北师大版（2019）选择性必修第四册 Unit10 Connections Lesson1 How Closely Connected Are We?优质课件(二)(共28张PPT

(共28张PPT)
UNIT 10 CONNECTIONS
LESSON 1　HOW CLOSELY CONNECTED ARE WE
教材原句p.8 “Six Degrees of Separation” refers to the theory that...“六度分隔”理论说的是……
1 refer to
（1）指的是，提及，谈到
搭配：refer to...as... 称……为……
When he referred to the gallery，I knew it was the one at the end of this street.
当他提到画廊的时候，我知道就是在这条街的尽头的那家。［词汇复现］
They agreed never to refer to the matter again. 他们同意永远不再提这件事了。
He likes to be referred to as “Doctor Khee”. 他喜欢别人叫他“基博士”。
（2）查阅，参考
He made the speech without referring to his notes. 他脱稿发表了演讲。
（3）涉及，关于
The figures refer to our sales in Europe. 这些数字涉及我们在欧洲的销售额。
【归纳拓展】
refer to/turn to/consult the dictionary 查词典 look up...in the dictionary 在词典中查阅……
核心词汇
题组练·领悟方法
写出 refer to 在句中的含义
（1） I was not referring to her when I said so.
（2） Now that the boy has been punished，please don’t refer to that matter again. 　　　　
（3） The teacher asked us not to refer to our books or dictionaries when we were in the exam. 　　　　
一句多译
不要老是查词典，你要学会猜测生词在文章中的含义。
（4） Don’t always 　　　 　 　　　　 　 　　　　 　 　　　　 　；you should learn to guess the meaning of the new words in the passage.
（5） Don’t always 　 　　　　 　 　　　　 　；you should learn to guess the meaning of the new words in the passage.
（6） Don’t always 　 　 　　　　 　 　　　　 　 　　　　 　；you should learn to guess the meaning of them in the passage.
指的是　
提及　
查阅，参考
refer to the dictionary/turn to the dictionary
consult the dictionary
look up the new words in the dictionary
教材原句p.8 ...his ideas influenced many of our early impressions of social networks.
……许多早期关于社交网络的构想都受到他思想的影响。
2 impression n. 印象，感想；印记
搭配： get/have a good/bad impression of 对……的印象好/不好
leave/make a（n）...impression on sb 给某人留下……的印象
I’m uncertain whether you have a very different impression of him. 我不确定你是否对他的印象大不相同。
The way he dealt with the conflict with his colleague left a deep impression on me.
他处理与同事冲突的方式给我留下了深刻的印象。［词汇复现］
There are impressions of shoes in the mud. 泥地里留下了鞋印。
【归纳拓展】 impress v. 使留下深刻印象； 使意识到（重要性或严肃性等）
impress sb with sth 某事物给某人留下深刻印象
impress sth on sb 使某人意识到某事的重要性 be impressed with/by 对……印象深刻
We were impressed with your positive attitude. 你乐观的态度给我们留下了深刻的印象。
He impressed on us the need for immediate action. 他让我们认识到立刻采取行动的必要性。
【词语积累】 impressive adj. 令人赞叹的，令人敬佩的
Most of the works displayed in the gallery are impressive. I like the one hanging in the middle of the wall in particular.
这家画廊里展示的大部分作品都令人赞叹，我尤其喜欢挂在墙中间的那一幅。［词汇复现］
单句语法填空
（1） The splendid scenery left a deep impression 　　　　 　 us.
（2） Father impressed 　　　　 　 me the value of hard work.
（3） The historical architecture of London attracts visitors from all over the world，and leaves a deep 　　　　 　（impress）on them.
（4）［词汇复现］The most 　　　　 　（impress） memory of my high school life is the constant encouragement from my English teacher.
完成句子
（5） As a candidate，you must 　 　　　　　　　（给……留下好印象）everyone you meet if you want to win the election.
（6） We 　　　　 　　　　 　（对……印象深刻） the enjoyable experience in the countryside.
on 　
on 　
impression 　
impressive
leave/ make a good impression on 　
were impressed with/by
教材原句p.9 He chose a random sample of people in the middle of America...
