(共63张PPT)
分析近10年河南中考真题可知,形容词和副词是每年河南中考的必考点,对形容词和副词的考查主要集中在完形填空和语篇填空中。2022年河南中考完形填空中有4道题对形容词进行考查,有1道题对副词进行考查。语篇填空第一节中有2道题,其中一道对比较级进行了考查。
考点1 形容词
形容词主要用来修饰名词或代词,表示人物或事物的性质、特征或状态,类似于汉语中以“的”结尾的形容词的用法,在句子中可以作定语、表语或宾语补足语。
◆形容词的用法
1.形容词词义辨析
在完形填空中主要涉及情感状态类、事物描述类、性格特征类和观点看法类等。主要考查在语境中的用法,且越来越注意具体语言环境下的意义区别。考生在做此类试题时,应先读懂句意,抓住题干中的关键信息,并结合日常生活中的常识及语境,辨别出各选项之间的差异,即可选出正确答案。
2.形容词短语
(1)与about搭配
be anxious about 对……感到焦虑
be careful about 对……小心
be certain about 对……有把握
be crazy about 对……热衷
be sorry about 对……感到抱歉
be sure about 对……有把握
be worried about 对……担忧
(2)与with搭配
be angry with 对……生气
be busy with 忙于
be filled with 充满
be happy/pleased/satisfied with 对……感到满意
be patient with 对……有耐心
be strict with 对……严格要求
(3)与to搭配
be friendly to 对……友好
be kind to 对……和蔼
be polite to 对……有礼貌
be related to 与……有关
be similar to 与……相似
be useful to 对……有用
be familiar to 为……所熟悉
(4)与in搭配
be disappointed in 对……失望
be interested in 对……感兴趣
be weak in 在……薄弱
be successful in 在……方面成功
be poor in 在……方面弱
(5)与from搭配
be absent from 缺席
be different from 与……不同
be separated from 和……分离
(6)与at搭配
be good at 擅长……
be mad at 对……疯狂
be angry at 对……生气
be surprised at 对……感到惊奇
be amazed at 对……感到惊讶
(7)与for搭配
be famous for 因……而著名
be/get ready for 为……做好准备
be known for 因……而出名
be thirsty for 渴望
be thankful for 对……感激
be suitable for 适合……
be sorry for 为……感到遗憾
be good for 对……有好处
be fit/unfit for 适合/不适合……
be bad for 对……有坏处
知识拓展
形容词的主动意义和被动意义
1.由-ing分词转化来的形容词可表主动意义,其意义通常为“使人……的,令人……的”,作表语时,通常表示主语所具有的特征,句中主语通常是物。如:
The new movie was so exciting that I like it so much.这部电影如此令人兴奋,我特别喜欢。
2.由-ed分词转化来的形容词通常表被动意义,作表语时,表示主语所处的状态,主语通常是人。如:
I am so excited that I can't go to sleep.我太兴奋了,以至于睡不着觉。
3.常见的此类形容词有:
interesting 有趣的 interested 感兴趣的
surprising 令人惊讶的 surprised 感到惊讶的
exciting 令人兴奋的 excited 兴奋的
boring 令人厌烦的 bored 感到厌烦的
disappointing 令人失望的 disappointed失望的
moving 令人感动的 moved 感动的
tiring 令人疲倦的 tired 感到疲倦的
amazing 令人惊讶的 amazed 感到惊讶的
embarrassing 令人尴尬的 embarrassed 尴尬的
relaxing 令人放松的 relaxed 感到放松的
touching令人感动的 touched 受感动的
satisfying 令人满意的 satisfied 满意的
1.Our teacher often warns us it's dangerous ____ leave much personal information on the Internet.(盲填)
2.Photos are ________(silence), but they say a lot about our lives.
3.You'll find a nicer world if you're kind and _________(help) to people around.
4.Uncle Liang has a great collection of __________(value) watches.
