(共47张PPT)
分析近10年河南中考真题可知,对名词的考查主要体现在完形填空和语篇填空第一节(原词语运用)中。词语运用除2015年、2019年在框内给出3个名词,2018年给出1个名词外,其余每年均给出2个名词,其中2019年给出的3个名词均考查其变形。2020年河南中考,完形填空中有4道题,语篇填空中有2道题分别对名词进行考查。2021年和2022年河南中考,完形填空中有3道题,语篇填空中有2道题分别对名词进行考查。
考点1 名词词义辨析
◆语境辨析
名词语境辨析是河南省中考的必考点,主要考查名词词义在具体语境中的辨析,其中抽象名词词义辨析是考查的重点。解答此类试题首先要求学生在备考阶段熟记课本单词,同时要不断扩充自己的词汇量。
◆近义词辨析
1.suggestion和advice
2.award和reward
3.information和message
4.job和work
5.clothing,clothes和cloth
6.match,race和competition
7.country,state和land
8.journey,trip和tour
9.sound,voice和noise
注:详细辨析见各年级考点
◆同类名词辨析
同类名词指的是四个选项属于同一类名词。河南中考中的同类名词主要涉及抽象类、职业类、地点类、饮食类、自然类等,且主要在完形填空中考查。解答此类试题时,按照类别记忆单词是关键。
职业类
cook 厨师 doctor 医生
lawyer律师 driver 司机
farmer 农民 guide 导游
nurse 护士 artist 艺术家
pilot 飞行员 scientist 科学家
teacher 教师 worker 工人
地点类
bedroom 卧室 garden 花园
cinema 电影院 kitchen 厨房
library 图书馆 museum 博物馆
station 车站 hospital 医院
supermarket 超市 hotel 宾馆
情绪类
angry 生气 fear 害怕
pride 骄傲 pleasure 愉快
regret 遗憾 happiness 幸福
surprise 惊喜 worry 担心
饮食类
apple 苹果 bread 面包
cake 蛋糕 chicken 鸡肉
egg 鸡蛋 fish 鱼肉
fruit 水果 meat 肉
rice 米饭 soup 汤
自然类
cloud 云 earth 地球
moon 月亮 rain 雨
river 河流 wind 风
从方框中选择适当的名词填空。
environment education height dream
development praise agreement safety secret step
1.If you want to ask for a sick leave, you must get your teacher's ___________ first.
2.The ________ of Qomolangma is 8,848.86 meters high now.
agreement
height
3.With the _____________ of science and technology, people can live a better life in the future.
4.________ can make people happy and want to make greater progress.
5.Zhang Guimei started the first free senior high school for girls to help them get an ___________ in Lijiang, Yunnan.
6.Young children are often taught road ________ to avoid road accidents.
development
Praise
education
safety
7.“Let no Chinese go hungry!” has been the _______ of the great hero Yuan Longping.
8.A thousand-mile journey begins with the first ______.
9.The idiom “Mengzi's mother makes three moves” tells of a mother who did all she could to provide the best _____________ for her child.
10.—What is the ________ of your beautiful English handwriting
—Practice makes perfect!
