中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
冀教版必修一综合复习分层练B（基础达标+能力提升）（原卷）
一、根据提示或首字母填写出单词的正确形式
The UK Charity Shop
What do you do with old stuff That dress you bought for a party three years ago, for example. You wore it once and it 1． (hang) in your wardrobe ever since. You could throw it away, but that seems wasteful—after all it's still perfectly usable. In the UK, we 2． take it to a charity shop.
The first charity shops appeared in Britain in the 19th Century. The Salvation Army, a UK charity, was one of the first 3． (run) a second-hand clothing shop to provide the poor and needy with affordable clothes. This was followed by charities such as the British Red Cross, which also relieved hardship and raised money for the war effort during World War Two. The 4． (recent) form we know today was opened in 1947 by Oxfam.
These days, charity shops are a common sight with around 11, 200 shops across the UK, according to the Charity Retail Association. During business hours any member of the public can donate their unwanted items to a charity shop—clothes, books, electronics, furniture. Most charity shops will take anything. These items are checked for wear and tear and if found still serviceable, priced up to be sold at a heavily discounted price.
For many, this is a(n) 5． (invite) practice. To the charity, it means a valuable source of income, 6． they can use to pursue their charitable aim. To the consumer, it provides the opportunity to buy, often extremely cheaply, items and clothes. 7． they are previously owned, they are durable. To the donator, it declutters（清理)and may help to relieve consumer guilt." You can make a pretty good case to yourself that you are doing good, because 8． you are involved in is going towards a charitable cause and you are saving stuff from landfill, ""Clare Press, fashion journalist and sustainable style advocate, tells The Guardian. Indeed, approximately 140 million worth of clothing alone goes into landfill each year, according to UK charity WRAP, the Waste and Resources Action Programme.
There are sometimes 9． (hide) treasures for the buyers, too. On more than one occasion a buyer has purchased something very cheaply, only to later discover its true value—such as a screen print bought for 99p and later found to be by English artist Ben Nicholson. It sold at auction(拍卖会) 10． 4, 200. So next time you need to rid yourself of something, spare a thought for the charity shop-after all, charity begins at home!
二、选词填空（词汇运用）
根据句意，从所给词组中挑选合适的一项并用其正确形式完成句子。
other than; check in; take notes; apply for; concentrate onmake up; sign up for; be unique to; be responsible for; look forward to;
11．—I'd like to , please.
—Do you have a reservation
12．I am really having a good vacation with you in the countryside.
13． their beauty, I see something amazing from the models.
14．These animals China, so you can not find them in other countries
15．The boy a story to make his parents happy but he felt guilty from the bottom of his heart.
16．The floods last summer the deaths of over a hundred people.
17．It is a wise choice for you to a Chinese course.
18．She was sitting at her desk, her homework.
19．I while listening and reading.
20．You need to a visa to travel abroad.
三、翻译
21．正因为如此，西班牙语是秘鲁主要官方语言。
It is for this reason that Spanish is the main of Peru.
22．在接下来的三天里，您可以在当地导游的陪同下，深入雨林进行探索，欣赏雨林独一无二的动植物。
You can then spend three days the rainforest with a local guide and enjoying the plants and animals to the rainforest.
23．Jane Eyre _____________ (被视为经典) of the world literature.
24．Only then (我才意识到) the mistakes that I had made.
25． No matter how ordinary a job is, it (发挥着作用) in our society.
26．People sit uncomfortably on the plastic chairs, (浏览旧杂志).
27．Although it is the doctors and nurses that will treat her injury, it is our job (让她感觉更好).
28． （无论如何）, he will respond to emails that he receives immediately.
29．乡村音乐的调子朗朗上口，歌词常常发人深省。
The tunes are easy to sing, and the lyrics often .
30．即使你似乎无法理解这首诗的真正含义，但是你总是可以说说这首诗在朗读时听上去如何。
Even if its true meaning appears to be , you can always say something about how the poem sounds when you read it aloud.
四、完形填空
Having a clear picture in mind of what their future will look like can motivate students to keep going despite the challenges of college life. This 31． seems to be particularly effective for female students from relatively low socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds says Mesmin Destin of Northwestern University in the US. College is a time of great opportunity for some, but can be 32． for others. It is often the first time that many students are away from the regular and familiar support of their family and friends. Weak students from lower SES backgrounds often encounter greater financial and psychological challenges than others, and this can lead to 33． and even withdrawal from difficult situations, such as when interacting with their lecturers or taking tests and exams.
Destin and his colleagues wanted to understand if students' 34． to academic challenges improve when they look forward to the future. This idea is built around the theory of identity-based motivation. It holds that people can take positive action during times of unfavorable conditions when they 35． a successful future for themselves.
"The theory of identity-based motivation proposes that stimulating a focus on a successful future identity may be especially 36． in motivating students who are weak during challenging academic situations to develop a sense of action readiness," explains Destin. "This involves feeling ready and able to take appropriate action when 37． difficulty.
In two almost identical laboratory experiments — one involving 93 female students, the other 185 students (including 101 women) — participants were first asked either to write about their past or their future 38． . After their deep thoughts, the participants were filmed during an imitated interview with a so-called lecturer, and then had to 39． a difficult academic test. The research team noted whether participants' body language was bold and confident, and measured the amount of effort participants' 40． the academic test.
The results were in agreement with the theory of identity-based motivation. Destin and his team found that having a successful future identity can prevent especially female students from lower SES backgrounds from 41． during challenging academic situations. Specifically, lower SES women who wrote about their future identities displayed greater action 42． compared to those who considered their past. They showed more confident body language. It helped them to make more effort to tackle the test, and had an indirect effect on their 43． .
"Stimulating imagined successful future identities appears to provide a 44． pathway to enable weak students to effectively navigate everyday stressors," says Destin. "The findings 45． suggest that certain students may benefit from strategies that remind them to image their successful futures before any difficult and important task that they might otherwise be likely to avoid. "
31．A．instruction B．strategy C．challenge D．psychology
32．A．disgraceful B．shameful C．harmful D．stressful
33．A．hesitation B．intention C．depression D．decision
34．A．willingness B．options C．responses D．applications
35．A．destroy B．imagine C．abandon D．substitute
36．A．powerful B．upright C．unique D．ambitious
37．A．avoiding B．overcoming C．surrendering D．encountering
38．A．experience B．suffering C．success D．failure
39．A．design B．complete C．comment D．revise
40．A．put away B．put on C．put out D．put into
41．A．withdrawing B．transforming C．advancing D．engaging
42．A．quantity B．dullness C．readiness D．inability
43．A．fascination B．ignorance C．dilemma D．performance
44．A．tolerable B．potential C．straight D．academic
45．A．therefore B．however C．otherwise D．meanwhile
五、阅读理解
A
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
Primary teachers are responsible for guiding children through the formation of many important life skills, and also watching over their students' social development. Primary teachers come into contact with about 30 students every day, and teach them a variety of subjects. Many hours are spent before and after class on planning, preparation and correction. One should be a very patient, caring, yet firm person to be able to deal with the demands of children in the four to twelve-year-old age group.
Secondary teachers teach specific subjects to various groups of students. Just like primary teachers, they spend an amount of time planning and preparing lessons and correcting homework—their duties are not restricted to face-to-face teaching. Dealing with twelve to eighteen-year-olds requires a wide range of skills.
If you become a primary teacher, you will need to decide whether to be a "generalist", teaching a wide range of subjects, or a "specialist", teaching only one or two. Most primary teachers are specialists. Generalist teachers spend the greatest part of their day with one class, which means that they spend more time with the same children. Specialist teachers have more time away from their students. It is therefore very important for generalist teachers to develop a strong working relationship with their students.
The unique rapport you can develop with a particular set of students is one of teaching's greatest pleasures. However, the disadvantage of primary teaching is that if you have a difficult student, you will be forced to deal with him or her, all day, every day, throughout the school year. Teachers need to work out strategies to get themselves and their students through such difficulties.
