自然拼读字母字母组合发音密码3
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文档简介
Debbie Hepplewhite’s simple to complex Alphabetic Code overview
Slash marks /ai/ denote units of sound (phonemes or combined phonemes). Letters and letter groups (graphemes) appear in single apostrophes ‘ay’.
References to short vowel sounds relate to the sounds as in ‘apple, egg, insect, octopus, umbrella’ denoted as: /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/ - said in a ‘staccato’
manner - as opposed to references to the long vowel sounds commonly denoted as: /ai/, /ee/, /igh/, /oa/, /yoo/ as in ‘aid, eel, night, oak, statue’.
Key to the 12 units of Debbie’s online synthetic phonics programme, Phonics International:
units1-5 simple code with some spelling alternatives 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
6-12 /air/, /eer/, /zh/, split digraphs, complex code 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th
simple code complex code teaching points
Debbie’s programme introduces a simple code of at least one letter/s-sound correspondence
units of sound graphemes: spelling variations which ARE CODE FOR the 44+ phonemes and combined phonemes such as /k+s/ and /y+oo/
(phonemes and and for each of the 44+ sounds of speech of the English language. It then expands to teach
combined key words further spellings and their pronunciation variations.
phonemes)
/s/ *Short words ending with the /s/ sound with short medial s -ss -ce -se ce sc -st- ci cy vowel sounds usually end with double letters ‘ss’ - as in ‘glass’.
snake glass palace house cents certain scissors castle *Sound out double consonant letters ‘ss’ as one sound only. city circle scythe *Double consonant letters alert the reader to sound out the
ascent ps preceding vowel with its short sound (see ‘a’ below re ‘glass’) bicycle lacy *Letters e, i or y alert the reader that the preceding ‘c’ will
pseudonym represent the /s/ sound. (This is often described as ‘soft c’.)
/a/ a *For ‘a’, teach, “Try the short vowel sound /a/ first, if that does not sound right then try the long vowel /ai/ sound”.
apple *Some people pronounce the ‘a’ in some words as if it were
/ar/: e.g. path p-ar-th; glass g-l-ar-s
/t/ *Double consonant letters ‘tt’ alert the reader to sound out the t -tt -ed preceding vowel with its short sound.
tent letter skipped *Past tense of verbs leads to ‘ed’ graphemes for /t/, /d/, /e+d/.
/i/ i -y -y -ey -ie *Letters ‘i’ and ‘y’ and the sounds they represent have very * * * close links. Here the letter ‘y’ acts as a vowel-letter and vowel-
insect sunny cymbals monkey movie sound.
* End graphemes ‘y’, ‘ey’ and ‘ie’ sound between /i/ and /ee/.
/p/ p -pp *Double consonant letters ‘pp’ alert the reader to sound out the preceding vowel with its short sound.
pan puppet
/n/ n -nn kn gn -ine *Double consonant letters ‘nn’ alert the reader to sound out the preceding vowel with its short sound.
net bonnet knot gnome engine *Some people would refer to ‘silent k’ or ‘silent g’; others
prefer to say that ‘kn’ and ‘gn’ are code for the /n/ sound.
/k/ k c -ck ch qu que *Letter ‘c’ represents a /k/ sound when preceding the letters ‘a’, ‘o’ and ‘u’.
kit cat duck chameleon bouquet plaque *Short words with short vowels usually end with ‘ck’ and this
grapheme never begins words.
/e/ e -ea -ai *When reading short unknown words with single letter ‘e’, teach, “Try the short vowel /e/ sound first, if that does not
egg head said sound right then try the long vowel /ee/ sound”.
/h/ h wh *When letter names are taught, point out that the name for the letter ‘h’ is pronounced “aitch” – not “haitch”.
hat who
/r/ r -rr wr rh *Some people would refer to ‘silent w’ or ‘silent h’; others prefer to say that ‘wr’ and ‘rh’ are code for the /r/ sound
rat arrow write rhino (phoneme).
/m/ m -mm -mb -mn -me *Double consonant letters ‘mm’ alert the reader to sound out the preceding vowel with its short sound.
map hammer thumb column welcome *Some people would refer to ‘silent b’ or silent ‘n’; others
prefer to say that ‘mb’ and ‘mn’ are code for /m/.
