(共13张PPT)
基础语法课(4)——构词法
一、派 生
(一)名词后缀
-ence,-ance appear — appearance perform — performance exist — existence refer — reference
-tion,-sion adopt — adoption solve — solution conclude — conclusion confuse — confusion
-ment agree — agreement amaze — amazement
-ness sad — sadness steady — steadiness
-ure fail — failure mix — mixture
-ce absent — absence present — presence
-ship ownership friendship hardship relationship
-ing farming training meaning feeling
(二)形容词后缀
-y sun — sunny rain — rainy
-al, -ial globe — global office — official
-ful,-less success — successful care — careful harm — harmless home — homeless
-(i)ous nerve — nervous ambition — ambitious
-able, -ible suit — suitable bear — bearable access — accessible response — responsible
-tive attract — attractive create — creative
-ly dead — deadly live — lively
(三)动词后缀
-ify pure — purify simple — simplify
-ize real — realize modern — modernize
-en dark — darken sharp — sharpen
-e bath — bathe breath — breathe
(四)常用前缀
over-“超过” oversleep 睡过头 overcome 克服
re-“重新” recycle 回收利用 review 复习
fore-“前的” forehead 前额 foresee 预知
pre-“前的” predict 预告 preview 预演
ex-“前的” ex-mayor 前任市长
ex-president 前任总统
post-“后的” post-war 战后的 postgraduate 研究生
multi-“多的” multimedia 多媒体的
multicultural 多元文化的
tele-“远的” telephone 电话 telescope 望远镜
(五)表否定的前缀
in-, im-/il-, ir- incapable/incompetent 无能力的
improper/inappropriate 不合适的
illegal 不合法的 irregular 不规则的
un- unusual 不寻常的 uneasy 不安的
dis- disappear 消失 discover 发现
mis- mislead 误导(v.) misuse 滥用
non- non-profit 非营利的 non-smoker 不吸烟者
二、转 化
(一)动词与名词的转换
1.He backed his car into the garage.(v.倒退)
You are not alone, and we are all backing you.(v.支持)
She's the kind of person who talks about you behind your back.(n.背后)
2.He headed the rebellion.(v.领导)
He headed his boat for the shore.(v.朝……行进)
He was shot in the head, dead.(n.头)
3.I lack words with which I express my thanks.(v.缺乏)
Lack of proper funding is making our job more difficult.(n.缺乏)
(二)动词与形容词的转换
1.The dog succeeded in clearing the fence.(v.越过)
He cleared the table by taking plates, forks and knives away.(v.清理)
To make yourself clear without using facial expressions can be very difficult.(adj.清楚的)
2.Your shoes need cleaning.(v.打扫)
Try to keep your room clean and tidy.(adj.干净的)
3.What do you mean by saying that?(v.意味着)
He has always been mean with his money.(adj.吝啬的)
(三)形容词与名词的转换
adj. n.
well 身体好的 井
fine 好的 罚款
fair 公平的 展览会
chief 主要的 首领
patient 耐心的 病人
firm 坚定的 公司
relative 相对的 亲戚
plain 平淡的 平原
content 满意的 内容
concrete 具体的 混凝土
三、合 成
(一)合成形容词
1.adj.+present participle
漂亮的 good-looking
随和的 easy-going
长相一般的 ordinary-looking
2.adv.+present participle
永久的 ever-lasting
职位高的 high-ranking
畅销的 best-selling
3.adv.+past participle
著名的 well-known
新建的 newly-built
本地制造的 locally-produced
4.n.+present participle
省时的 time-saving
耗能的 energy-consuming
爱好和平的 peace-loving
5.adj.+n.+-ed
心不在焉的 absent-minded
心地善良的 kind-hearted
目光短浅的 short-sighted
6.n.+-ed
详细的 detail — detailed
有经验的 experience — experienced
有天赋的 gift — gifted/talent — talented
(二)合成名词
1.名词+名词
报纸 newspaper
保姆 babysitter
机场 airport
2.形容词+名词
温室 greenhouse
高速公路 highway
大陆 mainland
3.动词+副词
联欢会 get-together
崩溃 breakdown
突破 breakthrough
4.副词+动词
爆发 outbreak
产量 output
垮台 downfall
结果 outcome
5.其他构成
健康 well-being
成年人 grown-up
路人 passer-by