Primary teachers today are generally four-year trained. They usually do a three or four-year undergraduate degree, and if this degree does not include teacher training, they will have to undertake postgraduate study in education as well.
46．After class primary teachers usually .
A．come into contact with students
B．teach students a variety of subjects
C．deal with the demands of children
D．make planning, preparation and correction
47．What does the third paragraph mainly discuss
A．What a primary teacher needs to do in the classroom.
B．The differences between generalist and specialist teaching.
C．How a primary teacher should try his best in the school.
D．The relationship between the primary teachers and students.
48．We can learn from this passage that .
A．a primary teacher needs a wide range of skills
B．the disadvantage of primary teaching is having difficult students
C．teacher training is not important for a primary teacher
D．secondary teachers mainly teach children two subjects
49．The author writes the article in order to .
A．tell teachers how primary teachers guide students
B．tell teachers what you should do as a primary teacher
C．let readers know more about primary teachers
D．let readers know how to be a primary teacher
B
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
One way to prevent anxiety from getting out of control is to recognize its benefits. It is a mistake to think that we'd make better decisions if only we keep our feelings under control. Instead, a mix of feelings like anxiety and logical thinking leads to sound decision-making. It's true that there is plenty of research showing that higher levels of anxiety can make us more likely to avoid risks in our decision-making. There is also evidence that anxiety can increase the attention you pay to relevant information.
Recent studies have shown that people who are anxious about their relationship (for example, they fear to be abandoned) tend to be better at recognizing people who tell lies and are more likely to raise the alarm when danger is present.
In the real world though, it's worth realizing that feeling anxious once in a while is extremely common. It communicates to others that you care, and what's more, it's probably a sign that you are intelligent. At least two published studies have identified that people who score higher on measures of anxiety also tend to perform better on intelligence tests. This seems reasonable: if you're a thinker, you are sure to be always thinking about the future and imagine possible plots, including bad ones.
The important thing, if you are a worrywart, is not to let your fear destroy your dreams. And don't bury your head in the sand Instead, act on your fears—do the research as well as preparation, so rather than walking blindly into that which you fear, you meet the challenge in full readiness.
When anxiety beats you, or casts a shadow over your life, this is a serious problem. No one is denying that. But like everyday anxiety of this kind that you feel before a presentation or an interview, you needn't see it as your enemy. Anxiety is an important feeling, developed through evolution. As for people who are fairly anxious by nature, there is reason for cheer, too. Your nerves are a sign of your watchfulness.
Listen to them and act on them. Then you can turn your nervousness to your advantage.
50．What can we infer from the first paragraph about anxiety
A．It can be the only reason for all bad decisions.
B．It can make us more willing to take risks.
C．It can enable us to be more focused.
D．It can stop us from thinking logically.
51．What can we learn from the passage
A．Feeling anxious is more likely to put people at risk.
B．Anxious people are less sensitive to danger.
C．Feeling anxious occasionally is a sign of intelligence.
D．Anxious people have difficulty discovering liars.
52．How should we deal with anxiety in the author's opinion
A．Treat it as a minor feeling. B．Avoid being defeated by it.
C．Regard it as our enemy. D．Take action to control it.
53．What is the theme of the passage
A．Tips on how to keep a good mood.
B．Effective ways to prevent anxiety.
C．Common misunderstandings about anxiety.
D．Unexpected benefits of anxiety.
C
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
Many ancient populations used inscriptions（铭文） to document different parts of their lives. But the objects containing such inscriptions have been damaged over the centuries.
The researchers, led by Alphabet's AI company DeepMind, developed a new AI-based method which serves as a technological tool to help researchers repair missing inscriptions and estimate the true origins of the records. They call their tool Ithaca. The system is the first deep neural（神经的）network that can restore the missing text of damaged inscriptions. The researchers said it trained Ithaca on the largest collection of data containing Greek inscriptions from the non-profit Packard Humanities Institute in California. Feeding this data into the system is designed to help the tool use past writings to predict missing letters and words in damaged inscriptions.
The researchers reported that in experiments with damaged writings, Ithaca was able to correctly predict missing inscription elements 62% of the time. In addition, the tool was 71% correct in identifying where the inscriptions first came from. And when historians work on their own, the success rate for restoring damaged inscriptions is about 25%. But when humans teamed up with Ithaca to assist in their work, the success rate jumped to 72%.
Thea Sommerschield from Ca'Foscari University of Venice said the system had already provided new information to help researchers reexamine important periods in Greek history. In one case, Ithaca confirmed new evidence presented by historians about the dating of a series of important Greek decrees（法令）. The decrees were first thought to have been written before 446/445 BCE. But the new evidence suggested a date in the 420s BCE. Ithaca predicted a date of 421 BCE. The date change may seem small but it has significant implications for our understanding of the political history of Classical Athens.
The team is currently working on other versions of Ithaca trained on other ancient languages. DeepMind has launched a free, interactive tool based on the system for use by researchers, educators, museum workers and the public.
54．What is the function of Ithaca
A．Restoring and identifying damaged inscriptions.
B．Interpreting and protecting historical documents.
C．Exploring and tracing the origins of Greek letters.
D．Collecting and translating past writings into English.
55．What do the numbers in paragraph 3 mainly indicate
A．The inscriptions are of great value to human.
B．Ithaca helps researchers work more effectively.
C．The demand for reading ancient records is increasing.
D．The process of repairing damaged writings is complicated.
56．Why does the author mention the case in paragraph 4
A．To show the limitations of Ithaca.
B．To support Sommerschield's statement.
C．To explain the history of Greek decrees.
D．To prove the importance of dates to historians.
57．What is the passage mainly about
A．The achievements of Greek historians.
B．The disappearance of ancient Greek culture.
C．A rising trend of studying ancient languages.
D．An AI system for repairing missing writings.
D
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
The first rule of popular science is to reveal the wonder and mystery of the world. For that reason, Sentient(Picador), written by photographer and wildlife film-maker Jackie Higgins, is my pick of the year. According to my interviews with many readers, I select other four newly-published books in 2022.
Delicious
This book describes how our ancestors hunted and consumed ancient animals such as mammoths, bison, giant camels and many more now-extinct species. The diet of the Clovis peoples of North America was a menu described as "a record of a lost world". This book explains how our dinners robbed the world of so many large animals. It gives inspiration for how modern humans can be at peace with nature
The New Climate War
In 1999, Mann published a graph showing the rapid post-industrial rise in global temperatures. Two decades later, his book The New Climate War remains convinced that we can prevent climate change. This book sets out a common-sense approach to carbon pricing and a revision of the Green New Deal. Of course, there are still many people who deny that climate change is even happening.
The Geodesic Dome
Physicist Kate Greene imagines that she spends four months in a geodesic dome（网格状的穹顶）in Hawaii, with five other people, to mimic（模仿） living in a colony on another planet. The story describes the future of our Earth. Kate makes readers cherish the natural environment. "No sunshine on our skin, and no fresh air in our lungs, " Greene turns the frustrations into a moving story.
Florida Scrub-Jay
The birds were once common across the peninsula（半岛）. But as development over the last 100 years reduced the habitats on which the bird depends, the species became endangered. Mark Walters travels the state to report on the natural history and the current situation of Florida's flag ship birds. This book can raise people's awareness of protecting the birds' habitats.
58．What can we infer about the author from the text
A．He's a column journalist. B．He's a scientist.
C．He's a film-maker. D．He's a photographer.
59．Which book might be science fiction
A．Delicious. B．Florida Scrub-Jay.
C．The Geodesic Dome. D．The New Climate War.
60．What do the listed books have in common
A．They have happy endings.
B．They record the natural history.
C．They face doubts from many scientists.
D．They involve the environmental protection.
六、书面表达
61．阅读下面短文，根据所给情节进行续写，使之构成一个完整的故事。
LESSONS LEARNED OUTSIDE THE CLASSROOM
Mr. Gray was my history teacher in tenth grade. I couldn't tell what kind of history he taught for two reasons: one, I never liked history, and two, my body was in class, but my mind wasn't. Mr. Gray wasn't the teacher who offered retakes (补考) on tests; he did so much more for me than that. He offered me a pair of ears and a shoulder to cry on.
