原版自然拼读字母字母组合发音规则总结
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Table 1. Vowel Phoneme-Grapheme Correspondences
Phoneme Grapheme Example Rule Frequency
A short (A3)/a/ a a-e at dance Closed syllable unusual 4192 147
A long (A1)/ā/ a a-e ai ay eigh e ea ei ey a(r) ar-e ea(r) ar are air ere ear agent ate rain day eight cafe break veil they arm father large heart vary care fair there bear Open syllable Final E Al digraph 208 AY digraph rare rare rare rare rare 1002 790 131 16 14 14 14 46 31 13
AR digraph474 unusual unusual rare unusual unusual unusual unusual rare 44 31 18 64 50
E short (E3)/e/ e ea e-e end head fence Closed syllable unusual unusual 3316 139 79
E long (E1)/ē/ e y ee ea e-e ie i-e ey ea-e ie-e ei me very keep eat these field police money unique peace piece ceiling Open syllable FinalY EE digraph EA digraph Final E unusual unusual unusual unusual unusual rare rare 1765 1801 249 245 62 62 44 40 38 23
I short (13)/i/ e a-e y in give village system Closed syllable5346 unusual unusual unusual 339 187 100
Phoneme Grapheme Example Rule Frequency
Ilong (1)/i/ ui ai ei i-e y igh ie y-e build captain foreign ice item my fight pie type rare rare rare Final E Open syllable FinalY unusual unusual rare 16 15 11 555 554 211 88 26 23
0 short (03)/0/ 0 0-e not what lodge Closed syllable unusual rare 1558 80 20
0 long (01)/6/ o-e oa ow ou oe ou-e open home oat own mould toe course Open syllable Final E 0A digraph 0W digraph unusual rare rare 1876 370 126 124 29 13
0 broad (02805) /6/ o(r) a au aw o-e ough augh for all, war auto off, dog awful horse bought caught R modified A before LθR AU digraph unusual AW digraph rare rare rare 312 165 146 123 75 15 12
00 short (07)/oo/ 00 0 u-e pull look woman sure unusual 00 digraph —short rare rare 200 114 1>7
Ol diphthong oi oil 01 digraph 92
(01)/oi/ oy toy 0Y digraph 48
OU diphthong ou (0U)/ou/ ow out owi 0U digraph 0W digraph 227 119
U short and schwa (U3 á swa) /u/8/0/ 0 u a i other up ago animal important schwa closed syllable important schwa important schwa 1723 1509 1438 1347
Phoneme Grapheme Example Rule Frequency
U long 00 long (U1806) /ū/8/oo/ e ou 0 e-e o-e u-e 0 Y ie eo 00-e u u-e 00 ew ou eu ue 00-e 0-e effect double son violence come huge do oxygen patient pigeon loose unit tune moon new you neutral blue goose move important schwa unusual unusual unusual unusual unusual unusual rare rare rare rare open syllable final E 00 digraph—long ew digraph unusual unusual uedigraph rare rare 763 366 112 101 47 46 37 23 22 10 12 907 290 173 60 29 28 27 12 12
Schwa R 8 Short U + R (U28 E5) /d/θ/u/ er or ur ar ir er-e ear our her labor turn dollar girl nerve earth journey regular regular regular regular regular unusual unusual ER OR UR AR IR 1979 321 234 168 104 41 29 21
rare
Note. The symbols inside the parentheses, for example(E3),indicate Hanna's classification for that phoneme.
Correspondences with frequencies below 10 were omitted.
