高考专区 二轮专题 重难语法课（7）——定语从句课件（37张）

(共37张PPT)
[用法体悟]
①先行词是the summer of 2020，在定语从句中作 ，用关系 when (＝in which)引导定语从句。
②先行词是a wonderful place，在定语从句中作 ，用关系 where (＝at which)引导定语从句。
③先行词是 ，指物，关系词应用which。the roof of which中的of表所属关系，意为“我们教室的屋顶”。
④先行词是 ，在定语从句中作 ，用why引导。
⑤先行词是 ，指人，关系词应用whom。two of whom中的of表示部分与整体的关系，意为“我的同班同学中的两个人”。
时间状语
副词
地点状语
副词
Our classroom
The main reason
原因状语
my classmates
⑥先行词是Jack，在定语从句中作 ，用who引导。
⑦先行词是 ，关系词在介词among后作宾语，只能用which。
⑧先行词是“He will run 5 kilometers every day”整个句子，并在从句中作 ，定语从句应用which引导。
⑨先行词是Nick，在定语从句中作 ，表示Nick's，用whose引导。
⑩先行词是 ，既有人又有物，通常用that引导。
先行词是the food，在定语从句中作 ，故用that或which引导。
先行词是The teacher，在定语从句中作likes的 ，故用whom或who引导。
主语
various sports
主语
定语
the people and the things
主语
宾语
[系统中整合规则]
定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限制性和非限制性定语从句(与主句之间用逗号隔开)两种。定语从句的基本结构为：先行词＋关系代词或关系副词＋从句。关系词有三大作用：指代先行词；引导定语从句；在从句中充当句子成分。
(一)关系代词的用法
1．关系代词的基本用法
关系代词 修饰的先行词 在从句中所作成分
who 人 作主语、宾语
whom 人 作宾语
which 事物 作主语、宾语
that 人或事物 作主语、宾语、表语
whose 人或事物 作定语
as 人或事物，一般用于“such ...as” “the same ...as” “as ...as”结构中 作主语、宾语
2．五种只用that而不用which的情况
(1)先行词是不定代词all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时；
Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself
你有什么要为自己说的吗？
(2)先行词被序数词、形容词最高级或the only, the very (恰恰，正好), the last, all, no, few, little, any等修饰时；
This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.
这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。
This is the only thing that we can do now.
这是我们现在唯一能做的事情。
(3)先行词既有人又有物时；
The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.
你告诉我的那位科学家和他的成就为我们所有人所钦佩。
(4)当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词在从句中也作表语时；
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.
上海不再是过去的那座城市了。
(5)当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。
Who is the person that is standing at the gate
站在门口的那个人是谁？
3．which与as引导非限制性定语从句的3点区别
which as
位置上 只能放在主句的后面 位置灵活，可位于句首、句中也可置于句末
搭配上 无动词的限制 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see, hear, know, expect, remember等
意思上 意为“这一点” 表示“正如……，正像……样”
(二)关系副词的用法
先行词 关系副词 在从句中所作成分 与“介词＋关系代词”的关系
表示时间的名词：time, day, year等 when 作时间状语 ＝at/in/on/ during which
表示地点的名词：park, place, house等 where 作地点状语 ＝in/at/to/on which
表示理由或原因的名词：reason why 作原因状语 ＝for which
(三)“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
“介词＋关系代词”既能引导限制性定语从句，又能引导非限制性定语从句。先行词指物时，关系代词用which；先行词指人时，关系代词用whom；关系代词whose与所修饰的名词也可同时放在介词之后。
China is a large country in which many different dialects are spoken.
中国是一个说许多不同方言的大国。
He is the person on whom you can depend.
他是你可以信赖的人。
He was the man from whose room the thief had stolen his bag.
他就是被小偷从房间里偷走包的那个人。
[集训中明晰考点]
　 考点1　根据在从句中充当的成分选择关系词
1. (2021·浙江1月高考)BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool_____ gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.
解析：that/which　根据语境和句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，并在定语从句中作主语，而先行词tool为物，故此处要填关系代词that或which。
2. (2021·全国乙卷改编))I rode the bus with these crazy people were laughing at silly jokes in the back.
解析：who　分析句子结构可知，所填词引导定语从句，修饰people，且所填词在从句中作主语，故填关系代词who。
3. (2020·全国卷Ⅰ)... China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.
解析：where　分析句子结构可知，所填词引导定语从句，修饰a spot，且所填词在从句中作地点状语，故填关系副词where。
4.(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)In ancient China lived an artist paintings were almost lifelike.
