高考 英语读后续写指导学案（有答案）
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| 名称 | 高考 英语读后续写指导学案（有答案） |  | |
| 格式 | zip | ||
| 文件大小 | 455.6KB | ||
| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 人教版（2019） | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2023-03-22 09:59:13 | ||
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文档简介
专攻解题方法与技巧
英语高考读后续写指导
第1节 宏观感知
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读后续写不是随心所欲地写，而是根据题目要求，在读懂原文的基础上，利用原材料的素材、线索和情节等充分发挥想象力和创造力来续写。
通过对高考真题中读后续写的分析，我们可得出它的四大命题特点：
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INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 评分原则 INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET
1．本题总分为25分，按七个档次进行评分。
2．评分时，应主要从内容、词汇语法和篇章结构三个方面考虑，具体为：
(1)续写内容的质量、完整性以及与原文情境的融洽度。
(2)所使用词汇和语法结构的准确性、恰当性和多样性。
(3)上下文的衔接和全文的连贯性。
3．评分时，应先根据作答的整体情况确定其所属的档次，然后以该档次的要求来综合衡量，确定或调整档次，最后给分。
4．评分时还应注意：
(1)词数少于120的，酌情扣分；
(2)书写较差以致影响交际的，酌情扣分；
(3)单词拼写和标点符号是写作规范的重要方面，评分时应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑，英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。
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档次 描述
第七档(22－25分) (1)创造了新颖、丰富、合理的内容，富有逻辑性，续写完整，与原文情境融洽度高；(2)使用了多样且恰当的词汇和语法结构，表达流畅，语言错误很少，且完全不影响理解；(3)自然有效地使用了段落间、语句间衔接手段，全文结构清晰，前后呼应，意义连贯。
第六档(18－21分) (1)创造了比较丰富、合理的内容，比较有逻辑性，续写比较完整，与原文情境融洽度较高；(2)使用了比较多样且恰当的词汇和语法结构，表达比较流畅，有个别错误，但不影响理解；(3)比较有效地使用了语句间衔接手段，全文结构比较清晰，意义比较连贯。
第五档(15－17分) (1)创造了基本合理的内容，有一定的逻辑性，续写基本完整，与原文情境相关；(2)使用了比较恰当的词汇和语法结构，表达方式不够多样性，表达有些许错误，但基本不影响理解；(3)使用了语句间衔接手段，全文结构比较清晰，意义比较连贯。
第四档(11－14分) (1)创造了基本完整的故事内容，但有的情节不够合理或逻辑性不强，与原文情境基本相关；(2)使用了简单的词汇和语法结构，有部分语言错误和不恰当之处，个别部分影响理解；(3)尚有语句衔接的意识，全文结构基本清晰，意义基本连贯。
第三档(6－10分) (1)内容和逻辑上有一些重大问题，续写不够完整，与原文有一定程度的脱节；(2)所用的词汇有限，语法结构单调，错误较多且比较低级，影响理解；(3)未能有效地使用语句间衔接手段，全文结构不够清晰，意义欠连贯。
第二档(1－5分) (1)内容和逻辑上有较多重大问题，或有部分内容抄自原文，续写不完整，与原文情境基本脱节；(2)所使用的词汇非常有限，语法结构单调，错误极多，严重影响理解；(3)几乎没有使用语句间衔接手段，全文结构不清晰，意义不连贯。
第一档(0分) 未作答；所写内容太少或无法看清以致无法评判；所写内容全部抄自原文或与题目要求完全不相关。
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1．不符合基本要求：词数少于120；两段的词数比例失调；随意分段；时态错误；抄袭原文等。
2．内容不合逻辑：缺乏合理想象；续写部分与给定材料之间的逻辑、续写两段内容之间的逻辑以及续写部分与所给开头语之间的逻辑不连贯。
3．语言不够丰富恰当：所使用语法结构与词汇的丰富性、准确性不够；刻意使用生僻词汇和复杂句式，不考虑与原文语言风格的一致性。
4．脑洞开太大：想象不合理；续写部分立意不高；价值观有争议。
第2节 技法指导
技法一 如何阅读文本，获取有效信息
读后续写以记叙文为主，记叙文是以记人、叙事、写景、状物为主，以写人物的经历和事物发展变化为主要内容的一种文体形式。要写好续写文章，理解文本是第一步。对于记叙文阅读，要注意从以下几个方面来理解并获取信息。
一、梳理原文情节，把握文章主题
我们可以从标题、段落首句、记叙文的六要素等方面理解和把握故事的情节和主题。
文章的标题是文章整体内容的体现，往往能够给考生提供一定的信息。如2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷读后续写文本的标题是“A MOTHER’S DAY SURPRISE”，这个标题透露出如下信息：事件发生在母亲节；主要人物中有母亲；讲述的事件是母亲获得了一个惊喜。
记叙文中每个段落的首句通常都会给读者展开一个新的场景。通过每个段落的首句，我们可以看清楚事件发展的场景变化。如2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷读后续写文本的第一段的首句交代了事件发生的背景：这对双胞胎兄妹决定在母亲节这天给母亲制造一个惊喜，这是后续所有事情发生的基础。第二段的首句交代了时间的变化，说明母亲节到了，兄妹俩要开始实施他们的计划了。第三段的首句说明在实施计划的过程中问题出现了。
记叙文有六要素，即时间(when)、地点(where)、人物(who)、起因(why)、经过(course)和结果(ending)。我们要注意的是，事件的经过又包括三个部分：开端——发展——高潮。通常在所给故事中，会出现开端和发展两个部分。高潮部分一般是我们要写作的第一个段落。结果部分一般是我们要写作的第二个段落。因此，我们在读所给材料时，要有意识地关注这几个要素，因为这是我们获取文章主要内容的重要途径。我们可以把2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷读后续写文本的六要素进行如下梳理：
When：on Mother’s Day
Where：in the kitchen
Who：Jeff，Jenna，Mother，Father
Why：prepare a surprise for Mother
Start(开端)：cook independently in the kitchen
Development(发展)：make a mess in the kitchen
Climax(高潮)：？
Ending(结尾)：？
二、把握语言特征，分析人物特点
了解故事中的人物特点和人物关系是续写的基础，若不仔细分析，续写中人物的行为很有可能不合逻辑。对于人物特点，作者有时会通过文字直接说明，有时会通过细节描写进行刻画。在大多数故事中，人物之间的关系并不会明确地说出来，但是我们可以通过故事中某些暗含的信息挖掘出来。理清故事中人物之间的关系及各自的特点须把握文章的语言特点，可从以下两个方面入手：
1．通过人物对话
许多故事中都会有人物对话，从这些对话中，我们可以得知人物关系和人物特点。例如2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷的读后续写材料中，“‘I wish you could see him，’she said to her own children，John，Harry，and Clara.‘He is such a help to his mother.He wants very much to earn some money，but I don’t see what he can do.’”表明了John，Harry和Clara是三兄妹，she是妈妈；这段话还说明了他们要帮助的那个男孩的处境：他是他妈妈的重要帮手，他很想挣钱，却没有门路。
2．通过关键词句
在材料中，许多关键词语，如名词、动词、形容词、副词等，都暗示了故事中人物之间的关系或人物的特征。例如2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷的读后续写材料中，首句中的The twins告诉我们，Jenna和Jeff是一对双胞胎兄妹；“They had watched their mother in the kitchen.There was nothing to it.”暗示了兄妹俩年纪还小，并无做饭经验，只是看过而已，在他们看来，做饭似乎是一件轻而易举的事情；“The pair went down the stairs quietly to the kitchen.”中的副词quietly暗示了兄妹俩不愿意惊动父母的行为特点。
三、挖掘文本主线，理清故事脉络
了解故事大致内容，分析人物特点及人物关系后，我们可以根据文本的主线(包括明线和暗线)把握故事的脉络。具体说来，可从以下两个方面入手：
1．时间线索
我们可以将2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷的读后续写材料中发生的事情，按照时间顺序串联起来，这样就可以得到故事梗概，并预测故事发展的方向：母亲节前(兄妹俩计划给母亲一个惊喜)→开始做早餐(悄悄溜入厨房做准备工作)→做早餐过程中(出现了各种各样的问题)→做好早餐(续写内容)。
2．情感线索
每个故事的发展都是与故事中人物的情感变化分不开的，事件的起因、经过和结果都与故事中的人物特别是关键人物(主角)的情感息息相关。如果我们在阅读的过程中能够注意挖掘人物的情感线索，找出人物情感和发生事件的逻辑关系，那么故事的脉络自然也就清晰了。在2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷的读后续写材料中，我们可以根据情感线索得出故事脉络：兄妹俩想给母亲一个惊喜(打算做早餐)→早起去厨房准备早餐(不惊动父母)→慌张(厨房出乱子)→失望(搞砸了早餐)。
技法二 如何利用信息，预测后续情节
对所给文本后面的故事情节及故事结尾的推断是写好读后续写的前提。高考所给的读后续写形式是半开放性的，这种形式既可以让考生充分发挥想象力，又能让考生有章可循。考生一般根据两个方面推测后续情节：第一是所给文章的情节，特别是伏笔之处；第二是所给每段的首句。
一、根据文章的情节和伏笔进行预测
读后续写所给文章的情节一般较为曲折，因此要把握故事情节，尤其要注意所给文章中的伏笔。
1．首段伏笔。 文章首段可能会出现导致核心冲突产生的原因，因此我们在阅读的过程中，要善于发现这些伏笔。2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷的读后续写材料第一段中的“They had watched their mother in the kitchen.There was nothing to it.Jenna and Jeff knew exactly what to do.”暗示这对双胞胎曾经看过母亲做饭，他们感觉非常自信，但实际上，他们并没有实际的操作经验，这就是他们在厨房出乱子的主要原因。
2．情节伏笔。 核心冲突的解决方案可能在故事的中间段落出现。中间段落是故事发展的过程，在这个过程中，作者也可以设置解决核心冲突的伏笔。2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷的读后续写材料中的“The pair went down the stairs quietly to the kitchen.”暗示了两个孩子不想惊动父母。结合这里说的是给妈妈的惊喜，出了问题肯定是由爸爸来解决，这就给续写第一段中父亲的出现埋下了伏笔。
3．尾段伏笔。所给材料的最后一段往往说明续写内容的发展方向。2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷的读后续写材料中的最后一段告诉我们：由于双胞胎缺乏经验，做饭时粥从锅里溢了出来，弄得灶台全是粥，而且火也被浇灭了。此外，Jeff的手也被烫伤了，厨房里一团糟。通过场景的描写，作者暗示我们，离开了大人的帮助，两个孩子是不可能把早餐做好的。这就给我们续写第一段埋下了伏笔。
二、利用所给每段的首句进行预测
所给第一段的首句既能承接上文，也是本段的起始句；由第二段的首句可以推测第一段的结尾。
根据2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷的读后续写第一段首句“当双胞胎失望地环顾四周时，他们的父亲出现了”和第二段首句“这对双胞胎把早餐端到楼上，叫醒了他们的母亲”，我们可以推测，双胞胎在父亲的指导下，完成了早餐的制作。因此，在续写第一段的时候，我们就可以描述双胞胎是如何在父亲的指导
下做好早餐的。根据续写第二段首句可知，双胞胎把早餐做好了，并且送到了母亲的床前。这时，我们可以从母亲的心理活动、面部表情、语言、动作等方面去描述母亲的反应。
三、大胆设问搭建故事框架
在把握好续写方向并明确核心冲突的解决方法后，我们可以分别对所给的两段的首句进行提问，提出3至5个问题，然后，分别对这些问题进行回答。最后，我们可以把这些回答串联起来，这样就形成了两个段落的框架。例如：
2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷续写第一段
Question 1：What did the father see
Answer 1：A mess on the stove.
