【走向高考 语法专攻】2015高考英语语法专题复习：特殊句式及结构（试题精解）

语法专项(十)　特殊句式及结构
考点一　完全倒装句
谓语动词完全放置主语之前的句子，便是完全倒装句。这类句型主要有两种：
1．为了强调状语，把表示方位或时空的副词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )或介词短语，如here，there，now，then，up，down，in，away，off，out，in the room，on the wall等，置于句首时。
South of the river lies a small factory.
一个小型工厂坐落在河的南岸。
Now comes your turn.
现在轮到你了。
注意：上述情况中，若主语是人称代词，则不用倒装。
Away they went.
他们走了。
2．表语位于句首时，其倒装结构为“表语＋连系动词＋主语”。
Present at the meeting were some scientists from China.
许多来自中国的科学家出席了会议。
[考题印证]
(2010·江苏改编)—Is everyone here
—Not yet...Look，there________(come) the rest of our guests!
解析：当表示方位的副词there，here，away，out，in，down，up等位于句首，谓语是不及物动词sit，lie，live，stand run，come，go等，主语又是名词时，常用完全倒装的形式即谓语全部放到主语前面。 由于该句主语the rest指代guests是复数。
答案：come
考点二　部分倒装句
1．only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句，且放在句首时。
Only in this way can we learn English well.
只有以这种方法，我们才能学好英语。
Only when he returned did we find out the truth.
只有当他回来时，我们才能查明事实真相。
注意：only修饰主语时，句子不可倒装。
[考题印证]
(2013·全国Ⅱ改编)Only by i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ncreasing the number of doctors by 50 percent ________ properly in this hospital.
只有通过增加50%的医生，在医院里才能合理地给病人治病。
解析：本题考查倒装句。“Only＋状语”置于句首时，主句用部分倒装语序。
答案：can be patient be treated
2．否定副词never，nor，not，h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ardly，little，seldom，scarcely，rarely及表否定意义的介词短语at no time，under/in no circumstances，in no case，by no means，on no condition等置于句首时。
Never before ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )have I seen such a moving film.＝I have never seen such a moving film before.
以前我从未看过这么感人的电影。
Not a single mistake did he make.＝He didn't make a single mistake.
他一个错误也没犯。
[考题印证]
(2013·江苏改编)“Never f ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )or a second，”the boy says, “________ that my father would come to my rescue.”
“我从没怀疑，”男孩说，“父亲会来救我”。
解析：考查倒装。never从不，表示否定意义的副词位于句首，句子用部分倒装语序。又是叙述过去的事情，用一般过去时。
答案：did I doubt
3．hardly...when.. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ).，no sooner...than...，not only...but also...等引导两个分句时，前一个分句用部分倒装，后一个分句不变。但当neither...nor...引导两个分句时，两个分句都要部分倒装。
Hardly had he begun to speak when his father stopped him.
他刚一开始说话他父亲就制止了他。
[考题印证]
Hardly ________ the famous singer got to the airport ________ he was surrounded by many journalists and fans.
解析：“hardly...when...＝s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )carcely...when...＝no sooner...than...”表示“一……就……”。当hardly，scarcely或no sooner位于句首时，主句用部分倒装。根据语意可知，主句谓语动词动作发生在从句谓语动词动作之前，后面句子时态用一般过去时，前面句子则用过去完成时。
答案：had；when
4．so/neither/ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nor置于句首，意为“也(不)”，表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个人或事物时，要用部分倒装，其句型为：so/neither/nor＋be动词/助动词/情态动词＋主语……。so与前面的肯定句呼应，neither，nor与前面的否定句相呼应。
They love having lots of friends, so do those with disabilities.
他们喜欢拥有许多朋友，残疾人也是如此。
I don't know who he is, nor do I want to know.
我不知道他是谁，我也不想知道。
注意：so表示“是的，确实”重复上文，表示赞同对方的观点时，主谓语不倒装。
—It is too hot.
——天太热了。
—So it is.
——是啊，的确很热。
5．在so/such.. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ).that...句式中，如果so/such引导的部分位于句首时，主句中的主语和谓语需要部分倒装，如谓语为be的一般现在式或一般过去式，则完全倒装。
So dark was it that he couldn't see the faces of his companions.
天这么黑，他看不见同伴的脸。
So loudly did he sp ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )eak that even the people in the next room could hear him.
他说话声音如此大以至于隔壁的人都能听见。
[考题印证]
(2012·安徽皖南八校第一次联考改编 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ))—Amazingly, Zhuo Jun got first place for the “China's Got Talent”(中国达人秀) last night.
—________ wonderfully did he perform in the show that he deserved it.