/d/ d -dd -ed *Double consonant letters ‘dd’ alert the reader to sound out the preceding vowel with its short sound.
dig puddle rained *Past tense of verbs leads to ‘ed’ graphemes for /t/, /d/, /u+d/.
/g/ g -gg gu gh -gue *Double consonant letters ‘gg’ alert the reader to sound out the preceding vowel with its short sound.
girl juggle guitar ghost catalogue *Letter ‘u’ in ‘gu’ acts as a block between the letters ‘g’ and
‘e’, ‘i’ or ‘y’ indicating the ‘g’ is code for /g/ and not /j/.
/o/ o wa qua alt *For ‘o’, teach, “Try the short vowel /o/ sound first, if that does not sound right then try the long vowel /oa/ sound”.
octopus watch qualify salt *Alert the reader that the graphemes ‘w’ or ‘qu’ preceding a
single letter ‘a’ can indicate that ‘a’ is code for the /o/ sound.
/u/ u o -ou ough *For ‘u’, teach, “Try the short vowel /u/ sound first, if that does not sound right then try the long vowel /yoo/ sound”.
umbrella son touch thorough *The letter ‘u’ is sometimes code for a long /oo/ sound: e.g.
flu, judo, truth, Ruth, Pluto.
/l/ l -ll *To make the /l/ sound, roll up the tongue and say “ul”. *Short words with short vowels usually end with ‘ll’ as in bell.
ladder shell *Double consonant letters ‘ll’ alert the reader to sound out the
schwa preceding vowel with its short sound except ‘-all’ (/or+l/).
/ul/ -le -il -al -el
*Teach the ‘schwa’ effect involving /l/ through words such as:
little, table, pupil, cymbal, label (pronounced close to “ul”).
kettle pencil hospital camel Teach that literal sounding out when reading, however,
helps with spelling: e.g. h-o-s-p-i-t-a-l.
/f/ f -ff ph -gh *Double consonant letters ‘ff’ alert the reader to sound out the preceding vowel with its short sound.
feather cliff photo laugh *Short words with short vowel sounds usually end with ‘ff’ as
in off and cliff.
/b/ b -bb bu *Double consonant letters ‘bb’ alert the reader to sound out the preceding vowel with its short sound.
bat rabbit building
/j/ j -ge ge gi gy -dge *Letters e, i or y alert the reader that the preceding letter ‘g’ might represent the /j/ sound. (This is often referred to as
jug cabbage gerbil giraffe fridge ‘soft g’.)
gymnast *Words ending with the /j/ sound are spelt with ‘ge’ or ‘dge’
(‘dge’ follows single letter, short vowel sounds like ‘fridge’).
/y/ y *Teach early on that letter ‘y’ represents 4 sounds as in ‘yes, my mummy’ and ‘cymbal’.
yawn It is often interchangeable with the the letter ‘i’ and the
sounds /i/, between /i and ee/, and /igh/.
/ai/ ai -ay a -ae a-e -ey eigh *The ‘a-i’ as in ‘baking’ alerts the reader to pronounce /ai/. -ea *Grapheme ‘ea’ as code for the /ai/ sound is rare. Note the
aid tray table sundae cakes prey eight break three common root words: break, steak, great.
/w/ w wh *Letter ‘w’ preceding vowel graphemes should alert the reader to different possible pronunciations’; (w)a - wasp, wag;
web wheel (w)ar - warm, wary; (w)or - work. Note: ‘what’
/oa/ oa ow o -oe o-e ough eau *The ‘o-i’ as in ‘poking’ alerts the reader to pronounce /oa/.
oak bow yo-yo oboe rope dough plateau
/igh/ -igh -ie i *The ‘i-i’ as in ‘liking’ alerts the reader to pronounce /igh/. -y i-e ei
night tie behind shy bike eider
/ee/ ee ea e * -y e-e -ey -ie -ine *The ‘e-i’ as in ‘competing’ alerts the reader to pronounce /ee/.
eel eat emu sunny concrete key chief sardines *The ‘y’ in ‘sunny’ is between the sound /i/ and /ee/. Similarly,
*monkey *movie so is ‘ey’ in ‘monkey’ and ‘ie’ in ‘movie’. [Also in /i/ row.]