Question 2：How did he feel
Answer 2：Surprised and angry.
Question 3：What did he do to help the twins
Answer 3：He showed them how to adjust the burner.
Question 4：What was the result
Answer 4：A delicious breakfast was ready.
续写第二段
Question 1：What did the mother see
Answer 1：Her children and the breakfast.
Question 2：How did she feel
Answer 2：Surprised and grateful.
Question 3：What did she do
Answer 3：She took her children in her arms.
Question 4：What did the children say
Answer 4：Happy Mother’s Day!
Question 5：How did the mother and her children feel
Answer 5：Happy and excited.
技法三 如何串联线索，设计精彩结尾
解决了故事的核心冲突后，需要给故事一个结尾，常见的结尾方式有紧扣主题法、首尾呼应法和主旨升华法。
1．紧扣主题法。紧扣主题式结尾就是在结尾时用一两句话点明文章主旨，而文章的主旨一般可以通过阅读材料总结得出。例如2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷的读后续写，Meredith夫人和她的孩子们想办法帮助Bernard一家摆脱了困境。我们可以这样结尾“He never forgot the help from the Meredith family，and he also did what he could to help those in need.”，这样故事的主题就得以体现了。这种卒章显志的结尾方式增加了文章的深刻性和感染力，有画龙点睛的作用。
2．首尾呼应法。首尾呼应是记叙文常见的写作手法之一，首尾呼应式结尾就是指故事的结尾要与故事的开头有一定关联。2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷的读后续写首句是“The twins were filled with excitement as they thought of the surprise they were planning for Mother’s Day.”，我们在结尾时可以利用孩子们的愿望得以实现来呼应首句，以“How excited they were when they found they could do something for their mother.”为结尾。这种结尾方式不仅能够保证续写不偏离主题，还可以增加故事的连贯性。
3．主旨升华法。很多时候，一些记叙文，特别是有哲理的记叙文，会通过一个故事说明一个道理。对于这类记叙文，要善于把握它的主题，然后通过一句高度凝练的话(通常是名言或谚语)给以启示。例如2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷的读后续写中，可以通过“In addition to love，the most beautiful verb in the world is help.”升华乐于助人的主题，号召读者主动帮助他人。
技法四 如何遣词造句，润色续写内容
读后续写题对学生的语言综合运用能力要求更高。要增添“读后续写”的表达效果，不仅要有词汇量的积累，还要注意避免使用泛泛而谈的词汇，应该多使用具体的词汇使表达更加准确到位。 只有准确、连续的动作和夸张丰富的表情以及细致的心理活动描写，才能让人物栩栩如生地站起来！
一、善用动作描写
读后续写的写作过程中，成功的动作描写，可以交代人物的身份、地位，可以反映人物心理活动的进程，可以表现人物的性格特征。相反，空洞、笼统的描写会使内容缺乏生动性，使人物形象不丰满。人物的动作或简单或复杂，都不是一下子就能完成的，细心观察才能捕捉到最能体现人物特征的慢镜头。因此，在描写动作时，同学们要学会细化动作，把动作过程分解成一连串细微的动作，形成动作链，写出动作的连贯性，这样才能使描写具有画面感，使人物更立体。
1．什么是动作链？
INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 例1 INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET He stopped the taxi，jumped in with the suitcase and told the driver，“Go to the police station，please.”
分析 这句话的意思是：他拦下了出租车，拿起箱子跳进车里，然后对司机说：“请到警察局去。”
其实，这句话只是描写了“上车”的动作，然而通过拆解，细致地展现了一个动作的组成部分。其本质是避免简单粗暴地使用一个动词概括整个动作，而是用2－3个动词组合进行描述。我们可以用一个公式总结以上例句，如：上车＝拦车＋上车＋告诉目的地。
INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 例2 INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET She would get off the car excitedly，laughing and dancing around.
分析 这句话的意思是：她会兴奋地下车，又笑又跳。这里讲的是一个比较粗线条的妈妈，动作描写完整地描述了这位妈妈下车时及下车后的表现，即：下车＝下车＋笑＋跳。
2．续写常用的动作链形式
(1)“A，B and C”结构
这种结构就是多个连续的动作用在一个句子中。我们用几个例句来形象地解读一下这类动作链是如何形成的。
INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 例1 INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 男孩们跳入湖中嬉戏。
分析 跳入湖中，这个动作前面或后面会有哪些动作？
动作链 跳入湖中嬉戏＝冲向湖边＋脱掉衣服＋跳入水中。
The boys rushed to the lake，took off their clothes and jumped into the water.
INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 例2 INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 她抱住儿子。
分析 抱住儿子，这个动作前面或后面会有哪些动作？
动作链 抱住儿子＝冲向前＋蹲下＋一把抱住。
She dashed forward，knelt down and gathered her son into her arms.
INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 例3 INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 这个歌手唱歌。
分析 歌手唱歌，这个动作前面或后面会有哪些动作？
动作链 歌手唱歌＝扫视观众＋深吸一口气＋开始演唱。
The singer glanced at the audience，took a deep breath and began to sing.
通过阅读以上三个动作链的例子，我们会感觉眼前展现出一幅生动形象的画面，虽然没有情感词汇在里面，但是已经把一些情感都丰富地体现出来了。
(2)“句子＋非谓语动词”结构
下面用三个句子来说明这种描写动作的句子结构。
模式1：句子＋ ing
INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 例1 INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 老人静坐。
分析 老人静坐，这个动作前面或后面会有哪些动作？
动作链 老人静坐＝坐在夕阳下＋看报纸＋听广播
The old man sat under the sunset，reading the newspaper and listening to the radio.
模式2：句子＋having done
INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 例2 INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 没有买到票。
分析 没有买到票，这个动作前面或后面会有哪些动作？
动作链 没有买到票＝排了很久队＋被告知票卖完了
Having queued for 3 hours，he was told that the ticket had been sold out.
模式3：句子＋ ed
INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 例3 INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 孩子们哭了。
分析 “哭”这个动作前面或后面会有哪些动作？或者因为什么原因孩子哭了。
动作链 哭了＝被感动＋哭了。
Deeply moved by the story，the children began to cry.
二、会用高级句式
1．形容词(短语)作状语
形容词(短语)在句中作状语，可以表明主语所处的状态。这种表达结构简单，却表意丰富，读后续写中经常用到。如：
Lost in the mountain for two days，these students were finally rescued by the local police.这些学生在山里迷路两天后最终被当地警察救了出来。
Speechless and happy，she held her son tightly into her arms，with tears welling up in her eyes.她高兴得说不出话来，紧紧地抱着她的儿子，热泪盈眶。
2．with复合结构
with复合结构可以丰富句子的内容，其作用一般相当于一个状语从句，可以表示原因、条件、伴随、结果、方式等。如：
She stood on the platform with her hand waving to her friend. 她站在站台上，朝她的朋友挥手。
The little girl looked at the big fish with her eyes wide open.这个小女孩看着这条大鱼，眼睛睁得很大。
The old man lay on the bench，with his face covered by a newspaper.
这位老人躺在长凳上，脸上盖着一张报纸。
With a lot of work to do this evening，he is unable to come to the party.
他今晚还有许多工作要做，不能来参加这个派对。
3．独立主格结构
独立主格结构的构成为“名词(代词)＋现在分词/过去分词/不定式/形容词/介词短语”，其作用相当于一个状语从句。如：
The other two climbed down into the crater to collect some lava for later study，but this being my first experience，I stayed at the top and watched them.
另外两人向下爬进火山口去收集供日后研究用的岩浆，但我是第一次经历这样的事，所以留在山顶上观察他们。
The boy rushed to the old man’s house，his face covered with sweat.男孩冲到老人家里，满脸是汗。
4．倒装句型
为了突出或强调句子中的某个部分，我们可以将其置于句首，形成倒装结构。如：
Only then did we decide to answer violence with violence.直到那时我们才决定以暴制暴。
Never will Zhou Yang forget his first job at the office of China Daily.周洋永远不会忘记他在《中国日报》办公室获得的第一份工作。
Among the painters who broke away from the traditional style of painting were the Impressionists，who lived and worked in Paris.在那些突破传统画法的画家中有生活和工作在巴黎的印象派画家。
5．强调句型
强调句型的基本结构为“It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他部分”。如：
It was my sister who/that first had the idea to cycle along the entire Mekong River from where it begins to where it ends.首先想到要沿着湄公河从源头骑车到终点的是我的姐姐。
Further reading made me realize that it was hard work and determination as well as her gentle nature that got her into medical school.
进一步的阅读让我意识到是她的努力、决心以及温柔的性格使她进入了医学院。
6．虚拟语气
在表示虚假的、与事实相反的或难以实现的情况时用虚拟语气；表示主观愿望或某种强烈情感时，也用虚拟语气。如：
If there hadn’t been for your help，the boy would have failed in the test.
要是没有你的帮助，这个男孩就会在测试中不及格。
But for this experience，she wouldn’t have realized that she should spend more time with her family.
如果没有这次经历，她就不会意识到她应该花更多的时间和家人在一起。
三、巧用修辞手法
无论是在汉语还是在英语中，修辞都是一门具有独特魅力的艺术。在读后续写中，恰当地运用修辞手法可以使平淡的语言变得鲜活、生动，从而增强文章的表现力，也有助于考生获得高分。其中，较为常用的修辞手法有比喻和拟人两种。
1．比喻
比喻是根据事物之间的相似点，把某一事物比作另一事物，从而把抽象的事物说得具体、形象，把深奥的道理说得通俗、浅显、明白。常见的比喻形式有明喻和暗喻两种。
(1)明喻通常是把被比喻的“本体”和用以比喻的“喻体”同时说出，说明本体事物像喻体事物。它是最简单、最常见的一种修辞手法，其常见的标志词有like，as，as if，as though等。
The scenery along the journey is just like a breathtaking landscape painting.(景物描写)
沿途的风景就像一幅令人叹为观止的山水画。
The icy wind started howling，cutting my face like a sharp knife.(环境描写)
寒风开始咆哮，像锋利的小刀一样刺痛了我的脸。
The smile on her face was as vibrant as the sun on a summer day.(情感描写)
她脸上的笑容和夏天的太阳一样充满活力。
I reached out to touch her face，which was as cold as the ice.(人物描写)
我伸手去摸她的脸，她的脸冰凉。
Her hair grew greyer and greyer，as if (it were) covered with snow and frost.(肖像描写)
她的头发越来越白了，简直像盖了一头皑皑的霜雪。
(2)暗喻与明喻不同，暗喻不通过比喻词表现出来，而是直接将一种事物当成另一种事物来描写，此时两种事物之间的联系和相似之处都是暗含的。暗喻较明喻而言更加简洁，也更加生动、深刻，表现力强。
Her hair was a golden river streaming down her shoulders.(肖像描写)
她的头发像是一条流淌在她肩上的金色河流。
The beautiful park was a scented carpet of color.(景物描写)
那个美丽的公园就像一块芬芳的彩色地毯。
I felt a lump in my throat，tears welling up in my eyes.(情感描写)
我如鲠在喉，泪水湿润了眼眶。
The boy wolfed down the food.(动作描写)
这个男孩狼吞虎咽地吃下了食物。
2．拟人
拟人就是把事物人格化，它既能生动形象地写出某事物的某个特点，又使事物具有拟人化后特有的具象效果。
The breeze gently kissed her cheeks.(景物描写)
微风轻柔地亲吻着她的脸颊。
The feathery snowflakes danced in the night air，making a beautiful picture.(景物描写)
鹅毛般的雪花在夜空中飞舞，构成了一幅美丽的图画。
Immediately，an absolute darkness ruled the forest.(景物描写)
顷刻间，一片黑暗统治了森林。
Fear seized/swallowed him.(情感描写)
恐惧把他吞噬了。
Anger choked my words.(情感描写)
我气得说不出话来。
A good idea suddenly struck me.(心理描写)
我突然想到一个好主意。
第3节 语料素材
一、人物描写
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a graceful figure优美的身段
a shapely figure匀称的体形
a skinny figure瘦削的身材
a slim figure苗条的体形
a well developed figure发育良好的身体
an imposing/a dashing/a handsome/a striking figure仪表堂堂
have a good figure(人)形体很好
an average build中等身材
a well built man身材魁梧的人
lack of responsibility缺乏责任感
with the virtue of具有……的美德
a sense of responsibility责任感
light hearted and optimistic 无忧无虑且乐观的
be both wise and diligent既聪明又勤勉
be enthusiastic about...热衷于……
be honest and reliable诚实可靠
be modest about...对……谦虚
be sensitive about...对……敏感
be considerate of...对……考虑周到
be pessimistic about...对………感到悲观
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1．He had a wide mouth and humorous grey eyes.
