(共35张PPT)
[用法体悟]
主谓一致一般遵循三个原则:语法一致、意义一致与就近一致。
①遵循 原则,主语为复数名词parents, 故谓语动词用复数形式have been teaching。注意关系代词whose作定语修饰parents,不影响主语。
②遵循语法一致原则,主语为 , 故谓语动词用单数形式 comes。注意James为同位语。
③遵循 原则,主语为关系代词which,指代的是前面的 ,形式上是复数,但意义为单数,表示一个国家,故谓语动词用is。
④遵循语法一致原则,主语后接as well as等词或短语时,谓语动词的单复数形式与 保持一致。
语法一致
My seatmate
意义一致
the United States
主语
⑤遵循 原则,由neither ...nor ...连接并列的主语时,谓语动词的单、复数由靠近的主语而定。
⑥遵循语法一致原则,“many a(很多)+单数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用 _____形式。
⑦遵循意义一致原则,表示时间的复数名词作主语时,通常看作一个整体,谓语动词用 形式。
⑧遵循语法一致原则,主语后面接说明主语的修饰语 ,谓语动词不受修饰成分的影响,仍保持同主语一致的关系。
⑨遵循意义一致原则,以-ics结尾表示学科的名词作主语时,通常表示 意义,谓语动词用 形式。
就近一致
单数
单数
together with
单数
单数
⑩遵循语法一致原则,当主语是both ... and连接的并列结构时,如果主语指的是两个或两个以上的人或物,则谓语动词用 。
遵循意义一致原则,复数形式的专有名词作主语,通常作为整体看待,谓语动词用 。
遵循语法一致原则,在“one of+复数名词+定语从句”结构中,如果前有the only, the very, the等限定词时,定语从句的谓语动词用 形式;如没有这些限定词和修饰语,定语从句的谓语动词采用 形式。
遵循意义一致原则,集体名词class如果作整体看待,谓语动词用 形式;如果作个别成员看待,谓语动词用 形式。
复数
单数
单数
复数
单数
复数
遵循语法一致原则,当“(large) quantities of+可数名词复数或不可数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用 。
当what引导主语从句作主语时,谓语动词的数应根据 的原则来决定。
遵循语法一致原则,非谓语动词(动词的-ing形式、不定式)作主语时,谓语动词一般用 形式。
遵循语法一致原则,当each作同位语时,不影响主语与谓语之间的关系,如we each are, are由主语we的形式决定;当“each+of+名词/代词”作主语时,谓语动词用 形式。
遵循语法一致原则,从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用 形式。
复数
意义一致
单数
单数
单数
[系统中整合规则]
主谓一致指谓语动词必须在人称和数上与句子的主语保持一致。主谓一致一般遵循三个原则:语法一致原则,意义一致原则与就近一致原则。语法一致原则是指主语和谓语在单复数形式上保持一致;意义一致原则是谓语动词的单、复数取决于主语所表达的概念;就近一致原则是当主语是两个或两个以上的并列名词或代词时,谓语动词与最靠近的作主语的名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致。
三个原则
语法一致 主语为单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式;主语是复数形式,谓语动词用复数形式。
“many a+单数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
由and或both ...and ...连接并列名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
主语后接with, along with, together with, like, except, but, besides, as well as等词或短语时,谓语动词的单复数形式与主语保持一致。
one, everyone, each one, each ...and ...作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
不定代词either, neither 和由every-, some-, no-, any-等构成的复合代词作主语时,谓语动词用单数。(none后的谓语动词根据情况可用单数,也可用复数)
意义一致 police(警察),people等形式上是单数,但通常被用作复数意义,谓语动词用复数形式。
blind, old, young, poor, rich 等形容词与the连用,表示一类人,在意义上是复数,谓语动词用复数形式。
news, maths, physics, politics(政治)等词的形式是以-s结尾,但意义上是单数,作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。
表示时间、距离、重量、金钱的名词作主语,通常被看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式。
“the+姓氏名词的复数形式”表示“某夫妇/一家人”。作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
续表
就近一致 there be句型或here be句型中有并列主语时,谓语动词be在数上与最靠近的主语保持一致。
由either ...or(或者……或者),neither ...nor(既不……也不,两者都不),not only ... but also(不但……而且), or (或者), whether ...or(是……还是), not ...but (不是……而是)等连接的并列名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式与最靠近的主语保持一致。
续表
[集训中明晰考点]
考点1 谓语动词只用单数的情况
(1)主语是单数,谓语动词用单数;
(2)many a/more than one/the number of+名词作主语时,谓语动词只用单数;
(3)单个动名词、不定式、从句作主语时,谓语动词常用单数;
(4)表示时间、距离、金额、重量等的复数名词作主语时,谓语动词常用单数形式;
(5)不定代词someone,somebody,something,anyone,anybody,anything,no one,nobody,nothing,everyone,everybody, everything, either, neither, the other, another, one单独作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
1. (2021·新高考Ⅰ卷改编)Mr Titterton is chairman of the Omega Ensemble but_____ (be) the group's official page turner for the past four years.
