人教版（2019）选择性必修第四册 Unit2 Iconic Attractions 易混易错点辨析学案（有答案）

【名师原创】：Unit2 易混易错点辨析
●whatever…, no matter what…
【教材原句】
We can download software, documents, and images whenever we need them. (教材P28)
【辨析】
两者都有“无论什么，不管什么”的意思，意思基本一致，但用法有区别。
whatever…. 既可以引导名词性从句，也可引导让步状语从句。
no matter what… 只能引导让步状语从句，此时可以和whenever互换。
温馨提示：whenever/no matter when; wherever/no matter where; whichever/no matter which; whoever/no matter who; however/no matter how的用法与whatever/no mater what的用法基本相同。
【例句呈现】
Whatever/no matter what system you choose, it must be run in properly.
不管你选择什么样的体系，都必须经过适当的磨合。
The United States will do whatever it can to help Greece
美国将竭尽所能帮助希腊。
Whenever/no matter when you move to a new area, you should locate the fire alarm pull stations and the two exits nearest your room.
无论何时你搬到一个新的地方, 你都应该找到火警报警站和离你房间最近的两个出口。
Whenever they go abroad depends on the passports.
不管他们什么时候出国，都要取决于签证。
However/no matter how you look at it, it's going to cost a lot.
不管你怎么看，它都要花很多钱。
She has the window open, however/no matter how cold it is outside.
不管外面多冷她都开着窗户。
However go there is a matter.
无论如何去那里都是个问题。
He hired himself out to whoever needed his services.
他以前从事临时服务业。
Come out of there, whoever/no matter how you are.
不管你是谁，从那里出来吧。
A media circus surrounded the royal couple wherever/no matter where they went.
无论王室夫妇走到何处，他们的身后都会跟着一大群媒体记者。
Wherever he goes is unimportant.
不管他去哪里都不重要。
The situation is an awkward one, whichever/no matter which way you look at it.
无论从哪一方面看，这个局面都很尴尬。
Whichever/no matter which they choose, we must accept their decision.
无论他们如何选择，我们都必须接受他们的决定。
Just be sure to be aware of the safety regulations in whichever country you happen to be buying your eggs in.
你只需要留意你要买鸡蛋的那个国家的食品安全规定就行。
【考点过关】
用whenever/no matter when; whatever/no mater what; wherever/no matter where; whichever/no matter which; whoever/no matter who; however/no matter how填空
1. ________ you come here, please call me first.
2. I don't care _______ they will come from.
3. _______ he has put these books is unimportant.
4. ________ a problem arrives, do three things – face it, fight it and finish it.
5. _______ you start, it is important that you do not stop after starting.
6. _______ happens, I'll always be there for you.
7. _______ goes there, we’ll agree.
8. ______ they are, they will be helpful.
9. _______ you do, try your best.
10. We'll try our best to do _______ is right.
11. _______ is worth doing is worth doing well.
12. ________ wants to speak to me on the phone, tell them I'm busy.
13. _______ does best will get the prize.
14. _______ they select, we will disagree.
【参考答案】
1. No matter when/Whenever; 2. wherever; 3. Wherever; 4. Whenever/No matter when; 5. No matter when/how/Whenever/However; 6. No matter what/Whatever; 7. Whoever/No matter who; 8. Wherever/No matter where; 9. Whatever/No matter what; 10. whatever; 11. Whatever; 12. Whoever/ No matter who; 13. Whoever; 14. No matter which/Whichever
●which 和as引导定语从句
【教材原句】
This shows in their music, too, which celebrates the natural world and the spiritual world around them. (教材P14)
【辨析】
两者都可引导限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句，有时可换用，但用法有一定区别。
as 引导定语从句
① 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词前有as, such, the same时，关系词一般用as
温馨提示：如果the same…. as…. 结构中的as 换成that, 句子也正确，但是意思发生了变化，表示先行词和定语从句是同一个事物，请观察以下句子。
This is the same computer as he bought last week.
这台电脑和他上周买的是一样的。
This is the same computer that he bought last week.