他有一张大嘴巴和幽默的灰色眼睛。
2．She arrived late for class，her hair wet and messy.
她上课迟到了，头发又湿又乱。
3．She was fair skinned，having reddish hair and long fingers.她皮肤白皙，有着红发和修长的手指。
4．His strongly built body and sun tanned skin make him look like a sportsman.他强壮的身体和黝黑的皮肤使他看起来像一个运动员。
5．He has sparking blue green eyes，thinning silver hair that spills onto his forehead，big ears，a triangular nose，and tufts of graying eyebrow.
他有一双闪亮的蓝绿色的眼睛，稀疏的银发散落在前额，大耳朵，三角形的鼻子和几绺灰白的眉毛。
6．A dreaming look came over her face.
她脸上浮现出梦幻般的神情。
7．He smiled，his eyes full of laughter.
他露出了笑容，双眼充满笑意。
8．Color glowed in his face and his strange eyes widened with joyfulness.
他的脸熠熠闪光，奇特的眼睛因欢乐而大大睁开。
9．Aley became happy now and a gentle smile spread over her face.
现在阿利变得很开心，整张脸洋溢着温和的微笑。
10．She rode the rest of the way home wearing a Mona Lisa smile of peace and grace.她带着蒙娜丽莎式的平静而优雅的微笑，骑完了剩下的回家路。
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1．The young woman was tall，with grace and elegance.She had a great amount of dark hair that was beautifully shown in the sunlight，and a face more beautiful than any other，with dark，mysterious eyes.She was polite and well mannered，with a tender look.这个年轻的女人很高，且很优雅。她有一头乌黑的头发，在阳光下显得十分美丽，她的脸比任何其他人都漂亮，她有一双神秘的黑眼睛。她彬彬有礼，举止文雅，目光温柔。
2．His eyes lit up when she walked into the room.A smile lit up her face.The smile spread across her face，which lit up his gloomy afternoon.
看见她走进房间，他双眼一亮。她笑了，脸上露出了喜色。她满脸的微笑点亮了他阴郁的下午。
3．I watch him as he makes his way toward the stage.Medium height，stocky build，ashy blond hair that falls in waves over his forehead.The shock of the moment is registered on his face，and you can see his struggle to remain emotionless，but his blue eyes show the alarm I’ve seen so often in prey.Yet he climbs steadily onto the stage and takes his place.
我看着他走上舞台。中等身材、健壮结实、浅灰色的金头发垂在前额。这一刻带给他的震惊仍写在脸上，看得出他在竭尽全力保持镇静，但他蓝色的眼睛里还是透着惊恐不安，我在捕猎时经常看到这种神情。他强装镇定，走上舞台，站在自己的位置上。
二、动作描写
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wear sweet smiles on one’s face面带甜甜的微笑
have a slight frown on one’s face 微微皱眉
with tears welling up in one’s eyes 热泪盈眶
catch a glimpse of 瞥一眼……
with one’s eyes fixed on某人的目光紧盯着……
raise/lift one’s eyes抬起头来
cry out大叫
speak to oneself 自言自语
shout at the top of one’s voice高声地喊叫
with one’s mouth wide open张大着嘴巴
nod one’s head 点头
shake one’s head 摇头
scratch one’s head 挠头
bury one’s head in...把头埋进……
shake one’s hand握手
wave goodbye to sb.向某人挥手告别
wander around the street在街上闲逛
tiptoe to the bed蹑手蹑脚地走到床边
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1．It was obvious that the manager of the coffee shop was waiting for Li Fang to leave—he wiped the tables，then sat down and turned on the TV.
很明显，咖啡馆的经理在等李方离开——他擦好桌子，然后坐下来，打开电视。
2．His eyes stare at what is left of the brothers’ dinner on table.
他的眼睛盯着兄弟俩留在餐桌上的残羹剩菜。
3．Oliver gets it from a desk and gives it to Henry like a gift.奥利弗从桌上拿起它，像送礼物一样递给亨利。
4．The hostess screams，the other customers look at her and she puts a hand to her mouth.
老板娘尖叫起来，其他顾客都望着她，于是她用手捂住了嘴巴。
5．Charlie first picks out the laces and eats them as if they were spaghetti.Then he cuts off the leather top of the shoe as if it were the finest steak.
查理先把鞋带挑出来，像吃意大利面一样把它们吃了。然后他把皮制的鞋头切下来，就好像那是最美味的牛排。
6．She stepped back appearing surprised and put up her hands，as if in defence.
她往后退了退，显得很吃惊，举起了手，想要自卫。
7．The boys who had never come across anything like this before started jumping out of the windows.
以前从来没有见过这种情况的男孩们吓得从窗户跳了出去。
8．Professor Higgins carelessly throws a handful of money into her basket.希金斯教授漫不经心地朝她的篮子里扔了一把钱。
9．Daniel runs into his bedroom and shuts the door angrily.丹尼尔跑进卧室，生气地关上了门。
10．As I dropped my dad off，I watched him，dressed in his work clothes，getting his tools from the trunk of my car.我让父亲下车，看着他穿着工作服，从车的后备箱里拿出工具。
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1．The Eagle’s captain knocked the ball to the ground with his hand，and then kicked it and scored.The referee blew the whistle；the match was over and the Eagles had won.老鹰队的队长用手将球击倒在地，踢了一脚，进球得分了，裁判吹响了哨子。比赛结束，老鹰队赢了。
2．Hearing the familiar voice，Mary stopped her pace.She turned around，and staggered forward a few steps.She found it was her elder brother.So excited，she jumped up and threw her arms around the man’s neck.She buried her face in his shoulder and sobbed for a few moments.Then she said in a loud and excited voice.听到这熟悉的声音，玛丽停下脚步。她转过身来，往前踉跄走了几步。她发现那是她的哥哥。她太兴奋了，跳了起来，双臂搂住那人的脖子。她把脸埋在他的肩膀上，啜泣了一会儿，然后兴奋地大声说话。
三、情感描写
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be mad/wild with joy欣喜若狂
jump with/for joy 高兴得跳起来
lose one’s temper发脾气
a burst of anger 怒火的迸发
with a heavy heart 心情沉重地
one’s heart seems to be torn apart 某人的心似乎被撕裂了
be in floods of tears 泪如雨下
suffer from stress 有精神压力
have a worried look 愁眉苦脸
shake with fear 吓得发抖
with one’s eyes full of horror 某人的眼睛里充满恐惧
a sense of shame 羞耻感
be embarrassed beyond words 无比尴尬
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1．My heart began to race and my mind went blank.
我的心跳开始加速，脑子里一片空白。
2．So ashamed was she that she could feel the blood rush to her face.
她是如此的羞愧以至于脸如充血般发烫。
3．When the host announced that she won the prize，a wide excitement took hold of her.
当主持人宣布她获奖时，她的激动之情溢于言表。
4．His heart sank when he heard the news that he failed to win a prize.
听到他没获奖的消息，他的心情很沉重。
5．Terror and death struck，and her heart was beating painfully fast，banging against her ribs.恐怖和死亡袭来，她的心脏跳动得非常快，撞击着她的肋骨。
6．I felt that the blood in my body cooled/froze rapidly because of the terrible sight.因为这可怕的景象，我感觉我的血液都快速凝固起来。
7．He was sick with fear，but the thought of the consequences urged him on.
他极度害怕，但一想到结果，他还是要继续下去。
8．I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature.
我不知道这是不是因为我太久无法出门的缘故，我变得对一切与大自然有关的事物都无比狂热。
9．I was a little nervous at first，but everyone was so nice and friendly that I soon stopped worrying.
起初我有点紧张，但是大家都那么友好，我很快便不再担心了。
10．I felt so ashamed.I must be really stupid to fail a simple math quiz！我感到很丢脸。我一定是蠢到家了才会连一次简单的数学测试都没通过！
INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 语段欣赏 INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET
Tom’s mind was made up now.He was gloomy and desperate.He was an abandoned，friendless boy，he said；nobody loved him；when they found out what they had driven him to，perhaps they would be sorry，tears would be shed and hearts would be broken.Although he had no friend to complain to，he had tried to do right things and get along with others.
汤姆现在拿定了主意。他既沮丧又绝望。他说他是一个被遗弃的、没有朋友的男孩子；没有人爱他；当他们发现他们把他逼成什么样时，也许他们会后悔、会流泪、会心碎。虽然他没有可以抱怨的朋友，但他试着做正确的事，和他人好好相处。
四、环境描写
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the setting sun落日
a rainy season多雨的季节
a stormy night暴风雨之夜
be buried in snow深埋在雪中
unbearably hot难以忍受的酷热
in the warm spring sunshine在春天温暖的阳光中
clear up放晴
bathe in (the) sunshine沐日光浴
a favorably situated city位置优越的城市
a small village off the map一个偏僻的小村子
within a stone’s throw of the beach离海滨仅咫尺之遥
be situated at the northern extreme of...位于……最北端
in a village among the hills在群山环抱的村庄里
room facing south朝南的房间
the thinly populated rural area人烟稀少的农村地区
be located somewhere on the Pacific coast位于太平洋沿岸某处
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1．The sun began to rise in the sky，bathing the mountain in golden light.
太阳开始升起，给山披上了一层金纱。
2．The sun rose over a quiet world and looked warmly down upon the peaceful village.太阳在一个宁静的世界里升起，温暖地俯视着这个宁静的村庄。
3．The sky is clear blue now and the sun has flung diamonds down on meadows，river banks and woods.
此时已是万里蓝天，太阳将钻石般灿烂夺目的阳光洒向草原、河岸和树林。
4．The grounds were covered with dark green grass through which stretched a straight white stone path.庭院里处处是碧绿的芳草，绿草中铺着洁白笔直的石路。
5．The beautiful scenery is a feast for your eyes.