/or/ or *Letter ‘w’ preceding grapheme ‘ar’ alerts the reader to say aw au -al oar -oor ore -our the sound /or/: (w)ar - war, warn, wart, warder.
or fork dawn sauce chalk oars door snore four *Sound /w/ as in ‘qu’ [/k/+/w/] also alerts reader to pronounce
/aw/ ‘ar’ as /or/: (qu)ar - quart, quarter, quartz, quartile.
dependent on war quar augh ough *Double consonant letters ‘zz’ alert the reader to sound out
the preceding vowel with its short sound.
regional and
national accents warm quarter caught thought *Short words with short vowel sounds end with ‘zz’ - jazz.
/z/ z -zz -s -se -ze x *The grapheme ‘ng’ can be pronounced differently according to regional accent and dependent upon the particular word.
zebra jazz fries cheese breeze xylophone *In some words, the ‘n’ and ‘g’ are pronounced separately
/ng/ -n -n /ngk/ -nk -nc *Teach ‘nk’ as if it was one sound unit for reading and
spelling purposes even though it is really two; that is:
gong jungle ink uncle /ng/+/k/. This combined ‘sound’ may be denoted as /nk/.
Copyright Debbie Hepplewhite 2008
/v/ v -ve *Teach that words ending with the /v/ sound end with the grapheme ‘ve’.
violin dove
/oo/ oo -oul -u *Teach the two sounds represented by the grapheme ‘oo’ at short the same time; short /oo/, long /oo/.
book should push *Progress to linking the /oo/ as in ‘moon’ with the spelling
and pronunciation variations of ‘ew’, ‘ue’ and ‘u-e’ - all of
long /oo/ oo -ue u-e -ew -ui -ou -o ough which can represent both the long /oo/ sound and the /yoo/
sound.
moon blue flute crew fruit soup move through
/k s/ -x -ks -cks -kes /gz/ -x -ggs *Teach the letter ‘x’ as if it was one sound unit /ks/ whereas + it is really two sounds /k/+/s/.
fox books ducks cakes exam eggs Provide word lists of ‘-x’ words, ‘-ks’, ‘cks’ and ‘-kes’ words
to compare: e.g. fox, boxes, looks, beaks, ducks, likes.
/ch/ ch -tch /chu/ -ture *Grapheme ‘tch’ indicates a preceding short vowel sound; e.g. schwa ditch, fetch, thatch, notch, hutch, watch.
chairs patch picture *Grapheme ‘ch’ follows long vowel sounds (bleach, pooch,
reaches); but also some common words with short vowels
which need to be noted: rich, which, such, much, touch.
*Grapheme ‘ch’ follows consonants; e.g. mulch, wrench, pinch.
/sh/ sh *Draw attention to ‘ti’, ‘ci’, ‘ssi’ graphemes in long words. ch -ti -ci -ssi *Provide words in groups with the same ‘chunk’ endings: -tion,
sheep chef station magician mission -cian, -cial, -ssion, -cious.
**Progress to the phoneme /zh/ as in ‘television’.
unvoiced
th *Teach unvoiced /th/ and voiced /th/ together. /th/ *Compare the sounds /f/ and /v/ and study mouth movements
thistle of these sounds carefully. Pronouncing /th/, /f/ and /v/ frequently causes confusion because of their similarities and
voiced
th the influence of regional accents. /th/
there
Copyright Debbie Hepplewhite 2008
/k w/ qu *In English, the letter ‘q’ is always followed by the letter ‘u’ + and together they are code for two sounds /k/+/w/. Treat as
queen one sound unit /kw/ for both reading and spelling purposes
when teaching in the early stages. [‘qu’ can be code for /k/]
/ou/ ou ow ough *The grapheme ‘ou’ as code for the sound /ou/ is never found at the end of a word.
ouch owl plough *‘ough’ is a rare grapheme as an /ou/ sound: bough, plough.
/oi/ oi oy *The grapheme ‘oi’ is never at the end of a word except in ‘coi carp’.
ointment toy
/y oo/ -ue u u-e ew eu *Point out that the graphemes ‘ue’, ‘ew’ and ‘u-e’ are also + spellings for the long /oo/ sound.
statue unicorn tube new deuce *The ‘u-i’ as in ‘amusing’ alerts the reader to pronounce /yoo/.