这就是他上周买的电脑。
②当非限定性定语从句中的谓语是know, see, tell, show, expect等时，常用关系词as，这时，as 往往有“像….一样，正如….”的意思。
③as is often the case 引导的非限定性定语从句中，as 不能换成which
which 引导非限定性定语从句
①当主句和非限定性定语从句之间有因果关系或出人意料时，关系代词用
which
②在非限制性定语从句中，当先行词为整个主句，即指代整个主句内容时，关系词as和which，有时可互换。
③ as 引导的非限定性定语从句可以放句首，句中和句尾，而which 引导的非限定性定语从句只能放主句后面。
【例句呈现】
This is as good a house as we can find.
这是我们能找到的好房子。
I have just the same feeling as you do.
我们和你们感觉的一样。
As he told us, the meeting went on well.
正如他告诉我们的，会议进展很顺利。
She has been late again, as was expected.
她又迟到了，正如所预料的那样。
The thief came again, as was expected.
小偷有一次来了，这是预料之中的。
All the photos are about the firefighters, as he showed us at home that day.
正如他那天在家里给我们看的那样，所有这些照片都是关于消防战士的。
He tore up my photo, which upset me.
他把我的照片撕掉，这使我很不满。
He is an honest boy, which/as is obvious.
很明显，他是一个诚实的孩子。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one’s health.
众所周知，吸烟有害健康。
The earth turns around the sun every day, as is known to all.
众所周知，地球每天绕着太阳转。
【考点过关】
根据as 和 which 引导定语从句的用法填空。
The lady doesn't like such a young man ______ often drinks too much.
This is the same car _______ he lent you yesterday.
The old man first jumped into the river to save the child, ______ we can see.
He didn’t come, _______ I had expected.
He said nothing, _______ made her angry.
She failed in the exam, ______ was natural.
This kind of computer, ______ is well-known, is out of date.
The old professor beat his wife that day, ______ was unexpected.
He was late for school again, ______ is often the case.
Taiwan is a part of China, ________ is known to all.
【参考答案】
1. as; 2. as/that; 3. as; 4. as; 5. which; 6. which/as; 7. as; 8. which; 9. As; 10. as
●in order to do sth; so as to do sth.
【教材原句】
The didgeridoo player has to change the shape of his mouth in order to change pitch. (教材P15)
【辨析】
两者都可以作目的状语，一般情况下没有什么区别, 常可互换使用, 但用法有细微区别。
in order to do sth. 引导的目的状语既可以放句首，也可以放句尾，位置较为灵活。
so as to do sth. 引导的目的状语只能放在句尾，不能位于句首。
温馨提示：
①两者的否定式: in order not to do sth.; so as not to do sth.
② 两者的复合结构: in order for sb. to do/so as for sb. to do （当不定式的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,必须用其复合结构）。
【例句呈现】
He arrived early in order to/so as to get a good seat.
他很早到达了以便找到好座位。
In order to arrive before dark, we started early.
为了天黑前到达，我们很早就出发了。
You'd better check the names once again so as to avoid mistakes.
你最好再检查一下名字，以免搞错。
The test questions are kept secret so as to prevent cheating.
试题要保密，以免泄密。
I got up early in order to catch the first bus.
为了赶上第一班公交车，我起得很早。
I got up early in order not to miss the first bus.
为了不错过第一班公交车，我起得很早。
I woke him early in order for him not to miss the first bus.
我把他早早叫醒，为的是不让他错过第一班车。
He started early so as to be there on time.
他出发很早，以便准时赶到那里。
【考点过关】
根据in order to do sth. 和 so as to do sth. 用法填空
1. We first need to understand the current usage scenarios and analyze the resulting performance problems _______ to do the correct performance correcting actions.
2. He started early _______ not to be late for school.
3. Zhang Yang’s mother woke him early _______ for him not to be late for work.
4. And _______ to do that, I need to talk about mice a little bit.
5. So, ______to do that, the technology has to be just as much human as it is artificial.
6. The purpose of these practices is to make athletes have a quicker recovery after training _______ to do their future study and training well.