美丽的景色令人大饱眼福。
6．It was so quiet in the classroom that the sound of a needle dropping onto the ground could be heard.教室里很安静，连一根针掉在地上的声音都能听得见。
7．When we reached the top of the hill，a magnificent view of the sea greeted us.
当我们到达山顶时，我们看到了一片壮丽的海景。
8．The dark，rainy evening，the wind，the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power.
那漆黑的雨夜，刮着大风、电闪雷鸣、乌云滚滚，我完全被这种景象镇住了。
9．However，the lakes shone like glass in the setting sun and looked wonderful.
然而，湖水在落日的余晖下闪亮如镜，景色迷人。
10．Upon the arrival of spring，beautiful birds will sing happily in the park.春天一到，美丽的鸟儿们就会在公园里欢快地歌唱。
INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 语段欣赏 INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET
1．At the close of the afternoon service，we returned by an exposed and hilly road，where the bitter winter wind，blowing over a range of snowy summits to the north，almost grayed the skin from our face.
下午的祷告结束以后，我们沿着一条光秃崎岖的山路返回。冬日刺骨的寒风吹过大雪覆盖的山峰，吹向北边，吹得我们一脸苍白萧索。
2．It was the cool gray dawn，and there was a sense of peace deep in the woods.Not a leaf stirred；not a sound disturbed great Nature’s meditation.Dewdrops stood upon the leaves and grasses.A white layer of ashes covered the fire，and a thin blue breath of smoke rose straight into the air.
正是凉爽的、灰蒙蒙的黎明时分，树林深处一片宁静。没有叶子在动，没有任何声音打扰大自然的沉思。露珠还挂在树叶和草上。火上覆盖着一层白色的灰烬，一缕蓝色的轻烟直直地飘向空中。
五、结尾升华句
1．A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难见真情。
2．It’s never too old to learn.活到老学到老。
3．Time and tide wait for no man.时不待我。
4．Where there is a will，there is a way.有志者，事竟成。
5．Constant dropping wears the stone.滴水穿石。
6．No cross，no crown.不经历风雨，怎能见彩虹？
7．The longest journey begins with the first step.
千里之行，始于足下。
8．Treat other people as you hope they will treat you.己所不欲，勿施于人。
9．It’s better to lose money than to lose honesty.
宁失万贯，不失诚信。
10．No pains，no gains. 不劳则无获。
11．The shortest answer is doing.
最简短的回答就是行动。
12．Diligence is the mother of success. 勤奋是成功之母。
13．It is better to light one candle than to curse the darkness.与其诅咒黑暗，不如燃起蜡烛。
14．It is more important for a man to keep his promise than to guard his property.一个人严守诺言比守卫他的财产更重要。
15．One good turn deserves another. 善有善报。
16．Help others more and create more happiness.
多帮助他人，多创造快乐。
17．Light a lamp for others，and you will not only light up for others but also yourself.
为别人点一盏灯，照亮别人，也照亮了自己。
18．It is a kind of happiness to be loved by others，and it is also a kind of happiness to care for others.
得到他人的关爱是一种幸福，关爱他人也是一种幸福。
19．Look before you leap. 三思而后行。
20．Better late than never. 迟做总比不做好。
21．Don’t judge a book by its cover. 不要以貌取人。
22．Actions speak louder than words. 行动胜于言辞。
23．All things are difficult before they are easy.
万事开头难。
24．Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.世上无难事，只怕有心人。
25．Habit is second nature.习惯成自然。
26．Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母。
27．Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。
28．God helps those who help themselves.
自助者天助之。
29．An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
一日一苹果，身体健康不求医。
30．He who laughs last laughs best.
笑到最后的人笑得最好。
31．When in Rome do as the Romans do.入乡随俗。
32．Follow your own course，and let people talk.
走自己的路，让别人说去吧。
33．Whatever you do，go with all your heart.
无论做什么事，一定要全力以赴。
34．Facts speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩。
35．A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
一鸟在手，胜过双鸟在林。
第4节 强化训练
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[2022·福州八县(市、区)一中期中联考]
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
“Why she let out my secret？Why she did that to me？” I vividly remembered that day when I was confused at the knowing looks which everyone gave me. That terrible experience was imprinted (铭刻) on my mind. I couldn’t forgive the person with whom I had shared my secret. She lost all my trust and friendship.
Five years back，Sally was a new addition in our class. I don’t know what but there was something sticky about her that attracted me towards her. She was the most friendly person I knew. We started as classmates but after a few months we were like best friends. We did homework together and dreamed of going to the same university one day. We hung out and went to the movies on weekends. That was a sweet time.
Nevertheless，I couldn’t expect such an enormous betrayal from her. I didn’t know what made me tell Sally about my personal life. I felt much regret to myself. She exaggerated (夸大) the matter，added her own spices to it and made it the hottest topic in school. It was like someone had stabbed a knife in my back. After she revealed my secret，everyone at school started laughing at me and gazing at me wherever I passed. I was like a pond in which someone had thrown a stone and it had been spilled up. It was the most embarrassing time I had gone through. Soon afterwards，I left school and shifted to another one，because I thought no one had the right to laugh at me. Sally called me many times but I didn’t answer. My heart was broken because the person whom I trusted most cheated me.
I made efforts to remove the scar from my heart. I started a new life，leaving all the bad memories behind，because they made me a person who often thought about the past experiences. Five years later，with the life going on，I made new friends and seldom thought about the past.
注意：续写词数应为150左右。
But one day I met Anna in the market，my former classmate，who told me shocking news.
_____________________________________________________________________________
I immediately called Sally in order to explain the misunderstanding.
______________________________________________________________________________
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But one day I met Anna in the market，my former classmate，who told me shocking news.Anna said that after I left school the gossip soon disappeared.Everyone in our class missed me.Because I left without saying goodbye，Sally was sad for a long time.And to my amazement，she told me that Sally was not the one who brought my secret to light.It was Mary who had a big mouth and always wanted to put her nose in other people’s matters.She happened to overhear my conversation with Sally.I was all at sea，feeling that the floor had slipped away beneath my feet.Anxious and regretful，I asked Anna for any contact with Sally.
I immediately called Sally in order to explain the misunderstanding.After getting through，I sincerely apologized to her.She said softly，“Never mind.We are good friends.” I was in tears，guilt and joy.At that moment，I wished it had not happened.I wished time could go back and I could overcome my mistake.From that I got a lesson in life that we should learn to trust our loved ones，because a little mistake can lead us to ruin what we should value.Trust is the foundational principle that holds friendship.Trust is also the easiest thing in the world to lose.We need to be open and trust our friends.
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阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
It was going to be my first day at Rainbow Middle School.Everyone else was coming back from winter holiday，but I was going to be new in this school.
After getting out of my mother’s car，I looked around and noticed that kids were gathering around in the hallways with their friends，whispering and giggling.Not knowing anyone and having nowhere to go，I decided to just wait outside until the bell rang.
I was standing outside Mrs Everett’s classroom，reading a novel named Oliver Twist，when I glanced back to find someone looking over my shoulder.“Are you new here Anyway，I absolutely love the novel! It’s one of my favorite novels.By the way，I’m Macy！” the girl said.
I was about to answer when the bell cut me off.Shyly，I entered the classroom to find Mrs Everett smiling and she led me to a seat.Once everyone came in and sat down，Mrs Everett called me up to the front and introduced me to the class.As I scanned their faces，I noticed that they looked bored and didn’t seem to care about me.I returned to my seat and listened to the teacher for the rest of the class.
The lunch bell rang and I got out of the classroom，checking my backpack for my lunch.Scanning the lunch tables，I was nervously wondering where I should sit when I saw Macy approaching me.“Hey.If you want，you can come and sit with us，” Macy offered as she pointed to a pink table near the classrooms.Feeling happy，I glanced over where she was pointing and followed her over.Suddenly，my shoelace was undone at that moment.Then I knocked into Macy and dropped my lunchbox.I said sorry and picked up my lunchbox.With my head low，I was afraid the other girls at the table would laugh at me.
注意：续写词数应为150左右。
To my surprise，they started comforting me. _____________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
After school，I waited for my mother to pick me up at the school gate. __________________
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To my surprise，they started comforting me.Some of them came up to me and asked if I was OK.One even kindly offered me her lunch.At that moment，I realized that I really had had a misunderstanding of them.At first，I had thought they didn’t care about me.However，they got along well with me.We had a really happy time having our lunch together.
After school，I waited for my mother to pick me up at the school gate.My new classmates all greeted me when they passed me.Macy stopped and said she’d like to make friends with me.I agreed happily，and we talked much and surprisingly found we lived in the same community.When my mother arrived，we two started our journey home，and we’ve been going home together every day since then.
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(2022·广东惠州二调)
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
A freezing downpour washed the street in front of the small town bar. I sat gazing into the watery darkness，alone as usual. I had been in that old bar for half an hour，quietly drinking，when my thoughtful eyes finally focused on a medium sized lump (一团) in a puddle (水洼) a hundred feet away. For another ten minutes，I looked out through the window trying to decide if the lump was an animal or just something.
The night before，a German dog named Shep had come into the bar begging for potato chips. He was starving and just the size of the lump in the puddle. Why should a dog lie in a cold puddle in the freezing rain I asked myself. The answer was simple: Either it wasn’t a dog，or it was，but he was too weak to get up.
The wound in my right shoulder ached all the way down my fingers. I didn’t want to go out in the storm. Hey，it wasn’t my dog. It was just a stray on a cold rainy night，a lonely drifter (流浪者). So was I，I thought，as I tossed (扔) down what was left of my drink and headed out the door.
He was lying in the three inches of water. When I touched him，he didn’t move. I thought he was dead. I put my hands around his chest and raised him to his feet. He stood unsteadily，and his head hung like a weight at the end of his neck. His floppy ears were just hairless pieces of flesh dotted with open sores (伤口)．
“Come on，Shep，” I said，leading him to a corner next to the bar，where he lay on the cold cement and closed his eyes. A block away I could see the lights of a late night convenience store. It was still open. I bought three cans of dog food and fed him. He couldn’t swallow but poorly look at me. He was dying!
注意：续写词数应为150 左右。
The local vet (兽医) was still at his office，so I loaded the poor creature into a taxi and headed there.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Three days later，when I opened the door of the vet’s，Shep welcomed me with wild enthusiasm. ____________________________________________________________________
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The local vet was still at his office，so I loaded the poor creature into a taxi and headed there.After a quick check on the poor dog，the vet shook his head with regret.He promised me he would try his utmost but Shep was unlikely to get through it unless there was a miracle.While the vet treated the sores carefully，I tried to drop water in his mouth and fed him with food bit by bit.I never gave up hope of getting him saved.Many times I would caress his neck，whispering into his ears to encourage him to hold on.He was so weak that he had to stay in the vet’s.
Three days later，when I opened the door of the vet’s，Shep welcomed me with wild enthusiasm.He wagged his tail from left to right as if to say “Thank you”．He was gaining strength and improving for the better.Tears filling my eyes，I knew all our efforts were worthwhile.Soon，the dog recovered from severe sores and I adopted him and took him home.Once in a while，I would go to that bar with Shep，a drink for myself and a serve of potato chips for him.What would have happened if I hadn’t stepped out on that stormy night Care and kindness really made a difference，to both of us.
INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 4 INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET
(2022·江苏常熟阶段性抽测)
英语高考读后续写指导
第1节 宏观感知
INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 题型解读 INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 读后续写考题提供一段350 词以内的语言材料，要求考生依据该材料内容和所给段落开头语进行续写(150 词左右)，将其发展成一篇与给定材料有逻辑衔接、情节和结构完整的短文。从试题结构来看，读后续写评价的是书面理解能力和书面表达能力。因此，在写作之前，首先要读懂文本、理清故事情节，然后再构思故事的发展和结局。
INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 命题特点 INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 该题型一方面考查学生对所学语言的实际运用能力，另一方面也培养学生的发散思维能力。
读后续写不是随心所欲地写，而是根据题目要求，在读懂原文的基础上，利用原材料的素材、线索和情节等充分发挥想象力和创造力来续写。
通过对高考真题中读后续写的分析，我们可得出它的四大命题特点：
INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\A2.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\A2.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\A2.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\A2.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET
INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 评分原则 INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET
1．本题总分为25分，按七个档次进行评分。
2．评分时，应主要从内容、词汇语法和篇章结构三个方面考虑，具体为：
(1)续写内容的质量、完整性以及与原文情境的融洽度。
(2)所使用词汇和语法结构的准确性、恰当性和多样性。
(3)上下文的衔接和全文的连贯性。
3．评分时，应先根据作答的整体情况确定其所属的档次，然后以该档次的要求来综合衡量，确定或调整档次，最后给分。
4．评分时还应注意：
(1)词数少于120的，酌情扣分；
(2)书写较差以致影响交际的，酌情扣分；
(3)单词拼写和标点符号是写作规范的重要方面，评分时应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑，英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。
INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 评分标准 INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET
档次 描述
第七档(22－25分) (1)创造了新颖、丰富、合理的内容，富有逻辑性，续写完整，与原文情境融洽度高；(2)使用了多样且恰当的词汇和语法结构，表达流畅，语言错误很少，且完全不影响理解；(3)自然有效地使用了段落间、语句间衔接手段，全文结构清晰，前后呼应，意义连贯。
第六档(18－21分) (1)创造了比较丰富、合理的内容，比较有逻辑性，续写比较完整，与原文情境融洽度较高；(2)使用了比较多样且恰当的词汇和语法结构，表达比较流畅，有个别错误，但不影响理解；(3)比较有效地使用了语句间衔接手段，全文结构比较清晰，意义比较连贯。
第五档(15－17分) (1)创造了基本合理的内容，有一定的逻辑性，续写基本完整，与原文情境相关；(2)使用了比较恰当的词汇和语法结构，表达方式不够多样性，表达有些许错误，但基本不影响理解；(3)使用了语句间衔接手段，全文结构比较清晰，意义比较连贯。
第四档(11－14分) (1)创造了基本完整的故事内容，但有的情节不够合理或逻辑性不强，与原文情境基本相关；(2)使用了简单的词汇和语法结构，有部分语言错误和不恰当之处，个别部分影响理解；(3)尚有语句衔接的意识，全文结构基本清晰，意义基本连贯。
第三档(6－10分) (1)内容和逻辑上有一些重大问题，续写不够完整，与原文有一定程度的脱节；(2)所用的词汇有限，语法结构单调，错误较多且比较低级，影响理解；(3)未能有效地使用语句间衔接手段，全文结构不够清晰，意义欠连贯。
第二档(1－5分) (1)内容和逻辑上有较多重大问题，或有部分内容抄自原文，续写不完整，与原文情境基本脱节；(2)所使用的词汇非常有限，语法结构单调，错误极多，严重影响理解；(3)几乎没有使用语句间衔接手段，全文结构不清晰，意义不连贯。
第一档(0分) 未作答；所写内容太少或无法看清以致无法评判；所写内容全部抄自原文或与题目要求完全不相关。
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1．不符合基本要求：词数少于120；两段的词数比例失调；随意分段；时态错误；抄袭原文等。
2．内容不合逻辑：缺乏合理想象；续写部分与给定材料之间的逻辑、续写两段内容之间的逻辑以及续写部分与所给开头语之间的逻辑不连贯。
3．语言不够丰富恰当：所使用语法结构与词汇的丰富性、准确性不够；刻意使用生僻词汇和复杂句式，不考虑与原文语言风格的一致性。
4．脑洞开太大：想象不合理；续写部分立意不高；价值观有争议。
第2节 技法指导
技法一 如何阅读文本，获取有效信息
读后续写以记叙文为主，记叙文是以记人、叙事、写景、状物为主，以写人物的经历和事物发展变化为主要内容的一种文体形式。要写好续写文章，理解文本是第一步。对于记叙文阅读，要注意从以下几个方面来理解并获取信息。
一、梳理原文情节，把握文章主题
我们可以从标题、段落首句、记叙文的六要素等方面理解和把握故事的情节和主题。
文章的标题是文章整体内容的体现，往往能够给考生提供一定的信息。如2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷读后续写文本的标题是“A MOTHER’S DAY SURPRISE”，这个标题透露出如下信息：事件发生在母亲节；主要人物中有母亲；讲述的事件是母亲获得了一个惊喜。
记叙文中每个段落的首句通常都会给读者展开一个新的场景。通过每个段落的首句，我们可以看清楚事件发展的场景变化。如2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷读后续写文本的第一段的首句交代了事件发生的背景：这对双胞胎兄妹决定在母亲节这天给母亲制造一个惊喜，这是后续所有事情发生的基础。第二段的首句交代了时间的变化，说明母亲节到了，兄妹俩要开始实施他们的计划了。第三段的首句说明在实施计划的过程中问题出现了。
记叙文有六要素，即时间(when)、地点(where)、人物(who)、起因(why)、经过(course)和结果(ending)。我们要注意的是，事件的经过又包括三个部分：开端——发展——高潮。通常在所给故事中，会出现开端和发展两个部分。高潮部分一般是我们要写作的第一个段落。结果部分一般是我们要写作的第二个段落。因此，我们在读所给材料时，要有意识地关注这几个要素，因为这是我们获取文章主要内容的重要途径。我们可以把2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷读后续写文本的六要素进行如下梳理：
When：on Mother’s Day
Where：in the kitchen
Who：Jeff，Jenna，Mother，Father
Why：prepare a surprise for Mother
Start(开端)：cook independently in the kitchen
Development(发展)：make a mess in the kitchen
Climax(高潮)：？
Ending(结尾)：？
二、把握语言特征，分析人物特点
了解故事中的人物特点和人物关系是续写的基础，若不仔细分析，续写中人物的行为很有可能不合逻辑。对于人物特点，作者有时会通过文字直接说明，有时会通过细节描写进行刻画。在大多数故事中，人物之间的关系并不会明确地说出来，但是我们可以通过故事中某些暗含的信息挖掘出来。理清故事中人物之间的关系及各自的特点须把握文章的语言特点，可从以下两个方面入手：
1．通过人物对话
许多故事中都会有人物对话，从这些对话中，我们可以得知人物关系和人物特点。例如2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷的读后续写材料中，“‘I wish you could see him，’she said to her own children，John，Harry，and Clara.‘He is such a help to his mother.He wants very much to earn some money，but I don’t see what he can do.’”表明了John，Harry和Clara是三兄妹，she是妈妈；这段话还说明了他们要帮助的那个男孩的处境：他是他妈妈的重要帮手，他很想挣钱，却没有门路。
2．通过关键词句
在材料中，许多关键词语，如名词、动词、形容词、副词等，都暗示了故事中人物之间的关系或人物的特征。例如2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷的读后续写材料中，首句中的The twins告诉我们，Jenna和Jeff是一对双胞胎兄妹；“They had watched their mother in the kitchen.There was nothing to it.”暗示了兄妹俩年纪还小，并无做饭经验，只是看过而已，在他们看来，做饭似乎是一件轻而易举的事情；“The pair went down the stairs quietly to the kitchen.”中的副词quietly暗示了兄妹俩不愿意惊动父母的行为特点。
三、挖掘文本主线，理清故事脉络
了解故事大致内容，分析人物特点及人物关系后，我们可以根据文本的主线(包括明线和暗线)把握故事的脉络。具体说来，可从以下两个方面入手：
1．时间线索
我们可以将2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷的读后续写材料中发生的事情，按照时间顺序串联起来，这样就可以得到故事梗概，并预测故事发展的方向：母亲节前(兄妹俩计划给母亲一个惊喜)→开始做早餐(悄悄溜入厨房做准备工作)→做早餐过程中(出现了各种各样的问题)→做好早餐(续写内容)。
2．情感线索
每个故事的发展都是与故事中人物的情感变化分不开的，事件的起因、经过和结果都与故事中的人物特别是关键人物(主角)的情感息息相关。如果我们在阅读的过程中能够注意挖掘人物的情感线索，找出人物情感和发生事件的逻辑关系，那么故事的脉络自然也就清晰了。在2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷的读后续写材料中，我们可以根据情感线索得出故事脉络：兄妹俩想给母亲一个惊喜(打算做早餐)→早起去厨房准备早餐(不惊动父母)→慌张(厨房出乱子)→失望(搞砸了早餐)。
技法二 如何利用信息，预测后续情节
对所给文本后面的故事情节及故事结尾的推断是写好读后续写的前提。高考所给的读后续写形式是半开放性的，这种形式既可以让考生充分发挥想象力，又能让考生有章可循。考生一般根据两个方面推测后续情节：第一是所给文章的情节，特别是伏笔之处；第二是所给每段的首句。
一、根据文章的情节和伏笔进行预测
读后续写所给文章的情节一般较为曲折，因此要把握故事情节，尤其要注意所给文章中的伏笔。
1．首段伏笔。 文章首段可能会出现导致核心冲突产生的原因，因此我们在阅读的过程中，要善于发现这些伏笔。2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷的读后续写材料第一段中的“They had watched their mother in the kitchen.There was nothing to it.Jenna and Jeff knew exactly what to do.”暗示这对双胞胎曾经看过母亲做饭，他们感觉非常自信，但实际上，他们并没有实际的操作经验，这就是他们在厨房出乱子的主要原因。
2．情节伏笔。 核心冲突的解决方案可能在故事的中间段落出现。中间段落是故事发展的过程，在这个过程中，作者也可以设置解决核心冲突的伏笔。2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷的读后续写材料中的“The pair went down the stairs quietly to the kitchen.”暗示了两个孩子不想惊动父母。结合这里说的是给妈妈的惊喜，出了问题肯定是由爸爸来解决，这就给续写第一段中父亲的出现埋下了伏笔。
3．尾段伏笔。所给材料的最后一段往往说明续写内容的发展方向。2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷的读后续写材料中的最后一段告诉我们：由于双胞胎缺乏经验，做饭时粥从锅里溢了出来，弄得灶台全是粥，而且火也被浇灭了。此外，Jeff的手也被烫伤了，厨房里一团糟。通过场景的描写，作者暗示我们，离开了大人的帮助，两个孩子是不可能把早餐做好的。这就给我们续写第一段埋下了伏笔。
二、利用所给每段的首句进行预测
所给第一段的首句既能承接上文，也是本段的起始句；由第二段的首句可以推测第一段的结尾。
根据2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷的读后续写第一段首句“当双胞胎失望地环顾四周时，他们的父亲出现了”和第二段首句“这对双胞胎把早餐端到楼上，叫醒了他们的母亲”，我们可以推测，双胞胎在父亲的指导下，完成了早餐的制作。因此，在续写第一段的时候，我们就可以描述双胞胎是如何在父亲的指导
下做好早餐的。根据续写第二段首句可知，双胞胎把早餐做好了，并且送到了母亲的床前。这时，我们可以从母亲的心理活动、面部表情、语言、动作等方面去描述母亲的反应。
三、大胆设问搭建故事框架
在把握好续写方向并明确核心冲突的解决方法后，我们可以分别对所给的两段的首句进行提问，提出3至5个问题，然后，分别对这些问题进行回答。最后，我们可以把这些回答串联起来，这样就形成了两个段落的框架。例如：
2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷续写第一段
Question 1：What did the father see
Answer 1：A mess on the stove.
