专题十一 动词的时态和语态
一、动词的时态和语态定义
动词的时态指的是谓语动词用来表示动作或情况发生时的各种动词形式。英语中一共有16种时态,但在初中阶段常考的时态有以下9种:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、现在完成进行时、过去将来时。考查重点集中在一般现在时在条件状语从句和时间状语从句中的用法、终止性动词在现在完成时中不能与for,since短语或从句连用、have been to与have gone to的用法以及在具体语境中动词的用法等。
动词的语态是表示句子主语与谓语动词之间关系的一种动词形式。英语中的动词语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示的主语是动作的执行者或发出者,被动语态表示的主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是中考中的必考内容之一,其中考查的重点是一般现在时、一般过去时和含有情态动词的被动语态。
二、动词的时态
1、一般现在时
(1)表示现阶段经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态、特征。
常用的时间状语有often、usually、always、sometimes、every day/week等。
注意:当第三人称单数作主语时,别忘了动词的变化。
He usually goes to school by bike.
他通常骑自行车上学。(经常性动作)
They're both fine, too.他们两个也都很好。(现在的状态)
(2)在条件状语从句和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来。
If you don't go soon, you'll be late.
如果你不快点去,你就会迟到。
(3)begin、come、go、leave、start、arrive等动词常用一般现在时表示按计划、规定将要发生的动作。
Class begins at eight in the morning.
早上8点开始上课。
(4)客观真理、事实要用一般现在时。如:太阳、月亮的升起、落下、定律等。
The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。
The Earth moves around the sun.
地球围绕着太阳转。
2. 一般过去时
一般过去时表示过去某时间发生的事、存在的状态或过去反复发生的动作。常用的时间状语有yesterday、yesterday morning/afternoon/evening、last night/week/month/year、in 1990、two years ago等。
It snowed heavily last night.
昨天晚上雪下得很大。
It was very cold yesterday.
昨天非常冷。
3. 一般将来时
(1)一般将来时表示在将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示将来的时间状语,如tomorrow、tomorrow morning/afternoon/evening、next week/month/year、soon、in a few days等连用。
Mr. Wu will teach us English this term.
这学期将由吴老师教我们英语。
(2)一般将来时有下面几种形式:
①助动词will+动词原形。
We won't leave before nine.
9点之前我们不会走。
在疑问句中,当主语是第一人称I或we时,常用助动词shall。
What time shall we leave
我们什么时候出发?
②“be going to+动词原形”表示即将发生某事或打算、计划要做某事。
I'm going to do my homework this evening.
我打算今晚做我的家庭作业。
Who is going to speak first 谁先发言?
③come、go、start、leave等动词常用进行时态表示按计划将要发生的事。
I am going to Beijing this Sunday.
这周日我要去北京。
④在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来要发生的事。
I'll give the note to him as soon as he comes back.
他一回来我就把这张便条交给他。
4. 现在进行时
(1)现在进行时由“助动词am/is/are+现在分词”构成,表示现在正在进行的动作。其时间状语为now或现在的具体时刻,也可从上下文体现出来。
—What are you doing —I'm reading a book.
——你在干什么?——我正在看书。
(2) “连系动词+介词/副词”也可表示正在进行的动作。
He is at work.
他正在工作。
(3)表示感觉、愿望和状态的某些动词,如hope、smell、hear、see、like 等一般不用进行时态。
5. 过去进行时
过去进行时由“was/were+动词的现在分词形式”构成,表示过去某一时刻或某一阶段正在进行或发生的动作。这一特定的过去时间除有上下文暗示外,一般用表示过去的时间状语来表示,常和at that time, at that moment, this time yesterday等连用。
They were having a class this time yesterday.
昨天这个时候他们正在上课。
6. 现在完成时
(1)现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。通常和副词never、ever、just、already、yet等连用。
—Haven't you finished your homework yet
—Yes, I have. I've just finished it.
——你还没完成你的家庭作业吗?——不,我完成了。我刚刚完成的。
(2)现在完成时表示过去已经开始的、持续到现在的动作或状态。通常和时间状语before、recently、once、twice、for+时间段、since+时间点、yet等连用。
I've known Li Lei for three years.