dream
step
environment
secret
考点2 名词的数
◆可数名词的数
普通名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词又有单、复数之分,单数可数名词不能单独使用,其前需要加冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词或者名词所有格等。如:a cup,this car,his sister,Lucy's bag等。而可数名词的单复数变形是历年河南中考的高频考点。
1.可数名词复数形式的构成规则
规则 例词
一般在词尾加-s bottle→bottles瓶子 pen→pens钢笔
以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结 尾的名词,词尾加-es bus→buses公交车 box→boxes箱子
fox→foxes狐狸 watch→watches手表
【注意】stomach→stomachs 胃
规则 例词
以“辅音字母+-y”结尾的名词,变-y为-i再加-es 以“元音字母+-y”结尾的名词,词尾加-s city→cities城市 party→parties 宴会
boy→boys 男孩 key→keys 钥匙
规则 例词
以-f或-fe结尾的名词,一般变-f或-fe为-v,再加-es wife→wives妻子 knife→knives 刀
wolf→wolves 狼 thief→thieves 小偷
shelf→shelves 架子 life→lives生命
half→halves 半 leaf→leaves叶子
规则 例词
以-f或-fe结尾的名词,一般变-f或-fe为-v,再加-es 记忆口诀:
妻子(wife)持刀(knife)去宰狼(wolf),
小偷(thief)吓得发了慌,
躲在架(shelf)后保己(self)命(life),
半片(half)树叶(leaf)遮目光。
【注意】有些以-f或-fe结尾的名词变复数时,只需在词尾直接加-s。如:
roof→roofs房顶
chief→chiefs首领
规则 例词
以-o结尾的名词,有些词尾加-es,有些词尾加-s Negro→Negroes黑人
hero→heroes英雄
potato→potatoes土豆
tomato→tomatoes西红柿
记忆口诀:
黑人(Negro)英雄(hero)爱吃番茄(tomato)和土豆(potato)
2.可数名词的不规则复数形式
规则 例词
变a为e man→men男人
woman→women女人
变oo为ee tooth→teeth牙齿 foot→feet脚
goose→geese鹅
规则 例词
单复数同形 Chinese→Chinese中国人
Japanese→Japanese日本人
sheep→sheep绵羊
deer→deer鹿
fish→fish鱼
其他不规则变化 child→children儿童
ox→oxen公牛
mouse→mice老鼠
1.German(单数)→Germans(复数)德国人→German (不可数)德语
2.有些名词以-s结尾,但并不是可数名词复数。
maths数学 news新闻 the United States美国 the United Nations联合国
易错警示
◆不可数名词的数
不可数名词常为“不能以数目计算的名词”。主要包括物质名词和抽象名词,这类名词没有复数形式,也不可以和不定冠词连用,不能直接被其修饰。不可数名词的数量用“计量词+of”来表示,常见的计量词有piece,kilo,bag,glass,cup,drop,bottle等。
1.不可数名词的表达方式:
如:
a cup of milk 一杯牛奶
a piece of advice 一条建议
two bottles of water 两瓶水
2.不可数名词前可加little,a little,a bit of,some,much,a lot of,plenty of等进行修饰。如:a little rain一点雨
much money许多钱
3.常见的表示数量的修饰词及其用法
只能修饰可数名词单数 this, that, a/an, one, each,every
只能修饰可数名词复数 these, those, few, a few, many, a (great) number of, ≥2的基数词
只能修饰不可数名词 little, a little, a bit of, much, a great deal of
可以修饰可数名词复数和不可数名词 some, all, a lot of, lots of, plenty of
4.英语中有些名词既可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词,但是所表达的意思不同。常见的有:
名词 可数 不可数
fish 鱼 鱼肉
chicken 小鸡 鸡肉
glass 玻璃杯;眼镜 玻璃
orange 橘子 橘汁
paper 报纸,文件 纸
名词 可数 不可数
room 房间 空间
time 次数,倍数 时间
wood 树林 木头;木材
work 作品 工作
experience 体会,经历 经验
exercise 习题 锻炼;运动
surprise 意想不到的事 惊讶
success 成功的人/事物 成功
spirit 灵魂 精神
填写下列词的复数形式。
11.train________ 12.house________
13.class_________ 14.story_________
15.foot______ 16.piano________
17.boy______ 18.sheep_______
trains
houses
classes
stories
feet
pianos
boys
sheep
19.tomato___________
20.policeman___________
21.Let's take ________(photo), OK
22.The ________(leaf) on the tree turn yellow.
23.The __________(child) are playing games on the playground now.
24.Their ______________(dictionary) are very new.