解析:has been 由时间状语“for the past four years”可以推断空处用现在完成时,其主语Mr Titterton 为第三人称单数形式,所以谓语应该用单数形式。
2. (2021·新高考Ⅰ卷改编)Going to Mount Huangshan (remind) me of the popular Beatles' song “The Long and Winding Road”.
解析:reminds 此句是在说明现在的客观情况,故用一般现在时,主语“Going to Mount Huangshan”为动名词短语,故谓语动词需用单数形式。
3. (2020·浙江1月高考)Something significant is happening to the world ______population — it is aging.The median (中位数的) age of an American in 1950 (be) 30 - today it is 41 and is expected to increase to 42 by 2050.
解析:was 主语为age,谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式;根据in 1950可知,此处的时态为一般过去时,所以填was。
4. (2020·浙江7月高考)And, as more children were born, more food (need).
解析:was needed food和need之间是被动关系,因此用被动语态;根据were born可知,此处用一般过去时;且food在此处为不可数名词,作主语时谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故填was needed。
考点2 谓语动词只用复数的情况
(1)主语是复数,谓语动词用复数;
(2)a number of/many/a good many/quite a few+名词复数作主语时,谓语动词用复数;
(3)集合名词如people, police, cattle等,形式上是单数,但意义上是复数,作主语时谓语动词用复数;
(4)主语为“the+形容词”表示一类人时,谓语动词常用复数。
1. (2021·全国乙卷改编)People (pour) into stadiums since the days of ancient Greece.
解析:have been pouring 分析句子结构可知,句中缺少谓语,本句的时间状语为since短语,故谓语部分用现在完成时,这里强调动作的持续性,故用现在完成进行时。people作主语,谓语动词需用复数形式。
2. (2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)The parts of a museum open to the public_______ (call) galleries or rooms.
解析:are called 分析句子结构可知,句中缺少谓语,主语The parts与动词call之间为被动关系,且此处陈述的是一般事实,故用一般现在时的被动语态。
3. (2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.
解析:are 分析句子结构可知,本句由多个分句并列组成。其中设空处所在分句的主语为six (subpopulations),为复数概念,谓语应用复数形式,本句叙述一般事实,应用一般现在时,故填are。
4.A great number of children whose parents had died in the earthquake_______ (be) sent to live with families in other cities.