解析：so位于句首时句子要部分倒装，由于对话双方都在谈论过去发生的事情，故用一般过去时，将助动词did提前。
答案：So
6．以as引导的让步状语从句，其表 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )语应提到句首，其余部分不变。如果从句的表语是个名词时，要把名词前的冠词去掉。though引导的让步状语从句也可以用这种形式，但也可以用正常结构。其结构一般为“adj./adv./v./v. ed/v. ing/n.＋as/though＋主语＋谓语”。
Young as/though she is, she has seen much of the world.
她虽然年轻，但却见过很多世面。
Woman as she is, she is courageous.
她虽然是女人，但却很勇敢。
7．省略if的倒装句型。如果虚拟语气的条 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )件句中谓语有系动词were，助动词had或情态动词should等，可省去if，把were，had或should移到主语之前。
Were I you, I would take his advice.
如果我是你，我会接受他的建议。
Should it rain tomorrow, the sports meeting would be put off.
万一明天下雨，运动会就会推迟举行。
[考题印证]
________ it rain t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )omorrow, we would have to cancel the football match.
解析：句意：如果明天下雨，我们将不得不 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )取消足球比赛。前半句是对将来情况的虚拟，补充完整为“If it should rain tomorrow”。省略if后，要将should提到主语之前，引起倒装。
答案：Should
考点三　强调句
1．强调句型。
强调句的基本句型是“it is/was＋被强调的部分＋that/who＋其他部分”。被强调的部分可以是主语、宾语和状语等。
(1)强调人时可用who，强调其他任何部分都用that。
It is only children who/that make such stupid mistakes.
只有孩子才会犯这样愚蠢的错误。
It was because her mother was ill that she didn't come to school yesterday.
是因为她妈妈病了，她昨天才没来上学的。
(2)强调句型的一般疑问句只需将is/was提前，特殊疑问句的结构是“疑问词＋is/was＋it＋that从句？”。
Was it yesterday that you met your teacher in the street
你是昨天在大街上碰到你老师的吗？
Who was it that told you such a thing
究竟是谁告诉你这么件事的？
Why was it that you didn't come to the meeting yesterday
究竟是为什么你昨天没有来开会？
I just wonder what it is that makes him so excited.
我只是想知道到底是什么事情使他那么兴奋。
(3)not...until...句式的强调句型是 “it is/was not until...that...”。
It was not unti ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.
直到她摘下墨镜，我才认出她是一位著名的电影明星。
2．用助动词强调谓语。
如果要强调时态为一般现在时或一般过去时的肯定句中的谓语动词，我们在该动词前加助动词do，does或did。
Many of the films a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )re from the USA, but we do give awards to films from other countries.
许多电影来自于美国，但我们的确也给其他国家的影片颁奖。
He did come to see you last Sunday, but you were out.
他上周日的确来看过你，但是你出去了。
[考题印证]
(2013·天津改编)It was not ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) until near the end of the letter ________ she mentioned her own plan.
解析：本题考查强调句。题意： ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )直到接近信的末尾她才提到了她自己的计划。It is/was not until that clause是not until的强调句句式，故填that。
答案：that
考点四　省略句
1．状语从句中的省略。
在when，while，wheneve ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r，till，as soon as，if，unless，as if，though，as等引导的状语从句中，若谓语有be动词，而主语又与主句主语一致或主语是it时，从句的主语和be动词常被省略。
Unless (I am) invited, I won't go to the party.
除非被邀请，否则我是不会去参加那个派对的。
When (you are) working, you must pay attention.
上班时，你必须全神贯注。
Get up early tomorr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ow, if not (you don't get up early), you will miss the first bus.
明天早点起床，如果不的话，你会错过早班车。
[考题印证]
(2013·浙江改编)There are ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) some health problems that, when not________(treat) in time, can become bigger.
解析：本题考查状语从句的省略。句意： 有一些 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )健康问题，如果没得到及时的治疗在以后的生活中会变得更大。“分析结构可知，此处是状语从句的省略，从句主语problems与treat之间为动宾关系，其完整的形式为 when they are not treated in time。
答案：treated
2．答语中的省略。
I'm afraid, I thin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )k, I believe, I hope, I guess等作答句，后面跟so与not分别等于肯定或否定，宾语从句可省去。
—Do you think it will rain
——你认为会下雨吗？
—I hope so (that it will rain)．
——我希望下。
3．不定式的省略。
单独使用不定式符号to，用来代替动词不 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )定式后被省略的动词，to常在be afraid，glad，happy，want，prefer，expect，forget，hope，intend，like，love等后边。
—Will you join in the game
——你愿意加入做游戏吗？
—I'd be glad to.
——我很高兴加入。
I asked him to see the film, but he didn't want to.
我请他去看电影，但他不想去。
注意：如果不定式中含有be，have，have been，通常保留be，have或have been。
—Are you a sailor
——你是海员吗？
——No, but I used to be.