5.It's believed that the life in the countryside is more __________(peace).
to
silent
helpful
valuable
peaceful
从方框中选择合适的词填空。
easy nervous quiet patient smart
6.Miss Li is always _________ with us.She often tells us how to work out the problems again and again.
7.There are several markets in our community.So it is ______ to buy many things.
patient
easy
8.Sally always feels _________ when her teachers ask her questions.
9.Being _______ doesn't promise to bring you success.You also have to study hard and never give up.
10.It's important to be a good listener.We'd better keep _______ when others are talking.
nervous
smart
quiet
考点2 副词
副词主要用来修饰动词、形容词、副词甚至全句,它主要表示动作发生的地点、方式、程度及范围等,类似于汉语中以“地”结尾的副词的用法,常在句中作状语。
◆副词词义辨析
1.副词的用法
分析近6年河南中考真题可知,副词词义辨析主要在完形填空和往年单项选择中考查,考查角度主要涉及以-ly结尾的副词、程度副词、疑问副词、连接副词。
2.副词的分类
(1)时间副词:确定句子时态的重要依据
时间副词 含义 时间副词 含义
ago 以前 already 已经
before 在……之前 early 提前地
late 晚,迟 later 晚些时候
now 现在 once 曾经
soon 不久 then 然后
today 今天 yesterday 昨天
(2)地点副词:表示动作发生的地点,其前面不加介词
地点副词 含义 地点副词 含义
around 周围 home 家
here 在这儿 there 在那儿
outside 在外面 inside 在里面
anywhere 任何地方 everywhere 到处
upstairs 在楼上 ahead 在前面
(3)方式副词:用来说明行为方式,多由“形容词+-ly”构成
方式副词 含义 方式副词 含义
carefully 仔细地 slowly 慢慢地
clearly 清楚地 suddenly 忽然
fast 迅速地 loudly 大声地
quickly 快速地 politely 礼貌地
(4)频度副词:说明动作发生的频率
频度副词 含义 频度副词 含义
always 总是 ever 曾经
usually 通常 often 时常
sometimes 有时 seldom 很少
hardly ever 几乎不 never 从不
(5)程度副词
程度副词 含义 程度副词 含义
almost 几乎,差不多 enough 足够
even 甚至 pretty/rather 相当
only 只,仅仅 well 正好;远远超过
right 正好 quite 颇;非常
still 仍然 so 如此
most 十分;很 further 更进一步的
hardly 几乎不 just 仅仅
(6)疑问副词:常用来构成特殊疑问句(在复合句中做连接副词时注意从句用陈述语序)
疑问副词 含义
where 在哪里
when 何时
why 为什么
How 如何
(7)连接副词
连接副词 含义 连接副词 含义
also 也 anyway 即使这样
besides 此外,而且 however 但是
instead 代替 moreover 此外
then 然后 therefore 因此
(8)以-ly结尾的副词
副词 含义 副词 含义
clearly 清楚地 bravely 勇敢地
directly 直接地 exactly 确切地
especially 尤其,特别 luckily 幸运地
properly 合适地 unluckily 不幸地
finally 最终 quickly 快速地
易错警示
1.以-ly结尾的单词不一定都是副词,有些形容词也是以-ly结尾,如:friendly(友好的),lovely(可爱的),lively(充满活力的),daily(每日的),monthly(每月的),lonely(孤独的)等。
2.形容词与副词同形的常见单词有fast,hard,early,late,straight,high,deep等。
◆易混副词(词组)辨析
1.high和highly
词汇 含义及用法 示例
high 意为 “高高地,在高处”,表示具体的意义 The plane is flying high in the sky.飞机正在高空中飞行。
highly 意为“高度地”,表示抽象的含义 They all speak highly of Tom.他们对汤姆评价都很高。
2.late和lately
词汇 含义 示例
late 意为“晚地;迟地” I'm late because I got up late.我迟到是因为我起晚了。
lately 意为“最近地;近来地” Are there some bomb news lately?最近有什么爆炸新闻吗?