解析:were “a great number of+n.”作主语时,谓语动词用复数,根据had died可知,此处应用一般过去时,故填were。
考点3
多个名词作主语时谓语动词的单复数视具体情况而定
(1)and连接两个成分作主语时,若表示不同的人或物,概念是复数,谓语动词用复数;若连接的两个名词是同一人、同一物、同一概念,如a singer and dancer, bread and butter, going to bed early and getting up early等,或前面有many a/more than one/every/each修饰时,谓语动词用单数;
(2)with/as well as/along with/together with/rather than/including/besides/in addition to/except连接两个名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词的形式由该结构前的名词或代词的形式决定,即采用就远原则;
(3)not only ... but also .../or/either ... or .../neither ...nor .../there be句型连接并列主语时,谓语动词的单复数由靠近它的名词或代词决定,即采用就近原则。
1. (2021·浙江6月高考改编)There (be) a lot of really interesting evidence which seems to be suggesting that if children are inspired up to the age of seven,then being outdoors will be a habit for life.
解析:is 根据语境可知此空用一般现在时,这里be的形式取决于其后靠近它的名词evidence,evidence为不可数名词,故答案为 is。
2. (2022·皖南八校模拟)—Where are the specialists to be from tomorrow
—Many a German expert and many a British specialist_______ (invite) to be present.
解析: has been invited 句意:“明天到场的专家们来自哪里?”“很多德国和英国的专家已经被邀请出席了。”由语境可知,这个句子强调对现在的影响,且专家们是被邀请,故用现在完成时的被动语态。又因“many a/an+n.+and+many a/an+n.”作主语时,谓语动词用单数,故答案为has been invited。
3. (2022·甘肃诊断)Ted, a British boy, along with his parents______(invite) to visit a Chinese calligraphy exhibition in London last Saturday.
解析:was invited 句意:上周六,英国男孩Ted和他的父母一起被邀请参观了在伦敦举办的中国书法展。本句中的主语为Ted,与invite之间为被动关系,且时态为一般过去时,故填was invited。
4. (2022·九江模拟)Either my teacher or our headmaster (be) to hand out the prizes to those gifted students in the meeting hall.
解析:is 句意:要么是我的老师,要么是我们的校长要在会议厅给那些有才华的学生颁奖。当either ... or ...连接两个主语时,谓语动词采用就近一致原则,这里靠近be的主语为单数名词our headmaster,故填is。
考点4
同一主语在不同情况下跟不同形式的谓语动词
(1)some/none/plenty of/a lot of/lots of/百分数,分数+of/the rest of/the majority of/part of+名词,谓语动词的单复数由名词的单复数形式决定;the rest/the remaining作主语时,谓语动词的单复数由它们所表达的单复数含义决定;
(2)单复数同形的名词,如means, species, series, fish, crossroads, sheep, deer等作主语时,谓语动词的单复数由该名词的单复数含义决定;
(3)集合名词,如family, class, team, audience, army, public, population等以单数形式出现时,若看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数,若强调该集体的成员,谓语动词用复数;
(4)all作主语,指人时,谓语动词常用复数;指情况时,谓语动词常用单数;none作主语时,若指不可数名词,谓语动词用单数;若指人或可数的物,谓语动词单复数皆可。
1. (2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)Often,only a small part of a museum's collection ____ (be) on display.Most of it is stored away or used for research.
解析:is “a part of+名词”作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于of后的名词的单复数形式,collection为单数形式,谓语动词用单数;此处陈述的是一般事实,并且根据后一句的时态可知用is。
2. (2020·天津5月高考改编)A survey carried out last year showed that 80% of the middle-aged in this city (be) in favour of the proposal for health care reform.
解析:were 句意:去年进行的一项调查显示,这个城市80%的中年人赞成医疗改革的提议。当“几分之几(百分之几)+of+名词”结构作主语时,谓语动词的“数”应该与of后面的名词保持一致。the middle-aged是“定冠词+形容词”结构,指一类人,表示复数意义。句中时间状语是last year,主句用一般过去时,因此从句也应该用一般过去时。
3. (2022·汕头模拟)The class (be) watching TV when I entered the room.
解析: were class作主语,强调每一个成员的个体行为时,谓语动词用复数。一般来说,一些具体行为,如看电视、吃饭等都属于每一个成员的个体行为,故填were。
4. (2022·石家庄模拟)This new species (identify) as part of the sauropod family of dinosaurs.