——不，但我过去是。
[考题印证]
(2013·全国Ⅰ改编)The driv ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )er wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police ________.
这名司机想把车停在路边，但警察不要他停在路边。
解析：本题考查不定式的省略形式。ask sb.not to do sth.要某人不要做某事，此处承前省略，只留下不定式符号to。
答案：not to
4．其他省略。
(1)“What if...？”句式。这一结构用来表达“要是/即使……怎么办/怎么样”。
What if this plan of yours fails
要是你的计划失败了怎么办？
(2)“What/How about...？”句式。what/how about常用来提出建议或征求对方意见。
What about going to a movie this weekend
这周末去看电影怎么样？
(3)“Why/Why not...？”句式。why/why not常跟动词原形，用来询问为什么/为什么不。有时含有强烈建议的意味。
Why not go and ask the teacher for help
为什么不去向老师求助？
强 化 训 练
一、完成句子
1．(2013·辽宁改编)At n ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o time ________ the rules of the game.It was unfair to punish them.
他们实际上没有违反比赛的规则，处罚他们是不公平的。
答案：did they actually break
2．(2013·福建改编)Not u ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ntil he went through real hardship ________ the love we have for our families is important.
直到经历了真正的困难，他才意识到我们对人的爱是重要的。
答案：did he realize
3．(2013·湖南改编)Not on ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ce ________ to Michael that he could one day become a top student in his class.
麦克怎么也没想到他有一天会成为班里的尖子生。
答案：did it occur
4．(2013·江西改编)Only when he apologizes for his rudeness ________ to him again.
只有当他为他的粗鲁道歉时，我才会和他说话。
答案：will I speak
5．Such an insp ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )iring speech ________ at the graduation ceremony that every one of us was deeply moved and strongly encouraged.
他在毕业典礼上做了如此鼓舞人心的演讲，以至于我们每一个人都深受感动和鼓舞。
答案：did he mak ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e　“such＋名词”或“so＋形容词/副词”位于句首时，主句应用部分倒装结构。又根据语意和that从句中的时态可知，此处应用一般过去时。
6．As is shown in the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )movie, under no circumstances ________ faith and confidence.
正如电影中所展示的那样，任何情况下你都不应该失去信念和自信。
答案：should you lose　当un ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )der no circumstances，in no way，by no means，in no case，never等表示否定的副词(词组)置于句首时，句子需用部分倒装结构，即助动词置于主语之前，且此处表达“失去”的概念。
7．Only when he returne ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d ________ that the war had ended and the army had come back.
只有当他回来时，他才被告知战争已经结束，军队已撤回。
答案：were we told
8．________ abo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ut wild plants that they decided to make a trip to Madagascar for further research.
这对夫妇对野生植物如此好奇，以至于他们决定去马达加斯加做进一步研究。
答案：So curious were the couple
二、语法填空
1．(2013·福建改编)Any ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )one, once ________ (test) positive for H7N9 flu virus, will receive free medical treatment from our government.
答案：tested　题干的意思是：一旦H7 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )N9禽流感病毒被检测为阳性，任何人都会受到我们政府的免费医治。由题干中的关键信息once可知此处为时间状语从句的省略。根据状语从句中省略的条件：“当主从句的主语一致，并且从句的谓语包括动词be时，可将从句的主语和动词be一起省略”，逆推可将该从句还原为“once anyone is tested positive for H7N9 flu virus”，并且时间状语从句中要用一般现在时代替一般将来时，所以该题目自然是省略了“anyone is”。解答这类题目需要抓住句中的关键信息，准确理解句子含义。
2．(2013·江西改编)If ________ask to look after luggage for someone else, inform the police at once.
答案：asked　考查状语从句的省略。句意：如果被要求给别人看管行李，要立刻通知警察。分析句子结构可知，此处考查if条件状语从句的省略，主句为祈使句，if从句主语为you，后面有for someone else，所以，从句完整形式为if you are asked to look after luggage for someone else。
3．(2013·重庆改编)It w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )as with the help of the local guide ________ the mountain climber was rescued.
答案：that　本题考查强调句。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )句意：是在当地导游的帮助下登山者被救的。分析结构可知，此处是强调句，强调的是句子的状语with the help of the local guide；强调句的基本句子结构“It is/was＋被强调部分＋that(强调人可以用who)＋其他”。
4．—Why wasn't John hired for the job
—I don't know, but he ________(be)．
答案：should have been ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )　考查情态动词和省略表达。句意为：——为什么John没被录用？——不知道，他本应该被录用的。should＋have done意为“本应做……而没有做”，原句应为：he should have been hired。
5．It was today's ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )activity ________ let me know the importance of teamwork.