Question 2：How did he feel
Answer 2：Surprised and angry.
Question 3：What did he do to help the twins
Answer 3：He showed them how to adjust the burner.
Question 4：What was the result
Answer 4：A delicious breakfast was ready.
续写第二段
Question 1：What did the mother see
Answer 1：Her children and the breakfast.
Question 2：How did she feel
Answer 2：Surprised and grateful.
Question 3：What did she do
Answer 3：She took her children in her arms.
Question 4：What did the children say
Answer 4：Happy Mother’s Day!
Question 5：How did the mother and her children feel
Answer 5：Happy and excited.
技法三 如何串联线索，设计精彩结尾
解决了故事的核心冲突后，需要给故事一个结尾，常见的结尾方式有紧扣主题法、首尾呼应法和主旨升华法。
1．紧扣主题法。紧扣主题式结尾就是在结尾时用一两句话点明文章主旨，而文章的主旨一般可以通过阅读材料总结得出。例如2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷的读后续写，Meredith夫人和她的孩子们想办法帮助Bernard一家摆脱了困境。我们可以这样结尾“He never forgot the help from the Meredith family，and he also did what he could to help those in need.”，这样故事的主题就得以体现了。这种卒章显志的结尾方式增加了文章的深刻性和感染力，有画龙点睛的作用。
2．首尾呼应法。首尾呼应是记叙文常见的写作手法之一，首尾呼应式结尾就是指故事的结尾要与故事的开头有一定关联。2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷的读后续写首句是“The twins were filled with excitement as they thought of the surprise they were planning for Mother’s Day.”，我们在结尾时可以利用孩子们的愿望得以实现来呼应首句，以“How excited they were when they found they could do something for their mother.”为结尾。这种结尾方式不仅能够保证续写不偏离主题，还可以增加故事的连贯性。
3．主旨升华法。很多时候，一些记叙文，特别是有哲理的记叙文，会通过一个故事说明一个道理。对于这类记叙文，要善于把握它的主题，然后通过一句高度凝练的话(通常是名言或谚语)给以启示。例如2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷的读后续写中，可以通过“In addition to love，the most beautiful verb in the world is help.”升华乐于助人的主题，号召读者主动帮助他人。
技法四 如何遣词造句，润色续写内容
读后续写题对学生的语言综合运用能力要求更高。要增添“读后续写”的表达效果，不仅要有词汇量的积累，还要注意避免使用泛泛而谈的词汇，应该多使用具体的词汇使表达更加准确到位。 只有准确、连续的动作和夸张丰富的表情以及细致的心理活动描写，才能让人物栩栩如生地站起来！
一、善用动作描写
读后续写的写作过程中，成功的动作描写，可以交代人物的身份、地位，可以反映人物心理活动的进程，可以表现人物的性格特征。相反，空洞、笼统的描写会使内容缺乏生动性，使人物形象不丰满。人物的动作或简单或复杂，都不是一下子就能完成的，细心观察才能捕捉到最能体现人物特征的慢镜头。因此，在描写动作时，同学们要学会细化动作，把动作过程分解成一连串细微的动作，形成动作链，写出动作的连贯性，这样才能使描写具有画面感，使人物更立体。
1．什么是动作链？
INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 例1 INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET He stopped the taxi，jumped in with the suitcase and told the driver，“Go to the police station，please.”
分析 这句话的意思是：他拦下了出租车，拿起箱子跳进车里，然后对司机说：“请到警察局去。”
其实，这句话只是描写了“上车”的动作，然而通过拆解，细致地展现了一个动作的组成部分。其本质是避免简单粗暴地使用一个动词概括整个动作，而是用2－3个动词组合进行描述。我们可以用一个公式总结以上例句，如：上车＝拦车＋上车＋告诉目的地。
INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 例2 INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET She would get off the car excitedly，laughing and dancing around.
分析 这句话的意思是：她会兴奋地下车，又笑又跳。这里讲的是一个比较粗线条的妈妈，动作描写完整地描述了这位妈妈下车时及下车后的表现，即：下车＝下车＋笑＋跳。
2．续写常用的动作链形式
(1)“A，B and C”结构
这种结构就是多个连续的动作用在一个句子中。我们用几个例句来形象地解读一下这类动作链是如何形成的。
INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 例1 INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 男孩们跳入湖中嬉戏。
分析 跳入湖中，这个动作前面或后面会有哪些动作？
动作链 跳入湖中嬉戏＝冲向湖边＋脱掉衣服＋跳入水中。
The boys rushed to the lake，took off their clothes and jumped into the water.
INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 例2 INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 她抱住儿子。
分析 抱住儿子，这个动作前面或后面会有哪些动作？
动作链 抱住儿子＝冲向前＋蹲下＋一把抱住。
She dashed forward，knelt down and gathered her son into her arms.
INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 例3 INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 这个歌手唱歌。
分析 歌手唱歌，这个动作前面或后面会有哪些动作？
动作链 歌手唱歌＝扫视观众＋深吸一口气＋开始演唱。
The singer glanced at the audience，took a deep breath and began to sing.
通过阅读以上三个动作链的例子，我们会感觉眼前展现出一幅生动形象的画面，虽然没有情感词汇在里面，但是已经把一些情感都丰富地体现出来了。
(2)“句子＋非谓语动词”结构
下面用三个句子来说明这种描写动作的句子结构。
模式1：句子＋ ing
INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 例1 INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 老人静坐。
分析 老人静坐，这个动作前面或后面会有哪些动作？
动作链 老人静坐＝坐在夕阳下＋看报纸＋听广播
The old man sat under the sunset，reading the newspaper and listening to the radio.
模式2：句子＋having done
INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 例2 INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 没有买到票。
分析 没有买到票，这个动作前面或后面会有哪些动作？
动作链 没有买到票＝排了很久队＋被告知票卖完了
Having queued for 3 hours，he was told that the ticket had been sold out.
模式3：句子＋ ed
INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\左括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 例3 INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "I:\\王真\\2022\\一轮\\英语 人教 新教材 通用\\word\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\邵园园\\看ppt\\2022 一轮\\英语 新教材 人教\\word\\写作速成手册\\读后续写\\右括.TIF" \* MERGEFORMATINET 孩子们哭了。
分析 “哭”这个动作前面或后面会有哪些动作？或者因为什么原因孩子哭了。
动作链 哭了＝被感动＋哭了。
Deeply moved by the story，the children began to cry.
二、会用高级句式
1．形容词(短语)作状语
形容词(短语)在句中作状语，可以表明主语所处的状态。这种表达结构简单，却表意丰富，读后续写中经常用到。如：
Lost in the mountain for two days，these students were finally rescued by the local police.这些学生在山里迷路两天后最终被当地警察救了出来。
Speechless and happy，she held her son tightly into her arms，with tears welling up in her eyes.她高兴得说不出话来，紧紧地抱着她的儿子，热泪盈眶。
2．with复合结构
with复合结构可以丰富句子的内容，其作用一般相当于一个状语从句，可以表示原因、条件、伴随、结果、方式等。如：
She stood on the platform with her hand waving to her friend. 她站在站台上，朝她的朋友挥手。
The little girl looked at the big fish with her eyes wide open.这个小女孩看着这条大鱼，眼睛睁得很大。
The old man lay on the bench，with his face covered by a newspaper.
这位老人躺在长凳上，脸上盖着一张报纸。
With a lot of work to do this evening，he is unable to come to the party.
他今晚还有许多工作要做，不能来参加这个派对。
3．独立主格结构
独立主格结构的构成为“名词(代词)＋现在分词/过去分词/不定式/形容词/介词短语”，其作用相当于一个状语从句。如：
The other two climbed down into the crater to collect some lava for later study，but this being my first experience，I stayed at the top and watched them.
另外两人向下爬进火山口去收集供日后研究用的岩浆，但我是第一次经历这样的事，所以留在山顶上观察他们。
The boy rushed to the old man’s house，his face covered with sweat.男孩冲到老人家里，满脸是汗。
4．倒装句型
为了突出或强调句子中的某个部分，我们可以将其置于句首，形成倒装结构。如：
Only then did we decide to answer violence with violence.直到那时我们才决定以暴制暴。
Never will Zhou Yang forget his first job at the office of China Daily.周洋永远不会忘记他在《中国日报》办公室获得的第一份工作。
Among the painters who broke away from the traditional style of painting were the Impressionists，who lived and worked in Paris.在那些突破传统画法的画家中有生活和工作在巴黎的印象派画家。
5．强调句型
强调句型的基本结构为“It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他部分”。如：
It was my sister who/that first had the idea to cycle along the entire Mekong River from where it begins to where it ends.首先想到要沿着湄公河从源头骑车到终点的是我的姐姐。
Further reading made me realize that it was hard work and determination as well as her gentle nature that got her into medical school.
进一步的阅读让我意识到是她的努力、决心以及温柔的性格使她进入了医学院。
6．虚拟语气
在表示虚假的、与事实相反的或难以实现的情况时用虚拟语气；表示主观愿望或某种强烈情感时，也用虚拟语气。如：
If there hadn’t been for your help，the boy would have failed in the test.
要是没有你的帮助，这个男孩就会在测试中不及格。
But for this experience，she wouldn’t have realized that she should spend more time with her family.
