北师大版（2019）选择性必修 第一册Unit 3 Conservation单元语法详解课件(共16张PPT)

(共16张PPT)
Unit 3 Conservation
单元语法详解
北师大版新教材选择性必修一
本单元重点语法
定语从句
a. Extinctions, where entire species are wiped out, are not unusual in our
Earth‘s history. (教材P 52)
b. These include the third mass extinction, known as “Great Dying”, which killed 90%
to 96% of all species. (教材P 52)
c. If a sixth mass extinction occurs, scientists who have studied the issue believe that
up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out. (教材P 52)
◆ 原句再现
◆ 定语从句的含义： 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句，被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词，请观察以下句子
b. The couple who live next to us volunteered to help me. (关系代词)
c. The house that had been damaged by the hurricane was repaired.(关系代词)
d. This is the room where Tom lives.(关系副词)
d. They still remember the days when they studied together.(关系副词)
The pen that the boy used was lost. 这里，定语从句是 the boy used
, that 引导定语从句，是关系词，指代先行词 pen, 同时又在定语从
句中作 used 的宾语
b. They remembered the day when they got together. 这里, 定语从句
是 they got together, 由关系词 when 引导，同时 when 又在从句中
作时间状语
◆关系词的作用：①引导定语从句 ②指代先行词 ③在定语从句中担当一定的句子成分， 请观察以下句子
◆ 关系词的分类
● 关系代词：that，which，who，whom，whose，as
●关系副词：when，where，why
◆ 关系词所指含义
●关系代词所指含义：
※ that 即指人又指物；作主语或宾语（作宾语时可省略） 只用于限制性定语从句中，不引导非限定性定语从句，且介词后面不能跟that，当先行词是物时，一般可以与 which换用，请观察以下句子
a. Yesterday Emily was wearing the new dress that/which I gave her.
b. I have a friend that/who likes listening to classical music．
※ which 指物；作主语或宾语（作宾语时可省略） 既可引导限定性定语从句，也可引导非限定性定语从句，在限定性定语从句中，可用在介词之后, 请观察以下句子
a. My parents live in a house which/that is more than 100 years old.
b. I passed the exam, which is very important for me.
※ who, whom 指人；作主语或宾语（whom常可省略） 先行词必须为人, who可代替在从句中担任宾语的 whom, 但是如果前有介词，只用 whom, 请观察以下句子
a. A couch potato is a person who spends a lot of time watching TV．
b. The student (whom) I taught two years ago has joined the army．
※ whose 既指人又指物；是所有格，在定语从句中作定语, 请注意：whose指物时，常用 of which 结构来代替请观察以下句子
a. The room whose window faces south is mine．
b. The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired．= The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired．
※ as 指代人或物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语, as引导定语从句主要引导非限制性定语从句及the same…as…，such…as… 结构中，as常有“正如”“正像”的含义, 请观察以下句子
a. This is the same knife as I lost yesterday．
b. Don’t talk about such things as you don’t understand．
c. China is a developing country，as is known to all．
d. John．as you know，is a writer．
● 关系副词所指含义
※ where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语
※ when 指时间， 在定语从句中作时间状语
※ why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语
请观察以下句子
a. This is the factory where his father worked ten years ago.
b. I still remember the day when the war broke out.
c. This is the reason why he was late for school.
●选择关系词最有效最实用的方法是分析定语从句的句子成分：如
果定语从句缺主语或宾语或表语，一般选关系代词；如果从句主语、
宾语或表语齐全，一般选关系副词（特殊情况除外）；如果定语从
句缺少定语，则只能选关系代 whose，请观察以下句子
◆ 关系词的选择
I will never forget the day when I first went to school.
这里，定语从句中句子成分齐全，且先行词 the day ，因此选用关系副词 when
I will never forget the day that/which we spent in Beijing.
这里，定语从句中及物动词 spent 缺少宾语，且先行词 the day 是物，因此 选关系代词 that 或 which.