Consonant Categories
Table 2. Consonant Phoneme-Grapheme Correspondences
Phoneme Grapheme Example Rule Frequency
B b boy regular 2242
bb rabbit unusual 63
C No C phoneme,see Kand S
CH ch child regular 313
t picture unusual 175
tch catch unusual 61
ti question rare 13
D d dog regular 3611
dd add unusual 74
F f fox regular 1580
ph phone unusual 242
ff cliff unusual177
G g girl regular 1178
g9 egg unusual
gue league rare 21
gu guard rare 19
gh ghost rare
工j h g hot gem jump regular most common regular 762 647 218
dge lodge unusual 51
d educate unusual
gi legion rare 14
K C cat regular 3452
k kind regular 601
ck back unusual 290
ch chord unusual 142
Phoneme Grapheme Example Rule Frequency
cc que x cs x qu i le ll el m mm mb Im account unique fox physics exam quick like able bell novel man commute lamb calm unusual rare regular forX unusual unique prefix regular regular common ending common ending rare regular unusual unusual rare 76 19 245 26 43 191 4894 620 489 19 3302 140 27 17
n en nn kn on gn nose dozen funny knife lesson sign regular 7452 unusual 128
unusual 127
silent letter
unusual 41
silent letter 32
NG ng n sing think regular 362 unusual 251
P p pp pig regular happy 3296 unusual 153
Q No aphoneme see K
R r rr wr rh rat carry write rhythm regular 9134
unusual 207
silent letter 48
rare 16
S s c ss ps sat city pass psychology regular 4599 before A,0,4U 1067 unusual 442 rare
SH sh tion ci ssi si shoe action special mission tension regular 398
unique suffix 820
unusual 119
unique suffix 51 unique suffix 38
Phoneme Grapheme Example Rule Frequency
T ch ti s t tt ed bt chef patient sugar toy cotton hooked doubt unique unique rare regular unusual unique suffix 28 silent letter 34 30 20 7528 216 11
TH yoiceless th thank regular 411
TH yoiced th they less common 149
V v very regular 1485
W w u with suite regular unusual 578 47
WH /hw/ wh when regular 89
X No X phoneme, see K
Y y i yard onion regular unusual66
Z z s es z ss zero his wives jazz dessert regular before I,E,8Y unique suffix44 rare rare 229 640 23 13
ZH si s g erosion measure massage unique suffix55 unusual rare 34 15
Phoneme Grapheme Example Rule Frequency
A short (A3)/a/ a a-e at dance Closed syllable unusual 4192 147
A long (A1)/ā/ a a-e ai ay eigh e ea ei ey a(r) ar-e ea(r) ar are air ere ear agent ate rain day eight cafe break veil they arm father large heart vary care fair there bear Open syllable Final E Al digraph 208 AY digraph rare rare rare rare rare 1002 790 131 16 14 14 14 46 31 13
AR digraph474 unusual unusual rare unusual unusual unusual unusual rare 44 31 18 64 50
E short (E3)/e/ e ea e-e end head fence Closed syllable unusual unusual 3316 139 79
E long (E1)/ē/ e y ee ea e-e ie i-e ey ea-e ie-e ei me very keep eat these field police money unique peace piece ceiling Open syllable FinalY EE digraph EA digraph Final E unusual unusual unusual unusual unusual rare rare 1765 1801 249 245 62 62 44 40 38 23
I short (13)/i/ e a-e y in give village system Closed syllable5346 unusual unusual unusual 339 187 100
Phoneme Grapheme Example Rule Frequency
Ilong (1)/i/ ui ai ei i-e y igh ie y-e build captain foreign ice item my fight pie type rare rare rare Final E Open syllable FinalY unusual unusual rare 16 15 11 555 554 211 88 26 23
0 short (03)/0/ 0 0-e not what lodge Closed syllable unusual rare 1558 80 20
0 long (01)/6/ o-e oa ow ou oe ou-e open home oat own mould toe course Open syllable Final E 0A digraph 0W digraph unusual rare rare 1876 370 126 124 29 13