他在美国中部随机抽取一部分人作为样本……
3 random adj. 随机的，随意的；胡乱的 n. 随意
搭配： a random sample/selection 随机抽样/选择
the random killing of innocent people 对无辜者的随意杀戮
arrange...in a random order 随机排列…… at random 胡乱地；随便地；任意地
choose/select/pick...at random 随意选择……
He went into a grocery and picked some snacks from the shelf at random.
他走进一家食品杂货店，从架子上随便挑了些零食。［词汇复现］
【词语积累】
randomly adv. 随便地，任意地；无目的地，胡乱地；未加计划地
My phone seems to switch itself off randomly. 我的手机好像随时自动关机。
完成句子
（1） The information is processed 　　 　 　　　　 　（按随机顺序）.
单句语法填空
（2） The winning numbers are 　　　　 　（random）selected by the computer.
（3） The lucky fans will be picked 　　　　 　random rather than chosen beforehand to perform with the singer during the party.
（4） There is no doubt that it is better to read a few books carefully than to read many________ 　　　　 　 random.
in a random order
randomly 　
at 　
at
教材原句p.9 ...once released，the results were published in the bimonthly magazine Psychology Today . ……结果一经公布，便发表在双月刊《今日心理学》上。
4 release vt. 发表，发布；释放；放开，松开；宣泄；解雇 n. 发表， 发布；释放；排放；解脱
The prisoner has served his sentence and will be released tomorrow.
那名犯人已服刑期满，明天将获释。
10,000 balloons were released at the ceremony. 典礼上放飞了一万个气球。
The club is releasing some of its older players. 那家俱乐部正在解聘一些老队员。
单句语法填空
（1） After he 　 　　　 　（release）from prison， he was determined to devote most of his time to his work and family.
（2） She burst into tears， 　　　　 　（release） all her pent-up emotions.
完成句子
（3） He refused 　　　　　　　　 　　（放开她的胳膊）.
was released 　
releasing
to release her arms
教材原句p.9 For example，the Oscar-winning film Babel is based on the concept of “Six Degrees of Separation”. 例如，奥斯卡获奖影片《通天塔》就是基于“六度分隔”这一概念。
5 be based on 基于，以……为根据；在……基础上
People complain that decisions to approve or deny a permit are often random rather than based on fixed criteria. 人们抱怨，批准或拒绝许可的决定往往是随机的，而不是根据固定的标准。［词汇复现］
In my diary，I set down a series of things that was based on facts.
在我的日记里，我记下了一系列有事实根据的事情。
【归纳拓展】 base...on/upon... 使……以……为基础/ 根据 at the base of... 在……底部
One should always base his opinions on facts. 一个人应该始终以事实为依据发表自己的观点。
单句语法填空
（1） The research group produced two reports 　　 　（base）on the survey，but neither contained any useful suggestions.
（2） 　　　 　（base）on a true story，the film attracts many people，whether they are old or young.
（3） 　　　　 　（base）an important decision more on emotion than on reason，you will regret it sooner or later.
完成句子
（4） The new film 　　　　　　 （以……为根据） a true incident.
（5） The report 　　　　　　　　 　　（以数据为根据） from six countries.
based
Based
Basing
is based on
is based on the data
重点句式
教材原句p.8 “Six Degrees of Separation” refers to the theory that any person on Earth can be connected to any other person through a chain of no more than five other people.“六度分隔”理论说的是地球上任何人都可通过不超过另外五个人的联结与其他任何一个人联系起来。
【句式分析】that引导同位语从句，解释说明the theory的具体内容。
1 同位语从句
在复合句中，充当同位语成分的从句称为同位语从句。由that 或wh- 类连接词引导，常放在 doubt，fact，news，idea，truth，hope， problem，information，impression，thought 等抽象名词后，解释说明该名词的具体内容。
He left the first impression to us that he was not only handsome but also reliable.
他给我们的第一印象是他不仅英俊而且可靠。［词汇复现］
单句语法填空
（1） The manager put forward a suggestion 　　　　 　 we should have an assistant. There was too much work to do.
（2） There’s a tradition in our office 　　　　 　 when it’s somebody’s birthday，they bring in a cake for us all to share.
（3） I have no idea 　　　　 　 the cell phone isn’t working，so could you fix it for me
（4） The hope 　　　　 　 they expressed is that they would go to visit that country again.