※ 请继续观察以下句子
a. The house which/that we visited is being repaired now.
b. The house where Luxun once lived is being repaired now.
c. I saw a house whose windows faced to the south then.
d. Do you know the girl whose father is an engineer
※请注意:当主句是疑问句时,首先要准确判断定语从句先行词,方法是将疑问句恢复成肯定句,然后进行辨别确认,请观察以下句子
a. Is this the factory ______________ we visited last week
肯定句:This is the factory ___________ we visited last week.
b. Is this factory _____________ we visited last week
肯定句:This factory is ______ _______ we visited last week
c. Is this the factory ____________ his father works
肯定句: This is the factory ________ his father works.
(that/which)
(that/which)
the one (that)
the one (that)
where
where
a. The watch that I bought yesterday works well.
b. Shakespeare, whose plays are very popular, was a great writer.
c. His son who is a doctor is now visiting the USA.
d. His son, who is a doctor, is now visiting the USA.
e. He knows the factory where his father works.
f. This is the factory, where he worked yesterday.
g. The earth is round, as is known to all.
◆ 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
用逗号与先行词隔开的定语从句叫非限定性定语从句。
※温馨提示：关系代词和关系副词中，只有关系代词 that 不能引导非限定性定语从句，请观察以下句子
◆介词加关系代词的基本用法: 关系代词前可以加介词，但关系代词 who, that, as前不可加介词，请观察以下句子
a. The man ___________ you shook hands just now is our headmaster.
b. The room ____________ my family live used to be a garage.
c. Did you find the pen ________________ I wrote just now
d. Did you find the paper ______________ I wrote my letter
e. They saw the house _______________ window they could enjoy the scenery of the park.
with whom
in which
with which
on which
from which
◆几种特殊情况下，关系代词的选择
● 指物时,用 that 而不用 which 的几种情况
※先行词为 all, little, much, everything, nothing, , few, something,
anything 等不定代词，请观察以下句子
a. Is there anything (that) I can do for you
b. There was nothing that happened last night.
※先行词被 all , little, much, every, no, some, any, only, very 等修饰时，请观察以下句子
a. All (that) we need is more time.
b. This is the very book (that) I was looking for.
※ 先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时，请观察以下句子
a. This is the first/second/last book (that) he has read.
b. This is the most delicious food (that) I’ve ever had.
※ 先行词既有人又有物时，请观察以下句子
They talked about the persons and things (that) they knew in the school.
● 关系代词 that前不加介词; 非限定性定语从句不用 that引导，请观察以下句子
a. This is the house in which Luxun once lived (in that)
b. The Changjiang River, which is the longest river in China, runs from
west to east into the sea. (that)
●anyone, everyone, someone, everybody, anybody, those, somebody, he 作先行词时, 用”who” 而不用“that”，请观察以下句子
a. Anyone who breaks the law is punished.
b. Those who break the law are punished.
c. He who breaks the law is punished.
d. He who has not been to the Great Wall is not a true man.
●不管先行词是人还是物,用 that 的两种情况
※ 由 which 和 who 开头的特殊问句中避免重复, 请观察以下句子
a. Which is the subject ( that ) you are going to learn next term
b. Who is the man that came to see you just now
※ 关系代词在从句中作表语时，请观察以下句子
He is no longer the man that he used to be.
◆小操练：合并句子，使其中一个句子作定语从句
1. I will never forget the day. I first went to school on the day.
a. I will never forget the day ________ I first went to school.
b. I will never forget the day ________ I first went to school.
比较: I will never forget the year _________________ I first went to school.
when
on which
when/in which
2. Last week we visited the factory. My brother works in it.
a. Last week we visited the factory ______ my brother works.
b. Last week we visited the factory __________________ my brother works in.
c. Last week we visited the factory __________________ my brother works.
where
(which/that)
in which
That’s all for today!
Goodbye!