/er/ er ir ur ear wor schwa /er/ -our -re *Letter ‘w’ preceding ‘or’ alerts the reader to say “wer…” as in:
or /u/ worm, work, worth. *‘er’, ‘our’, ‘re’ may sound like /er/ or
mermaid birthday nurse earth world mixer humour theatre schwa /u/ dependent on accent: sister, colour, centre.
/ar/ ar alm alf alv -a *Mention early on that some people pronounce some words with the ‘a’ grapheme as the /ar/ sound rather than the /a/
artist palm half calves father sound: path p-ar-th, glass g-l-ar-s.
/air/ air -are -ear -ere *Teach /air/ along with phoneme /eer/ (below) as there are so many similar or identical graphemes representing /air/ and
hair hare bear where /eer/ phonemes. Teach the word ‘their’ as ‘their things’.
/eer/ eer ear -ere -ier See /air/ above.
deer ears adhere cashier
note:
/zh/ -si -s -z g -ge **Progress to this sound from lessons in the /sh/ sound and its *-y, *-ey, *-ie are pronounced between /i/ and spelling variations. There are no words with the grapheme ‘zh’
vision azure /ee/ when these graphemes are word-endings television treasure courgette collage and the letters zh are used to denote the phoneme only. so they appear in both /i/ and /ee/ rows.
Copyright Debbie Hepplewhite 2008
The complexities of the English Alphabetic Code include:
1. one sound (phoneme) can be represented by one, two, three or four letters: e.g. k, sh, igh, eigh
2. one sound can be represented by different spellings (graphemes): e.g. /oa/ is represented by: o, oa, ow, oe, o-e, eau, ough
3. one spelling can represent multiple sounds: e.g. ‘ough’: /oa/ though, /or/ thought, /oo/ through, /ou/ plough, /u/ thorough
These complexities are taught explicitly and the Alphabetic Code is taught systematically with Debbie’s online Phonics International programme:
General advice for teaching the Alphabetic Code:
Choose an order of introduction of letter/s-sound correspondences to create a version of a simple code. (See left-hand column for Debbie’s version).
Teach around 2 - 5 correspondences per week. Provide a cumulative word bank (for the simple code) for modelling blending all-through-the-word for
reading, and segmenting all-through-the-spoken-word for spelling. The ‘simple code’, in effect, is part of the complex English code but it is just a ‘first step’
of introducing the complexities of the English writing system for reading and spelling based on the 44+ phonemes (smallest identifiable sounds of speech).
Keep the simple code revised and begin to introduce spelling and pronunciation variations of the complex code at a rate appropriate to the age and
stage of the learner. With effective direct teaching, the rate of learning can be surprisingly fast-paced but use professional judgement as to the pace.
The Alphabetic Code is not an ‘exact science’ and accents need to be taken into account at all times along with the notion of ‘tweaking pronunciations’
when decoding to reach the regional or preferred pronunciation of the target word. Simply explain the concept of ‘accents’ to the learners.
Tweaking, or modifying, pronunciations also helps to raise awareness of the ‘schwa effect’ (unstressed syllables) whereby in reality a sound close to /u/
is the spoken translation of the written code in words such as ‘sofa’ (sofu), ‘faster’ (fastu), ‘little’ (littul), ‘around’ (uround). The reverse of this is the need to
be aware of the spelling possibilities when segmenting spoken words for writing - particularly with regard to the schwa effect. The ability to spell accurately
relies on a growing knowledge of word associations (that is, spelling word banks - noting words with the same spelling and sound variations) and this
knowledge takes much longer to acquire than learning to decode well for reading. Always emphasise the relationship between sounds and graphemes
when teaching spelling rather than relying on visual memory of letter order. Letter names are used only to relay an accurate spelling from one person to
another and this is not the actual spelling skill of most literate adults. Even adults spell with a sound-to-print process (identifying the sounds all-through-the-
spoken-word) followed by choosing correct graphemes from beginning to end for the specific word. Tell learners explicitly that phonics for reading and for
spelling are adult skills, especially for new and difficult words. Phonics is for adults and not just for teaching beginners or infants.