（5）［2020·北京卷］But all of today’s excited discussion about these possibilities presupposes the fact 　　　　 　 we will be able to build these systems.
that 　
that
why 　
that/which
that
教材原句p.9 The people sending the packages only knew the name，job and general location of the stranger. 这些寄送包裹的人只知道这位陌生人的姓名、工作和大致的位置。
【句式分析】现在分词短语 sending... 作后置定语，修饰 The people， 相当于定语从句（who sent...）。被修饰词The people 与send 之间是主动关系。
2 现在分词（短语）作定语
现在分词（短语）作定语时，其逻辑主语与分词动作之间存在主动关系，表示主动。
The child standing over there is my brother. 站在那边的那个孩子是我的弟弟。（The child 与stand 之间是主动关系）
The girl working in the bakery is a graduate who chose the independent employment. 在面包店工作的那个女孩是一个选择独立就业的毕业生。［词汇复现］（The girl 与work 之间是主动关系）
【学法点拨】 过去分词（短语）作定语：过去分词（短语）作定语，其逻辑主语与分词动作之间是被动关系，表示被动或完成。
You cannot accept an opinion offered to you unless it is based on facts.
你不能接受别人给你的意见，除非它是建立在事实基础上的。（an opinion 与offer 之间是被动关系）
His first book published last month is based on a true story.
他上个月出版的第一本书是根据一个真实故事改编的。（His first book 与publish 之间是被动关系）
单句语法填空
（1） Do you want to see the doctor 　　　　 　（work）on the case report in the office
（2） Do you know the boy 　　　　 　（stand）at the door
（3） They lived in a house 　　　　 　（face）the south.
（4） The window 　　　　 　（break）yesterday was repaired this morning.
（5）［词汇复现］The hamburgers 　　　　 　（sell） in this chain are not to my taste.
（6） The news 　　　　 　（release）last night raised a heated discussion among the young workers.
（7） People today tend to choose vegetables 　　　　 　（ grow） without using any chemicals.
working
standing 　
facing 　
broken
sold 　
released
grown
教材原句p.9 Amazingly，it only took between five and seven people to get the parcels delivered，and once released，the results were published in the bimonthly magazine Psychology Today . 令人惊讶的是，这些包裹只需通过5至7个人就能送到正确的人手中。结果一经公布，便发表在双月刊《今日心理学》上。
【句式分析】it only took between five and seven people to get the parcels delivered 为it takes... to do sth 结构；once released 为状语从句的省略。
3 It takes... to do sth. 花费……做某事。
It took him about thirty minutes to have his parcel delivered in the post office.
他花了大约30 分钟才在邮局把包裹寄了。［词汇复现］
【学法点拨】 该句型中it 作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式。
【归纳拓展】 sb spends some time/money on sth 某人在某事物上花一些时间/ 钱
sb spends some time/money doing sth 某人花一些时间/ 金钱做某事
sb pays some money for sth 某人花一些钱买某物 sth costs sb some money 某物花某人一些钱
I hate to spend a long period of time playing computer games. 我讨厌花很长时间玩电脑游戏。
He paid $50 for the dessert in the bakery for his girlfriend. 他花了50 美元在面包店给他的女朋友买甜点。
The skirt cost her $100. 这条裙子花了她 100 美元。
选词填空（take/spend/pay/cost）
（1） The girl often 　　　　 　 money on books which she likes very much. Last Sunday it __________ her 10 minutes to go to the bookstore to buy her favourite book. When she was going to
　　　　 　 for the book， the salesman told her it only 　　　　 　 half the price because of the broken cover.
单句语法填空
（2） According to a recent U.S. survey，children spent up to 25 hours a week 　　　　 （watch）TV.
（3）［词汇复现］It only took him a few minutes 　　　 　（solve）the disagreement between him and his colleague.
（4） How much did you pay 　　　　 　 the beautiful skirt
（5） 　　　　 　 took the little boy nearly half an hour to take the toy apart.
spends
took
pay
watching
to solve
for
It
cost
教材原句p.9 It was this research that inspired the phrase“Six Degrees of Separation”. 正是这项研究启发了“六度分隔”这一说法。
【句式分析】本句是一个强调句，强调句子的主语this research。
4 强调句型
（ 1）基本结构是“It is/was + 被强调部分 + that + 其他”；若强调的是人，也可以用who替换that；
（2）强调句的一般疑问句式是“Is/Was it + 被强调部分 + that+ 其他？”；
（ 3）强调句的特殊疑问句式是“疑问词 + is/was it + that + 其他？”； 若该结构用于宾语从句，则要用陈述语序。
It was in the gallery that he came across one of his old friends.