解析：whose　关系词在定语从句中作定语，修饰paintings，故填whose。
考点2　关系副词where的特殊用法
where引导定语从句时，先行词除了可以是表示具体地点的名词(如place, home, school, village等)外，还可以是表示抽象地点的名词(如job, life, situation, point, case, stage, activity等)。

1. (2021·浙江6月高考改编)That movie led him into the second half of his career his comedic presence alone could make a movie a financial success even when movie reviewers would not rate it highly.
解析：where　分析句子可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词career，并在从句中充当地点状语，故用关系副词where。
2. (2021·浙江6月高考改编)A couple of years ago, film-maker David Bond realized that his children, then aged five and three，were attached to screens to the point he was able to say “chocolate” into his three-year-old son's ear without getting a response.
解析：where　分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词point，并在从句中充当地点状语，故用关系副词where。
3. (2021·浙江1月高考改编)Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system of communication they deliberately sent a message to another group member.
解析：where　分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词system，并在从句中充当地点状语，故用关系副词where。
考点3　关系代词只用that不用which的情况 　
1. (2021年1月新高考8省联考卷)It can be easy to let a particular school become a front-runner early on in your decision-making process, and it may even become the winning choice — but be sure to carefully evaluate every school has accepted you, since you had particular reasons for applying to each school.
解析：that　此处应填入引导定语从句并在定语从句中作主语的关系代词。当先行词前有all，every, any等不定代词修饰时，关系代词通常用that。
2. (2022·鞍山模拟)So I stopped the first cab drove by my house.
解析：that　先行词被序数词修饰时关系代词要用that。
3. (2022·吉安模拟) He wasted it on something is unnecessary.
解析：that　先行词是不定代词时关系代词要用that。
4. (2022·青岛模拟)He expressed his hope that he would visit China again the next year, and this was the very hope he expressed as soon as he arrived in the country.
解析：that　句意：他表示希望明年再次访问中国，这也是他一到中国就表达的希望。hope为先行词，且被the very修饰，故关系词用that。
考点4　关系代词as
先行词被such, the same, “so＋形容词＋a/an”“as＋形容词＋a/an”修饰时，关系代词要用as。另外关系代词as可以用整个主句作为其先行词，指代上文或下文所说的事，并且as 含有“就像”的意思。as从句可以位于句首、句尾或句中，which的先行词也可以是整个句子，但which从句一般位于句尾。
1. (2021·新高考Ⅰ卷改编) the song goes, this long and winding road “will never disappear”， and it will always stick in the visitor's memory.
解析：As　句意：正如这首歌所唱，这条漫长而曲折的道路“永远不会消失”，它将永远留在游客的记忆中。根据句意和句式结构可知，空格处缺少关系代词，先行词是句子this long and winding road “will never disappear”，空格的位置在句首，故填As。
2. (2022·昆明模拟)He pointed out such a crucial detail about the experiment we could never neglect.
解析：as　句意：他指出有关实验的一个我们绝不能忽视的关键细节。根据句意判断，先行词为a crucial detail，在定语从句中作neglect的宾语，且先行词被such修饰，故用关系代词as。
3. (2022·郑州模拟)Because of health problems, Peter cannot continue to work at the same full pace he has done up to now.
解析：as　句意：由于健康问题，彼得不能继续全速这样到现在为止一直从事的工作了。pace是先行词，在后面的定语从句中作宾语，由于前面有the same，故用as。
考点5　非限制性定语从句中关系词的选择
(1)关系代词和关系副词在任何情况下都不能省略；
(2)关系代词要用which和who，不能用that；如果关系代词表示人且紧跟在介词后，只能用whom，不能用who和that；
(3)关系副词when, where可用于非限制性定语从句，而关系副词why不可以。
1. (2021·新高考Ⅰ卷改编)Rome can be pricey for travelers， is why many choose to stay in a hostel (旅社)．
解析：which　分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为主句，故填关系代词which。
2. (2021·浙江6月高考改编)My mother， is never speechless, was speechless.
解析：who　分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为My mother, 故填关系代词who。
3. (2020·天津7月高考改编)Dr.Rowan， secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing.
解析：whose　句意：罗恩博士不得不自己做所有的打字工作，他的秘书两周前辞职了。secretary与先行词Dr.Rowan之间为所属关系，空格处在从句中作定语，需用whose。
4. (2020·天津5月高考改编)Mr.Smith owned this oil painting until the early 1990s， he gave it to his grandson.