Copyright Debbie Hepplewhite 2008
Slash marks /ai/ denote units of sound (phonemes or combined phonemes). Letters and letter groups (graphemes) appear in single apostrophes ‘ay’.
References to short vowel sounds relate to the sounds as in ‘apple, egg, insect, octopus, umbrella’ denoted as: /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/ - said in a ‘staccato’
manner - as opposed to references to the long vowel sounds commonly denoted as: /ai/, /ee/, /igh/, /oa/, /yoo/ as in ‘aid, eel, night, oak, statue’.
Key to the 12 units of Debbie’s online synthetic phonics programme, Phonics International:
units1-5 simple code with some spelling alternatives 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
6-12 /air/, /eer/, /zh/, split digraphs, complex code 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th
simple code complex code teaching points
Debbie’s programme introduces a simple code of at least one letter/s-sound correspondence
units of sound graphemes: spelling variations which ARE CODE FOR the 44+ phonemes and combined phonemes such as /k+s/ and /y+oo/
(phonemes and and for each of the 44+ sounds of speech of the English language. It then expands to teach
combined key words further spellings and their pronunciation variations.
phonemes)
/s/ *Short words ending with the /s/ sound with short medial s -ss -ce -se ce sc -st- ci cy vowel sounds usually end with double letters ‘ss’ - as in ‘glass’.
snake glass palace house cents certain scissors castle *Sound out double consonant letters ‘ss’ as one sound only. city circle scythe *Double consonant letters alert the reader to sound out the
ascent ps preceding vowel with its short sound (see ‘a’ below re ‘glass’) bicycle lacy *Letters e, i or y alert the reader that the preceding ‘c’ will
pseudonym represent the /s/ sound. (This is often described as ‘soft c’.)
/a/ a *For ‘a’, teach, “Try the short vowel sound /a/ first, if that does not sound right then try the long vowel /ai/ sound”.
apple *Some people pronounce the ‘a’ in some words as if it were
/ar/: e.g. path p-ar-th; glass g-l-ar-s
/t/ *Double consonant letters ‘tt’ alert the reader to sound out the t -tt -ed preceding vowel with its short sound.
tent letter skipped *Past tense of verbs leads to ‘ed’ graphemes for /t/, /d/, /e+d/.
/i/ i -y -y -ey -ie *Letters ‘i’ and ‘y’ and the sounds they represent have very * * * close links. Here the letter ‘y’ acts as a vowel-letter and vowel-
insect sunny cymbals monkey movie sound.
* End graphemes ‘y’, ‘ey’ and ‘ie’ sound between /i/ and /ee/.
/p/ p -pp *Double consonant letters ‘pp’ alert the reader to sound out the preceding vowel with its short sound.
pan puppet
/n/ n -nn kn gn -ine *Double consonant letters ‘nn’ alert the reader to sound out the preceding vowel with its short sound.
net bonnet knot gnome engine *Some people would refer to ‘silent k’ or ‘silent g’; others
prefer to say that ‘kn’ and ‘gn’ are code for the /n/ sound.
/k/ k c -ck ch qu que *Letter ‘c’ represents a /k/ sound when preceding the letters ‘a’, ‘o’ and ‘u’.
kit cat duck chameleon bouquet plaque *Short words with short vowels usually end with ‘ck’ and this
grapheme never begins words.
/e/ e -ea -ai *When reading short unknown words with single letter ‘e’, teach, “Try the short vowel /e/ sound first, if that does not
egg head said sound right then try the long vowel /ee/ sound”.
/h/ h wh *When letter names are taught, point out that the name for the letter ‘h’ is pronounced “aitch” – not “haitch”.
hat who
/r/ r -rr wr rh *Some people would refer to ‘silent w’ or ‘silent h’; others prefer to say that ‘wr’ and ‘rh’ are code for the /r/ sound
rat arrow write rhino (phoneme).
/m/ m -mm -mb -mn -me *Double consonant letters ‘mm’ alert the reader to sound out the preceding vowel with its short sound.
map hammer thumb column welcome *Some people would refer to ‘silent b’ or silent ‘n’; others
prefer to say that ‘mb’ and ‘mn’ are code for /m/.