他是在画廊里遇到了他的一位老朋友。［词汇复现］（强调状语）
Was it because of the disagreement between him and his partner that they delayed the project 是不是因为他和他的合伙人意见不合，他们才推迟了这个项目？［词汇复现］（强调状语，一般疑问句式）
What is it that he is doing in the suburb 他正在郊区做什么？［词汇复现］（强调宾语，特殊疑问句式）
【学法点拨】 判断句子是不是强调句型的方法：去掉it is/was与that/who，剩余部分若结构完整、句意明确，则为强调句型，否则就不是。
单句语法填空
（1）［ 词汇复现］It was when he worked in the canteen in the college 　　 　 he taught himself English.
（2）［词汇复现］It is my English teacher in senior school 　　　　 　 is always giving me encouragement.
（3）［词汇复现］　 　 was in the grocery that he picked up a wallet containing a large sum of money.
用强调句型改写
［词汇复现］He came across his client when he hung out in the suburb yesterday.
（4） 　　　　　　　　　　　　 he came across when he hung out in the suburb yesterday.（强调宾语）
（5） 　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　 he came across his client.（强调时间状语）
that
that/who
It 　
It was his client that/ who
It was when he hung out in the suburb
yesterday that
Grammar
FOCUS ON LANGUAGE：PASSIVE FORMS IN THE PAST
1　The concept was first talked about as long ago as in the 1920s.
2　In the 1950s，an attempt was made by two scientists to prove the theory mathematically.
3　Once the parcel had been received by this person，he/she would send the parcel onto a contact of theirs until the parcel could be personally delivered to the correct person.
4　Its name was used as the title of a play and then a film.
5　Soon the game was being played in universities across the United States.
Read the sentences. Underline the passive forms. What tense is used in each sentence
______________________
was talked about（past simple）
___________
was made（past simple）
____________________
_________ __________
had been received（past perfect），could be delivered（past simple）
_________
was used（past simple）
__________________
was being played（past continuous）
Read the description of a “Six Degrees of Separation” experiment. Use the correct form of the verbs in brackets to complete the passage.
We 1　 　　　（give） the task of finding out whether the “Six Degrees of Separation” theory worked at our school. We 2　　 　　（tell）about the “Small-world” experiment in the United States，where packages 3　　 　　（send）from one person to another with the aim of getting it to a stranger in the end. While the idea behind this experiment 4____________________　　 　　（discuss）in our group，it 5　　 　　（suggest）to us by our teacher that we try something similar. So we did. We couldn’t send parcels，but we could send letters. Ten volunteers 6_________　　　　（choose）to take part and they 7　　 　　（ask）to write a letter of introduction to another person in the school that they didn’t know and then to choose someone who they thought 8________　　　　（connect）to that person to give it to. After all the letters 9　 　　（exchange）several times，seven out of the ten target people did receive their letters with chains of five or six people in each case! We think this means that our experiment was a success and it supports the theory.
were given　
were told
had been sent　
was being discussed
was suggested　
were chosen
were asked　
was connected
were exchanged
单元语法
过去时的被动语态
1 被动语态的概念
语态是动词的一种形式，用来表示主语和谓语之间的关系。当主语是谓语动作的执行者时，为主动语态；当主语是谓语动作的承受者时，为被动语态。
2 被动语态的构成
（ 1）被动语态由“助动词 be + 及物动词的过去分词”构成，时态通过助动词be表现出来。
Many trees were planted on the hill yesterday. 昨天山上种了许多树。
①现在进行时的被动语态：am/is/are + being + 及物动词的过去分词
A new teaching building is being built in our school. 我们学校正在建一栋新的教学楼。
②含情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词
Your homework must be handed in now. 你的家庭作业必须现在上交。
（ 2）过去时包括一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时和过去完成时，其被动语态分述如下：
①一般过去时：was/were + 及物动词的过去分词
Quite a few masterpieces painted by the famous painter were displayed in the gallery last week.