答案：that　考查强调句型。句意为 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )：今天的活动让我知道了团队合作的重要性。当去掉It was和空格部分后，句子结构完整，句意通顺，所以这是一个强调句，被强调的部分是today's activity。
6．There is no doubt that eating organic food will make you healthier, is________？
答案：there　考查反义疑问句。句意 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )为：毫无疑问吃有机食品有利于健康，不是吗？根据陈述部分的there be句型及否定意义的词no可知，疑问部分应与there be句型一致，且使用肯定形式，即is there。
7．Where do you think it is________ we can buy that best seller
答案：that　考查强调 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )句型。句意为：你认为我们究竟去哪里可以买得到那本畅销书？分析句子结构可知，本句是一个强调句型的特殊疑问句，即：特殊疑问词＋is it that＋其他。但do you think作插入语时，后应用陈述语序。
8．Who was________ that played a trick on the new English teacher
答案：it　考查强调句。句意为：到 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )底是谁捉弄了新来的英语老师？本题是强调句的特殊疑问句结构：疑问词＋is/was＋it＋that＋句子其他成分。
9．—Where did you pick up the stamp
—It was at the post office ________ we worked in the summer vacation.
答案：where　考查定 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )语从句和强调句型。句意为：你在哪里得到的那张邮票？在我们暑假一起工作的邮局。where引导定语从句，在从句中作地点状语，修饰先行词the post office。这是强调句型的省略形式，句子补充完整应该是：It was at the post office where we worked in the summer vacation that I picked up the stamp.强调的是整个定语从句部分。本题易错填that。
10．Unless ________(ask) to answer questions, the pupils won't talk in Mrs Smith's class.
答案：asked　考查省略句。句意为：除非被提问，否则同学们在Smith夫人的课上从不讲话。该句中，unless引导的条件状语从句中从句的主语是the pupils，与主语的主语相同，the pupils与ask之间为被动关系，因此，应用过去分词形式。本题中从句为省略句，补充完整为：“Unless the pupils are asked to answer questions”
11．—The old store enjoys a good reputation in this area.
—Can't agree mor ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e. There are very few, if________， complaints about their service.
答案：any　考查省略句。句意为：——那家老店在这里声誉很好。——我非常同意，关于他们的服务，如果有抱怨，那也很少。四个选项均为省略表达。
12．—Was it becaus ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e of his short sightedness ________ he was turned down by the company
—No, it was because of his poor performance.
答案：that　考查强调句。句意为：——是因为近视他才被这家公司拒绝的吗？——不是，因为他表现不好。分析句子结构可知，此句为强调句的一般疑问句，because of his short sightedness为被强调部分，所以应用that引导。故答案选B。
13．—________(be) one and a half months enough for the project to be finished
—I am afraid no ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t. The professor is ill and only after he recovers ________ go on with it.
答案：Is　考查主谓一致。句意为：——一个半 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )月的时间完成这个工程足够了吧？——恐怕不行。教授生病了，只有等他康复后，工程才能继续。句中主语“one and a half months”为一个整体，表时间，因此谓语动词用单数形式。
14．—________is said to be no ad during TV plays.
—Great move! I can ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )not tolerate those annoying ads appearing every several minutes.
答案：There　考查句式用法。句意为：——据说电视剧中间不再插播广告了。——好举措！我再也忍受不了每隔几分钟就出现的那些无聊的广告了。have表示“某人/物有……”，there be表示“某处存在某物”，两者不能在同一句中同时使用；be said to意为“据说……”，常作插入语，相当于“主语＋be said to...”。该句可改成It is said that there will be no ad during TV plays。
15．Strange _ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )_______ it might sound, his idea was accepted by all the people at the meeting.
答案：as/though ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )　考查倒装句型。as意为“虽然，尽管”，所表示的语气较强，引导让步状语从句时用倒装语序，形式为：形容词或副词＋as＋主语＋谓语。
16．A series of sti ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )mulus policies and supportive measures taken by the government ________(expect) to promote change in the economic environment in this area.
答案：is expected　考查主谓一致。句意为：人们期望由政府采取的一系列经济刺激政策和扶持措施能够促使这个地区的经济环境有所改变。分析句子结构可知，句子的主语是“A series of stimulus policies and supportive measures”，句中的主语“A serious of... by the government”为一个整体的概念，后面的谓语动词应用单数形式。
17．Fighting an arti ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ficial greenhouse effect seems to be the greatest of environmental challenges, ________ it
答案：doesn't　考查反义疑问句。句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )意为：抵抗人为因素造成的温室效应似乎已成为环境的最大挑战，不是吗？根据反义疑问句句式可知，陈述部分为肯定形式时，疑问部分用否定形式；而根据陈述部分的谓语动词“seems”可知，doesn't it符合题意。