解析：when　句意：史密斯先生拥有这幅油画，直到20世纪90年代初，他把它给了他的孙子。这是一个含有非限制性定语从句的主从复合句，从句缺少时间状语，因此用when引导定语从句，修饰先行词the early 1990s。
考点6 “介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中介词的选择
(1)根据定语从句中动词、形容词的某种习惯搭配来确定；
(2)根据与先行词搭配的具体含义而定；
(3)根据所表达的意思来确定。
1. (2021·浙江1月高考改编)Chimps will check to see if they have the attention of the animal which they wish to communicate.
解析：with　这是“介词＋关系代词”引导的限制性定语从句，先行词是the animal (指物)，从句谓语为communicate，常和with搭配，故用with which来引导。
2. (2020·江苏高考改编)Many lessons are now available online, ______which students can choose for free.
解析：from　句意：现在网上有很多课程，学生可以免费从中选择(来学习)。这是“介词＋关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词是Many lessons(指物)，从句谓语为choose，常和from搭配，故用from which来引导。
3. (2022·扬州模拟)There are many occasions which you are left in a helpless situation， which you can depend on no one other than yourself.
解析：on; in　句意：很多时候你处于无助的境地，在这种情况下，除了自己，你谁也依靠不了。第一空用on which引导定语从句修饰occasions，on many occasions表示“很多时候”；第二空用in which引导定语从句修饰situation，situation表示抽象的地点，其前常用介词in。
[自测中查漏补缺]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1. (2021·浙江1月高考改编) he writes in his new book, A Long Way Home, Brierley couldn't help but wonder about his hometown back in India.
2. (2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, she opened with her late husband Les.
3. (2019·全国卷Ⅲ)They were well trained by their masters had great experience with caring for these animals.
As
which
who
4. (2019·浙江6月高考)On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth __________gives off light in the dark.
5. (2022·汕头模拟)This is the only one of the best films has been shown this year.
6. (2022·淄博模拟)Sales director is a position communication ability is just as important as sales skills.
that/which
that
where
7. (2022·徐州模拟)It was funny that he should have told such a funny story ____made everyone present burst into laughter.
8. (2022·徐州模拟)She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction ____which had taken more than three years.
9．Her son, to she was devoted, went abroad ten years ago.
10．The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those lives were affected.
as
of
whom
whose
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．On the other hand, I can see the singers' stories, who are so inspiring.
_____________
2．It's a really beautiful school in our city, that many flowers and trees have been planted. _____________
3．We asked one of the workers what it was, and he told us it was an animal care center, there the sick animals got treated. _____________
that→which
that→where
there→where
4．It is hard to be mean to someone is being nice. ____________________
5．I wanted to swim in the river, which some women villagers were washing clothes. __________________________
6．Then Mr Green read some views of the play, that said it was a terrible one.
____________
someone后加who/that
which→where或which前加in
that→which
1．built　考查非谓语动词。此空需用非谓语动词，build“建造”与被修饰词the Jiankou section of the Great Wall之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，故应用过去分词。
2．which　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处是“介词to＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，先行词是the mountain，故用关系代词which。
3．takes　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据上下文可知时态应用一般现在时，又根据空前的“Just getting to the twelve-mile section”可知，此处是动名词短语作主语，故谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。
4．easier　考查形容词比较级。此处是与上一并列分句相比较，故应用easy的比较级。
5．that　考查固定搭配。so ...that ...是固定句型，意为“如此……以至于……”。
6．another　考查代词。根据空前的“One worker ...while”可知，此处是两名修复工的对比，one ...another ...为常见搭配。句意为：一名工人将绳子系在腰上，另一名工人从上面抓住绳子。故填another。
7．a　考查冠词。a matter of 是固定短语，意为“关乎……的事”。故填a。
8．To keep　考查非谓语动词。此句谓语动词是use和make，故此空应用非谓语动词，且空处表目的，应用不定式。故填To keep。
9．have been　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据空后的“since 2005”可知，主句应用现在完成时。故填have been。
10．preservation　考查名词。根据空前的the和空后的介词of可知，此空需用名词，在此处表示“保护，维护”，故填preservation。
Ⅳ.短文改错
Traditionally, Chinese people pay little attention to our birthdays. But they do when they are the age of sixty. The sixty birthday is regarded as a key point of life and a big celebration is necessarily. Sons and daughters are usually in the charge of that. They think it's a good chance to show respect and expressing their thanks for what their parents had done. On the birthday morning the father and the mother will eat long noodles, that symbolize a long life in China. Eggs are also among the best choice of food taken on the day.
答案：第一句：our→their
第二句：the age前加at
第三句：sixty→sixtieth; necessarily→necessary
第四句：去掉charge前的the
第五句：expressing→express; had→have
第六句：and→or; that→which
第七句：choice→choices