Before Mr. Gray came along, one major event was taking place in my life. My mom told me she wanted to divorce my dad. Why then I didn't understand. I barricaded (筑起壁垒) myself in my basement bedroom, listening to angry music and sleeping. I fell into a depression and my grades were falling. Then there was Mr. Gray.
I sat against a brick wall outside the library, knees pulled into my chest, head down, surrounded by my noisy friends that I was slowly distancing myself from, when I heard his voice: "Ever feel like you're a fire hydrant (消防栓) and every dog in the neighborhood is stopping by to visit you？" I picked my head up and then I saw Mr. Gray.
I had heard him use this line in the classroom a few times before, when it looked like a kid was having a bad day. It usually aroused a laugh and ended there. This time was different though— he was waiting for an answer. Next thing I knew I was following him into the library.
We sat amongst the shelves of the mostly empty library for the rest of lunchtime. I don't remember much about that first conversation other than the unconditional promise he made me of lending a pair of ears and a shoulder to cry on. What made him such a special teacher was that he saw that I was struggling and reached out to me outside of the classroom.
注意：
1）所续写短文的词数应为150左右：
2）续写部分分为两段。每段的开头语已为你写好。
Paragraph 1:
However, that didn't change our classroom relationship.
Paragraph 2:
Many lunchtime library conversations followed throughout the school year.
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冀教版必修一综合复习分层练B（基础达标+能力提升）（解析卷）
一、根据提示或首字母填写出单词的正确形式
The UK Charity Shop
What do you do with old stuff That dress you bought for a party three years ago, for example. You wore it once and it 1． (hang) in your wardrobe ever since. You could throw it away, but that seems wasteful—after all it's still perfectly usable. In the UK, we 2． take it to a charity shop.
The first charity shops appeared in Britain in the 19th Century. The Salvation Army, a UK charity, was one of the first 3． (run) a second-hand clothing shop to provide the poor and needy with affordable clothes. This was followed by charities such as the British Red Cross, which also relieved hardship and raised money for the war effort during World War Two. The 4． (recent) form we know today was opened in 1947 by Oxfam.
These days, charity shops are a common sight with around 11, 200 shops across the UK, according to the Charity Retail Association. During business hours any member of the public can donate their unwanted items to a charity shop—clothes, books, electronics, furniture. Most charity shops will take anything. These items are checked for wear and tear and if found still serviceable, priced up to be sold at a heavily discounted price.
For many, this is a(n) 5． (invite) practice. To the charity, it means a valuable source of income, 6． they can use to pursue their charitable aim. To the consumer, it provides the opportunity to buy, often extremely cheaply, items and clothes. 7． they are previously owned, they are durable. To the donator, it declutters（清理)and may help to relieve consumer guilt." You can make a pretty good case to yourself that you are doing good, because 8． you are involved in is going towards a charitable cause and you are saving stuff from landfill, ""Clare Press, fashion journalist and sustainable style advocate, tells The Guardian. Indeed, approximately 140 million worth of clothing alone goes into landfill each year, according to UK charity WRAP, the Waste and Resources Action Programme.
There are sometimes 9． (hide) treasures for the buyers, too. On more than one occasion a buyer has purchased something very cheaply, only to later discover its true value—such as a screen print bought for 99p and later found to be by English artist Ben Nicholson. It sold at auction(拍卖会) 10． 4, 200. So next time you need to rid yourself of something, spare a thought for the charity shop-after all, charity begins at home!
【答案】1．has been hanging；2．may/ might/ can/could；3．to run；4．more recent；5．inviting；6．which；7．Though/ Although/While；8．what；9．hidden；10．for
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了英国的慈善机构的起源，作用以及带来的好处。
【点评】考查语法填空，本题考点涉及时态，情态动词，非谓语动词，形容词，定语从句，状语从句，主语从句，介词以及固定搭配等多个知识点的考查，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，并结合相关语法知识，进行分析推理，从而写出正确的单词形式。
1．句意：你穿过一次，从那以后它就一直挂在你的衣柜里。此处是谓语动词，结合时间状语 ever since，可知应用现在完成进行时，故填has been hanging 。
2．句意：在英国，我们可以把它带到慈善商店。结合语境应用情态动词 may/ might/ can/could ，故填 may/ might/ can/could 。
3．句意：英国慈善机构救世军（Salvation Army）是第一批经营二手服装店的人之一，为穷人和有需要的人提供平价服装。此处作后置定语，修饰 the first ，应用不定式，故填 to run 。
4．句意：我们今天所知的最新表格是由乐施会于1947年推出的。此处形容词比较级作定语，故填 more recent 。
5．句意：对许多人来说，这是一种诱人的做法。此处形容词修饰名词，作定语， inviting “诱人的”，故填 inviting 。
6．句意：对慈善机构来说，这意味着一个宝贵的收入来源，他们可以利用它来实现自己的慈善目标。 they can use to pursue their charitable aim 是非限制性定语从句，先行词是 a valuable source of income ，在从句中作宾语，应用关系代词which，故填 which 。
7．句意：虽然它们是以前拥有的，但它们是耐用的。此处引导让步状语从句，故填 Though/ Although/While 。
8．句意：你可以向自己证明你做得很好，因为你所参与的是一项慈善事业，你正在从垃圾填埋场中拯救东西。 you are involved in 是主语从句，从句中缺少in的主语，应用what引导，故填what。
9．句意：有时也有买家隐藏的宝藏。hide与treasures 在逻辑上是动宾关系，过去分词表被动，此处左作定语，故填 hidden 。
10．句意：它在拍卖会上以4200英镑的价格售出。sell for ，固定短语，“以......的价格出售”，故填 for。
二、选词填空（词汇运用）
根据句意，从所给词组中挑选合适的一项并用其正确形式完成句子。
other than; check in; take notes; apply for; concentrate onmake up; sign up for; be unique to; be responsible for; look forward to;
11．—I'd like to , please.
—Do you have a reservation
12．I am really having a good vacation with you in the countryside.
13． their beauty, I see something amazing from the models.
14．These animals China, so you can not find them in other countries
15．The boy a story to make his parents happy but he felt guilty from the bottom of his heart.
16．The floods last summer the deaths of over a hundred people.
17．It is a wise choice for you to a Chinese course.
18．She was sitting at her desk, her homework.
19．I while listening and reading.
20．You need to a visa to travel abroad.
【答案】11．check in
12．looking forward to
13．Other than
14．are unique to
15．made up
16．were responsible for
17．sign up for
18．concentrating on
19．take notes/took notes
20．apply for
【解析】【分析】other than固定短语，“除了”； check in动词短语，“办理入住手续”； take notes动词短语，“做笔记”； apply for动词短语，“申请”； concentrate on动词短语，“集中精力”；make up动词短语，“编造，组成”； sign up for动词短语，“报名参加”； be unique to动词短语“对……来说是独特的”； be responsible for动词短语，“对.....负责”； look forward to动词短语，“盼望”。
【点评】考查选词填空，要求考生在理解句义的基础上，根据方框内所给的短语，结合相关的语法知识，做出正确答案。
11．句意：——我要办理入住手续。——你预订了吗？check in动词短语，“登记”。would like to do sth.固定短语。“想要做某事”，不定式to后接动词原形。结合句意，故填check in。
12．句意：我很期待能和你们在乡下度过一个愉快的假期。look forward to动词短语，“期待”。主语I与look forward to之间为主动关系，所以根据am可知，用现在进行时。结合句意，故填looking forward to。
13．句意：除了她们的美丽，我还从模特身上看到了一些惊人的东西。other than固定短语，“除了”，故填Other than。
14．句意：这些动物是中国特有的，所以你在其他国家找不到它们。be unique to动词短语，“对……来说是独特的”。陈述客观事实，用一般现在时。主语These animals为复数形式，谓语动词用are。结合句意，故填are unique to。
15．句意：男孩编了一个故事让他的父母高兴，但他从心底感到内疚。make up动词短语，“编造”。根据句中时态可知，用一般过去时。结合句意，故填made up。
16．句意：去年夏天的洪水造成一百多人死亡。be responsible for动词短语，“对……负责”。根据时间状语last summer可知，用一般过去时。主语是The floods，谓语动词用复数were。结合句意，故填were responsible for。
17．句意：报名参加中文课程对你来说是一个明智的选择。sign up for动词短语，“报名参加”。句中it作形式主语，真正的主语为不定式，不定式to后接动词原形。结合句意，故填sign up for。
18．句意：她坐在桌前，专心做作业。concentrate on动词短语，“专心于”之意。逻辑主语she与concentrate on之间为主动关系，所以用现在分词作状语。结合句意，故填concentrating on。
19．句意：我在听和读的时候做笔记。take notes动词短语，“做笔记”。陈述客观事实或过去事情，用一般现在时或一般过去时。结合句意，故填take notes/took notes。
20．句意：出国旅行你需要申请签证。apply for动词短语，“申请”。need to do sth.固定短语，“需要做某事”，不定式to后接动词原形。结合句意，故填apply for。
三、翻译
21．正因为如此，西班牙语是秘鲁主要官方语言。
It is for this reason that Spanish is the main of Peru.