/d/ d -dd -ed *Double consonant letters ‘dd’ alert the reader to sound out the preceding vowel with its short sound.
dig puddle rained *Past tense of verbs leads to ‘ed’ graphemes for /t/, /d/, /u+d/.
/g/ g -gg gu gh -gue *Double consonant letters ‘gg’ alert the reader to sound out the preceding vowel with its short sound.
girl juggle guitar ghost catalogue *Letter ‘u’ in ‘gu’ acts as a block between the letters ‘g’ and
‘e’, ‘i’ or ‘y’ indicating the ‘g’ is code for /g/ and not /j/.
/o/ o wa qua alt *For ‘o’, teach, “Try the short vowel /o/ sound first, if that does not sound right then try the long vowel /oa/ sound”.
octopus watch qualify salt *Alert the reader that the graphemes ‘w’ or ‘qu’ preceding a
single letter ‘a’ can indicate that ‘a’ is code for the /o/ sound.
/u/ u o -ou ough *For ‘u’, teach, “Try the short vowel /u/ sound first, if that does not sound right then try the long vowel /yoo/ sound”.
umbrella son touch thorough *The letter ‘u’ is sometimes code for a long /oo/ sound: e.g.
flu, judo, truth, Ruth, Pluto.
/l/ l -ll *To make the /l/ sound, roll up the tongue and say “ul”. *Short words with short vowels usually end with ‘ll’ as in bell.
ladder shell *Double consonant letters ‘ll’ alert the reader to sound out the
schwa preceding vowel with its short sound except ‘-all’ (/or+l/).
/ul/ -le -il -al -el
*Teach the ‘schwa’ effect involving /l/ through words such as:
little, table, pupil, cymbal, label (pronounced close to “ul”).
kettle pencil hospital camel Teach that literal sounding out when reading, however,
helps with spelling: e.g. h-o-s-p-i-t-a-l.
/f/ f -ff ph -gh *Double consonant letters ‘ff’ alert the reader to sound out the preceding vowel with its short sound.
feather cliff photo laugh *Short words with short vowel sounds usually end with ‘ff’ as
in off and cliff.
/b/ b -bb bu *Double consonant letters ‘bb’ alert the reader to sound out the preceding vowel with its short sound.
bat rabbit building
/j/ j -ge ge gi gy -dge *Letters e, i or y alert the reader that the preceding letter ‘g’ might represent the /j/ sound. (This is often referred to as
jug cabbage gerbil giraffe fridge ‘soft g’.)
gymnast *Words ending with the /j/ sound are spelt with ‘ge’ or ‘dge’
(‘dge’ follows single letter, short vowel sounds like ‘fridge’).
/y/ y *Teach early on that letter ‘y’ represents 4 sounds as in ‘yes, my mummy’ and ‘cymbal’.
yawn It is often interchangeable with the the letter ‘i’ and the
sounds /i/, between /i and ee/, and /igh/.
/ai/ ai -ay a -ae a-e -ey eigh *The ‘a-i’ as in ‘baking’ alerts the reader to pronounce /ai/. -ea *Grapheme ‘ea’ as code for the /ai/ sound is rare. Note the
aid tray table sundae cakes prey eight break three common root words: break, steak, great.
/w/ w wh *Letter ‘w’ preceding vowel graphemes should alert the reader to different possible pronunciations’; (w)a - wasp, wag;
web wheel (w)ar - warm, wary; (w)or - work. Note: ‘what’
/oa/ oa ow o -oe o-e ough eau *The ‘o-i’ as in ‘poking’ alerts the reader to pronounce /oa/.
oak bow yo-yo oboe rope dough plateau
/igh/ -igh -ie i *The ‘i-i’ as in ‘liking’ alerts the reader to pronounce /igh/. -y i-e ei
night tie behind shy bike eider
/ee/ ee ea e * -y e-e -ey -ie -ine *The ‘e-i’ as in ‘competing’ alerts the reader to pronounce /ee/.
eel eat emu sunny concrete key chief sardines *The ‘y’ in ‘sunny’ is between the sound /i/ and /ee/. Similarly,
*monkey *movie so is ‘ey’ in ‘monkey’ and ‘ie’ in ‘movie’. [Also in /i/ row.]
