Unit 8 Have you read Treasure Island yet? 现在完成时学案

现在完成时
一、现在完成时的构成
（一）肯定式
主语＋助动词have ／has ＋过去分词＋其它
【说明：这里的have ／has是助动词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，没有什么具体意义。当主语是第三人称单数时，助动词用has，其余人称一律用have。 has，have的缩略式分别为's或've。规则动词过去分词的构成与过去式的构成方式一样，不规则动词可参看不规则动词表。】例：
1）I've just copied all the new words. 我刚抄写了所有的生词。 (表示不要再抄了)
2）She has lost her books. 她丢失了她的书。 （表示到目前为止还没有找到）
(如果用过去时：She lost her books则强调书是过去丢的这一动作，而不知现在有没有找到)
3）We've just cleaned the classroom. 我们刚好打扫了教室。（表明现在教室是干净的）
（二）否定式
主语＋助动词have ／has＋not＋过去分词＋其它
【说明：现在完成时构成否定句时，只需在助动 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )词have ／has后面加not就行。have not，has not的缩略式分别为haven't ,hasn't。另外，肯定句中有some，already时，改为否定时要分别改成any，yet。】例：
1）I haven't finished my homework yet. 我还没有完成我的作业。
2）She hasn't travelled on a train. 她没有坐火车旅行过。
3）We have never spoken to a foreigner. 我们从来没有和外国人说过话。
注：有时not可以用never代替，表示“从来没有”的意思。又如：
4）I have never seen him before. 以前我从来没有见过他。
（三）一般疑问式
助动词Have ／Has ＋主语＋过去分词＋其它 ？
【说明：把陈述句中的have或has放到句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )首，句末打问号，同时把句中的some ，already改为any ，yet就构成了一般疑问句。肯定回答用“Yes, 主语＋have／has.?否定回答用“No,主语＋haven't／hasn't.”有时也可以用“No，not yet. ／No, never. ／No, not even once.”等。】实例：
—Have you ever made dumplings 你曾经做过饺子吗？
—Yes, I have. 是的，我做过。
2）—Has she ever been abroad 她曾经出过国吗？
—No, never. 不，从来没有。
3）—Have they found the lost books yet 他们已经找到了丢失的书吗？
—Yes, they have. 是的，他们找到了。
【注意：当句中有否定词no ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t , hardly（几乎不），never的时候，在改为反意疑问句时，附加部分用肯定形式。】例如：You have never come to our school, have you 你以前从来没有来过我们学校，是吗？
二、现在完成时的用法
（一）现在完成时的用法1：表示过去发生 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。此时，常与时间副词already（已经） ，yet（还、已经） ，just(刚刚、仅仅) ，ever（曾经） ，never（从不） ，before（以前）等连用。这几个副词的用法如下：
1．already意为“已经”，通常用于肯定句中，可放在助动词之后，过去分词之前，也可以放在句末。实例：
1）I've already read this book. 我已经读过这本书了。
（“读”这一动作发生在过去，对现在造成的影响是“知道书中的内容”。）
2）I've washed my clothes already. 我已经洗了衣服。
（洗衣服的动作已完成，其结果是“衣服洗干净了”。）
注意：在表示吃惊或明知故问等感彩时，already也可用于（口语）疑问句中。例：
3）Have you met him already 你（真的）已经见过他了？
2．yet用在疑问句中意为“已经”，用在否定句中意为“还”，常放在句末。实例：
1）—Has he found his watch yet 他已经找到他的手表了吗？
—No，not yet．不，还没有。
2）The woman hasn't found her dog yet.
