北师大版（2019）选择性必修第四册 Unit12 Innovation 单元考点突破学案（有答案）

名师原创：Unit12 单元考点突破
●词汇精讲
1. adapt vt&vi. 使适应，使适合；改编，改写
【原句再现】
Intelligence is the ability to adapt to change. (教材P51)
【词块积累】
adaptation n. 适应；改编，改编的作品
adapt sth. from sth.根据……改编……
be adapted from ….由…改编而来
adapt to…适合，适应
adapt oneself to sth./doing sth.…. 使自己适应
adapt...to... 使……适应……
adapt...for/into... 将……改编为……
adaptable adj. 能适应的；可修改的
【精品例句】
I had difficulty adapting myself to life in the city.
我难以适应城市生活
All animals have to adapt to their environment.
所有动物必须适应环境
This new film is said to be adapted from a novel by Jane Austen.
这部新电影是根据简.奥斯汀的一部小说改编的
Three of the novels have been adapted for television.
他有三部小说已被改编成了电视剧
【高考链接】
The good thing about children is that they____ very easily to new environment.（浙江卷）
A. adapt B. appeal C. attach D. apply (A)
【考点训练】
在空白处填入适当内容（一个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式
He can’t adapt himself to ______ (do) this kind of work. (doing)
2. figure out 弄明白; 计算出
【原句再现】
We started flying around the world, launching satellites into orbit and, at the same time, scientists figured out how to split the atom, previously thought to be the smallest particle of matter in the universe. (教材P52)
【词块积累】
the latest trade figures 最新的贸易数据
have a head for figures 有数学头脑
keep one’s figure 保持体形
have a good figure 身材很好
a public/political/a leading/an authority figure公众/政治/领军/ 权威人物
a public / a leading / an authority figure公众/领军/ 权威人物
a tall figure in black一个黑衣高个子人影
【精品例句】
I figure he'll be back soon.
我认为他很快就会回来。
I'm just figuring my expenses.
我在计算我的开销。
John figured out how to guess the right answers, so he got good grades.
约翰弄清楚了如何猜对答案， 所以得了高分。
【高考链接】
He got a job, earning close to six figures. （陕西卷）
The present situation is very complex, so I think it will take me some time to figure ____ its reality. （湖北卷）(out)
【考点训练】
翻译下列句子
如今，每个女性都想拥有苗条的身材，在加拿大尤其如此
(Every woman wants a slim figure nowadays, especially in Canada. )
旅行要花多少费用你算出来没有
(Have you figured out how much the trip will cost )
3. instant n．瞬间；片刻 adj. 立即的；速食的；速溶的
【原句再现】
Communications changed with the introduction of mobile phones, and the way we correspond went from writing letters to emailing and sending instant messages. (教材P14)
【词块积累】
in an instant (＝immediately) 立刻
the instant (that)＝as soon as 一 ……就 ……
(at) any instant 随时；在任何情况下
for an instant片刻；一瞬间
instantly adv. = immediately立刻，马上
悄悄告诉你：名词moment, instant, minute, second与定冠词the 连用可引导时间状语从句，都表示“一……就……”。
【精品例句】
He told me the news the instant (that) he met me．
他一遇见我就告诉了我这个消息
I took an instant dislike to him.
我一见到他就不喜欢他。
I am fed up with instant food.
我厌烦了吃即食的食品。
The machine will start the moment you press this button.
你一按这个按钮机器就会马上启动。
【高考链接】
_______ instant you turn it on, you'll get boiling water from our instant boiling water tap.
(湖南卷) (In)
【考点训练】
在空白处填入适当内容（一个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式
Just for _______ instant I thought he was going to refuse. (an)
In ______ instant, a car pulled over and a young woman jumped out. (an)
4. inspire vt. 使鼓舞；激励；启发思考
【原句再现】
In the summer of 1950, this outspoken young man was rocking his one-year-old baby when he was suddenly inspired. (教材P52)
【词块积累】
inspire sb. to do sth. 激励某人做某事
inspire sb. with sth. = inspire sth. in sb. 激起某人….
inspiring adj. 鼓舞人心的；令人鼓舞的
inspired adj. 受到鼓舞的；使有灵感的
inspiration n. 灵感；鼓舞
【精品例句】
His brother was admitted to Peking University，which inspired him to study harder.