我认识李雷已经3年了。
(3)延续性动词和非延续性动词的用法。
延续性动词:work,stand,know,walk,keep,have,wait,watch,read,sleep,sing,etc.
非延续性动词:die,arrive,close,become,come,fall,leave,go,jump,join,buy,borrow,start,begin,etc.
①若表示动作、状态持续时,用延续性动词。
We have studied English for three years.
我们已学了3年英语。
②延续性动词一般不与表示“点”的时间状语连用。
注意:不可以说It rained at eight yesterday morning.
但可以借助非延续性动词来表达:It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.
昨天早上8点就开始下雨了。
③若表示一次性的动作时,用非延续性动词。非延续性动词的否定式可以表示延续性的动作。
I put on my coat quickly and went out.
我迅速穿上外套出去了。
注意:不可以说We came back until 9:00.
但可以说We didn't come back until 9:00.
我们直到9点才回来。
④非延续性动词不能用表示时间段的状语来修饰,要把动词或时间状语作适当调整,句子才能合理。
注意:不可以说The old man has died for three years.
但可以说The old man died three years ago.
这位老人是3年前去世的。
The old man has been dead for three years.
这位老人已经去世3年了。
(4)记住句型:
①It has been/It's+时间段+since从句(动词用过去式)
It has been/It's two years since his grandma died.
他的祖母已去世两年了。
②时间段+has passed + since从句(动词用过去式)
Many years has passed since we knew each other.
我们已经认识许多年了。
(5)常见的非延续性动词要接时间段时,需做如下转换:
动词变动词 buy → have borrow → keep
变为“be + adj./adv.” begin→be on close/open→be closed/open die→be dead finish→be over get up→be up marry→be married go→be off come→be here return→be back arrive→be there
变“be+介词” come/go → be in/at join→be in(或be+成员) put on→be in(wear)
三、动词的语态
1. 被动语态构成:
被动语态是由“be+动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be随着主语的人称、数、时态和语气的不同而变化。如:
He was heard to sing in his room.
有人听到他在他的房间里唱歌。
2. 各种时态的被动语态的结构如下:
一般现在时:主语+am/is//are(not)+过去分词
一般过去时:主语+was/were(not)+过去分词
现在进行时:主语+am/is/are(not)being+过去分词
过去进行时:主语+was/were(not)being+过去分词
一般将来时:
使用will的将来时:主语+will(not)be+过去分词
使用going to的将来时:主语+am/is/are(not)going to be+过去分词
过去将来时:
使用will的将来时:主语+would be+过去分词
使用going to的将来时:主语+was/were(not)going to be+过去分词
现在完成时:主语+has/have(not)been+过去分词
过去完成时:主语+had(not)been+过去分词
含情态动词的被动语态:can/may/must/…+be done
3. 被动语态的用法
在被动语态中,主语是动作的承受者,主要用于下列几种情况:
(1)不知道动作的执行者是谁。
This watch is made in China.
这块手表是在中国制造的。
(2)没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。
Many trees must be planted every year.
每年必须种许多树。
(3)需要强调或突出动作的承受者时。
Chinese is spoken by more and more people in the world.
世界上越来越多的人说汉语。(强调汉语的广泛使用)
(4)句子的主语是动作的承受者。
Many houses were washed away by the flood.
许多房屋被洪水冲走了。
4. 主动语态和被动语态的转换
(1)主动语态变为被动语态
①要将主动句中的宾语成分变为被动句中的主语成分,若主动句中的宾语是人称代词,要将宾格变成主格。
②把主动句中的主语变为被动句中的宾语,主格代词变成宾格代词,并作by的宾语。
③谓语动词变成相应的被动形式。
We asked him to sing an English song.(变为被动语态)→
He was asked to sing an English song by us.