3.deep和deeply
词汇 含义及用法 示例
deep 意为“深地”,表具体的含义 He stood with his hands deep in his pockets.他双手深插在衣袋里站着。
deeply 意为“深深地;深情地”,表抽象的含义 I deeply love you.我深深地爱着你。
4.how long,how often,how soon与how far
词组 含义及用法 示例
how long 意为“多久,多长时间”,对一段时间进行提问,一般用于完成时。常用“for+时间段”或“since+时间点”进行回答 —How long have you been a teacher?你做老师多久了?
—I have been a teacher for 5 years./I have been a teacher since 5 years ago.我做老师已经5年了。
词组 含义及用法 示例
how often 意为“多久一次”,对频率进行提问,常用“once/twice a week”等进行回答 —How often do you go back to your hometown?你多久回一次家乡?
—About once a month. 差不多一个月一次。
词组 含义及用法 示例
how soon 意为“多久(之后)”,对“in+时间段”进行提问,常用于将来时 —How soon will you finish the task?你多久之后能完成任务?
—Maybe in one week. 或许一周以后吧。
词组 含义及用法 示例
how far 意为“多远”,对距离进行提问 —How far is the school from your home?学校距离你家有多远?
—About 5 kilometers. 差不多5公里远。
5.also,too,either和as well(都表示“也”)
词汇(组) 用法 示例
also also比too和as well 正式,通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后,实义动词之前,常用于肯定句的句中或句首 I like learning English, and she also likes it.我喜欢学英语,她也喜欢。
词汇(组) 用法 示例
too 多用于口语,通常位于肯定句句末 She is a student, and I am a student, too.她是一名学生,我也是。
either 用于否定句句末 I don't like this movie, and my mother doesn't like it, either.我不喜欢这部电影, 我妈妈也不喜欢。
as well 多用于口语,通常位于肯定句句末 I like fishing as well.我也喜欢钓鱼。
6.already,still和yet
词汇 含义及用法 示例
already 意为“已经”,常用于肯定句,位于be动词、助动词之后,实义动词之前 I have already known the news.我已经知道了这个新闻。
词汇 含义及用法 示例
still 意为“还”,表示某事还在进行,常用于肯定句和疑问句中,也可用于否定句中 The teacher is still
talking to the student.
老师还在和学生聊天。
yet 常用于否定句句末,意为“还”,也可用于疑问句句末,意为“已经” We haven't finished it yet.我们还没有完成。
11.(2022 天津中考改编)Although he failed many times, he _______ gave up his dream.(盲填)
12.I can't tell you the time _________(exact), but I know it's too late.
13.Gina was able to move her body more than she _________(usual) did at home.
never
exactly
usually
14.“Now I only need several more things.” Sam _________(happy) collected all his materials.
15.Then she _________(quiet) went into the kitchen and began peeling(削) potatoes.
16.(2022 安徽中考改编)The best known Mount Huangshan comes
____________(natural) as the first choice.
happily
quietly
naturally
17.You must decide how to answer the question _________(quick).
18.(2022 陕西中考改编)_________(final), his shoes became popular and sold well.
19.______________(surprising), all my team members ended up doing their part.
20.On April 16, three heroic astronauts returned home ________(safe).