他的哥哥被北京大学录取了，这激励他更加努力学习
His encouraging remarks inspired confidence in me.
＝His encouraging remarks inspired me with confidence.
他的一番鼓励激起了我的信心
Our challenge is to inspire them to join our cause.
我们的挑战是要激励他们加入我们的事业
Her inspiring speech yesterday made us inspired．
她昨天的鼓舞人心的演讲使我们深受鼓舞
【高考链接】
The possibility that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists _____ (explore) the outer space. (陕西卷) (to explore)
【考点训练】
在空白处填入适当内容（一个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式
1. Dreams can be a rich source of _______ (inspire)for an artist. (inspiration)
2. His speech was _______ (inspire) so we were all inspired. (inspiring)
5. check vt & vi检查; 查看； 查明; 核实; n. 检查; 核对; 支票(=cheque)
【原句再现】
He double-checked and saw a blue mould in the dish around which the bacteria had been destroyed. (教材P52-53)
【词块积累】
check for weaknesses检查缺陷
check the ticket 验票/查票
check + that/ wh-从句 核实或查明某事
check in（在旅馆/机场）登记; 报到
check out 结账离开; 核实
check on核实; 检查
a health / medical check健康/医疗检查
pay by check用支票付款
check-in n.(在机场/旅馆/医院等办理登记手续的)登记处;办理登记手续
checkout n. 付款处; 收银台; 退房时间
【精品例句】
Check a used car thoroughly before buying it.
买二手车前把它彻底检查一下
You 'd better check with Jane what time she'll arrive in Beijing.
你最好和简确认下她什么时候到达北京
Brian needed to meet a man named Tony before he checked in for his fight.
布莱恩在办理登机手续前需要见一个叫托尼的人
Would you check out these names and numbers, please
请核实一下这些名字和号码好吗
The doctor in charge made regular checks of her pulse and blood pressure.
主治医生定期给她测脉搏和血压
He ran / carried out a careful check of all the names on the list, so t hat no one would be left out.
他仔细地核对了名单上所有的名字，以防遗漏
【高考链接】
-- Julin said she sent you a birthday card yesterday. Have you got it (陕西卷)
-- Oh, really! I haven't ______ my mailbox yet.
A. examined B. reviewed C. tested D. checked (D)
【考点训练】
在空白处填入适当内容（一个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式
We'll check ______ the plane before it leaves. (on)
There's your room key and you should check ______ before 12:00. (out)
6. matter n. 事情；问题；（只用单数，与the 连用）毛病，麻烦事；（常用复数）时态，情况；物质；vi. 有关系；要紧（主语用于疑问句和否定句，并且不用于进行时态）
【原句再现】
Although they only finished after the war in 1946, it did not matter. (教材P53)
【词块积累】
a personal/private matter 私事
a matter of …. 关乎….的事情
as a matter of fact 事实上，其实
no matter （与疑问副词连用）无论，不管
take matters in one’s own hands. 亲自处理
It doesn’t matter 没关系；无所谓
辨析：matter, affair, event
三者都有“事情”之意。
matter 通常指客观存在的或有待处理的问题，常用在 a matter of ….结构中；
It is a matter of duty.
这是个责任问题
We have several important matters to deal with at our next meeting.
下次会议我们有几件重要事情要处理
affair 可用于描述严肃认真的公共或政治事务，也可以描述与个人生活密切相关的小事。foreign affairs 外交事务
We are friends, but I don’t know much about their private affairs.
尽管我们是朋友，可我并不太了解他们的私生活
event 通常指重要事件；大事
The election was the main event of 2010.
那次选举是2010 年的大事
【精品例句】
I have a serious matter to talk about.