【答案】official；language
【解析】【分析】根据中英文对照，可知缺少成分“官方语言”，应用固定短语official language，此处作表语，故答案为：official language。
【点评】考查汉译英，以及固定短语official language。
22．在接下来的三天里，您可以在当地导游的陪同下，深入雨林进行探索，欣赏雨林独一无二的动植物。
You can then spend three days the rainforest with a local guide and enjoying the plants and animals to the rainforest.
【答案】exploring；unique
【解析】【分析】根据中英文对照，可知缺少成分“探索”应用动词explore，此处是固定短语spend some time (in) doing，“花费时间做......”，动名词作宾语；以及“独一无二的”；应用形容词 unique ，此处作后置定语，故答案为：exploring；unique。
【点评】考查汉译英，本题涉及动名词作宾语以及形容词作后置定语。
23．Jane Eyre (被视为经典) of the world literature.
【答案】is regarded as /is considered as（to be）/is thought of as/is treated as a classic
【解析】【分析】句意：《简·爱》被认为是世界文学的经典。“ 被视为经典 ”应用动词短语be regarded as/ considered as（to be）/thought of as/treated as，“被认为是......”，是谓语动词，陈述的是客观事实，应用一般现在时，主语是 Jane Eyre ，属于第三人称单数，“经典”用名词 a classic 表达，故答案为： is regarded as /is considered as（to be）/is thought of as/is treated asa classic。
【点评】考查汉译英，本题涉及一般现在时的被动语态以及固定短语be regarded as/ considered as（to be）/thought of as/treated as。
24．Only then (我才意识到) the mistakes that I had made.
【答案】did I realize
【解析】【分析】句意：直到那时，我才意识到自己犯的错误。“ 我才意识到 ”应用动词 realize “意识到”，是谓语动词，结合语境应用一般过去时，译为：I realized，本句 Only then 位于句首，作状语，句子应用部分倒装，故填 did I realize 。
【点评】考查汉译英，本题涉及一般过去时和部分倒装。
25． No matter how ordinary a job is, it (发挥着作用) in our society.
【答案】plays a role (part)
【解析】【分析】句意：无论一份工作多么普通，它都在我们的社会中发挥着作用。“ 发挥着作用 ”应用动词短语 play a role (part) ，此处是谓语动词，结合状语从句 No matter how ordinary a job is 的时态，可知应用一般现在时，主语是it，故填 plays a role (part) 。
【点评】考查汉译英，本题涉及一般现在时，主谓一致以及固定短语 play a role (part) 。
26．People sit uncomfortably on the plastic chairs, (浏览旧杂志).
【答案】looking through the old magazines
【解析】【分析】句意：人们不舒服地坐在塑料椅子上， 浏览旧杂志 。“ 浏览旧杂志 ”应用动词短语， look through “浏览”，译为： look through the old magazines ，是非谓语动词，与主语people 在逻辑上是主谓关系，现在分词表主动，此处作伴随状语，故填 looking through the old magazines 。
【点评】考查汉译英，本题涉及现在分词作伴随状语以及固定短语look through 。
27．Although it is the doctors and nurses that will treat her injury, it is our job (让她感觉更好).
【答案】to make her feel better
【解析】【分析】句意：虽然医生和护士会治疗她的伤，但我们的工作是让她感觉更好。“ 让她感觉更好 ”应用固定短语“make sb. do”，不带to的动词不定式作宾补，译为： make her feel better ，此句it作形式主语，不定式作真正的主语，故答案为： to make her feel better。
【点评】考查汉译英，本题涉及不定式作主语，以及固定短语“make sb. do”。
28． （无论如何）, he will respond to emails that he receives immediately.
【答案】In any case
【解析】【分析】句意：无论如何，他会立即回复收到的电子邮件。“ 无论如何 ”应用介词短语in any case，此处作状语，故填In any case 。
【点评】考查汉译英，以及固定短语in any case。
29．乡村音乐的调子朗朗上口，歌词常常发人深省。
The tunes are easy to sing, and the lyrics often .
【答案】leave；you；deep；in；thought
【解析】【分析】根据中英文对照，可知缺少成分“ 发人深省 ” ，应用固定短语leave sb deep in thought“使某人陷入沉思”，根据 The tunes are easy to sing 的时态，应用一般现在时，主语lyrics为复数名词。故答案为leave；you；deep；in；thought。
【点评】考查汉译英，本题涉及一般现在时以及固定短语leave sb deep in thought。
30．即使你似乎无法理解这首诗的真正含义，但是你总是可以说说这首诗在朗读时听上去如何。
Even if its true meaning appears to be , you can always say something about how the poem sounds when you read it aloud.
【答案】beyond；your；grasp
【解析】【分析】根据中英文对照，可知缺少成分“无法理解”，应用固定短语beyond one's grasp，结合语意，应用形容词性物主代词your表示“你的”。故答案为：beyond； your ；grasp。
【点评】考查汉译英，以及固定短语beyond one's grasp。
四、完形填空
Having a clear picture in mind of what their future will look like can motivate students to keep going despite the challenges of college life. This 31． seems to be particularly effective for female students from relatively low socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds says Mesmin Destin of Northwestern University in the US. College is a time of great opportunity for some, but can be 32． for others. It is often the first time that many students are away from the regular and familiar support of their family and friends. Weak students from lower SES backgrounds often encounter greater financial and psychological challenges than others, and this can lead to 33． and even withdrawal from difficult situations, such as when interacting with their lecturers or taking tests and exams.
Destin and his colleagues wanted to understand if students' 34． to academic challenges improve when they look forward to the future. This idea is built around the theory of identity-based motivation. It holds that people can take positive action during times of unfavorable conditions when they 35． a successful future for themselves.
"The theory of identity-based motivation proposes that stimulating a focus on a successful future identity may be especially 36． in motivating students who are weak during challenging academic situations to develop a sense of action readiness," explains Destin. "This involves feeling ready and able to take appropriate action when 37． difficulty.
In two almost identical laboratory experiments — one involving 93 female students, the other 185 students (including 101 women) — participants were first asked either to write about their past or their future 38． . After their deep thoughts, the participants were filmed during an imitated interview with a so-called lecturer, and then had to 39． a difficult academic test. The research team noted whether participants' body language was bold and confident, and measured the amount of effort participants' 40． the academic test.
The results were in agreement with the theory of identity-based motivation. Destin and his team found that having a successful future identity can prevent especially female students from lower SES backgrounds from 41． during challenging academic situations. Specifically, lower SES women who wrote about their future identities displayed greater action 42． compared to those who considered their past. They showed more confident body language. It helped them to make more effort to tackle the test, and had an indirect effect on their 43． .