如果没有这次经历，她就不会意识到她应该花更多的时间和家人在一起。
三、巧用修辞手法
无论是在汉语还是在英语中，修辞都是一门具有独特魅力的艺术。在读后续写中，恰当地运用修辞手法可以使平淡的语言变得鲜活、生动，从而增强文章的表现力，也有助于考生获得高分。其中，较为常用的修辞手法有比喻和拟人两种。
1．比喻
比喻是根据事物之间的相似点，把某一事物比作另一事物，从而把抽象的事物说得具体、形象，把深奥的道理说得通俗、浅显、明白。常见的比喻形式有明喻和暗喻两种。
(1)明喻通常是把被比喻的“本体”和用以比喻的“喻体”同时说出，说明本体事物像喻体事物。它是最简单、最常见的一种修辞手法，其常见的标志词有like，as，as if，as though等。
The scenery along the journey is just like a breathtaking landscape painting.(景物描写)
沿途的风景就像一幅令人叹为观止的山水画。
The icy wind started howling，cutting my face like a sharp knife.(环境描写)
寒风开始咆哮，像锋利的小刀一样刺痛了我的脸。
The smile on her face was as vibrant as the sun on a summer day.(情感描写)
她脸上的笑容和夏天的太阳一样充满活力。
I reached out to touch her face，which was as cold as the ice.(人物描写)
我伸手去摸她的脸，她的脸冰凉。
Her hair grew greyer and greyer，as if (it were) covered with snow and frost.(肖像描写)
她的头发越来越白了，简直像盖了一头皑皑的霜雪。
(2)暗喻与明喻不同，暗喻不通过比喻词表现出来，而是直接将一种事物当成另一种事物来描写，此时两种事物之间的联系和相似之处都是暗含的。暗喻较明喻而言更加简洁，也更加生动、深刻，表现力强。
Her hair was a golden river streaming down her shoulders.(肖像描写)
她的头发像是一条流淌在她肩上的金色河流。
The beautiful park was a scented carpet of color.(景物描写)
那个美丽的公园就像一块芬芳的彩色地毯。
I felt a lump in my throat，tears welling up in my eyes.(情感描写)
我如鲠在喉，泪水湿润了眼眶。
The boy wolfed down the food.(动作描写)
这个男孩狼吞虎咽地吃下了食物。
2．拟人
拟人就是把事物人格化，它既能生动形象地写出某事物的某个特点，又使事物具有拟人化后特有的具象效果。
The breeze gently kissed her cheeks.(景物描写)
微风轻柔地亲吻着她的脸颊。
The feathery snowflakes danced in the night air，making a beautiful picture.(景物描写)
鹅毛般的雪花在夜空中飞舞，构成了一幅美丽的图画。
Immediately，an absolute darkness ruled the forest.(景物描写)
顷刻间，一片黑暗统治了森林。
Fear seized/swallowed him.(情感描写)
恐惧把他吞噬了。
Anger choked my words.(情感描写)
我气得说不出话来。
A good idea suddenly struck me.(心理描写)
我突然想到一个好主意。
第3节 语料素材
一、人物描写
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a graceful figure优美的身段
a shapely figure匀称的体形
a skinny figure瘦削的身材
a slim figure苗条的体形
a well developed figure发育良好的身体
an imposing/a dashing/a handsome/a striking figure仪表堂堂
have a good figure(人)形体很好
an average build中等身材
a well built man身材魁梧的人
lack of responsibility缺乏责任感
with the virtue of具有……的美德
a sense of responsibility责任感
light hearted and optimistic 无忧无虑且乐观的
be both wise and diligent既聪明又勤勉
be enthusiastic about...热衷于……
be honest and reliable诚实可靠
be modest about...对……谦虚
be sensitive about...对……敏感
be considerate of...对……考虑周到
be pessimistic about...对………感到悲观
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1．He had a wide mouth and humorous grey eyes.
他有一张大嘴巴和幽默的灰色眼睛。
2．She arrived late for class，her hair wet and messy.
她上课迟到了，头发又湿又乱。
3．She was fair skinned，having reddish hair and long fingers.她皮肤白皙，有着红发和修长的手指。
4．His strongly built body and sun tanned skin make him look like a sportsman.他强壮的身体和黝黑的皮肤使他看起来像一个运动员。
5．He has sparking blue green eyes，thinning silver hair that spills onto his forehead，big ears，a triangular nose，and tufts of graying eyebrow.
他有一双闪亮的蓝绿色的眼睛，稀疏的银发散落在前额，大耳朵，三角形的鼻子和几绺灰白的眉毛。
6．A dreaming look came over her face.
她脸上浮现出梦幻般的神情。
7．He smiled，his eyes full of laughter.
他露出了笑容，双眼充满笑意。
8．Color glowed in his face and his strange eyes widened with joyfulness.
他的脸熠熠闪光，奇特的眼睛因欢乐而大大睁开。
9．Aley became happy now and a gentle smile spread over her face.
现在阿利变得很开心，整张脸洋溢着温和的微笑。
10．She rode the rest of the way home wearing a Mona Lisa smile of peace and grace.她带着蒙娜丽莎式的平静而优雅的微笑，骑完了剩下的回家路。
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1．The young woman was tall，with grace and elegance.She had a great amount of dark hair that was beautifully shown in the sunlight，and a face more beautiful than any other，with dark，mysterious eyes.She was polite and well mannered，with a tender look.这个年轻的女人很高，且很优雅。她有一头乌黑的头发，在阳光下显得十分美丽，她的脸比任何其他人都漂亮，她有一双神秘的黑眼睛。她彬彬有礼，举止文雅，目光温柔。
2．His eyes lit up when she walked into the room.A smile lit up her face.The smile spread across her face，which lit up his gloomy afternoon.
看见她走进房间，他双眼一亮。她笑了，脸上露出了喜色。她满脸的微笑点亮了他阴郁的下午。
3．I watch him as he makes his way toward the stage.Medium height，stocky build，ashy blond hair that falls in waves over his forehead.The shock of the moment is registered on his face，and you can see his struggle to remain emotionless，but his blue eyes show the alarm I’ve seen so often in prey.Yet he climbs steadily onto the stage and takes his place.
我看着他走上舞台。中等身材、健壮结实、浅灰色的金头发垂在前额。这一刻带给他的震惊仍写在脸上，看得出他在竭尽全力保持镇静，但他蓝色的眼睛里还是透着惊恐不安，我在捕猎时经常看到这种神情。他强装镇定，走上舞台，站在自己的位置上。
二、动作描写
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wear sweet smiles on one’s face面带甜甜的微笑
have a slight frown on one’s face 微微皱眉
with tears welling up in one’s eyes 热泪盈眶
catch a glimpse of 瞥一眼……
with one’s eyes fixed on某人的目光紧盯着……
raise/lift one’s eyes抬起头来
cry out大叫
speak to oneself 自言自语
shout at the top of one’s voice高声地喊叫
with one’s mouth wide open张大着嘴巴
nod one’s head 点头
shake one’s head 摇头
scratch one’s head 挠头
bury one’s head in...把头埋进……
shake one’s hand握手
wave goodbye to sb.向某人挥手告别
wander around the street在街上闲逛
tiptoe to the bed蹑手蹑脚地走到床边
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1．It was obvious that the manager of the coffee shop was waiting for Li Fang to leave—he wiped the tables，then sat down and turned on the TV.
很明显，咖啡馆的经理在等李方离开——他擦好桌子，然后坐下来，打开电视。
2．His eyes stare at what is left of the brothers’ dinner on table.
他的眼睛盯着兄弟俩留在餐桌上的残羹剩菜。
3．Oliver gets it from a desk and gives it to Henry like a gift.奥利弗从桌上拿起它，像送礼物一样递给亨利。
4．The hostess screams，the other customers look at her and she puts a hand to her mouth.
老板娘尖叫起来，其他顾客都望着她，于是她用手捂住了嘴巴。
5．Charlie first picks out the laces and eats them as if they were spaghetti.Then he cuts off the leather top of the shoe as if it were the finest steak.
查理先把鞋带挑出来，像吃意大利面一样把它们吃了。然后他把皮制的鞋头切下来，就好像那是最美味的牛排。
6．She stepped back appearing surprised and put up her hands，as if in defence.
她往后退了退，显得很吃惊，举起了手，想要自卫。
7．The boys who had never come across anything like this before started jumping out of the windows.
以前从来没有见过这种情况的男孩们吓得从窗户跳了出去。
8．Professor Higgins carelessly throws a handful of money into her basket.希金斯教授漫不经心地朝她的篮子里扔了一把钱。
9．Daniel runs into his bedroom and shuts the door angrily.丹尼尔跑进卧室，生气地关上了门。
10．As I dropped my dad off，I watched him，dressed in his work clothes，getting his tools from the trunk of my car.我让父亲下车，看着他穿着工作服，从车的后备箱里拿出工具。
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1．The Eagle’s captain knocked the ball to the ground with his hand，and then kicked it and scored.The referee blew the whistle；the match was over and the Eagles had won.老鹰队的队长用手将球击倒在地，踢了一脚，进球得分了，裁判吹响了哨子。比赛结束，老鹰队赢了。
2．Hearing the familiar voice，Mary stopped her pace.She turned around，and staggered forward a few steps.She found it was her elder brother.So excited，she jumped up and threw her arms around the man’s neck.She buried her face in his shoulder and sobbed for a few moments.Then she said in a loud and excited voice.听到这熟悉的声音，玛丽停下脚步。她转过身来，往前踉跄走了几步。她发现那是她的哥哥。她太兴奋了，跳了起来，双臂搂住那人的脖子。她把脸埋在他的肩膀上，啜泣了一会儿，然后兴奋地大声说话。
三、情感描写
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be mad/wild with joy欣喜若狂
jump with/for joy 高兴得跳起来
lose one’s temper发脾气
a burst of anger 怒火的迸发
with a heavy heart 心情沉重地
one’s heart seems to be torn apart 某人的心似乎被撕裂了
be in floods of tears 泪如雨下
suffer from stress 有精神压力
have a worried look 愁眉苦脸
shake with fear 吓得发抖
with one’s eyes full of horror 某人的眼睛里充满恐惧
a sense of shame 羞耻感
be embarrassed beyond words 无比尴尬
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1．My heart began to race and my mind went blank.
我的心跳开始加速，脑子里一片空白。
2．So ashamed was she that she could feel the blood rush to her face.
她是如此的羞愧以至于脸如充血般发烫。
3．When the host announced that she won the prize，a wide excitement took hold of her.
当主持人宣布她获奖时，她的激动之情溢于言表。
4．His heart sank when he heard the news that he failed to win a prize.
听到他没获奖的消息，他的心情很沉重。
5．Terror and death struck，and her heart was beating painfully fast，banging against her ribs.恐怖和死亡袭来，她的心脏跳动得非常快，撞击着她的肋骨。
6．I felt that the blood in my body cooled/froze rapidly because of the terrible sight.因为这可怕的景象，我感觉我的血液都快速凝固起来。
7．He was sick with fear，but the thought of the consequences urged him on.
他极度害怕，但一想到结果，他还是要继续下去。
8．I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature.
我不知道这是不是因为我太久无法出门的缘故，我变得对一切与大自然有关的事物都无比狂热。
9．I was a little nervous at first，but everyone was so nice and friendly that I soon stopped worrying.
起初我有点紧张，但是大家都那么友好，我很快便不再担心了。
10．I felt so ashamed.I must be really stupid to fail a simple math quiz！我感到很丢脸。我一定是蠢到家了才会连一次简单的数学测试都没通过！
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Tom’s mind was made up now.He was gloomy and desperate.He was an abandoned，friendless boy，he said；nobody loved him；when they found out what they had driven him to，perhaps they would be sorry，tears would be shed and hearts would be broken.Although he had no friend to complain to，he had tried to do right things and get along with others.
汤姆现在拿定了主意。他既沮丧又绝望。他说他是一个被遗弃的、没有朋友的男孩子；没有人爱他；当他们发现他们把他逼成什么样时，也许他们会后悔、会流泪、会心碎。虽然他没有可以抱怨的朋友，但他试着做正确的事，和他人好好相处。
四、环境描写
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the setting sun落日
a rainy season多雨的季节
a stormy night暴风雨之夜
be buried in snow深埋在雪中
unbearably hot难以忍受的酷热
in the warm spring sunshine在春天温暖的阳光中
clear up放晴
bathe in (the) sunshine沐日光浴
a favorably situated city位置优越的城市
a small village off the map一个偏僻的小村子
within a stone’s throw of the beach离海滨仅咫尺之遥
be situated at the northern extreme of...位于……最北端
in a village among the hills在群山环抱的村庄里
room facing south朝南的房间
the thinly populated rural area人烟稀少的农村地区
be located somewhere on the Pacific coast位于太平洋沿岸某处
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1．The sun began to rise in the sky，bathing the mountain in golden light.
太阳开始升起，给山披上了一层金纱。
2．The sun rose over a quiet world and looked warmly down upon the peaceful village.太阳在一个宁静的世界里升起，温暖地俯视着这个宁静的村庄。
3．The sky is clear blue now and the sun has flung diamonds down on meadows，river banks and woods.