我有件重要的事情要谈
What’s the matter (with you)
（你）怎么了？
There is nothing the matter with the machine.
这台机器没有毛病
Matters were made worse by a fire in the factory.
工厂失火使得事态更为严重
Observance of law is a matter of principle for us.
遵守法律对我们来说是原则问题
You and I will always be friends, no matter what happens.
不管发生什么，你我永远是朋友
It doesn’t matter to me which way you take.
你走哪条路，我无所谓
What matters not most in learning English is enough practice.
学习英语最重要的是你有足够的练习
【高考链接】
There’s no reason to be disappointed. _____ this could be rather amusing. (浙江卷)
A. Above all B. As a result C. In addition D. As a matter of fact (D)
I can’t say which wine is best --- it’s a(n) ______ of personal taste.
A. affair B. event C. matter D. variety (C)
【考点训练】
在空白处填入适当内容（一个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式
Jack said he was ill. _____ a matter of fact, he was all right. ( As)
No matter _______ hard the rain falls and the wind blows, the police keep to their posts. (how)
7. switch vt. 转换；交换　vt. & vi. (使)改变；转变　n．开关；转换器；改变
【原句再现】
With 18,000 tubes, thousands of circuits and 6,000 switches, it used so much energy that when it was turned on, the lights in the local town went out! (教材P53)
【词块积累】
make a switch　改变
switch off 关 (电灯、机器等)；切断(电流、气体等)
switch on 开(电灯、机器等)；打开(开关)；接通(电流等)
switch (from...)to... (从……) 转变成，(从……) 转换到
switch sth. with sb. 和某人交换某物
【精品例句】
We asked them if they would switch places with us．
我们问他们是否愿意和我们调换位置
Switch off the TV before you go out.
你出门前要把电视关掉。
The remote control allows you to switch easily between TV channels.
遥控器让你在不同的电视频道之间轻松地转换。
Where is the light switch
电灯开关在哪儿？
We had to make a switch in our arrangements.
我们不得不对我们的安排做出变动。
【高考链接】
These students switched _______ the lamps because it was dark in the classroom. (江苏卷) (on)
【考点训练】
在空白处填入适当内容（一个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式
He was so stubborn that he refused to make _______ switch. (a)
8. establish vt. 建立；创立；设立；确立；立足
【原句再现】
By the end of the 1960s, some mini-networks were established, but only a few computers could connect to them. (教材P53)
【词块积累】
established adj. 确立的；确定的
establishment n. 建立；设立；确立
an education establishment 一个教育机构
establish contact/a relationship with…与…建立联系、关系
establish sb./sth. as…把….确立为….
【精品例句】
The company was established in 1980.
这家公司成立于1980年
By then she was established as a famous star.
那时她的明星地位已得到确立
This unit is an established part of the course.
这个单元是本课程既定的一部分
The speaker announced the establishment of a new college.
发言人宣布了新学院的成立
By the 1920s the film industry was well established in Hollywood, California.
至二十世纪二十年代，电影业在加利福尼亚州的好莱坞已站稳脚跟
【高考链接】
By 1909, Picasso had established himself _____ a painter of great talent in Paris . (陕西卷)
(as)
【考点训练】
在空白处填入适当内容（一个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式
This novel established the reputation he still enjoys today _______ one of America’s greatest writers. (as)
9. doubt n. 怀疑; 疑惑; 疑虑; vt.怀疑
【原句再现】
There is no doubt about it. (教材53)
【词块积累】
doubtful adj. 怀疑的
doubtless adj. 无疑的
doubt about…怀疑…
dismiss/raise doubts 打消/引起疑虑
no/little/some doubt that…注: 在这个结构中，从属连词that引导同位语从句，说明名词doubt的具体内容，that不可省略
…doubt… (as to) 有疑问以至于…
be in doubt不确定; 拿不准
no doubt无疑; 很可能
without / beyond doubt毫无疑问; 的确
doubt + that从句 怀疑…
doubt +if / whether从句 怀疑/疑惑是否….
【精品例句】
If you are in doubt, you should consult your doctor.