"Stimulating imagined successful future identities appears to provide a 44． pathway to enable weak students to effectively navigate everyday stressors," says Destin. "The findings 45． suggest that certain students may benefit from strategies that remind them to image their successful futures before any difficult and important task that they might otherwise be likely to avoid. "
31．A．instruction B．strategy C．challenge D．psychology
32．A．disgraceful B．shameful C．harmful D．stressful
33．A．hesitation B．intention C．depression D．decision
34．A．willingness B．options C．responses D．applications
35．A．destroy B．imagine C．abandon D．substitute
36．A．powerful B．upright C．unique D．ambitious
37．A．avoiding B．overcoming C．surrendering D．encountering
38．A．experience B．suffering C．success D．failure
39．A．design B．complete C．comment D．revise
40．A．put away B．put on C．put out D．put into
41．A．withdrawing B．transforming C．advancing D．engaging
42．A．quantity B．dullness C．readiness D．inability
43．A．fascination B．ignorance C．dilemma D．performance
44．A．tolerable B．potential C．straight D．academic
45．A．therefore B．however C．otherwise D．meanwhile
【答案】31．B；32．D；33．A；34．C；35．B；36．A；37．D；38．C；39．B；40．D；41．A；42．C；43．D；44．B；45．A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了研究发现想象自己的成功未来这一策略会让大学生受益。
【点评】考查完形填空，本题考点涉及动词，名词，形容词，副词，固定短语等多个知识点的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析推理，从而选出正确答案。
31．句意：这一策略似乎对社会经济地位相对较低的女学生特别有效。A. instruction“指令”；B. strategy“策略，战略”；C. challenge“挑战”；D. psychology“心理”。根据上文“ Having a clear picture in mind of what their future will look like can motivate students to keep going despite the challenges of college life. ”，对自己的未来有一个清晰的认识可以激励学生在大学生活的挑战中继续前进，此处指的就是这个策略，文章最后一句话中的"strategies"也是提示。故选B。
32．句意：大学对一些人来说是一个很好的机会，但对另一些人来说可能会有压力。A. disgraceful“可耻的”；B. shameful“不体面的”；C. harmful“有害的”；D. stressful“有压力的，紧张的”。根据下文“. It is often the first time that many students are away from the regular and familiar support of their family and friends. Weak students from lower SES backgrounds often encounter greater financial and psychological challenges than others, and this can lead to 3 and even withdrawal from difficult situations”这往往是许多学生第一次远离家人和朋友经常和熟悉的支持，社会地位较低的弱势学生往往比其他人遇到更大的经济和心理挑战，这可能导致犹豫，甚至从困难的情况下退缩，这说明大学对一些人来说可能是有压力的。故选D。
33．句意：这可能导致犹豫，甚至从困难的情况下退缩。A. hesitation“犹豫”；B. intention“目的”；C. depression“沮丧”；D. decision“决定”。根据空前“ Weak students from lower SES backgrounds often encounter greater financial and psychological challenges than others ”社会地位较低的弱势学生往往比其他人遇到更大的经济和心理挑战，因此这可能导致他们犹豫，甚至从困难的情况下退缩。故选A。
34．句意：Destin和他的同事们希望了解学生在展望未来时，对学术挑战的反应是否有所改善。A. willingness“乐意”；B. options“选择”；C. responses“反应，回应”；D. applications“应用”。根据空后"to academic challenges improve when they look forward to the future. "可知，他们想知道学生在展望未来时，对学术挑战的反应是否有所改善。故选C。
35．句意：它认为，当人们为自己设想一个成功的未来时，他们可以在不利的条件下采取积极的行动。A. destroy“破坏”；B. imagine“想象，憧憬”；C. abandon“放弃”；D. substitute“替代”。根据上文“ This idea is built around the theory of identity-based motivation. ”这个想法是建立在基于身份的动机理论的基础上的，此处是对这个理论的解释，即：当人们为自己设想一个成功的未来时，他们可以在不利的条件下采取积极的行动。故选B。
36．句意：基于身份的动机理论认为，激发对成功的未来身份的关注可能特别有助于激励那些在挑战性学习环境中表现不佳的学生培养行动准备意识。A. powerful”强大的，有力量的“；B. upright”正直的“；C. unique”独特的“；D. ambitious”有抱负的“。根据上文，这个理论认为当人们为自己设想一个成功的未来时，他们可以在不利的条件下采取积极的行动，所以激发对成功的未来身份的关注会特别有助于激励那些在挑战性学习环境中表现不佳的学生培养行动准备意识，be powerful in"在……方面是有力的"。故选A。
37．句意：这包括在遇到困难时感到准备好并能够采取适当的行动。A. avoiding“避免”；B. overcoming“克服”；C. surrendering“投降”；D. encountering“遇到”。根据空前的"feeling ready and able to take appropriate action"可知，感到准备好并能够采取适当的行动是遇到困难时的反应。故选D。
38．句意：参与者首先被要求写下他们的过去或未来的成功。A. experience“经历，经验”；B. suffering“苦难”；C. success“成功”；D. failure“失败”。根据上文，基于身份的动机理论认为，激发对成功的未来身份的关注可能特别有助于激励那些在挑战性学习环境中表现不佳的学生培养行动准备意识，这个理论的核心就是"成功的身份"，所以参与者被要求写下他们的过去或未来的成功。故选C。
39．句意：经过深思熟虑后，参与者在模拟采访一位所谓讲师的过程中被拍摄下来，然后完成一次困难的学术测试。A. design“设计”；B. complete “完成”；C. comment “ 评论”；D. revise“修正”。根据下文“The research team noted whether participants' body language was bold and confident, and measured the amount of effort participants' 10 the academic test.”的研究团队衡量了参与者在学术测试中投入的努力程度可知，参与者需要完成一次困难的学术测试。故选B。
40．句意：研究团队记录了参与者的肢体语言是否大胆自信，并衡量了参与者在学术测试中投入的努力程度。A. put away“放好”；B. put on“穿上”；C. put out“熄灭”；D. put into“放进，放到”。根据空前的"measured the amount of effort"可知，研究团队衡量了参与者在学术测试中投入的努力程度。故选D。
41．句意：Destin和他的团队发现，拥有一个成功的未来身份可以防止特别是来自较低社会地位背景的女学生在充满挑战的学习环境中退缩。A. withdrawing“退缩，撤离”；B. transforming“转换”；C. advancing“推动”；D. engaging“从事”。根据上文，基于身份的动机理论认为当人们为自己设想一个成功的未来时，他们可以在不利的条件下采取积极的行动，所以此处是说拥有一个成功的未来身份可以防止特别是来自较低社会地位背景的女学生在充满挑战的学习环境中退缩。故选A。
42．句意：具体来说，社会经济地位较低的女性在写自己未来身份时，比那些考虑过去身份的女性表现出更强的行动准备。A. quantity“数量”；B. dullness“迟钝”；C. readiness“准备就绪，愿意”；D. inability“无能”。根据上文，基于身份的动机理论认为，激发对成功的未来身份的关注可能特别有助于激励那些在挑战性学习环境中表现不佳的学生培养行动准备意识，所以社会经济地位较低的女性在写自己未来身份时，比那些考虑过去身份的女性表现出更强的行动准备。故选C。
43．句意：这帮助她们更加努力地应对考试，并对她们的表现产生了间接影响。A. fascination“魅力”；B. ignorance“无知”；C. dilemma“困境”；D. performance“表现”。根据空前说她们表现出更加自信的肢体语言，这间接影响了她们的表现。故选D。
44．句意：激发想象中的成功的未来身份似乎提供了一条潜在的途径，使弱势学生能够有效应对日常压力。A. tolerable“可容忍的”；B. potential“潜在的”；C. straight“直的”；D. academic“学术的”。根据空后的" pathway to enable weak students to effectively navigate everyday stressors"可知，激发想象中的成功的未来身份提供了一条使弱势学生能够有效应对日常压力的潜在途径。故选B。
45．句意：因此，研究结果表明，某些学生可能会从一些策略中受益，这些策略提醒他们在完成任何困难而重要的任务之前，先想象自己成功的未来，否则他们可能会逃避这些任务。A. therefore“因此”；B. however“然而”；C. otherwise“否则”；D. meanwhile“同时”。此处总结上文，说的是这个研究结果的意义，前后是因果关系，此处表示结果。故选A。
五、阅读理解
A
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
Primary teachers are responsible for guiding children through the formation of many important life skills, and also watching over their students' social development. Primary teachers come into contact with about 30 students every day, and teach them a variety of subjects. Many hours are spent before and after class on planning, preparation and correction. One should be a very patient, caring, yet firm person to be able to deal with the demands of children in the four to twelve-year-old age group.
