自然拼读与国际音标发音关系总结表
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The 44* Phonemes
Following is a list of the 44 phonemes along with the letters of groups of letters that represent those sounds.
Phoneme (speech sound) Graphemes** (letters or groups of letters representing the most common spellings for the individual phonemes) Examples
Consonant Sounds:
1. /b/ b, bb big, rubber
2. /d/ d, dd, ed dog, add, filled
3. /f/ f, ph fish, phone
4. /g/ g, gg go, egg
5. /h/ h hot
6. /j/ j, g, ge, dge jet, cage, barge, judge
7. /k/ c, k, ck, ch, cc, que cat, kitten, duck, school, occur, antique, cheque
8. /l/ l, ll leg, bell
9. /m/ m, mm, mb mad, hammer, lamb
10. /n/ n, nn, kn, gn no, dinner, knee, gnome
11. /p/ p, pp pie, apple
12. /r/ r, rr, wr run, marry, write
13. /s/ s, se, ss, c, ce, sc sun, mouse, dress, city, ice, science
14. /t/ t, tt, ed top, letter, stopped
15. /v/ v, ve vet, give
16. /w/ w wet, win, swim
17 /y/ y, i yes, onion
18. /z/ z, zz, ze, s, se, x zip, fizz, sneeze, laser, is, was, please, Xerox, xylophone
Phoneme (speech sound) Graphemes** (letters or groups of letters representing the most common spellings for the individual phonemes) Examples
Consonant Digraphs:
19. /th/ (not voiced) th thumb, thin, thing
20. /th/ (voiced) th this, feather, then
21. /ng/ ng, n sing, monkey, sink
22. /sh/ sh, ss, ch, ti, ci ship, mission, chef, motion, special
23. /ch/ ch, tch chip, match
24. /zh/ ge, s garage, measure, division
25. /wh/ (with breath) wh what, when, where, why
Short Vowel Sounds:
26. /a/ a, au hat, laugh
27. /e/ e, ea bed, bread
28. /i/ i if
29. /o/ o, a, au, aw, ough hot, want, haul, draw, bought
30. /u/ u, o up, ton
Long Vowel Sounds:
31. /ā/ a, a_e, ay, ai, ey, ei bacon, late, day, train, they, eight, vein
32. /ē/ e, e_e, ea, ee, ey, ie, y me, these, beat, feet, key, chief, baby
33. /ī/ i, i_e, igh, y, ie find, ride, light, fly, pie
34. /ō/ o, o_e, oa, ou, ow no, note, boat, soul, row
35. /ū/ u, u_e, ew human, use, few, chew
Phoneme (speech sound) Graphemes** (letters or groups of letters representing the most common spellings for the individual phonemes) Examples
Other Vowel Sounds:
36. /oo/ oo, u, oul book, put, could
37. /ōō/ oo, u, u_e moon, truth, rule
Vowel Diphthongs:
38. /ow/ ow, ou, ou_e cow, out, mouse, house
39. /oy/ oi, oy coin, toy
Vowel Sounds Influenced by r:
40. /a(r)/ ar car
41. 42. 43. 44.
/ā(r)/ /i(r)/ /o(r)//u(r)/
air, ear, are irr, ere, eer or, ore, oorur, ir, er, ear, or, ar
air, chair, fair, hair, bear, care mirror, here, cheer for, core, doorburn, first, fern, heard, work, dollar
Following is a list of the 44 phonemes along with the letters of groups of letters that represent those sounds.
Phoneme (speech sound) Graphemes** (letters or groups of letters representing the most common spellings for the individual phonemes) Examples
Consonant Sounds:
1. /b/ b, bb big, rubber
2. /d/ d, dd, ed dog, add, filled
3. /f/ f, ph fish, phone
4. /g/ g, gg go, egg
5. /h/ h hot
6. /j/ j, g, ge, dge jet, cage, barge, judge
7. /k/ c, k, ck, ch, cc, que cat, kitten, duck, school, occur, antique, cheque
8. /l/ l, ll leg, bell
9. /m/ m, mm, mb mad, hammer, lamb
10. /n/ n, nn, kn, gn no, dinner, knee, gnome
11. /p/ p, pp pie, apple
12. /r/ r, rr, wr run, marry, write
13. /s/ s, se, ss, c, ce, sc sun, mouse, dress, city, ice, science
14. /t/ t, tt, ed top, letter, stopped
15. /v/ v, ve vet, give
16. /w/ w wet, win, swim
17 /y/ y, i yes, onion
18. /z/ z, zz, ze, s, se, x zip, fizz, sneeze, laser, is, was, please, Xerox, xylophone
Phoneme (speech sound) Graphemes** (letters or groups of letters representing the most common spellings for the individual phonemes) Examples
Consonant Digraphs:
19. /th/ (not voiced) th thumb, thin, thing
20. /th/ (voiced) th this, feather, then
21. /ng/ ng, n sing, monkey, sink
22. /sh/ sh, ss, ch, ti, ci ship, mission, chef, motion, special
23. /ch/ ch, tch chip, match
24. /zh/ ge, s garage, measure, division
25. /wh/ (with breath) wh what, when, where, why
Short Vowel Sounds:
26. /a/ a, au hat, laugh
27. /e/ e, ea bed, bread
28. /i/ i if
29. /o/ o, a, au, aw, ough hot, want, haul, draw, bought
30. /u/ u, o up, ton
Long Vowel Sounds:
31. /ā/ a, a_e, ay, ai, ey, ei bacon, late, day, train, they, eight, vein
32. /ē/ e, e_e, ea, ee, ey, ie, y me, these, beat, feet, key, chief, baby
33. /ī/ i, i_e, igh, y, ie find, ride, light, fly, pie
34. /ō/ o, o_e, oa, ou, ow no, note, boat, soul, row
35. /ū/ u, u_e, ew human, use, few, chew
Phoneme (speech sound) Graphemes** (letters or groups of letters representing the most common spellings for the individual phonemes) Examples
Other Vowel Sounds:
36. /oo/ oo, u, oul book, put, could
37. /ōō/ oo, u, u_e moon, truth, rule
Vowel Diphthongs:
38. /ow/ ow, ou, ou_e cow, out, mouse, house
39. /oy/ oi, oy coin, toy
Vowel Sounds Influenced by r:
40. /a(r)/ ar car
41. 42. 43. 44.
/ā(r)/ /i(r)/ /o(r)//u(r)/
air, ear, are irr, ere, eer or, ore, oorur, ir, er, ear, or, ar
air, chair, fair, hair, bear, care mirror, here, cheer for, core, doorburn, first, fern, heard, work, dollar