你如果拿不准，就应该咨询你的医生
Doubt is the key to knowledge.
怀疑是知识的钥匙
I have no doubt about your ability to do this job well.
我完全相信你有能力做好这份工作
I have no doubt that he will succeed.
我对他会成功毫不怀疑
There is some doubt (as to) whether he will be elected.
他能否当选还不太确定
The future of the peace talks is in doubt.
和谈前途未卜
No doubt you will have your own ideas.
你很可能会有自己的观点
Charging entrance fees will no doubt keep some people away.
收门票无疑会把一些人拒之门外
Without doubt, the number of jobs in information technology will multiply.
毫无疑问，信息技术方面的工作会大大增加
I don't doubt that the gold ring belongs to her.
我不怀疑那枚金戒指是她的
【高考链接】
There is little/no doubt in your mind _____ he is innocent is there (江苏卷) (that)
There remains a certain ______ (doubtful) among the people as to the practical value of the project. (安徽卷) (doubt)
【考点训练】
在空白处填入适当内容（一个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式
I doubt ______ that chair will bear your weight. (if/whether)
10. challenge n. 挑战；v. 向--挑战; 对..质疑
【原句再现】
Hawking was famous, not just for his brilliant work in theoretical physics and cosmology, but also for overcoming the challenges of ALS (a disease that affects muscle control). (教材P58)
【词块积累】
challenging adj.有挑战性的
respond to/face the challenge回应/面对挑战
accept/take up the challenge接受挑战
challenge a view质疑某个观点
【精品例句】
Life is filled with challenges.
生活充满挑战
I challenged him to a game of chess.
我要他跟我下一盘棋
The job doesn’t really challenge her.
这项工作对她并不难
" Challenge yourself--go hiking in the Gobi Desert!
挑战自己! 到戈壁沙漠徒步旅行去!
【考点训练】
翻译下列句子
政府将不得不面对失业率上升的挑战
(The government will have to meet to the challenge of rising unemployment.)
他们向他发出挑战，说他不可能在一小时内洗40辆车
(They threw down the challenge that he couldn't wash 40 cars in one hour)
11. overcome vt. (overcame, overcome) 克服；解决；战胜
【原句再现】
Hawking was famous, not just for his brilliant work in theoretical physics and cosmology, but also for overcoming the challenges of ALS (a disease that affects muscle control). (教材P58)
【词块积累】
overcome difficulties 战胜困难
be overcome with…. 因……而受不了
【精品例句】
He overcame all kinds of difficulties and succeeded at last.
他克服了种种困难最终取得了成功。
She overcame injury to win the Olympic gold medal.
她战胜了伤痛，赢得了奥运会金牌。
In the final game Sweden easily overcame France.
在决赛中，瑞典队轻松战胜了法国队。
I would overcome any weakness, any despair, any fear.
我要克服所有的软弱、绝望和恐惧。
【高考链接】
He was suddenly overcome ______ the harm he had done. (山东卷) (with)
【考点训练】
在空白处填入适当内容（一个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式
We ________ (overcome) all kinds of difficulties in these activities last year. (overcame)
12. in spite of…不管…; 尽管….
【原句再现】
In spite of his disease, Hawking didn’t consider himself an unlucky man. (教材P59)
【词块积累】
辨析：regardless of…；despite… = in spite of…
regardless of…., 强调认为....不重要, 从而不加以重视或考虑, regardless of 后可接whether, what引导的从句
despite… = in spite of…后常接名词，不接从句
【精品例句】
He would go in spite of our warning.
尽管我们提出警告他还是要去
In spite of the troubles of the past two years, there could be light at the end of the tunnel. 尽管在过去的两年里麻烦不断，但我们相信总有豁然开朗的那天
In spite of our disagreement on this point, we are still friends.
尽管在这点上我们不能达成一致，我们仍然是朋友
【高考链接】
Dr. Bethune continued working ____ spite of cutting his hand during an operation.