/or/ or *Letter ‘w’ preceding grapheme ‘ar’ alerts the reader to say aw au -al oar -oor ore -our the sound /or/: (w)ar - war, warn, wart, warder.
or fork dawn sauce chalk oars door snore four *Sound /w/ as in ‘qu’ [/k/+/w/] also alerts reader to pronounce
/aw/ ‘ar’ as /or/: (qu)ar - quart, quarter, quartz, quartile.
dependent on war quar augh ough *Double consonant letters ‘zz’ alert the reader to sound out
the preceding vowel with its short sound.
regional and
national accents warm quarter caught thought *Short words with short vowel sounds end with ‘zz’ - jazz.
/z/ z -zz -s -se -ze x *The grapheme ‘ng’ can be pronounced differently according to regional accent and dependent upon the particular word.
zebra jazz fries cheese breeze xylophone *In some words, the ‘n’ and ‘g’ are pronounced separately
/ng/ -n -n /ngk/ -nk -nc *Teach ‘nk’ as if it was one sound unit for reading and
spelling purposes even though it is really two; that is:
gong jungle ink uncle /ng/+/k/. This combined ‘sound’ may be denoted as /nk/.
Copyright Debbie Hepplewhite 2008
/v/ v -ve *Teach that words ending with the /v/ sound end with the grapheme ‘ve’.
violin dove
/oo/ oo -oul -u *Teach the two sounds represented by the grapheme ‘oo’ at short the same time; short /oo/, long /oo/.
book should push *Progress to linking the /oo/ as in ‘moon’ with the spelling
and pronunciation variations of ‘ew’, ‘ue’ and ‘u-e’ - all of
long /oo/ oo -ue u-e -ew -ui -ou -o ough which can represent both the long /oo/ sound and the /yoo/
sound.
moon blue flute crew fruit soup move through
/k s/ -x -ks -cks -kes /gz/ -x -ggs *Teach the letter ‘x’ as if it was one sound unit /ks/ whereas + it is really two sounds /k/+/s/.
fox books ducks cakes exam eggs Provide word lists of ‘-x’ words, ‘-ks’, ‘cks’ and ‘-kes’ words
to compare: e.g. fox, boxes, looks, beaks, ducks, likes.
/ch/ ch -tch /chu/ -ture *Grapheme ‘tch’ indicates a preceding short vowel sound; e.g. schwa ditch, fetch, thatch, notch, hutch, watch.
chairs patch picture *Grapheme ‘ch’ follows long vowel sounds (bleach, pooch,
reaches); but also some common words with short vowels
which need to be noted: rich, which, such, much, touch.
*Grapheme ‘ch’ follows consonants; e.g. mulch, wrench, pinch.
/sh/ sh *Draw attention to ‘ti’, ‘ci’, ‘ssi’ graphemes in long words. ch -ti -ci -ssi *Provide words in groups with the same ‘chunk’ endings: -tion,
sheep chef station magician mission -cian, -cial, -ssion, -cious.
**Progress to the phoneme /zh/ as in ‘television’.
unvoiced
th *Teach unvoiced /th/ and voiced /th/ together. /th/ *Compare the sounds /f/ and /v/ and study mouth movements
thistle of these sounds carefully. Pronouncing /th/, /f/ and /v/ frequently causes confusion because of their similarities and
voiced
th the influence of regional accents. /th/
there
Copyright Debbie Hepplewhite 2008
/k w/ qu *In English, the letter ‘q’ is always followed by the letter ‘u’ + and together they are code for two sounds /k/+/w/. Treat as
queen one sound unit /kw/ for both reading and spelling purposes
when teaching in the early stages. [‘qu’ can be code for /k/]
/ou/ ou ow ough *The grapheme ‘ou’ as code for the sound /ou/ is never found at the end of a word.
ouch owl plough *‘ough’ is a rare grapheme as an /ou/ sound: bough, plough.
/oi/ oi oy *The grapheme ‘oi’ is never at the end of a word except in ‘coi carp’.
ointment toy
/y oo/ -ue u u-e ew eu *Point out that the graphemes ‘ue’, ‘ew’ and ‘u-e’ are also + spellings for the long /oo/ sound.
statue unicorn tube new deuce *The ‘u-i’ as in ‘amusing’ alerts the reader to pronounce /yoo/.