那位妇女还没有找到她的狗。（没找到狗，心里着急，这就是对现在的影响）
3．just意为“刚刚”，表示行为刚刚过去，常放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例：
He has just come back from school. 他刚从学校回来。
4．ever意为“曾经”，用于疑问句或否定句中，放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例：
1）Have you ever been to Hong Kong 你曾去过香港吗？
2）I haven't ever spoken to her. 我未曾和她说过话。
5．never意为“从来没有”常与before连用（before要放在句尾，而never多放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例：
I have never travelled by plane before. 我以前从来没有乘飞机旅行过。
6．before意为“以前”，指过去不确定的某个时间，总是放在句末，不受句型的限制。实例：
1）Have you been to Hainan before 你以前去过海南吗？
2）I haven't eaten Guangdong food before. 我以前没吃过广东菜。
（二）现在完成时用法二2——持续性 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )用法（肯定句，疑问句中谓语动词必须是延续性动词）：表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。此时常与“for ＋一段时间” 或 “since＋过去的点时间或从句（从句用一般过去时）” 以及 “so far（到目前为止）” 等时间状语连用。
for + 段时间 since +点时间 例：
1）I've lived here since 1990. 自从1990年以来我就住在这里。
= I've lived here since 13 years ago.
= I've lived here for 13 years.
= It is 13 years since I began to live here.
2）I haven't seen him for three years. 我三年没有看见他了。
= I haven't seen him since three years ago.
= I haven't seen him since 2000.
= It is 3 years since I saw him last time.
3）Mr. Wang has worked in the factory since he came to the city.
自从到这个城市以来，王先生一直在这家工厂工作。
4）She's been at this school since five years ago.
自从五年前以来她就在这个学校。
【注意：①在这类句子的肯定句和疑问 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )句中谓语动词必须用延续性动词。短暂性动词由于动作不能持续，故不能与for(达到；累计)或since（自从……到现在）引出的时间状语连用。】如：
He has died for 5 years. 他已经死了5年了。die是短暂性动词，不能死了5年还没死完。所以必须改成：
He has been dead for 5 years.
②对for和since引导的时间状语提问要用How long
▲部分短暂性动词与之对应的延续性动词：
延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )续下去或产生持久影响。如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。
终止性动词，也称非延续性动 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow, buy等。
begin/start→be on become→ be buy→have borrow→keep
come here→be here come back→ be back come →be here go there→be there
go →be there catch a cold→have a cold leave→be away feel ill→be ill
finish→be over, fall asleep→ be asleep put on→ wear die→be dead
join→be in/be a member of go (get) out →be out get to know→ know get up→be up
get to/ arrive/reach→be (in) leave→ be away from move to→live in open sth.→keep sth. open
例: (1) The o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ld man died 4 years ago. =The old man has been dead for 4 years.
=It is 4 years sinc ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e the old man died. =Four years has passed since the old man died.
(2) He joined the P ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )arty 2 years ago. =He has been in the Party for 2 years.
(3) I bought the book 5 days ago. = I have had the book for 5 days.
补充练习：
1. When he arrived at the bus stop, the bus ________ for 20 minutes.
A. has left B. had left C. has been away D. had been away
2. I ______ the League for 5 years so far.
A. joined B. have joined C. have been in
3. The factory ________ since the February of 1988.
A . has been open B. has opened C. was open D. opened
4. Mary and Rose _______friends since they met in 2000.
A. have made B. have been C. made D. have become
5. You mustn't ________ until he comes back.
A. be away B. leave C. be left
6.The meeting _______ for a week now.
A. has finished B. has ended C. has been over
7.Miss Gao ______ this school for nearly 5 years.
A. has been in B. has come to C. has taught
8. Ben ______ a teacher for 4 years.
A. has been B. has become C. was D. became
9. I ______ home for a week.
A. have returned B. have been back C. returned
10. How long _______ he ________
A. died B. has, died C. has, been dead
11. ----- How long can I ______ the book ------ Two weeks.
A. borrow B. lend C. get D. keep
12.He ________ the car for a week.
A. bought B. has bought C. has had
13.-----How long _____ you _____ ill -----Two weeks.
A. did fall B. have, fell C. have, been
14.Since 2000, he _____ his hometown.