(山东卷) (in)
【考点训练】
在空白处填入适当内容（一个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式
She is determined to do it regardless ______ all consequences. (of)
He went fishing ______ the bad weather. (despite)
13. prevent v. 防止，阻挡
【原句再现】
He said it had not prevented him from having a family, and being successful in his work. (教材P59)
【词块积累】
Prevent/stop/keep sb./sth. from doing sth.阻止……做某事
温馨提示：
※ prevent/stop + 宾语 + (from) doing sth. 结构用于主动语态时，from 可以省略，
用于被动结构时 from 不可省略
※ Keep + 宾语 + from doing sth. 这一结构无论用于主动语态还是被动语态from都不能省略
比较：protect...from/against...保护……不受……侵袭 (from后接可能带来伤害或损害之物)
【精品例句】
Bad weather prevented me from setting out to enjoy the holiday.
恶略天气阻挡了我外出度假
Pollution prevents people from seeing objects in the sky that they could see quite easily in the past.
污染使人们看不到在过去很容易看到的天空中的物体
There were many ways to prevent this from happening.
有多种方法可以预防此事发生
Actually，there are grammatical mistakes made by students that keep them from writing good compositions.
其实，学生犯的语法错误阻止了他们写出好的习作
They were stopped/prevented/kept from entering the burning building.
他们被拦在了燃烧着的大楼的外面
We were prevented from attending Professor Li's lecture by the heavy rain.
大雨使我们没能参加李教授的演讲
Her sudden arrival prevented him from going out.
她的突然到来使他不能外出
【高考链接】
Social attention should be paid to preventing our earth from ______ (pollute). ( 陕西卷)
( being polluted)
【考点训练】
在空白处填入适当内容（一个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式
Social phobia (社交恐惧症) prevents people _____ (make) the normal，everyday mistakes that may help them improve their skills even further. 【(from) making】
She was prevented _______ taking the exam by illness. (from)
14. reflect vt. 反映；反射(声、光、热等)；显示；表达　vi. 深思
【原句再现】
He reflected further on the process, estimating how much more power could be created by a larger amount of water. (教材P62)
【词块积累】
reflection n. 反映；映像；反射；深思
the reflection of the trees in the lake湖面上树的倒影
the reflection of a sound wave声波的反射
reflective adj. 反射的，反映的；沉思的；深思的；(指物体表面)反光的
reflect on/upon sth. 认真思考……
【精品例句】
Her face was reflected in the mirror.
镜子中映出她的脸
Mid-Autumn celebrations reflect Chinese cultural traditions.
中秋节庆祝活动反映了中国的文化 传统
On the way home he reflected that the interview had gone well.
在回家的路上，他想这次面试进行得很顺利
On some level, a student’s grades are a reflection on the teacher.
在某种程度上，学生的成绩是老师水平的反映
Her facial expression reflected how she really felt.
她的面部表情反映出了她的真实感受
Our newspaper aims to reflect the views of the local community.
我们的报纸力求表达当地人民的心声
Before I decide, I need time to reflect.
在作出决定以前，我需要时间认真考虑
The manager needed more time to reflect on/upon what to do.
经理需要更多的时间来思考做什么
【高考链接】
1. Without the forest cover, these areas would _____more heat into t he atmosphere, warming the rest of the world. (安徽卷) (reflect)
2. The trip to that city was eye-opening for everyone, and near its end , all the young people in our group began to reflect ___ what it had meant. (浙江卷) ( on/upon )
【考点训练】
从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项
1. Just as the clothes a person wears, the food he eats，the friends with whom he spends his time and his house _____ his personality. (湖北卷)
resembles B. strengthens C. reflects D. shapes ( C )
2. Usually a child's behavior is a ______ of his family environment. (山西卷)
A. recognition B. reflection C. return D. record ( B )
15. preserve vt. 保护；保存；贮存n. 保护区
【原句再现】
Thousands of years ago, people realized that they could preserve meat by burying it in snow. （教材P66）
【词块积累】
preserve our eyesight 保护我们的视力
preserve order 保持秩序
preserve food 保存食物
preserve fruit 贮存水果
preserve forest 保护森林
preserve peace 维护和平
preservation n. 保护；保存
【精品例句】
These eighteenth-century oil paintings are preserved so well that the visitors are greatly amazed.