Secondary teachers teach specific subjects to various groups of students. Just like primary teachers, they spend an amount of time planning and preparing lessons and correcting homework—their duties are not restricted to face-to-face teaching. Dealing with twelve to eighteen-year-olds requires a wide range of skills.
If you become a primary teacher, you will need to decide whether to be a "generalist", teaching a wide range of subjects, or a "specialist", teaching only one or two. Most primary teachers are specialists. Generalist teachers spend the greatest part of their day with one class, which means that they spend more time with the same children. Specialist teachers have more time away from their students. It is therefore very important for generalist teachers to develop a strong working relationship with their students.
The unique rapport you can develop with a particular set of students is one of teaching's greatest pleasures. However, the disadvantage of primary teaching is that if you have a difficult student, you will be forced to deal with him or her, all day, every day, throughout the school year. Teachers need to work out strategies to get themselves and their students through such difficulties.
Primary teachers today are generally four-year trained. They usually do a three or four-year undergraduate degree, and if this degree does not include teacher training, they will have to undertake postgraduate study in education as well.
46．After class primary teachers usually .
A．come into contact with students
B．teach students a variety of subjects
C．deal with the demands of children
D．make planning, preparation and correction
47．What does the third paragraph mainly discuss
A．What a primary teacher needs to do in the classroom.
B．The differences between generalist and specialist teaching.
C．How a primary teacher should try his best in the school.
D．The relationship between the primary teachers and students.
48．We can learn from this passage that .
A．a primary teacher needs a wide range of skills
B．the disadvantage of primary teaching is having difficult students
C．teacher training is not important for a primary teacher
D．secondary teachers mainly teach children two subjects
49．The author writes the article in order to .
A．tell teachers how primary teachers guide students
B．tell teachers what you should do as a primary teacher
C．let readers know more about primary teachers
D．let readers know how to be a primary teacher
【答案】46．D
47．B
48．B
49．C
【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了小学教师的工作内容、职责以及工作中会遇到的困难等。
【点评】考查阅读理解。本文涉及细节题、推断题和主旨题三种常考题型，细节题要注意从文中寻找答案；推断题需要联系上下文，推断出需要的信息；主旨题需要通读全文，了解大意之后找出中心思想。
46．考查细节理解。根据第一段中“Many hours are spent before and after class on planning, preparation and correction.”课前和课后花了很多时间来计划、准备和纠正。可知，课后，小学教师通常要进行计划、准备和纠正。故选D。
47．考查主旨大意。根据第三段“If you become a primary teacher, you will need to decide whether to be a "generalist", teaching a wide range of subjects, or a "specialist", teaching only one or two. Most primary teachers are specialists. Generalist teachers spend the greatest part of their day with one class, which means that they spend more time with the same children. Specialist teachers have more time away from their students. It is therefore very important for generalist teachers to develop a strong working relationship with their students.”如果你成为一名小学教师，你需要决定是当一名“多面手”，教授广泛的学科，还是当一名“专家”，只教授一两个学科。大多数小学教师都是专家。多面手老师每天大部分时间都和一个班在一起，这意味着他们和同样的孩子在一起的时间更多。专业教师有更多的时间离开学生。因此，多面手教师与学生建立牢固的工作关系是非常重要的。可知，第三段主要讨论通才教学和专才教学的区别。故选B。
48．考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中“However, the disadvantage of primary teaching is that if you have a difficult student, you will be forced to deal with him or her, all day, every day, throughout the school year. ”然而，小学教学的缺点是，如果你有一个难相处的学生，你将被迫与他或她打交道，一整天，每天，整个学年。可知，小学教学的缺点是有难相处的学生。故选B。
49．考查推理判断。根据第一段中“Primary teachers are responsible for guiding children through the formation of many important life skills, and also watching over their students’ social development.”小学教师负责引导孩子们形成许多重要的生活技能，并监督他们的学生的社会发展。结合文章主要介绍了小学教师的工作内容、职责以及工作中会遇到的困难等。可推知，作者写这篇文章是为了让读者更多地了解小学教师。故选C。
B
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
One way to prevent anxiety from getting out of control is to recognize its benefits. It is a mistake to think that we'd make better decisions if only we keep our feelings under control. Instead, a mix of feelings like anxiety and logical thinking leads to sound decision-making. It's true that there is plenty of research showing that higher levels of anxiety can make us more likely to avoid risks in our decision-making. There is also evidence that anxiety can increase the attention you pay to relevant information.
Recent studies have shown that people who are anxious about their relationship (for example, they fear to be abandoned) tend to be better at recognizing people who tell lies and are more likely to raise the alarm when danger is present.
In the real world though, it's worth realizing that feeling anxious once in a while is extremely common. It communicates to others that you care, and what's more, it's probably a sign that you are intelligent. At least two published studies have identified that people who score higher on measures of anxiety also tend to perform better on intelligence tests. This seems reasonable: if you're a thinker, you are sure to be always thinking about the future and imagine possible plots, including bad ones.
The important thing, if you are a worrywart, is not to let your fear destroy your dreams. And don't bury your head in the sand Instead, act on your fears—do the research as well as preparation, so rather than walking blindly into that which you fear, you meet the challenge in full readiness.
When anxiety beats you, or casts a shadow over your life, this is a serious problem. No one is denying that. But like everyday anxiety of this kind that you feel before a presentation or an interview, you needn't see it as your enemy. Anxiety is an important feeling, developed through evolution. As for people who are fairly anxious by nature, there is reason for cheer, too. Your nerves are a sign of your watchfulness.
Listen to them and act on them. Then you can turn your nervousness to your advantage.
50．What can we infer from the first paragraph about anxiety
A．It can be the only reason for all bad decisions.
B．It can make us more willing to take risks.
C．It can enable us to be more focused.
D．It can stop us from thinking logically.
51．What can we learn from the passage
A．Feeling anxious is more likely to put people at risk.
B．Anxious people are less sensitive to danger.
C．Feeling anxious occasionally is a sign of intelligence.
D．Anxious people have difficulty discovering liars.
52．How should we deal with anxiety in the author's opinion
A．Treat it as a minor feeling. B．Avoid being defeated by it.
C．Regard it as our enemy. D．Take action to control it.
53．What is the theme of the passage
A．Tips on how to keep a good mood.
B．Effective ways to prevent anxiety.
C．Common misunderstandings about anxiety.
D．Unexpected benefits of anxiety.