quickly
Finally
Surprisingly
safely
考点3 形容词和副词的比较等级
◆形容词和副词比较级的构成
不规则变化形式
原级 比较级 最高级
bad worse worst
good/well better best
原级 比较级 最高级
far farther farthest
further furthest
little less least
many/much more most
old older oldest
elder eldest
规则变化形式
规则变化 构成法 原级 比较级 最高级
在词尾加-er和-est cold colder coldest
brave braver bravest
以“-e”结尾的单音节单词直接加-r和-st big bigger biggest
sad sadder saddest
hot hotter hottest
构成法 原级 比较级 最高级
规则变化 以“辅音字母+-y”结尾的双音节词,先变-y为-i,再加-er和-est busy busier busiest
easy easier easiest
以“元音字母+-y”结尾的单词,直接加-er和-est grey greyer greyest
careful more careful most careful
在部分双音节和多音节词前面加more和most beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
◆比较级的用法
当比较两个人或事物之间的状态、特征以及程度时,可以使用形容词和副词的比较级。常见的比较级句型有:
1.A+谓语动词+形容词比较级+thanB,表示“A比B……”。如:
(1)A train is faster than a car.火车比汽车快。
(2)The film is more interesting than the story.这部电影比故事更有趣。
2.A+谓语动词+less+形容词或副词原级+than_B,表示“A不如B…… ”。如:
This book is less expensive than that one.这本书比那本书便宜。
3.比较级+and+比较级或 moreand_more+形容词/副词,表示“越来越……”。如:
(1)The weather is becoming hotter and hotter. 天气越来越热了。
(2)Our city is becoming more and more beautiful.我们的城市变得越来越美丽。
4.the+比较级…,the+比较级…,表示“越……,越……”。如:
The more we do for the people, the happier we'll be.我们为人们做得越多,我们就越幸福。
◆形容词/副词比较级表示最高级
1.A+谓语动词+比较级+than+
如:Tom is fatter than any other student in his class.汤姆比班里其他任何一个学生都胖。
=Tom is fatter than the other students in his class.汤姆比班里其他学生都胖。
=Tom is fatter than any of the other students in his class.汤姆比班里其他任何一个学生都胖。
2.“否定词+比较级”也可表示最高级的含义。如:
(1)I have never watched a better movie than this one.我从来没有看过比这个更好看的电影。
=This is the best movie I've ever watched.这是我看过的最好看的电影。
(2)—Do you think this movie is very interesting?你觉得这部电影有趣吗?
—Yes, it can't be more interesting.是的,简直不能更有趣了。
形容词和副词的原级比较
1.A+谓语动词+as+形容词/副词原级+as+B,表示“A和B在程度、性质、特征等方面一样”。如:
The boy is as tall as his father.这个男孩和他父亲一样高。
知识拓展
2.A+谓语动词的否定式+as/so+形容词/副词原级+as+B,_表示“A不如B……”。如:
Tom is not as/so handsome as Mike.汤姆没有迈克那么帅气。
3.A+be动词+倍数+as+形容词原级+as+B,表示“A是B的……倍”。如:
My bike is two times as big as yours.我的自行车是你的两倍大。
【注意】A+be动词+倍数+形容词比较级+than+B,表示“A比B(大/高/小……)了多少”。如:
My bike is two times bigger than yours.我的自行车比你的大了两倍。
考点4 形容词和副词的最高级
当三个或三个以上人或事物之间的状态、特征以及程度进行比较时,可以使用形容词和副词的最高级来表示在一定范围内最突出的一个。注意:副词最高级前可以加the,也可以不加;但形容词最高级用在句中时,其前一般都要加the。
常见的最高级句型:
1.A+谓语动词(+the)+最高级+范围(带有in/of/among等的介词短语),表示“A是……中最……的”。如:
Mike is the tallest in his class/of all the students.迈克是全班最高的学生。
2.A+be+oneofthe+形容词最高级+复数名词(+范围),表示“A是(……中)最……之一”。如:
Beijing is one of the largest cities in China.北京是中国最大的城市之一。
3.A+be+the+序数词+最高级+名词(+范围),表示“A是(……中的)第几最……”。如:
The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.黄河是中国第二长的河流。
21.(2022 天津中考改编)Travelling by train is ________(slow) than by plane.But it's ______(much) interesting than by plane.
22.(2022 北京中考改编)After taking tennis classes, Tim is much _______
(strong) than last year.
slower
more
stronger
23.(2022 重庆中考改编)The Yangtze river is one of the _________(long) rivers in the world.
24.Roy is a greater dancer.He dances more ______________(beautiful) than others.
25.Children wash hands much ________(long) than before now because they like drawing on hands.
longest
beautifully
longer