这些十八世纪的油画保存得那么好，使参观者大为惊叹
In wilderness is the preservation of the world.
世界存留于荒野之中
Three natural preserves were set up in the area.
那里建起了三个自然保护区
【高考链接】
-- The town is so beautiful! I just love it.
-- Me too. The character of the town is well ______. (江苏卷)
A. qualified B. preserved C. decorated D. simplified (B)
【考点训练】
在空白处填入适当内容（一个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式
Nowadays the government focuses on the ___ (preserve) cultural heritages. (preservation)
●本单元重要词组
16. range from…. 范围从….到…..
Medical advances ranged from discovering the causes of diseases under microscopes to staging operations to replace diseased organs with donated ones. (教材P52)
The jobs range from advertising sales to engineering.
17. single out 挑出； 挑选
Although it is impossible to choose the most important discovery, it is possible to single out a few pioneers of the 20th century. (教材P52)
To single out such women, she came up with a clever test.
18. be dedicated to doing sth. 致力于…；献身于…
These pioneers of the 20th century were all dedicated to improving the quality of human life on Earth. (教材P53)
How much time should I be dedicated to preparing for the exam
19. experiment with…. 用….进行实验
Later he began to experiment with steam, and eventually developed the steam. (教材P62)
It is early to make up your mind now.
●句型点拨
1. the way作先行词后接定语从句的用法
【原句再现】
Communications changed with the introduction of mobile phones, and the way we correspond went from writing letters to emailing and sending instant messages. (教材P52)
句式分析：句中the way 后为省略了关系词that 或in which的定语从句
【能力拓展】
※ the way 后面的定语从句，关系词若在从句中作状语，相当于“用这种方式/方法(＝in this way)”时，通常不用关系词，偶尔用 that，在较正式的文体里才用 in which 来引导。
※ the way 后不能用 how 引导定语从句，但也可以不用the way，而直接用 how 引导的名词性从句来表达这类意思。
【精品例句】
Do it the way (that/in which) you were taught.
要按照教你的那样做
I was impressed by the way in which she did it.
她完成这件事的方式给我留下了深刻的印象
What surprised me was not what he said but the way he said it.
使我吃惊的不是他说的话而是他说话的方式
I don't like the way(that/in which) he speaks to his parents.
我不喜欢他和他父母说话的方式
The way(which/that) he explained to us was quite simple.
他向我们解释的那种方法很简单
【高考链接】
I don't like the way _______ you talk to your mother and you must change that way.
(湖北卷) (that/in which/Ｘ)
【考点训练】
在空白处填入适当内容（一个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式
The way _______ was thought of by him of doing the experiment was similar to the way that you carried it out. (which/that)
2. There is little/no doubt that...
【原句再现】
There is no doubt about it. (教材P53)
句式分析：There is little/no doubt that...毫无疑问……；doubt后面用that引导同位语从句；当doubt用于否定句和疑问句时，后面的从句用that引导；用于肯定句时，后面的从句用whether引导。
【能力拓展】
※ I have no doubt that... 我确信……
※ I have some doubt whether…. 我怀疑……
※ I doubt whether/if 从句 我怀疑……
※ I don't doubt that从句 我不怀疑……
※ Do you doubt that从句 你怀疑……吗？
【精品例句】
There is no doubt that it was a strange and interesting situation.
毫无疑问，那是一个奇怪而有趣的局面。
There is no doubt at all that we did the right thing.
毫无疑问，我们做得对。
There is some doubt whether he will come to help us.
他是否会来帮助我们还有些疑虑。
【高考链接】
There is some doubt______ she will come on time. (陕西卷) (whether/if)
【考点训练】
在空白处填入适当内容（一个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式
I don't doubt _____ he will succeed. (that)
I doubt ______ we will make a profit out of it. (whether/if)
●现在完成时（详见语法课件）
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