【答案】50．C
51．C
52．B
53．D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了焦虑能够带来的一些意想不到的好处，我们应该将焦虑变成自己的优势。
【点评】考查阅读理解。本文涉及细节题、推断题和主旨题三种常考题型，做细节理解题时一定要找到文章中的原句和题干进行比较后再做出正确的选择。做推理判断题不要以个人的主观想象代替文章得事实，要根据文章事实进行呵护逻辑的推理判断。主旨题需要通读全文，了解大意之后找出中心思想。
50．考查推理判断。根据第一段中“There is also evidence that anxiety can increase the attention you pay to relevant information.”还有证据表明，焦虑会增加你对相关信息的注意力。可知，焦虑能让我们更专注。故选C。
51．考查细节理解。根据第三段第三句“At least two published studies have identified that people who score higher on measures of anxiety also tend to perform better on intelligence tests.”至少有两项已发表的研究表明，在焦虑测试中得分较高的人在智力测试中也表现得更好。可知，偶尔感到焦虑是智力的一种表现。故选C。
52．考查推理判断。根据第四段第一句“The important thing, if you are a worrywart, is not to let your fear destroy your dreams. And don’t bury your head in the sand."如果你是个杞人忧天的人，最重要的是不要让恐惧推毀你的梦想。不要逃避现实。可知，作者认为，我们应该避免被焦虑打败。故选B。
53．考查主旨大意。根据第一段中“One way to prevent anxiety from getting out of control is to recognize its benefits. It is a mistake to think that we’d make better decisions if only we keep our feelings under control. Instead, a mix of feelings like anxiety and logical thinking leads to sound decision-making.”防止焦虑失控的一个方法是认识到它的好处。认为只要我们控制佳自己的情绪，我们就能做出更好的决定，这种想法是错误的。相反，焦虑和逻辑思维的混合会导致合理的决策。以及第二段“Recent studies have shown that people who are anxious about their relationship (for example, they fear to be abandoned) tend to be better at recognizing people who tell lies and are more likely to raise the alarm when danger is present.”最近的研究表明，那些对他们的关系感到焦虑的人，例如，他们害怕被抛弃，往往更善于识别说谎的人，而且在危险出现时更有可能发出警报。可知，这篇文章的主题是焦虑带来的意想不到的好处。故选D。
C
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
Many ancient populations used inscriptions（铭文） to document different parts of their lives. But the objects containing such inscriptions have been damaged over the centuries.
The researchers, led by Alphabet's AI company DeepMind, developed a new AI-based method which serves as a technological tool to help researchers repair missing inscriptions and estimate the true origins of the records. They call their tool Ithaca. The system is the first deep neural（神经的）network that can restore the missing text of damaged inscriptions. The researchers said it trained Ithaca on the largest collection of data containing Greek inscriptions from the non-profit Packard Humanities Institute in California. Feeding this data into the system is designed to help the tool use past writings to predict missing letters and words in damaged inscriptions.
The researchers reported that in experiments with damaged writings, Ithaca was able to correctly predict missing inscription elements 62% of the time. In addition, the tool was 71% correct in identifying where the inscriptions first came from. And when historians work on their own, the success rate for restoring damaged inscriptions is about 25%. But when humans teamed up with Ithaca to assist in their work, the success rate jumped to 72%.
Thea Sommerschield from Ca'Foscari University of Venice said the system had already provided new information to help researchers reexamine important periods in Greek history. In one case, Ithaca confirmed new evidence presented by historians about the dating of a series of important Greek decrees（法令）. The decrees were first thought to have been written before 446/445 BCE. But the new evidence suggested a date in the 420s BCE. Ithaca predicted a date of 421 BCE. The date change may seem small but it has significant implications for our understanding of the political history of Classical Athens.
The team is currently working on other versions of Ithaca trained on other ancient languages. DeepMind has launched a free, interactive tool based on the system for use by researchers, educators, museum workers and the public.
54．What is the function of Ithaca
A．Restoring and identifying damaged inscriptions.
B．Interpreting and protecting historical documents.
C．Exploring and tracing the origins of Greek letters.
D．Collecting and translating past writings into English.
55．What do the numbers in paragraph 3 mainly indicate
A．The inscriptions are of great value to human.
B．Ithaca helps researchers work more effectively.
C．The demand for reading ancient records is increasing.
D．The process of repairing damaged writings is complicated.
56．Why does the author mention the case in paragraph 4
A．To show the limitations of Ithaca.
B．To support Sommerschield's statement.
C．To explain the history of Greek decrees.
D．To prove the importance of dates to historians.
57．What is the passage mainly about
A．The achievements of Greek historians.
B．The disappearance of ancient Greek culture.
C．A rising trend of studying ancient languages.
D．An AI system for repairing missing writings.
【答案】54．A
55．B
56．B
57．D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种AI系统，它可以帮助科学家修复和识别受损铭文的文字，了解历史发展。
【点评】考查阅读理解。本文涉及细节题、推断题和主旨题两种常考题型，做细节理解题时一定要找到文章中的原句，和题干进行比较，再做出正确的选择。推断题需要联系上下文，推断出需要的信息；主旨题需要通读全文，了解大意之后找出中心思想，切忌选题不可过大，也不可过小，断章取义，要贴合文章主题。
54．考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“The researchers, led by Alphabet's AI company DeepMind, developed a new AI-based method which serves as a technological tool to help researchers repair missing inscriptions and estimate the true origins of the records. They call their tool Ithaca. The system is the first deep neural（神经的）network that can restore the missing text of damaged inscriptions. ”由Alphabet旗下人工智能公司DeepMind领导的研究人员开发了一种新的基于人工智能的方法，作为一种技术工具，帮助研究人员修复缺失的铭文，并判断这些记录的真实来源。他们称他们的工具为Ithaca。该系统是第一个可以恢复受损铭文缺失文本的深度神经网络。可知，Ithaca是第一个可以复原受损铭文的缺失文本、识别铭文真实来源的深度神经网络，由此可知，Ithaca的主要作用是修复和识别损坏的铭文。故选A。
55．考查推理判断。根据第三段“The researchers reported that in experiments with damaged writings, Ithaca was able to correctly predict missing inscription elements 62% of the time. In addition, the tool was 71% correct in identifying where the inscriptions first came from. And when historians work on their own, the success rate for restoring damaged inscriptions is about 25%. But when humans teamed up with Ithaca to assist in their work, the success rate jumped to 72%.”研究人员报告说，在对损坏的文字进行的实验中，Ithaca能够在62%的时间里正确预测缺失的铭文元素。此外，该工具在识别铭文最初来自何处方面的正确率为71%。当历史学家独自工作时，修复受损铭文的成功率约为25%。但当人类用Ithaca协助他们工作时，成功率跃升至72%。可知，历史学家使用了Ithaca协助工作后，复原受损铭文文本的准确率从25%提高到了72%，由此可知，第三段中数字表明Ithaca能帮助研究人员更有效地工作。故选B。
56．考查推理判断。根据第四段“Thea Sommerschield from Ca'Foscari University of Venice said the system had already provided new information to help researchers reexamine important periods in Greek history. In one case, Ithaca confirmed new evidence presented by historians about the dating of a series of important Greek decrees（法令）. ”威尼斯Ca'Foscari大学的Thea Sommerschield说，该系统已经提供了新的信息，帮助研究人员重新审视希腊历史上的重要时期。在一个案例中，Ithaca证实了历史学家提出的关于一系列重要希腊法令年代的新证据。可知，该段第一句提到，学者Sommerschield说该系统已经提供了新的信息，帮助研究人员重新审视希腊历史上的重要时期，接着就给出了具体的示例来佐证，因此，此段中的案例是为了支持Sommerschield陈述的观点。故选B。
57．考查主旨大意。根据第一段“Many ancient populations used inscriptions (铭文) to document different parts of their lives. But the objects containing such inscriptions have been damaged over the centuries.”许多古代居民使用铭文记录他们生活的不同部分。但是，包含这些铭文的物品在几个世纪以来遭到了破坏。和第二段“The researchers, led by Alphabet's AI company DeepMind, developed a new AI-based method which serves as a technological tool to help researchers repair missing inscriptions and estimate the true origins of the records. They call their tool Ithaca. ”由Alphabet旗下人工智能公司DeepMind领导的研究人员开发了一种新的基于人工智能的方法，作为一种技术工具，帮助研究人员修复缺失的铭文，并估计记录的真实来源。他们称他们的工具为Ithaca。以及下文对Ithaca的具体介绍，可知本文是介绍一种可以帮助科学家修复和识别受损铭文文字的AI系统——Ithaca，D选项“An AI system for repairing missing writings.(一种修复缺失文字的人工智能系统。)”能够概括文章主旨。故选D。
D
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
The first rule of popular science is to reveal the wonder and mystery of the world. For that reason, Sentient(Picador), written by photographer and wildlife film-maker Jackie Higgins, is my pick of the year. According to my interviews with many readers, I select other four newly-published books in 2022.