此时已是万里蓝天，太阳将钻石般灿烂夺目的阳光洒向草原、河岸和树林。
4．The grounds were covered with dark green grass through which stretched a straight white stone path.庭院里处处是碧绿的芳草，绿草中铺着洁白笔直的石路。
5．The beautiful scenery is a feast for your eyes.
美丽的景色令人大饱眼福。
6．It was so quiet in the classroom that the sound of a needle dropping onto the ground could be heard.教室里很安静，连一根针掉在地上的声音都能听得见。
7．When we reached the top of the hill，a magnificent view of the sea greeted us.
当我们到达山顶时，我们看到了一片壮丽的海景。
8．The dark，rainy evening，the wind，the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power.
那漆黑的雨夜，刮着大风、电闪雷鸣、乌云滚滚，我完全被这种景象镇住了。
9．However，the lakes shone like glass in the setting sun and looked wonderful.
然而，湖水在落日的余晖下闪亮如镜，景色迷人。
10．Upon the arrival of spring，beautiful birds will sing happily in the park.春天一到，美丽的鸟儿们就会在公园里欢快地歌唱。
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1．At the close of the afternoon service，we returned by an exposed and hilly road，where the bitter winter wind，blowing over a range of snowy summits to the north，almost grayed the skin from our face.
下午的祷告结束以后，我们沿着一条光秃崎岖的山路返回。冬日刺骨的寒风吹过大雪覆盖的山峰，吹向北边，吹得我们一脸苍白萧索。
2．It was the cool gray dawn，and there was a sense of peace deep in the woods.Not a leaf stirred；not a sound disturbed great Nature’s meditation.Dewdrops stood upon the leaves and grasses.A white layer of ashes covered the fire，and a thin blue breath of smoke rose straight into the air.
正是凉爽的、灰蒙蒙的黎明时分，树林深处一片宁静。没有叶子在动，没有任何声音打扰大自然的沉思。露珠还挂在树叶和草上。火上覆盖着一层白色的灰烬，一缕蓝色的轻烟直直地飘向空中。
五、结尾升华句
1．A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难见真情。
2．It’s never too old to learn.活到老学到老。
3．Time and tide wait for no man.时不待我。
4．Where there is a will，there is a way.有志者，事竟成。
5．Constant dropping wears the stone.滴水穿石。
6．No cross，no crown.不经历风雨，怎能见彩虹？
7．The longest journey begins with the first step.
千里之行，始于足下。
8．Treat other people as you hope they will treat you.己所不欲，勿施于人。
9．It’s better to lose money than to lose honesty.
宁失万贯，不失诚信。
10．No pains，no gains. 不劳则无获。
11．The shortest answer is doing.
最简短的回答就是行动。
12．Diligence is the mother of success. 勤奋是成功之母。
13．It is better to light one candle than to curse the darkness.与其诅咒黑暗，不如燃起蜡烛。
14．It is more important for a man to keep his promise than to guard his property.一个人严守诺言比守卫他的财产更重要。
15．One good turn deserves another. 善有善报。
16．Help others more and create more happiness.
多帮助他人，多创造快乐。
17．Light a lamp for others，and you will not only light up for others but also yourself.
为别人点一盏灯，照亮别人，也照亮了自己。
18．It is a kind of happiness to be loved by others，and it is also a kind of happiness to care for others.
得到他人的关爱是一种幸福，关爱他人也是一种幸福。
19．Look before you leap. 三思而后行。
20．Better late than never. 迟做总比不做好。
21．Don’t judge a book by its cover. 不要以貌取人。
22．Actions speak louder than words. 行动胜于言辞。
23．All things are difficult before they are easy.
万事开头难。
24．Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.世上无难事，只怕有心人。
25．Habit is second nature.习惯成自然。
26．Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母。
27．Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。
28．God helps those who help themselves.
自助者天助之。
29．An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
一日一苹果，身体健康不求医。
30．He who laughs last laughs best.
笑到最后的人笑得最好。
31．When in Rome do as the Romans do.入乡随俗。
32．Follow your own course，and let people talk.
走自己的路，让别人说去吧。
33．Whatever you do，go with all your heart.
无论做什么事，一定要全力以赴。
34．Facts speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩。
35．A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
一鸟在手，胜过双鸟在林。
第4节 强化训练
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[2022·福州八县(市、区)一中期中联考]
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
“Why she let out my secret？Why she did that to me？” I vividly remembered that day when I was confused at the knowing looks which everyone gave me. That terrible experience was imprinted (铭刻) on my mind. I couldn’t forgive the person with whom I had shared my secret. She lost all my trust and friendship.
Five years back，Sally was a new addition in our class. I don’t know what but there was something sticky about her that attracted me towards her. She was the most friendly person I knew. We started as classmates but after a few months we were like best friends. We did homework together and dreamed of going to the same university one day. We hung out and went to the movies on weekends. That was a sweet time.
Nevertheless，I couldn’t expect such an enormous betrayal from her. I didn’t know what made me tell Sally about my personal life. I felt much regret to myself. She exaggerated (夸大) the matter，added her own spices to it and made it the hottest topic in school. It was like someone had stabbed a knife in my back. After she revealed my secret，everyone at school started laughing at me and gazing at me wherever I passed. I was like a pond in which someone had thrown a stone and it had been spilled up. It was the most embarrassing time I had gone through. Soon afterwards，I left school and shifted to another one，because I thought no one had the right to laugh at me. Sally called me many times but I didn’t answer. My heart was broken because the person whom I trusted most cheated me.
I made efforts to remove the scar from my heart. I started a new life，leaving all the bad memories behind，because they made me a person who often thought about the past experiences. Five years later，with the life going on，I made new friends and seldom thought about the past.
注意：续写词数应为150左右。
But one day I met Anna in the market，my former classmate，who told me shocking news.
_____________________________________________________________________________
I immediately called Sally in order to explain the misunderstanding.
______________________________________________________________________________
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But one day I met Anna in the market，my former classmate，who told me shocking news.Anna said that after I left school the gossip soon disappeared.Everyone in our class missed me.Because I left without saying goodbye，Sally was sad for a long time.And to my amazement，she told me that Sally was not the one who brought my secret to light.It was Mary who had a big mouth and always wanted to put her nose in other people’s matters.She happened to overhear my conversation with Sally.I was all at sea，feeling that the floor had slipped away beneath my feet.Anxious and regretful，I asked Anna for any contact with Sally.
I immediately called Sally in order to explain the misunderstanding.After getting through，I sincerely apologized to her.She said softly，“Never mind.We are good friends.” I was in tears，guilt and joy.At that moment，I wished it had not happened.I wished time could go back and I could overcome my mistake.From that I got a lesson in life that we should learn to trust our loved ones，because a little mistake can lead us to ruin what we should value.Trust is the foundational principle that holds friendship.Trust is also the easiest thing in the world to lose.We need to be open and trust our friends.
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阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
It was going to be my first day at Rainbow Middle School.Everyone else was coming back from winter holiday，but I was going to be new in this school.
After getting out of my mother’s car，I looked around and noticed that kids were gathering around in the hallways with their friends，whispering and giggling.Not knowing anyone and having nowhere to go，I decided to just wait outside until the bell rang.
I was standing outside Mrs Everett’s classroom，reading a novel named Oliver Twist，when I glanced back to find someone looking over my shoulder.“Are you new here Anyway，I absolutely love the novel! It’s one of my favorite novels.By the way，I’m Macy！” the girl said.
I was about to answer when the bell cut me off.Shyly，I entered the classroom to find Mrs Everett smiling and she led me to a seat.Once everyone came in and sat down，Mrs Everett called me up to the front and introduced me to the class.As I scanned their faces，I noticed that they looked bored and didn’t seem to care about me.I returned to my seat and listened to the teacher for the rest of the class.
The lunch bell rang and I got out of the classroom，checking my backpack for my lunch.Scanning the lunch tables，I was nervously wondering where I should sit when I saw Macy approaching me.“Hey.If you want，you can come and sit with us，” Macy offered as she pointed to a pink table near the classrooms.Feeling happy，I glanced over where she was pointing and followed her over.Suddenly，my shoelace was undone at that moment.Then I knocked into Macy and dropped my lunchbox.I said sorry and picked up my lunchbox.With my head low，I was afraid the other girls at the table would laugh at me.
注意：续写词数应为150左右。
To my surprise，they started comforting me. _____________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
After school，I waited for my mother to pick me up at the school gate. __________________
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To my surprise，they started comforting me.Some of them came up to me and asked if I was OK.One even kindly offered me her lunch.At that moment，I realized that I really had had a misunderstanding of them.At first，I had thought they didn’t care about me.However，they got along well with me.We had a really happy time having our lunch together.
After school，I waited for my mother to pick me up at the school gate.My new classmates all greeted me when they passed me.Macy stopped and said she’d like to make friends with me.I agreed happily，and we talked much and surprisingly found we lived in the same community.When my mother arrived，we two started our journey home，and we’ve been going home together every day since then.
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(2022·广东惠州二调)
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
A freezing downpour washed the street in front of the small town bar. I sat gazing into the watery darkness，alone as usual. I had been in that old bar for half an hour，quietly drinking，when my thoughtful eyes finally focused on a medium sized lump (一团) in a puddle (水洼) a hundred feet away. For another ten minutes，I looked out through the window trying to decide if the lump was an animal or just something.
The night before，a German dog named Shep had come into the bar begging for potato chips. He was starving and just the size of the lump in the puddle. Why should a dog lie in a cold puddle in the freezing rain I asked myself. The answer was simple: Either it wasn’t a dog，or it was，but he was too weak to get up.
The wound in my right shoulder ached all the way down my fingers. I didn’t want to go out in the storm. Hey，it wasn’t my dog. It was just a stray on a cold rainy night，a lonely drifter (流浪者). So was I，I thought，as I tossed (扔) down what was left of my drink and headed out the door.
He was lying in the three inches of water. When I touched him，he didn’t move. I thought he was dead. I put my hands around his chest and raised him to his feet. He stood unsteadily，and his head hung like a weight at the end of his neck. His floppy ears were just hairless pieces of flesh dotted with open sores (伤口)．
“Come on，Shep，” I said，leading him to a corner next to the bar，where he lay on the cold cement and closed his eyes. A block away I could see the lights of a late night convenience store. It was still open. I bought three cans of dog food and fed him. He couldn’t swallow but poorly look at me. He was dying!
注意：续写词数应为150 左右。
The local vet (兽医) was still at his office，so I loaded the poor creature into a taxi and headed there.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Three days later，when I opened the door of the vet’s，Shep welcomed me with wild enthusiasm. ____________________________________________________________________
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The local vet was still at his office，so I loaded the poor creature into a taxi and headed there.After a quick check on the poor dog，the vet shook his head with regret.He promised me he would try his utmost but Shep was unlikely to get through it unless there was a miracle.While the vet treated the sores carefully，I tried to drop water in his mouth and fed him with food bit by bit.I never gave up hope of getting him saved.Many times I would caress his neck，whispering into his ears to encourage him to hold on.He was so weak that he had to stay in the vet’s.
Three days later，when I opened the door of the vet’s，Shep welcomed me with wild enthusiasm.He wagged his tail from left to right as if to say “Thank you”．He was gaining strength and improving for the better.Tears filling my eyes，I knew all our efforts were worthwhile.Soon，the dog recovered from severe sores and I adopted him and took him home.Once in a while，I would go to that bar with Shep，a drink for myself and a serve of potato chips for him.What would have happened if I hadn’t stepped out on that stormy night Care and kindness really made a difference，to both of us.
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(2022·江苏常熟阶段性抽测)