/er/ er ir ur ear wor schwa /er/ -our -re *Letter ‘w’ preceding ‘or’ alerts the reader to say “wer…” as in:
or /u/ worm, work, worth. *‘er’, ‘our’, ‘re’ may sound like /er/ or
mermaid birthday nurse earth world mixer humour theatre schwa /u/ dependent on accent: sister, colour, centre.
/ar/ ar alm alf alv -a *Mention early on that some people pronounce some words with the ‘a’ grapheme as the /ar/ sound rather than the /a/
artist palm half calves father sound: path p-ar-th, glass g-l-ar-s.
/air/ air -are -ear -ere *Teach /air/ along with phoneme /eer/ (below) as there are so many similar or identical graphemes representing /air/ and
hair hare bear where /eer/ phonemes. Teach the word ‘their’ as ‘their things’.
/eer/ eer ear -ere -ier See /air/ above.
deer ears adhere cashier
note:
/zh/ -si -s -z g -ge **Progress to this sound from lessons in the /sh/ sound and its *-y, *-ey, *-ie are pronounced between /i/ and spelling variations. There are no words with the grapheme ‘zh’
vision azure /ee/ when these graphemes are word-endings television treasure courgette collage and the letters zh are used to denote the phoneme only. so they appear in both /i/ and /ee/ rows.
Copyright Debbie Hepplewhite 2008
The complexities of the English Alphabetic Code include:
1. one sound (phoneme) can be represented by one, two, three or four letters: e.g. k, sh, igh, eigh
2. one sound can be represented by different spellings (graphemes): e.g. /oa/ is represented by: o, oa, ow, oe, o-e, eau, ough
3. one spelling can represent multiple sounds: e.g. ‘ough’: /oa/ though, /or/ thought, /oo/ through, /ou/ plough, /u/ thorough
These complexities are taught explicitly and the Alphabetic Code is taught systematically with Debbie’s online Phonics International programme:
General advice for teaching the Alphabetic Code:
Choose an order of introduction of letter/s-sound correspondences to create a version of a simple code. (See left-hand column for Debbie’s version).
Teach around 2 - 5 correspondences per week. Provide a cumulative word bank (for the simple code) for modelling blending all-through-the-word for
reading, and segmenting all-through-the-spoken-word for spelling. The ‘simple code’, in effect, is part of the complex English code but it is just a ‘first step’
of introducing the complexities of the English writing system for reading and spelling based on the 44+ phonemes (smallest identifiable sounds of speech).
Keep the simple code revised and begin to introduce spelling and pronunciation variations of the complex code at a rate appropriate to the age and
stage of the learner. With effective direct teaching, the rate of learning can be surprisingly fast-paced but use professional judgement as to the pace.
The Alphabetic Code is not an ‘exact science’ and accents need to be taken into account at all times along with the notion of ‘tweaking pronunciations’
when decoding to reach the regional or preferred pronunciation of the target word. Simply explain the concept of ‘accents’ to the learners.
Tweaking, or modifying, pronunciations also helps to raise awareness of the ‘schwa effect’ (unstressed syllables) whereby in reality a sound close to /u/
is the spoken translation of the written code in words such as ‘sofa’ (sofu), ‘faster’ (fastu), ‘little’ (littul), ‘around’ (uround). The reverse of this is the need to
be aware of the spelling possibilities when segmenting spoken words for writing - particularly with regard to the schwa effect. The ability to spell accurately
relies on a growing knowledge of word associations (that is, spelling word banks - noting words with the same spelling and sound variations) and this
knowledge takes much longer to acquire than learning to decode well for reading. Always emphasise the relationship between sounds and graphemes
when teaching spelling rather than relying on visual memory of letter order. Letter names are used only to relay an accurate spelling from one person to
another and this is not the actual spelling skill of most literate adults. Even adults spell with a sound-to-print process (identifying the sounds all-through-the-
spoken-word) followed by choosing correct graphemes from beginning to end for the specific word. Tell learners explicitly that phonics for reading and for
spelling are adult skills, especially for new and difficult words. Phonics is for adults and not just for teaching beginners or infants.
Copyright Debbie Hepplewhite 2008