高考专区 二轮专题 基础语法课（2）——代词、介词（介词短语）课件（51张）

(共51张PPT)
[用法体悟]
①we是人称代词的 ，在本句中作 。
②each other和one another是 ，在句中只能作及物动词或介词的宾语。本句中的each other作介词with的 。
③it在本句中用作非人称代词，作 ，表示“天气”。
主格
主语
相互代词
宾语
主语
④all是 ，在本句中作 。
⑤some ... others ...是固定句式，表示“一些人……另一些人……”。此处，some和others是 ，在句中作 。
⑥every one是 ，在本句中作 ，注意，every one常接of短语，但everyone(＝everybody)不与of短语连用。
⑦不定代词nobody(＝no one)表示“没有一个人”，在本句中作 。
⑧what是 ，引导宾语从句，并在从句中作 。
⑨不定代词neither指两者中“没有一个”，在本句中作 。
⑩不定代词the other特指两者中的“另外一个”，在本句中作介词to的 。
不定代词
主语
不定代词
主语
不定代词
主语
主语
连接代词
宾语
主语
宾语
it作 ，真正的宾语是后面的 。
them是人称代词的宾格，在句中作 。
ourselves是 ，在本句中作put的 。反身代词在句中一般作宾语，也可作表语或宾语的同位语。
不定代词both表示“两者都”，在本句中作 。
it在此用于构成 ，it was not until ... that ...是对not until ...句式的强调。
it作 ，真正的主语是后面的 短语。
those是 ，表示“那些人”，相当于those people。
形式宾语
不定式
宾语
反身代词
宾语
主语
强调句型
形式主语
不定式
指示代词
[系统中整合规则]
(一)人称代词、物主代词与反身代词
类别 主格 宾格 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 反身代词
功能 作主语 作宾语、同位语等 作定语 作主语、表语或宾语 作宾语、表语或同位语
第一人称 I(我) me my mine myself
we (我们) us our ours ourselves
第二人称 you(你) you your yours yourself
you (你们) you your yours yourselves
第三人称 he(他) him his his himself
she(她) her her hers herself
it(它) it its its itself
they (他们) them their theirs themselves
(二)it的用法
1．it的基本用法
(1)指天气、季节、时间、距离、环境等
(2)代替上文提到的事物、群体、想法、内容等或代替指示代词
(3)指不知性别的孩子和婴儿或不明确身份的人(由于某种原因而不知对方是谁)
2．it作形式主语或形式宾语
常用句型
it作形式主语 It is a pity/shame that ...　 真可惜……
It is no wonder that ... 难怪……
It seems/appears that ... 似乎/看来……
It looks/seems as if/though ... 看起来好像……
It happens that ... 碰巧……
It occurs to/comes to/strikes/hits sb.that ... 某人突然想起……
It is said/reported that ... 据说/据报道……
It is certain that ... …… 是一定的
It is no use/good doing ... 做……没有用/好处
It takes sb.some time to do ... 做……花费某人若干时间
it作形式宾语 ①主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider ...＋it＋adj./n.＋(for/of sb.) to do/that从句
②主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make ...＋it＋useless/worth/worthwhile/no use/a waste of time (money/energy ...)＋doing ...
