older he got, he became.
A. the quiet B. the quieter
C. quieter D. the quietest
【解析】 本题考查比较状语从句。句意:他年纪越大,话就变得越少。由前面的The older he got可知,此处考查“the+比较级,the+比较级”句型,表示“越……,越……”,B项符合此句型结构。故选B项。
即学即练
( )③This house is not so big that one.
A. as B. as well as C. like D. than
【解析】 本题考查比较状语从句。句意:这个房子不如那个大。A项not as/so... as表示“和……不一样……”符合句意。故选A项。
即学即练
( )④He runs more quickly than his sister .
A. do B. does C. doing D. did
【解析】 本题考查比较状语从句。句意:他比他妹妹跑得快。than后接从句,引导比较状语从句,根据runs可知句子是一般现在时,主语是his sister,动词用第三人称单数形式does。故选B项。
九、地点状语从句 :
引导词:
地点状语从句表示主句动作发生的地点,常由where(哪里)和wherever(无论哪里)引导。
注意:不要和where引导的定语从句相混淆。
We shall go where working conditions are difficult.
We shall go to the place where working conditions are difficult.
(状)
(定)
Where there is a will, there is a way.
有志者,事竟成。
即学即练
( )①People like to live air is fresh.
A. when B. where C. what D. because
【解析】 本题考查地点状语从句。句意:人们喜欢住在空气清新的地方。A项意为“什么时间”;B项意为“哪里”;C项意为“什么”;D项意为“因为”。根据句意可知,空格处应为表示地点的连词,B项符合题意和语境。故选B项。
即学即练
( )②Sit I can see you.
A. what B. where C. wherever D. which
【解析】 本题考查地点状语从句。句意:坐在我看得到你的地方。what和which都用于引导名词性从句,故排除A、D两项;wherever和where都可以引导地点状语从句,但wherever意为“无论哪里”,不符合句意,故排除C项;where表示“在……的地方”,符合题意和语境。故选
B项。
即学即练
( )③He likes taking photos he is.
A. whenever B. whatever
C. wherever D. whoever
【解析】 本题考查地点状语从句。句意:无论他身处何方,他都很喜
欢拍照。根据句子结构可知,主句缺少地点状语。wherever意为“无论哪
里”,可以引导地点状语从句。故选C项。
即学即练
( )④If you can't find the place, I will show you .
A. what it is B. what it was
C. where it is D. where it was
【解析】 本题考查地点状语从句。句意:如果你找不到这个地方,我可以告诉你它在哪里。where意为“……的地方”,引导地点状语从句;结合句意可知,本句描述的是现在的事,需用一般现在时态。故选C项。
用法口诀:
状语从句有九种,时地原因条件比。
目的结果方让步,连词引导各不同。
主句通常前面走,连词引从紧随后。
从句若在主前头,主从之间有个逗。
完成句子
1. I was about to go out (当有人敲门).
2. They stopped to have a rest (走了半小时的路以后).
3. You'll be late for the class (除非你赶快点).
4. (只要她努力学习), she is sure to pass the exam.
5. She is such a good teacher
(所有学生都很尊敬她).
完成句子
6. She was all wet (因为天正在下大雨).
7. We must camp (我们可以获得水的地方).
8. The man refused to say sorry to me, (尽管这是他的错).
9. We must get up early (为了我们能赶上第一辆公交车).
10. There is nothing (和新生命一样美好).