A. has left B. has moved away C. has been away from
15. I'll lend you the book , but you can only _____ it for 2 days.
A. borrow B. keep C. take
16. The bus ______ on the road for 2 hours so far.
A. has stopped B. stopped C. has been
17. Are you _____ the jacket these days
A. wearing B. putting on C. dressing D. on
18.He ________ for 2 hours.
A. got up B. has got up C. has been up
19. Tom is ill in hospital. He _______ a cold for several days.
A. is B. catches C. has caught D. has had
一般过去时和现在完成时所表示的动作都发生在过去，那么这两种时态有什么区别呢？
①一般过去时与具体的表示过去时间状语如：yesterday连用；强调动作在过去发生，与现在无关。
②现在完成时与自已的特征词连用，强 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )调过去发生的动作对现在的影响或过去开始发生一直持续到现在的动作。例：He saw the film last night. (过去时，表示他昨晚看过那部电影了，现在不知还要不要再看一次)
He has (ever) seen the film before.（现在\完成时，表时他已看过那部电影，现在不想再看了）
不规则动词过去式和过去分词
A. 原型：过去式和过去分词完全不同
drink---drank----dru ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nk ring----rang-----rung swim----swam----swum sing----sang----sung sink----sank----sunk blow----blew----blown grow----grew----grown know---knew---known fly----flew----flown take----took----taken shake----shook----shaken drive----drove----driven write---wrote---written rise---rose---risen ride----rode----ridden speak----spoke----spoken steal----stole----stolen break----broke----broken wake----woke----woken freeze----froze----frozen forget----forgot----forgotten choose----chose----chosen draw----drew----drawn eat----ate----eaten fall----fell----fallen give----gave----given hide----hid----hidden do----did----done see----saw----seen
B. 过去式与过去分词完全相同
bright----brought- ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )---brought think----thought----thought fight----fought----fought
buy----bought----bought catch----caught----caught sell----sold----sold
tell----told--- ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )-told say----said----said pay----paid----paid
send----sent----sen ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t lend----lent----lent spend----spent----spent
burn----burnt----burn ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t learn----learnt----learnt mean----meant----meant
feel----felt-- ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )--felt smell----smelt----smelt sleep----slept----slept
sweep---slept----slept leave----left----left build----built----built
lose----lost----los ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t get----got----got meet----met----met
sit----sat----sat ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) shoot----shot----shot lead----led----led
spit----spat----spat ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) have----had----had hold----held----held
make----made----made stand----stood---stood hear----heard----heard
find----found----found dig----dug----dug shine----shone----shone
understand----unders ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tood----understood win----won----won
C.原型与过去分词相同
come----came----come run----ran----run become----became----become
D.原形与过去式和过去分词完全相同
cast----cast----cast cut----cut----cut put----put----put
let----let----let ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) set----set----set hit----hit----hit
现在完成时专项练习
一、 单项选择。
1、Both his parents look sad. Maybe they _____what's happened to him.
A. knew B. have known C. must know D. will know
2、He has _______ been to Shanghai, has he
A. already B. never C. ever D. still
3、Have you met ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) Mr. Li ______ A. just B. ago C. before D. a moment ago
4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year .
A. is writ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing B. was writing C. wrote D. has written
5、—Our country ______ a lot so far .
—Yes. I hope it will be even ______ .
A. has changed ; well B. changed ; good
C. has changed ; better D. changed ; better
6、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years .
A. was; studying ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) B. will; study C. has; studied D. are; studying
7、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .
A. know B. had known C. have known D. knew
8、Harry Potter is a ve ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ry nice film . I______ it twice . A. will see B. have seen C. saw D. see
9、—These farmers have been to the United States .
—Really When _____ there
A. will they go B. did they go C. do they go D. have they gone
10、—______ you ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) ___ your homework yet —Yes. I _____ it a moment ago .