续表
(三)不定代词
1．both, all, either, neither与none的区别
代词 用法
both (1)表示“两者(都)”。
(2)作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
(3)与not连用表示部分否定，意为“两者并非都……”。
(表示全部否定需用neither)
all (1)指三个或三个以上的人或物的“全部”。
(2)作主语，指人时，谓语动词通常用复数形式；指事物的整体或抽象概念时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。
(3)与not连用表示部分否定。(表示完全否定需用none)
either (1)表示“(两者中的)任何一个”。(表示三者或三者以上的人或物中的“任何一个”需用any)
(2)作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
neither (1)表示“(两者)都不”。
(2)单独作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
(3)后接of短语作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数形式，也可用复数形式。
none (1)表示“(三者及三者以上中)无一个”或“没有一点儿”。
(2)后接of短语作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数形式，也可用复数形式。
(3)既可指代可数名词，也可指代不可数名词。
2．the other, other, another, others与the others的区别
代词 用法
the other/other 可单独使用，特指两者中的“另一个”或两部分中的“另一部分”。other不能单独使用，只能修饰名词，表示泛指。
another 可单独使用，也可修饰名词，泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代替单数可数名词。另外，another后可接“基数词/few＋复数名词(名词表示的事物被看作一个整体)”，表示“另外的……(多少)”。
others/the others others只能单独使用，表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与some连用。特指“整体中除去一部分后剩余的全部人或事物”时用the others。
解析：It　此处应用It作形式主语，动词不定式短语to walk or bike ...为真正的主语。
解析：It　此处应用It作形式主语，that引导的从句作真正的主语。
考点2　人称代词、物主代词、反身代词
(1)人称代词主格作主语，宾格可作及物动词或介词的宾语，也可作表语或同位语；
(2)形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，在句中只能作名词或动词-ing的前置定语，不能单独使用；
(3)名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词＋名词”，可单独作主语、表语和宾语，也可与of连用作后置定语，但不能单独作定语；
(4)反身代词常在enjoy, teach, hurt, buy, introduce等动词和by, for, to, in, of等介词后作宾语；含有反身代词的固定短语也是常考点。
(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)As the song goes, this long and winding road “will never disappear”， and it will always stick in the visitor's memory.It sure does in
(I)．
解析：mine　根据上文中的“in the visitor's memory”可知，in 对应的是in my memory，空处指代的是“我的记忆”，故填mine。
2. (2021·全国乙卷)Ecotourism has (it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s.
解析：its　设空处修饰名词origin，要用it的形容词性物主代词形式its。
3. (2021·浙江6月高考)She was extremely pretty, and her house was a reflection of
(she), everything in good taste and in perfect order.
解析：herself　句意：她非常漂亮，她的房子反映了她本人(的品味)，一切都很高雅，井井有条。根据句意可知，此处要用反身代词herself作介词of的宾语。
4. (2020·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)Readers are encouraged to continue exploring the digital world with the guidance of (we) Further Resources section featured in each volume.
解析：our　此处应用形容词性物主代词修饰空后的名词短语Further Resources section，故填our。
5. (2020·全国卷Ⅰ改编) “Not that way，” my mom tried to stop (I) but failed.
解析：me　设空处作动词stop的宾语，应该用宾格，故填me。
[自测中查漏补缺]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1. (2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)As well as looking at exhibits，visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟) and imagine (they) living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest.
2. (2020·全国卷Ⅰ)Data about the moon's composition, such as how much ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide whether (it) plans for a future lunar (月球的) base are practical.
themselves
its
3. (2019·北京高考)Nervously facing challenges, I know I will whisper to (I) the two simple words “Be yourself”．
4. (2018·全国卷Ⅲ)When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find (they) alive.
5. (2018·全国卷Ⅰ改编)The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and animals.
6．The basic design of the car is very similar to of earlier models.
myself
them
other
that
7． is important to think about the people of a destination country and how tourism affects them.
8. (2022·青海平安一中冲刺)Nobody likes to talk about death, but the reality is — everyone is going to die at one point, and of us know the day, or the hour.
9．Both teams were in hard training; was willing to lose the game.
10. (2022·九江模拟)Some great people can see possibilities where see only problems.
It
none
neither
others
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．My parents took me to see our doctor, who told me what was a good idea to eat only a little. _________
2．It is a very precious present from mine Canadian teacher, which I treasure very much. __________
3．At 10：00, we put on performances, like singing and dancing.Then they played games together! __________
what→it
mine→my
they→we
4．My father is the man I respect most.Strict as he may be, he never fails to show her care and consideration. _________
5．About 36% of them are fond of surfing the Internet, which helps him know about the latest news and current affairs in the world. __________
6．Yesterday, one of my favorite stamps was lost, which made me really upset.I looked for it everywhere and asked everybody in the room, but still couldn't find them. __________
her→his
him→them
them→it
1．knocking　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，动词see后接sb.doing，表示“看见某人正在做某事”，故填knocking。
2．if　考查连词。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导的是条件状语从句，故填if。
3．themselves　考查反身代词。 结合语境可知此处表示介绍自己，指代people，故填themselves。
4．friendly　考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，设空处在being后，同loud并列，应用形容词，故填friendly。
5．to visit　考查非谓语动词。动词happen后接不定式作宾语，意为“碰巧去做某事”，故填to visit。
6．a　考查冠词。分析句子结构可知，设空处用来修饰family，表示泛指，应用冠词，French的读音以辅音音素开头，故填a。
7．meals　考查名词复数。分析句子结构可知，设空处接在介词after后应用名词，meal是可数名词，结合语境可知此处应用复数形式，故填meals。
8．for　考查介词。分析句子结构可知，设空处应用介词，表示“对于”，故填for。
9．associated　考查固定短语。短语be associated with意为“同……有联系”，故填associated。
10．immediately　考查副词。分析句子结构可知，设空处修饰动词bless作状语，应用副词形式，故填immediately。
Ⅳ.短文改错
High school is very important in one's lifetime. Nowadays, the movies about the high school time are so popular, and the stories are overstated. My high school life is so different of those in the movies. In the past two years, study occupied most of my time. I fought for the future with my classmates. We studied hardly and shared our opinion about the difficult points together. When I made a great progress, I was so happy, but when I fell behind, I would not give up. I grew up and became patience. I was not a little girl anymore. In the spare time, I would go to play basketball with my friends, that became the most excited thing at that time. Though the high school life was simple, I gained a lot. I would never forget the classmates who studied with them together.