这位著名画家画的许多杰作上周在美术馆里展出了。［词汇复现］
②过去进行时：was/were + being + 及物动词的过去分词
A new factory was being built in our city at that time. 那时我们城市正在建一座新工厂。
③过去将来时：a. would/should + be + 及物动词的过去分词 　　　　　
b. was/were + going to be + 及物动词的过去分词
They told us that the conflict would be settled soon and the research would be carried out as planned.
他们告诉我们，冲突将很快得到解决，研究将按计划执行。［词汇复现］
He thought that your watch was going to be mended after an hour. 他以为你的表一小时后就会被修。
④过去完成时：had + been + 及物动词的过去分词
He said that some new factories had been built in the city. 他说在这座城市里已经建了一些新工厂。
【误区警示】
（1）“ get + 及物动词的过去分词”表被动。指主语遭遇变化或不好的事件。
He got caught in the rain last night. 他昨晚被雨淋了。
（2） 动词带有双宾语时，可把其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面，变为被动句主语的通常是间接宾语。
His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 他妈妈送给他一件生日礼物。
→ He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.（也可改为A present was given to him by his mother for his birthday.）
（3） 当“动词+ 宾语+ 宾语补足语”结构变为被动结构时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。
The manager found a cook smoking in the canteen and fired him on the spot.
经理发现一个厨师在食堂抽烟，当场解雇了他。
= A cook was found smoking in the canteen by the manager and was fired on the spot.
一个厨师被经理发现在食堂抽烟，当场被解雇了。
应该是变为“被动句的主语”
（4） 在使役动词have，make，let 以及感官动词see，watch，notice， hear，feel，observe 等后用不定式作宾语补足语时，to 通常省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。
Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 有人看见一个陌生人走进那栋大楼。
→ A stranger was seen to walk into the building （by someone）.
（5） 有些由“动词+ 介词/ 副词”构成的动词词组，也可用于被动结构， 但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开，其中的介词或副词不能省略。
My sister was taken care of by Grandma when my parents went out to work.
我父母出去工作时，我妹妹由奶奶照顾。
（6）“It + be + 及物动词的过去分词+ that 从句/to do sth.”是固定句型。
Since it is believed that strong smells can affect the senses，volunteers are required not to eat or drink for eight hours before the experiment. 因为人们相信强烈的气味会影响感官，所以志愿者们被要求在实验前八小时内不能进食或饮水。
完成句子
（1） The book 　　　　　　　　　　　　（已经借出去了）when I got to the library.
（2） He 　　　　　　　　 　　（被嘲笑）by all people around him.
（3） ［词汇复现］Two paintings displayed in the gallery 　　　　　　　　　（被卖出） yesterday.
（4）［词汇复现］Several factories 　　 　　　　 　　（在郊区被建造）before a school was set up.
had been lent
把主动语态改为被动语态
（1） My father gave me a new book on my birthday.
→ I 　　　　　　　　　　　 on my birthday（by my father）.
→ A new book 　　　　　　　　　 on my birthday（by my father）.
（2） My father bought me a new computer yesterday.
→ I 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 yesterday（by my father）.
→ A new computer 　　　　　　　　　 yesterday（by my father）.
was given a new book
was laughed at
were sold out 　
had been built in the suburb
was given to me
was bought a new computer
was bought for me
单句语法填空
（1） Diana couldn’t move into her new house as it 　 　　　 　（decorate）.
（2） The teacher said that we 　 　　　 　（give） another chance some time the next month if we failed in the exam.
（3） They said great changes 　　　　 　（take） place in my village and some factories__________ 　　　　 　（set）up since 2015.
（4） She 　　　 　 　（praise）for her fine work in the Youth League.
（5）［词汇复现］He told me that a new stadium 　　 　　 　（ build） and it _____________ 　　　　 　（ finish） the next year.
（6） After they 　　　　 　（seat），the father found a friend and went out to greet him.
（7） ［词汇复现］Many beautiful cherry trees 　 　　　 　（plant）outside the grocery last year and they are booming now.
（8） By the time he got to the school，the first period 　　　　 　（finish）.
（9）［词汇复现］The news 　　　　 　（release） last Friday and drew a lot of attention.
（10）The media reported more than 1,000 people 　 　　　 　（kill）in the earthquake.
was being decorated 　
would be given 　
had taken
had been set
was praised 　
was being built
would be finished
were seated
were planted
had been finished
was released
had been killed