解析:was identified 根据语境可知,此处表示动作已发生,时态用一般过去时,又因identify和species之间为被动关系,故用被动语态。species是单复数同形的名词,根据this可知,这里是单数,故填was identified。
5. (2022·西安模拟)All my family (like) watching TV together every Sunday evening.
解析:like 根据every Sunday evening可知,表示经常反复发生的动作,用一般现在时。family是集体名词,这里侧重个体成员,谓语动词用复数。故填like。
[自测中查漏补缺]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1. (2021·全国乙卷改编)When almost everyone (have) a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian homes still paying for a landline (座机)
2. (2021·全国甲卷改编)One of the questions (be) : Who will you go to in times of trouble
3. (2020·江苏高考改编)If you look at all sides of the situation, you'll find probably a solution that (suit) everyone.
4. (2022·济宁模拟)The father, along with his four children, (go) to Hangzhou.When they will be back has not been fixed.
has
is
suits
has gone
5.The poor (be) part of the people we help.
6.All the means (try)but we can't save him.
7.The number of people employed in agriculture (fall) in the last decade.
8.It is reported that many a new house (built) at present in the disaster area.
are
have been tried
has fallen
is being built
Ⅱ.单句改错
1.I am thankful that there is good, honest, and kind people around still.________
2.However, too much exposure to phones are bad for people in terms of health.
_______
3.Ms Brown, it's you that has changed my life and made my dream come true.
___________
4.What's more, in the process of fighting, we get close to success, as the saying goes that failure are the mother of success. ________
5.As the economy grow, more opportunities are appearing than before.
_______________
6.In my opinion, cheating in exams are wrong. _______
is→are
are→is
has→have
are→is
grow→grows
are→is
1.beyond 考查介词。根据下文的内容可知,外国人对中国菜的看法会出乎你的预料。beyond (sb.'s) expectations“超出(某人的)预期”。
2.what 考查名词性从句。从句中的谓语recognize是及物动词,其后缺少宾语,因此用what引导。recognize sth. as ...意为“认为某物是……”。
3.ordered 考查非谓语动词。空处作后置定语修饰dish,且dish与动词order之间为逻辑上的动宾关系,故用过去分词ordered。
4.to pronounce 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,此处应用非谓语动词作宾语。attempt to do sth.“努力/尝试/试图做某事”。
5.a 考查冠词。shock在此处意为“令人震惊的事”,为可数名词,且表示泛指,故填不定冠词a。
6.thought/thinking 考查名词。分析句子结构可知,空处在句中作主语,因此用名词thought/thinking“看法,想法”,再根据空后的is可知用单数形式。
7.has been working/has worked 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据句中的for over 30 years可知,这位美籍华人已经在英国电视台工作了30多年,因此用现在完成进行时或现在完成时。
8.is seen 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。空处作谓语,根据时间状语Now和语境可知用一般现在时,主语是表示单数概念的more regional (地方的) Chinese food,与动词see之间是被动关系,故填is seen。
9.tasty 考查形容词。空处作定语修饰Chinese dishes,故填形容词tasty“美味的”。
10.amazingly 考查副词。该空要填的词修饰形容词good,因此用所给词的副词形式。
Ⅳ.短文改错
Time flies but my summer vacation is over.During this vacation, I had done many meaningful things.However, picking up rubbish while climb a mountain impresses me most.It was a hot day, so I left for my destination early in the morning where it was cool. Upon arrival, I found one of the visitors who came earlier were collecting rubbish.He looked for every piece of rubbish careful.Thinking it was also my responsibility to raise people's aware of environmental protection, I set about picking up rubbish with them.Soon, many other people joined in us.This experience taught me if we make more efforts, we will make difference to the world.
答案:第一句:but→and
第二句:had→have
第三句:climb→climbing
第四句:where→when
第五句:were→was
第六句:careful→carefully
第七句:aware→awareness; them→him
第八句:去掉joined后的in
第九句:difference前加a