【参考答案】
1. in order/so as; 2. in order/so as; 3. in order/so as; 4. in order; 5. in order; 6. in order/so as
●contribute; donate
【教材原句】
Although the main cultural influence since 1788 has been Western culture, minority cultures have also played a part in shaping the unique Australian culture, with many of the new cultural influences contributed by immigrants. (教材P15)
【辨析】
donate意思是“捐献、捐赠”，用义相对较窄，表示捐赠钱物时可以和contribute 互换，但是，如果表示捐献人的血液或器官时，只能用donate, 不能用contribute，donate的名词donation，常构成donate sth. to….结构。
contribute普通用词，用义范围广，除了“捐献，捐赠”意思之外，还可表示“贡献，捐献，促进，增加，对….起作用”等意思， contribute的名词为contribution.
常构成以下结构：contribute sth. to….，表示“把…..捐给….；向….投稿”； contribute to….；表示“对…..做出贡献；对…..起作用；导致”等。
【例句呈现】
It was generous of her to donate/contribute such a large sum to the relief fund.
她很慷慨，捐了一大笔钱给救济基金会。
There are many warm-hearted people in our society who voluntarily to donate
/contribute money to help the disabled.
社会上有许多热心人自愿捐款帮助残疾人。
You can't expect a miser like her to donate/contribute money.
你就别指望像他那样的小气鬼能捐钱了。
Many rich people in the United States donated/contributed big sums of money to universities and colleges.
美国许多富豪给大学捐赠巨款。
They successfully held a concert and donated/contribute the proceeds to charity.
他们成功举办了一次音乐会,把收入捐给了慈善机构。
Many people show much concern for children's welfare institution, and contribute /donate money and materials to help the institutions improve their conditions.
很多人关心儿童福利院，向儿童福利院捐款捐物帮助改善条件。
It is stipulated that young people should have the duty to donate blood on unpaid basis.
据规定年轻人有义务无偿献血。
In his will he volunteered to donate his body to medical research.
在他的遗嘱里, 他自愿捐献遗体给医学研究
【考点过关】根据donate, contribute 的用法及适当形式填空
1. He ________ important cultural relics of his own collection to the state last year.
2. He ________ large sums of money to charity every year.
3. It is mandatory for blood banks to test all _______ blood for the virus.
4. _______ time and energy to others can take you out of yourself.
5. The government calls on the youth to _______ their blood voluntarily.
6. The local people lined up to _______ money to the earthquake-hit area.
7. As the patient's life hung in the balance, many comrades offered to _______ blood.
8. I believe that each of us can ________ to the future of the world
9. I was asked to _______ to a newspaper article making predictions for the new year.
10. So far the government's policies _________ to the volatility of the region.
11. I am sure that this meeting will _______ to the reinforcement of peace and security all over the world
12. The chaos may have _______ to the deaths of up to 20 people.
【参考答案】
1. donated/contributed; 2. donates/contributes; 3. donated; 4. donating/contributing;
5. donate; 6. donate/contribute; 7. donate; 8. contribute; 9. contribute; 10. contribute;
11. contribute; 12. Contribute
●cause (vt) ; lead to
【教材原句】
They spend quite a lot of time eating, sleeping and hanging onto tree trunks, so interaction with humans can cause them a lot of stress. (教材P20)
【辨析】
两者都有“导致，引起”的意思，在这种意思前提下，一般可以互换，但是在其它意思上有一定区别。
cause 意思是“导致，引起”，一般导致的是坏的结果。也可以构成词组cause sb./sth. to do sth. 意思是“引起/导致某人或某物做某事”。
温馨提示：指坏的结果时，两者可以互换；做“通向” 讲时，不可互换。
lead to …. 意思是“导致，引起；通向”，导致的后果可好可坏也可以是中性的，to 是介词，后面一般接名词。
温馨提示：
①lead sb./sth. to do sth. 引起某人/某物做某事
②lead sb./sth. to/into + 地点 把某人/某物领到某地/进入某地
【例句呈现】
He has warned that the serious rifts within the country could lead to civil war.
他已经发出了警告，国家内部严重的不和可能会引发内战。
Straining to lift heavy weights can lead to a rise in blood pressure.
用力提重物会导致血压升高。
He agreed that these policies will lead to gridlock in the future.
他认为这些政策将来会导致僵局。
Tampering with a single enzyme can lead to untoward effects elsewhere.