Delicious
This book describes how our ancestors hunted and consumed ancient animals such as mammoths, bison, giant camels and many more now-extinct species. The diet of the Clovis peoples of North America was a menu described as "a record of a lost world". This book explains how our dinners robbed the world of so many large animals. It gives inspiration for how modern humans can be at peace with nature
The New Climate War
In 1999, Mann published a graph showing the rapid post-industrial rise in global temperatures. Two decades later, his book The New Climate War remains convinced that we can prevent climate change. This book sets out a common-sense approach to carbon pricing and a revision of the Green New Deal. Of course, there are still many people who deny that climate change is even happening.
The Geodesic Dome
Physicist Kate Greene imagines that she spends four months in a geodesic dome（网格状的穹顶）in Hawaii, with five other people, to mimic（模仿） living in a colony on another planet. The story describes the future of our Earth. Kate makes readers cherish the natural environment. "No sunshine on our skin, and no fresh air in our lungs, " Greene turns the frustrations into a moving story.
Florida Scrub-Jay
The birds were once common across the peninsula（半岛）. But as development over the last 100 years reduced the habitats on which the bird depends, the species became endangered. Mark Walters travels the state to report on the natural history and the current situation of Florida's flag ship birds. This book can raise people's awareness of protecting the birds' habitats.
58．What can we infer about the author from the text
A．He's a column journalist. B．He's a scientist.
C．He's a film-maker. D．He's a photographer.
59．Which book might be science fiction
A．Delicious. B．Florida Scrub-Jay.
C．The Geodesic Dome. D．The New Climate War.
60．What do the listed books have in common
A．They have happy endings.
B．They record the natural history.
C．They face doubts from many scientists.
D．They involve the environmental protection.
【答案】58．A
59．C
60．D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了2022新出版的最受读者喜爱的揭示了世界的奇迹和神秘的四本书。
【点评】本题考查阅读理解，涉及细节理解和推理判断两个常考题型的考查，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
58．考查推理判断。根据第一段中“According to my interviews with many readers, I select other four newly-published books in 2022.”根据我对许多读者的采访，我选择了其他四本2022年新出版的书。可推断出，作者是一位专栏记者。故选A。
59．考查细节理解。根据第四段中“Physicist Kate Greene imagines that she spends four months in a geodesic dome in Hawaii, with five other people, to mimice living in a colony on another planet. The story describes the future of our Earth.”物理学家凯特·格林想象她和另外五个人在夏威夷的一个测地线圆顶中度过四个月，以模拟在另一个星球上的殖民地生活。这个故事描述了我们地球的未来。可知，Kate描绘的世界是虚拟的，想象了地球的未来，所以只有The Geodesic Dome是科幻小说，其他都是写的现实中真实存在的场景。故选C。
60．考查细节理解。根据第二段中“It gives inspiration for how modern humans can be at peace with nature”它为现代人类如何与自然和平相处提供了灵感。第三段中“This book sets out a common-sense approach to carbon pricing and a revision of the Green New Deal.”这本书提出了碳定价的常识性方法，并对绿色新政进行了修订。第四段“Kate makes readers cherish the natural environment.”凯特让读者珍惜自然环境。以及最后一段“This book can raise people's awareness of protecting the birds' habitats.”这本书可以提高人们保护鸟类栖息地的意识。可知，所有的书都涉及到了环境保护。故选D。
六、书面表达
61．阅读下面短文，根据所给情节进行续写，使之构成一个完整的故事。
LESSONS LEARNED OUTSIDE THE CLASSROOM
Mr. Gray was my history teacher in tenth grade. I couldn't tell what kind of history he taught for two reasons: one, I never liked history, and two, my body was in class, but my mind wasn't. Mr. Gray wasn't the teacher who offered retakes (补考) on tests; he did so much more for me than that. He offered me a pair of ears and a shoulder to cry on.
Before Mr. Gray came along, one major event was taking place in my life. My mom told me she wanted to divorce my dad. Why then I didn't understand. I barricaded (筑起壁垒) myself in my basement bedroom, listening to angry music and sleeping. I fell into a depression and my grades were falling. Then there was Mr. Gray.
I sat against a brick wall outside the library, knees pulled into my chest, head down, surrounded by my noisy friends that I was slowly distancing myself from, when I heard his voice: "Ever feel like you're a fire hydrant (消防栓) and every dog in the neighborhood is stopping by to visit you？" I picked my head up and then I saw Mr. Gray.
I had heard him use this line in the classroom a few times before, when it looked like a kid was having a bad day. It usually aroused a laugh and ended there. This time was different though— he was waiting for an answer. Next thing I knew I was following him into the library.
We sat amongst the shelves of the mostly empty library for the rest of lunchtime. I don't remember much about that first conversation other than the unconditional promise he made me of lending a pair of ears and a shoulder to cry on. What made him such a special teacher was that he saw that I was struggling and reached out to me outside of the classroom.
注意：
1）所续写短文的词数应为150左右：
2）续写部分分为两段。每段的开头语已为你写好。
Paragraph 1:
However, that didn't change our classroom relationship.
Paragraph 2:
Many lunchtime library conversations followed throughout the school year.
【答案】 However, that didn't change our classroom relationship. Every time he noticed my mind was wandering. He would call on me. Wearing the stern look with the same expectations and trying to draw my attention back to class. Unsurprisingly. I still distanced myself from classmates; I still didn't know the answers more than half the time. But I think he knew that I was at a crossroads in my life and that my history grade didn't matter much compared to everything else that was going on. Apparently, my problem needed to be addressed first outside the classroom and then in class.
More lunchtime library conversations followed throughout the school year: They always made me feel freer and although I still struggled, I didn't feel trapped like before. Mr. Gray presented me with an outlet for my pain and frustration: he was always there unconditionally, offering me a pair of ears and a shoulder to cry on. His presence and life wisdom enabled me to become less defensive and open up more. Gradually, the hours spent amongst the library shelves became my favorite time to take his "class". Little as I remembered about what he taught in the history class, the lessons learned outside the classroom would never fade away.
【解析】【分析】本篇书面表达是读后续写。通过阅读文章可知，讲述了作者和他十年级历史老师之间的故事。在遇到新老师之前，作者的父母离婚，他想不通，因此开始封闭自己。有一次在学校，作者蜷缩在图书馆外，觉得自己和周围的距离越来越远。历史老师发现了他，并对他说了老师常常对心情不好的学生说的笑话，这开启了两人课外的对话。此后作者经常在午饭的空余时间和老师去图书馆交流。此后，历史课上只要发现作者开小差，老师便会提醒他。虽然多数时候回答不上问题，老师并没放弃，而是继续帮助他开导他，解决学习之外，思想方面的问题。作者因为不喜欢历史，且上历史课思绪早已在教室外，并没记住老师传授的历史知识，但是老师敏锐地发现他的痛苦和沮丧，在课堂外教给了作者生活智慧，使他走出困境，这也使得这位老师对作者而言，很特别。段落续写：①由第一段首句内容“然而，这并没有改变我们的课堂关系。”可知，第一段可描写作者在历史课上的表现的有这样表现的原因。②由第二段首句内容“整个学年，更多的午餐时间图书馆对话接踵而至。”可知，第二段可描写老师继续利用午餐空余时间和作者沟通，最终成功开导作者。写作时注意准确运用时态，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系，尽量使用自己熟悉的单词句式，同时也要注意使用高级词汇和高级句型使文章显得更有档次。
【点评】本书面表达要点齐全，上下文连贯，使用一定数量的句式结构，让句子更加生动丰满，同时运用了许多高级词汇和固定短语，提高文章的档次，体现了对英语的熟练的驾驭能力。例如：Every time he noticed my mind was wandering. 运用了宾语从句； But I think he knew that I was at a crossroads in my life and that my history grade didn’t matter much compared to everything else that was going on.运用了宾语从句，并列句，限制性定语从句； They always made me feel freer and although I still struggled, I didn't feel trapped like before. 运用了并列句，让步状语从句； Little as I remembered about what he taught in the history class, the lessons learned outside the classroom would never fade away.运用了让步状语从句，倒装句，宾语从句。
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