答案：第二句：and→but
第三句：of→from
第四句：study后加has
第六句：hardly→hard; opinion→opinions
第七句：去掉great前的a
第八句：patience→patient
第十句：that→which; excited→exciting
第十二句：them→me
[用法体悟]
1．介词的基本用法：
①in地点介词，在某个城市、国家等范围较大的地点前用in；小地点，如station, airport, corner等前面常用 ；
③表示在某段较长的时间内(世纪、年代、月份、季节等)用介词 ；
④since“自……以后，从……以来”，后面接行为或状态的起始点，谓语动词通常使用 ；
⑦介词within后面接一段时间，表示“ ”；
at
in
完成时
不超过，在……的范围内
with在此表示“ ”，此外with还有“由于；关于；和……一起”等意思；
after表示“ ”；
besides表示“ ”；
后不接时间点，只与一段时间相搭配，表示行为或状态持续了多久；
about在此表示“ ”；
by在此表示“ ”；
具有
在……之后
除了……之外
for
关于，在……方面
乘(交通工具)
2．固定搭配中的介词：
②从某所学校毕业用 ；
⑤介词to与动词devote构成词组devote oneself to表示“ ”；
⑥短语rid sb. of表示“ ”；
⑧固定搭配in cooperation with表示“ ”；
⑨固定搭配have advantages over表示“ ”；
⑩短语increase by表示“ ”，强调增加幅度；
graduate from
致力于……
使某人摆脱
与……合作
比……有优势
增加了
be regarded as“ ”，此处在句中作定语，故用regarded as形式；
without any hesitation表示“ ”；
短语benefit from表示“ ”；
access后常接介词 构成短语 表示“可获得/利用某物或到达某地”；
短语in return，表示“ ”；
leave a strong impression on sb. 。
被视为
毫不犹豫地
从……中受益
to
access to
作为回报
给某人留下深刻的印象
[系统中整合规则]
方位介词 at, in, on, to, above, across, along, among, around, below, beside, between, down, near, off, over, through, towards, under, up等
时间介词 after, at, before, by, during, for, from, in, on, over, since, through, till, until, within, between等
表示工具、手段、 方式的介词 by, on, over, with, in等
表示原因的介词 with, for, from, of, over等
表示支持、反对的介词 for, against等
其他常用介词 besides, except, but, without等
常用介词短语 apart from, according to, but for等
续表
[集训中明晰考点]
考点1　常见介词的基本用法
1. (2021年1月新高考8省联考卷)Like many other students, you may have various people, (include) family members and friends, giving input on your college decision.
解析：including　空处应填介词including，意为“包括……在内”。
2. (2020·浙江1月高考)This aging of the population is driven_________ two factors.
解析：by　根据语境可知，空处位于表示被动的动词driven后，故应填by表示“由，被”。
3. (2019·北京高考)First celebrated 1970, the Day now includes events in more than 190 countries and regions (地区).
解析：in　in表示“在(某月、某年、某季节等)”。
4. (2018·浙江高考)If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest that the next time you go to your mum's home dinner, get a few cooking tips from her.
解析：for　for表示目的，意为“为了”。
考点2　固定搭配中的介词
1. (2021·全国乙卷)Due to the growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel, various types trips are now being classified as ecotourism.