(2)带双宾语的谓语动词变为被动语态
谓语动词带双宾语时,既可以将间接宾语转化成主语,也可以将直接宾语转化成主语。若将间接宾语转化成主语,则保留直接宾语;将直接宾语转化成主语,则保留间接宾语,且在被保留的间接宾语前加上介词to或for。
She gave me a book.(变为被动语态)→
I was given a book by her.(间接实语me转变为主语)
A book was given to me by her.(直接宾语a book转变为主语)
(3)动词短语变为被动语态
许多由不及物动词和介词、副词构成的动词短语,相当于及物动词,可以有英语,也可以有被动语态。但是动词短语是一个不可分割的整体,在变为被动语态时,不可去掉构成动词短语的介词或副词。
The old should be spoken to politely.(to不可省略)
(4)带复合宾语的动词变为被动语态
英语加上宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。变被动语态时,只把宾语变为被动句的主语,宾语补足语保留在原处,成为主语补足语。
I heard Jane playing the piano in her room.(变为被动语态)→
Jane was heard playing the piano in her room.
(5)被动语态后动词形式的选择
主动句中在感官动词see、hear、watch、feel、notice等以及使役动词 let、make、have 等后跟省略to的不定式,变为被动句时,应加上不定式符号to。
He makes the girl stay at home.(变为被动语态)→
The girl is made to stay at home by him.
四、易混易错分析:
1. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
(1)侧重点不同:现在完成时是与现在有关的时态,属现在时态范围,它侧重于过去的动作对现在造成的影响。而一般过去时是一种过去时态,侧重于表示过去的动作,与现在无关。
Yesterday I went to the zoo.
昨天我去了动物园。(仅说明昨天去了动物园,未提及现在)
Li Lei has read the book.
李雷已读过那本书。(说明李雷了解那本书的内容)
(2)与现在完成时连用的时间状语有:already、yet、still、just、so far in the las/past few years、before、ever、never、since引出的时间、for 引出的时间等。而一般过去时则常与ago、yesterday、last year、in 2000、just now等连用。
注意:现在完成时态不可与yesterday,last week,two days ago等之类的过去时间状语连用。
Have you ever picked flowers or stepped on the grass in a park
你们曾在公园里摘过花或踩过草地吗?
2. 主动结构表被动意义
(1)open、lock、write、read、sell、clean、wash、cut、drive 等词作不及物动词且它们的主语为物时,可用主动语态表被动意义。
This pen writes very smoothly.
这支钢笔写起来很流畅。
(2)look,sound,taste,smell等系动词用主动结构表被动意义。
Uniforms look ugly on us.
我们穿着制服看起来很丑。
(3)在be worth doing中,doing表被动意义。
This book is worth reading.
这本书值得一读。
(4)want/need/require + doing相当于want/need/require to be done;to be done 表示不定式的被动结构。
My bike needs repairing. = My bike needs to be repaired.
我的自行车需要修理
3.不用被动语态的情况
(1)当主动句的宾语是each other或反身代词时,不能变为被动语态。
The man introduced himself as Mr. White.(主动语态)
那个人说自己是怀特先生。
Himself was introduced as Mr. White.(误)
(2)当主动句的宾语是不定式或doing 时,不能变为被动语态。
My brother enjoys watching TV.(主动语态)
我弟弟喜欢看电视。
Watching TV is enjoyed by my brother.(误)
典例剖析
1.—Do you know where Claudia is
—Yes, she's in Room 303. When I saw her, she ________ a drum.
A.beat B.was beating C.will beat
2.There _______ an English party in our class next week.
A. is going to have B. is going to be C. will have
3.Our neighbors welcomed us warmly as soon as we ________.
A.arrived B.arrive C.will arrive
4.Many topics ________ in the course, ________ food and drinks, travel and hotels.
A. cover; include B. are covered; including
C. covers; including D. are covered; include
5.Could you tell me if Li Lei ________ to my party
A. will come B. comes C. coming D. came
6.Tomorrow is Saturday, we ________ my grandparents.
A. visit B. are going to visit C. will visits D. are visiting
7.—What did you do last weekend, Judy
—I ________ the science museum with my father.
A. visit B. visited C. have visited D. will visit
8.The National Day of the People's Republic of China ________ on October 1st every year.
A. was celebrated B. is celebrated
C. has been celebrated D. will be celebrated
9.—I wonder if Miss Lin ________ back in a week.
—I think she will call us if she ________ back.
A. will come; will come B. comes; will come
C. will come; comes
10.—Who's the old woman in the photo
—This is my grandma. She ________ for 5 years. I miss her very much.
A. has been dead B. has died C. died
11.—You look unhappy, what happened
—Bad luck. I planned to go to Shenzhen, but the plane ________ when I ________ at the airport.