破坏一种酶可能会导致在别处出现异常。
There are recognized black spots in marriages which can lead to trouble
婚姻中有一些公认的容易引发问题的雷区。
So head northwest until you find a river which should lead to the coast.
一直向西北方向走，直到你发现一条小河，这条小河通向海岸。
Repairs and improvements can lead to higher rental rates.
修缮后可以提高租价。
Fire has caused severe damage to the contents of the building.
大火导致那栋大楼里的东西严重损毁。
A combination of internal and external factors caused the company to close down.
内外因结合导致了公司的倒闭。
The drug may cause an aggravation of the condition.
这种药可能导致病情恶化。
The disease can cause sterility in men and women.
这种疾病可能导致男女不育。
Heavy snow has caused total chaos on the roads.
大雪导致道路上交通一片混乱。
Anxiety can be caused by lack of sleep.
睡眠不足可能导致焦虑。
Researchers are still trying to isolate the gene that causes this abnormality.
研究人员仍然在试图分离导致这种畸形的基因。
【考点过关】
根据lead to和cause的用法, 用其适当形式填空
1. A faulty connection _______ the machine to stop that day.
2. If you string these experiences together, you can find a new life road will ______ your future.
3. The poor harvest ________ prices to rise sharply during those days.
4. He still believed that honesty and industry would ______ success.
5. Vitamin deficiency in the diet can ________ illness.
6. Excuse me, does this road _______ the railway station
7. Heavy seas can _______ cancellation of ferry services.
8. There were fears that privatization would _______ job losses.
9. Defeat could _______ one side to escalate the conflict.
10. Abuse can _______ both psychological and emotional problems.
11. Strong coffee or tea late at night may _______ sleeplessness
12. A poor diet will ultimately ________ illness.
13. Generally, a lack of magnesium _______ muscles to go into spasm.
14. Excessive drinking can ________ stomach disorders.
15. In its present form, the law could _______ new injustices.
【参考答案】
1. caused; 2. lead to; 3. caused; 4. lead to; 5. lead to/cause; 6. lead to; 7. lead to/cause; 8. cause/lead to; 9. cause; 10. cause/lead to; 11. lead to/cause; 12. cause/lead to; 13. causes; 14. cause/lead to; 15. cause/lead to
●stay; remain
【教材原句】
They then find their way into their mother’s pouch – a kind of pocket – to stay safe and warm. (教材P20)
【辨析】
两者都有“（系动词）保持，仍然是；停留”的意思，这时两者可以换用，但其它意义和用法有区别。
stay 意思是“保持，仍然是；停留，逗留；留宿，暂住”，常构成以下结构：
①stay for dinner 留下来吃饭
②stay at home 待在家里
③stay at/in a hotel 住旅馆
④stay the night = stay overnight = stay over 过夜
⑤stay away 走开，不打扰
⑥stay in = stay (at) home待在家里，不外出
⑦stay on 留下来继续（工作，学习）
⑧stay out 待在户外，不回家
⑨stay out of…. 避开，远离，不介入
⑩stay up 熬夜
stay 也可以作名词，表示“停留，暂住”等。
remain 意思是“保持，仍然是；遗留，剩下；停留，逗留；留待，尚待”，常构成以下结构：
①remain + adj. = stay + adj. 保持….
②remain + n = stay + n 仍然是…..
③remain + prep. + 地点 = stay + prep. + 地点 待在某地，但是，可以说stay (at) home，不能说remain at home, 只能用remain home，去掉at, 两词组可换用。
④sth. remain to be done 某事尚待做
⑤it remain to be seen + wh-从句 …..有待观察/看/尚待定论
⑥there remains ….尚有…..
remain 可以做名词，意思是“遗迹，残留物”
【例句呈现】
Most of the house remains intact even after two hundred years.
虽然过了两百年，这房子的大部分还保持完好。
The temperature remained constant while pressure was a variable in the experiment.
做这实验时温度保持不变，但压力可变。
It remains to be seen whether his project will fly.
他的计划能否成功尚需拭目以待。
The disease often remains undetected for many years.
这种疾病经常潜伏多年而不被察觉。
There remains the problem of finance.
财政问题仍然存在。
It remains to be seen whether or not this idea can be put into practice.