0 broad (02805) /6/ o(r) a au aw o-e ough augh for all, war auto off, dog awful horse bought caught R modified A before LθR AU digraph unusual AW digraph rare rare rare 312 165 146 123 75 15 12
00 short (07)/oo/ 00 0 u-e pull look woman sure unusual 00 digraph —short rare rare 200 114 1>7
Ol diphthong oi oil 01 digraph 92
(01)/oi/ oy toy 0Y digraph 48
OU diphthong ou (0U)/ou/ ow out owi 0U digraph 0W digraph 227 119
U short and schwa (U3 á swa) /u/8/0/ 0 u a i other up ago animal important schwa closed syllable important schwa important schwa 1723 1509 1438 1347
Phoneme Grapheme Example Rule Frequency
U long 00 long (U1806) /ū/8/oo/ e ou 0 e-e o-e u-e 0 Y ie eo 00-e u u-e 00 ew ou eu ue 00-e 0-e effect double son violence come huge do oxygen patient pigeon loose unit tune moon new you neutral blue goose move important schwa unusual unusual unusual unusual unusual unusual rare rare rare rare open syllable final E 00 digraph—long ew digraph unusual unusual uedigraph rare rare 763 366 112 101 47 46 37 23 22 10 12 907 290 173 60 29 28 27 12 12
Schwa R 8 Short U + R (U28 E5) /d/θ/u/ er or ur ar ir er-e ear our her labor turn dollar girl nerve earth journey regular regular regular regular regular unusual unusual ER OR UR AR IR 1979 321 234 168 104 41 29 21
rare
Note. The symbols inside the parentheses, for example(E3),indicate Hanna's classification for that phoneme.
Correspondences with frequencies below 10 were omitted.
Consonant Categories
Table 2. Consonant Phoneme-Grapheme Correspondences
Phoneme Grapheme Example Rule Frequency
B b boy regular 2242
bb rabbit unusual 63
C No C phoneme,see Kand S
CH ch child regular 313
t picture unusual 175
tch catch unusual 61
ti question rare 13
D d dog regular 3611
dd add unusual 74
F f fox regular 1580
ph phone unusual 242
ff cliff unusual177
G g girl regular 1178
g9 egg unusual
gue league rare 21
gu guard rare 19
gh ghost rare
工j h g hot gem jump regular most common regular 762 647 218
dge lodge unusual 51
d educate unusual
gi legion rare 14
K C cat regular 3452
k kind regular 601
ck back unusual 290
ch chord unusual 142
Phoneme Grapheme Example Rule Frequency
cc que x cs x qu i le ll el m mm mb Im account unique fox physics exam quick like able bell novel man commute lamb calm unusual rare regular forX unusual unique prefix regular regular common ending common ending rare regular unusual unusual rare 76 19 245 26 43 191 4894 620 489 19 3302 140 27 17
n en nn kn on gn nose dozen funny knife lesson sign regular 7452 unusual 128
unusual 127
silent letter
unusual 41
silent letter 32
NG ng n sing think regular 362 unusual 251
P p pp pig regular happy 3296 unusual 153
Q No aphoneme see K
R r rr wr rh rat carry write rhythm regular 9134
unusual 207
silent letter 48
rare 16
S s c ss ps sat city pass psychology regular 4599 before A,0,4U 1067 unusual 442 rare
SH sh tion ci ssi si shoe action special mission tension regular 398
unique suffix 820
unusual 119
unique suffix 51 unique suffix 38
Phoneme Grapheme Example Rule Frequency
T ch ti s t tt ed bt chef patient sugar toy cotton hooked doubt unique unique rare regular unusual unique suffix 28 silent letter 34 30 20 7528 216 11
TH yoiceless th thank regular 411
TH yoiced th they less common 149
V v very regular 1485
W w u with suite regular unusual 578 47
WH /hw/ wh when regular 89
X No X phoneme, see K
Y y i yard onion regular unusual66
Z z s es z ss zero his wives jazz dessert regular before I,E,8Y unique suffix44 rare rare 229 640 23 13
ZH si s g erosion measure massage unique suffix55 unusual rare 34 15