A. has left; arrived B. had left; arrived C. left; arrives
12.Steve ______ English every morning.
A. reads B. read C. is reading
13.These flowers ________ three times a week in such hot weather, or they may die.
A. should water B. shouldn't water
C. should be watered D. shouldn't be watered
14.A lot of trees ________ on the hill yesterday.
A. are planted B. will be planted C. have been planted D. were planted
15.I'm sorry the coats in this color ________ yesterday. Would you like to try another one
A.was sold out B.are sold out C.has been sold out D.were sold out
答案以及解析
1.答案:B
解析:句意:—你知道Claudia在哪里吗 —是的,她在303室。当我看到她时,她正在敲鼓。考查时态。根据“When I saw her, she...a drum”可知看到她的时候,她正在敲鼓,用过去进行时was/were doing。故选B。
2.答案:B
解析:根据There an English Party in our class next Sunday,这里next Sunday是一个将来的时间,所以句子考查there be句型的一般将来时,there is/are going to be或者there will be,结合选项,故选:B。
3.答案:A
解析:句意:我们一到,邻居就热情地欢迎我们。考查时态。根据“Our neighbors welcomed us...”可知描述过去的动作,用一般过去时,动词用过去式。故选A。
4.答案:B
解析:解析:该课程覆盖了很多话题,话题被覆盖,用被动语态"be+done",cover变过去分词covered,排除A、C;include是谓语动词,和谓语are covered冲突,排除D;including"包括",是介词,与are covered不冲突,所以选B。
5.答案:A
解析:句意:“你能告诉我李雷是否会来参加我的聚会吗?”if引导让步状语从句,根据句意可知“来”的动作发生在将来,故选A。
6.答案:B
解析:根据前句"Tomorrow is Saturday."可以推知,我们是明天去看望爷爷奶奶,用一般将来时态,则A,D两项错误;又因will后应加动词原形,则C项错误;be going to表示将要发生的事情。故选B。
7.答案:B
解析:A一般现在时;B一般过去时;C现在完成时;D一般将来时;第一句有明确的一般过去时的标志词last weekend,所以直接选择一般过去时即可。故选:B。
8.答案:B
解析:A一般过去时的被动语态;B一般现在时的被动语态;C现在完成时的被动语态;D一般将来时的被动语态。句子的主语和谓语动词celebrate之间是被动关系。结合时间标志词every year可知是一般现在时的被动语态。故选:B。
9.答案:C
解析:第一个空,if引导的宾语从句,根据in a week"一周后"可知,一般将来时态,用will come。第二个空,if引导的条件状语从句,主句一般将来时态,从句一般现在时态,从句主语she第三人称单数,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式comes。故选:C。
10.答案:A
解析:根据for 5 years可知用现在完成时,die为非延续性动词,表示延续要变为be dead, she后谓语动词用has done的形式。故选:A。
11.答案:B
解析:根据"planned"可知"到达"的动作应用一般过去时,而飞机"起飞"的动作发生在"到达"之前,因此第一个空应用过去完成时,结合选项,只有B选项符合题意。故选:B。
12.答案:A
解析:reads第三人称单数形式;read读,动词原形;is reading现在进行时。根据every morning"每天早上"可知,一般现在时态,主语Steve单数,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式reads。故选:A。
13.答案:C
解析:根据题干中in such hot weather及or they may die可知在这么炎热的天气这些花应该一周浇三次,其中主语flowers和谓语water是被动关系,表示被浇。其次should表示应该,情态动词,则此处应用含情态动词的被动语态,其结构是主语+情态动词+be done。故选:C。
14.答案:D
解析:一般过去时的被动语态的构成:was/were+过去分词,根据时间状语yesterday,可知要用过去的时态,对于树来说,是被栽上的,所以要用一般过去时的被动语态,再根据主语trees,是复数形式,故选D。
15.答案:D
解析:sold out是sell out的过去式;根据时间状语yesterday可确定句子时态为一般过去时态;主语the coats和动词sell out"卖光"是被动关系,故句子的语态为一般过去时态的被动语态,其结构是:was/were+过去分词。主语the coats是复数名词,故be用were。故选:D。
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