A. Did; do; finished B. Have; done ; finished
C. Have; done; have finished D. will ; do ; finish
11、His father ______ the Party since 1978 .
A. joined B. has joined C. was in D. has been in
12、—Do you know him well
— Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago .
A. were B. have been C. have become D. have made
13、—How long have you ____ here —About two months.
A. been B. gone C. come D. arrived
14、Hurry up! The play __________ for ten minutes .
A. has begun B. had begun C. has been on D. began
15、It _____ ten years since he left the army .
A. is B. has C. will D. was
16、Miss Green ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )isn't in the office . she_______ to the library .
A. has gone B. went C. will go D. has been
17、My parents ______ Shandong for ten years .
A. have been in B. have been to C. have gone to D. have been
18、The students have cleaned the classroom, ________
A. so they B. don’t they C. have they D. haven’t they
19、_________has Mr. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) White been a member of Greener China since he_____ to China
A. How soon, come ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s B. How often, got C. How long, came D. How far, arrived
20、His uncle_______for more than 9 years.
A. has come here ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) B. has started to work C. has lived there D. has left the university
21. I ______ the Le ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ague for 5 years so far. A. joined B. have joined C. have been in
22. The factory ____ since the February of 1988.
A .has been open B. has opened C. was open D. opened
23. You mustn't__ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )___ until he comes back. A. be away B. leave C. be left
24. The meeting __ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )___ for a week now. A. has finished B. has ended C. has been over
25. Miss Gao ______ this school for nearly 5 years.
A. has been in B. has come to C. has taught
26. Ben ______ a te ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )acher for 4 years . A. has been B. has become C. was D. became
27. I ______ home for a week. A. have returned B. have been back C. returned
28. How long _______ he ________ A. died B. has, died C. has, been dead
29. He ______ at eight yesterday afternoon. A. slept B. was sleeping C. has sleep D. had slept
30. He ________ the car for a week. A. bought B. has bought C. has had
31. -----How lon ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g _____ you _____ ill -----Two weeks. A. did fall B. have, fell C. have, been
32. Since 2000, he _____ his hometown.
A. has left B. has moved away C. has been away from
33. I'll lend you ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the book , but you can only _____ it for 2 days. A. borrow B. keep C. take
34. Are you _____ the jacket these days
A. wearing B. putting on C. dressing D. on
35. He ________ for 2 hours. A. got up B. has got up C. has been up
36.--- How long ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) can I _____ the book --- Two weeks. A. borrow B. lend C. get D. keep
二、 句型转换。
1、He has never surfed,_____________ （改成反意疑问句）
2、They have been here since 2000. (对划线部分提问)
___________have they been here
3、The old man _______ last year. He ____________for a year. (die) （用所给词的正确形式填空）
4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同义句转换)
This factory ___________________ for twenty years.
5、Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同义句转换)
Miss Gao _____ ____ _____ _____ an hour ago.
6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同义句）
Her mother _______ the Party three years ________ .
7、The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (同义句转换)
_______ two years ________ the Green family moved to France.
8、The bus has arri ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ved here. It arrived ten minutes ago. (把两个句子合并成一个句子)
________________________________________________
三、翻译下列句子。
1. 你曾经吃过鱼和薯条吗？
2. 我刚刚丢了我的化学书。
3. 我以前从来没去过那个农场。
4. 他已经吃过午饭了。
5. 你已经看过这部电影了吗？
6. 我哥哥还没回来。
7. 我上星期看过这部电影。
8. 在1992年他住在这里。
9.这本字典我已买了三年了。
10.他离开中国三年了。
11.我认识他们五年了。
12.他们已去了美国五年了。
13.自从他搬到福州，他就住这儿了。
14.他们已经结婚10年。
15.我妹妹成为一个大学生已经三年。
16.这会已开了多长时间了？
17.这门已经关了两天了。
18.我入团2年了。
19.他们已经相互认识。
20.我已经在农场里呆了五年