这一想法能否付诸实践还有待于观察。
We went on to Paris and stayed/remained there eleven days.
我们接着去了巴黎，在那里停留了十一天。
We stayed/remained in a village where time has stood still.
我们待在一个时间似乎凝滞了的村子里。
She stayed at home, afraid to show her face.
她待在家里，不敢露面。
We stayed up all night, setting the world to rights.
我们一夜没睡，谈论着如何拯救世界。
I want you to stay away from my daughter.
我要你离我女儿远远的。
His parents won't allow him to stay out late.
他的父母不会允许他在外待得很晚。
【考点过关】
用remain, stay的适当形式填空
1. She _______ home while the children were young.
2. I went to Ningxia and _______ there for one year.
3. We promised ________ friends for ever.
4. We must ________ competitive in the competitive society.
5. I ________ on the job for five months when they left.
6. Birds’ singing is sometimes a warning to other birds _______ away.
7. You should leave those naughty boys _______ out of trouble.
8. Last month, Tom wrote two articles during his short _______ in hospital.
9. So far many of his songs _______ popular.
10. We were told ________ in our seats meanwhile with our seat belts fastened.
11. I never see what has been done; I only see what_______ to be done.
12. It ________ to be seen whether you are right.
13. There ________ one significant problem now.
14. Please _______ calm when you meet with some difficulties.
15. You should ________ quiet when someone is making a speech.
【参考答案】
1. stayed/remained; 2. stayed/remained; 3. to stay/remain; 4. stay/remain; 5. Stayed; 6. to stay; 7. to stay; 8. stay; 9. have remained/stayed; 10. to remain/stay; 11. remains; 12. remains; 13. remains; 14. remain/stay; 15. stay/remain
●occur; happen; take place
【教材原句】
After the system was finished, no more floods occurred. (教材P23)
【辨析】
三者都有“发生”的意思，都是不及物动词，都没有被动语态，但是有一定区别。
occur 除了表示意外或偶然发生某事外，也表示“想起，突然想起”，常构成以下结构：
① sth. occur to sb. 某人想起（突然想起）某事
② it occur to sb. to do sth. 某人想起（突然想起）做某事
③ it occur to sb. + that 从句 某人想起（突然想起）某事
take place 一般表示有准备或按计划安排要发生的事情，也可以表示“举行，举办”会议，运动会等
happen 和occur一样 可以表示事情意外或偶然地发生，这种情况下两者常可换用；happen 常构成以下结构：
① sth. happen to sb./sth. 某人发生某事/某物怎么了
② sb. happen to do sth. 某人碰巧做某事
③ it happened + that 从句 碰巧……
④ there happen to be …… 碰巧有…..
【例句呈现】
What happened to your truck
你的卡车怎么样了
There happened to be some people there then.
那时，碰巧有一些人在那里。
It never occurred to her to ask anyone.
她从未想到去问问别人。
It never occurred to me that he might be in trouble.
我怎么也没有想到他会遇上麻烦。
Didn't it occur to you that he was lying
你当时没想到他在撒谎吗？
How did the accident happen/occur
事故是怎样发生的
That plane crash occurred/happened only minutes after take-off.
空难在起飞几分钟后就发生了。
She hoped nothing bad would happen to him.
她希望不会有什么不幸的事发生在他头上。
Olympic Games take place every four years in the world.
奥运会每四年（每隔三年）举行一次。
Great changes have taken place in our country during the past forty years.
过去四十年里，我们的国家发生了巨大变化。
【考点过关】
用happen, occur 和take place的适当形式填空
1. Elections ________ every five years in the country now.
2. It _______ to me that going to Switzerland for traveling will be marvelous!
3. Great changes ________ here since last year.
4. It never _________ to me that he might be in trouble.
5. The severe car accident ________ in the street half an hour ago.
6. What has ________
7. A good idea __________ to them that day.
8. The meeting will ________ next week.
9. It ________ to me to visit my teacher.
10. It didn't _______ to him that she would refuse his invitation.
【参考答案】
1. take place; 2. occurs; 3. have taken place; 4. occurred; 5. happened/occurred; 6. has happened/has occurred; 7. occurred; 8. will take place; 9. occurred; 10. occur
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