25.I see you have a few white ______(hair).
tomatoes
policemen
photos
leaves
children
dictionaries
hair
考点3 名词的所有格
◆-'s所有格
-'s 所有格主要用来表示有生命的名词,其用法主要有:
类别 构成 示例
单数名词 一般在词尾加-'s Tom's bedroom汤姆的卧室
以-s结尾的专有名词加-' James' book 詹姆斯的书
复数名词 以-s结尾的在词尾加-' the students' pens那些学生们的钢笔
不以-s结尾的在词尾加-'s Children‘s Day儿童节 Women's Day妇女节
1.表示多人共同拥有,只在最后一个名词后加-'s。如:
Lucy and Lily's room(两人共用一个房间)
Lucy and Lily's room
易错警示
2.表示多人各自所有的,在每个名词后都加-'s,同时,被修饰的名词要用复数形式。如:
Lucy's and Lily's rooms(两人各有一个房间)
Lucy's room Lily's room
3.-'s 所有格独立使用表示的意义
含义 示例
表示店铺或某人的家 at his uncle's (home) 在他叔叔的家
at the doctor's (clinic)在医生的诊所里
at the Smith's (home)在史密斯家
省去上文已经提及的名词 This book is Tom's. 这本书是汤姆的。
◆of所有格
of所有格主要用于表示无生命事物的名词之前,其结构为“of+名词”。如:
a map of China一张中国地图
the wall of the room 房子的墙壁
the legs of the table 桌子的腿
the cover of this book 这本书的封面
有时,-'s 所有格和of所有格可以互换,如:
the game's law=the law of the game 游戏的规则
the elephant's ear=the ear of elephant 大象的耳朵
注:of所有格有时也用于人或有生命的东西,表示所属关系,尤其是当这些所有者有较长的定语时。如:
the name of the brave young man 这个勇敢的年轻人的名字
◆双重所有格
of所有格和-'s所有格或of所有格和名词性物主代词一起构成的所有格叫双重所有格。
双重所有格的形式
形式 示例
of+-'s所有格 a student of my father's我父亲的一个学生
of+名词性物主代词 a friend of mine我的一个朋友
of+one's own a decision of my own 我自己的一个决定
1.双重所有格和of所有格的意义有所不同。如:
(1)This is a photo of my mother.这是我母亲的一张照片。(表示照片里的人是我母亲)
(2)This is a photo of my mother's.
这是我母亲的一张照片。(表示这张照片是我母亲所拥有的照片中的其中一张,照片里的人不一定是我母亲本人)
易错警示
2.of前的名词前不用定冠词the。如:
the daughter of Mr.Green's ×
a daughter of Mr.Green's √
3.of后的名词必须是表示限定、特指的,表示人的名词、人的姓名或名词性物主代词。如:
a daughter of a teacher's ×
a daughter of the teacher's √
用所给单词的适当形式填空。
manner method volunteer cinema purpose
26.The _________ of getting education is not only to learn certain knowledge, but to get the ability of learning.
27.More than 200 ____________ in our university are sent to teach in the poor areas every year.
purpose
volunteers
28.It's one of the good table _____________ in China to ask the old to eat first.
29.Detective Chinatown 3 is a famous movie, and I have seen it twice in the ________.
manners
cinema
30.—Jenny, I can't solve the problems by myself. What should I do
—Maybe working in groups is a good ________.
child friend umbrella weight hour
Jack ability choice difficulty nurse
31.This year, the family went camping on ____________ Day, June 1st.
32.________________ grandmother did not think anything more about his questions.
method
Children's
Jack's
33.Most parents think it is a good ________ to take a school bus because it's quite safe.
34.It's raining heavily outside. Please take the ___________ with you.
35.The tree house was Zach's favourite place to go to when he wanted to be alone. He also liked taking his friends there. They would play for ____________.
choice
umbrella
hours
36.They immediately became __________ and started to play at each other's house on the weekend.
37.In hospitals, doctors and _________ work for long hours, usually six hours in a row.
38.Riding is a good way to keep fit and lose ____________, so I like it very much.
friends
nurses
weight
39.Don't be afraid of the competition, boys. It's a chance to improve your ___________.
40.We do not live in the world alone, so we certainly need others' help. When we meet ______________, don't be shy to ask for help.
abilities
difficulties