解析：of 　various types of为固定搭配，意为“各种类型的”。
2. (2021·浙江6月高考)In 1844 they bought it $1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser, who performed their marriage ceremony in 1842.
解析：for　根据后面的$1, 200可知，此处表示“花了1,200美元买了它”。固定表达buy sth.for some money“花……钱买某物”。故填for。
3. (2020·全国卷Ⅲ)The artist was finally humbled (谦卑) by the greatest artist earth, Mother Nature.
解析：on　此处on earth相当于in the world，意思是“在世上，在人间”。
4. (2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Bamboo plants are associated health, abundance and a happy home.
解析：with　be associated with“与……有关，与……联系在一起”。
5. (2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)Museums must compete people's spare time and money with other amusements.
解析：for　compete for ...with ...“为了……而与……竞争”，为固定搭配。
[自测中查漏补缺]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1. (2021·新高考Ⅰ卷改编)The staff is friendly and helpful, providing you a map of the city when you arrive, and offering advice if you require some.
2. (2021·新高考Ⅰ卷改编)When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety ___wildlife.
3. (2021·新高考Ⅰ卷改编)Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us the right direction.
with
of
in
4. (2021·浙江1月高考改编)I was able to straighten up with the huge pumpkin resting my shoulders.
5. (2022·长沙模拟)Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their own volunteer-run shops, but Mr Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution these villages without a local shop.
6. (2022·郑州模拟)Students often must go one class in one building to the next class in another building across campus.
7. (2022·重庆模拟) I decided to leave home New York, where I might have a better chance to find a good job.
8. (2022·遵义模拟)He had a radio in his hand and was dancing cheerfully the music.
on
to
from
for
to
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．We enjoyed a grander sight by climbing a greater height. ______________
2．On the first place, vehicles sending large quantities of poisonous gases are a major source. ________
3．With an effort, all the books were free from of rain. ________
climbing后加to
On→In
去掉of
4．The 87-year-old scientist says his achievements would not have been possible with the Communist Party of China, and that he is willing to make his last contribution to the country. _______________
5．By Sunday afternoon, the glue had set, and after two coats of bright white paint, the chair was of perfect. ________________
6．A week before Earth Day, posters were put up around our school, calling upon us to join the actions for a greener earth. __________
with→without
去掉perfect前的of
join后加in
1．disappearing　考查非谓语动词。此处作定语，South Aral Sea与动词disappear之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词作定语，表示主动及进行的意义。
2．continuous/continuing　考查形容词或非谓语动词。名词前需要形容词修饰，故用该词的形容词形式continuous修饰名词sadness；“sadness”与“continue”之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，也可用现在分词作定语。
3．to　考查介词。be home to ...表示“是……的故乡”，也可以表述为be the home of ...。
4．has become　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。由时间状语Over the past 40 years可知此处需要用现在完成时，主语为it，故用has become。
5．abandoned　考查非谓语动词。ships与动词abandon之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词作定语。
6．the　考查定冠词。由后面的介词of可知此处需要定冠词，the sight of ...“看见……”，此处表示“看见它们使我悲伤”。
7．activities　考查名词复数。由名词的修饰语other判断，此处需要名词的复数形式。
8．eventually　考查副词。动词需要用副词来修饰，故用eventually。
9．where　考查名词性从句。此处表示“看见曾经流淌在我所站之处的蓝色的水”。此处用where引导宾语从句，表示“(在)……的地方”。
10．me　考查代词。介词with之后需要宾语。此处表示“南咸海的环境灾难我将永记于心”，故用人称代词I的宾格me。
Ⅳ.短文改错
I'm so sorry to hear that you have been suffering from sleepless for a long time. To help your recover soon, I'd like to advise you to turn to traditional Chinese medicine. As is known to us all, traditional Chinese medicine is practical but effective when using to treat some pared with the high cost of western medicine, it has a reasonable price, so you don't need to be worried your budget.Additional, unlike western medicine, traditional Chinese medicine has more side effects. Therefore, if you agreed, I'd like to recommend a doctor to you, which I'm sure will offer you an ideal treatment. Please don't hesitate to ask me for help whenever do you think it's necessary. I hope you'll have a speedy recovery.
答案：第一句：sleepless→sleeplessness
第二句：your→you
第三句：but→and; using→used
第四句：worried后加about
第五句：Additional→Additionally; more→fewer
第六句：agreed→agree; which→who
第七句：去掉whenever后的do