2023届高考英语二轮复习专题：独立主格结构课件（46张ppt)

(共46张PPT)
独立
主格
Absolute Structure
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ONE 概念
TWO 特点
FOUR 类型
THREE 功能
目录
独立主格结构的概念
ONE
Lead-in
It rained.
I stayed at home.
怎样将两个句子合并？
要求：可以使用连词，请将句子合并成并列句。
It rain so/and I stayed at home.
要求：可以使用连词，请将句子合并为复合句。
Because it rained yesterday, I stayed at home.
要求：不适用连词，将两个句子合并为一个句子。
It raining, I stayed at home.
His friends to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.
Because his friends will come tonight...
Everyone having sat down, the teacher began his class.
After everyone had sat down...
Thousands of eyes fixed upon him, Nick felt on edge.
Because thousands of eyes were fixed upon him...
It raining, I stayed at home.
独立主格结构的概念：
“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。
Self-study
1. Montreal, a port in the province of Quebec, is the second largest city in Canada, and also the largest French-speaking city in the world, Paris being the largest. (L24)
独立主格结构
港口城市蒙特利尔位于魁北克省境内，是加拿大第二大城市，也是世界上第二大法语城市（最大的是巴黎）
(1) 有那个女孩带路，他们很快走出了山里。
__________________________________, they got out of the mountain.
(２) 作业做完了，孩子们出去玩了。
______________________________，the children went out to play.
　　
The girl leading the way
Homework finished
独立主格结构的特点
TWO
独立主格结构的特点：
1.独立主格结构是一种结构，不是一个句子，不需要用谓语动词。
2.独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它有自己逻辑上的主语，表达相对独立的意思，它独立存在。
3.独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开。
4.在句中只作状语，并可对主句进行补充说明。
5.名词或代词与后面的分词构成一定的关系：如与现在分词（doing)构成主谓关系或与过去分词(done)构成动宾关系等。
The girl leading the way, they got out of the mountain.
Homework finished, the children went out to play.
独立
主格
结构
它不依赖于主句，相对独立
它的逻辑主语用代词的主格
它是一种结构，不是一个句子
1. The exam __________（hold）tomorrow, I couldn’t go to the cinema tonight.
2. Many trees, flowers, and grass____________, (plant)our school will look even more beautiful.
3. Weather____________(permit), we’ll go sightseeing in Gaopo.
to be held
to be planted
permitting
用所给词的适当形式填空
独立主格结构的功能
THREE
独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个__________，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个_______，通常放于句末。
为什么要用独立主格结构？
状语从句
并列句
独立主格结构与主句不发生句法上的联系 。
切记：独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
① 表示时间
The meeting being over, all of us went home.
开完会后我们都回家了
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。
the meeting being over 相当于 when the meeting was over
her work done 相当于 when her work was done
② 表示条件
The condition being favorable, he may succeed.
若条件有利，他或许能成功。
If the condition is favorable
③ 表示原因
There being no taxis, we had to walk.
没有出租车，我们只好步行。
He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty.
Since there was no taxis,
as the night was dark and frosty
④ 表示伴随
Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all.
几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。
(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.)
⑤ 表示补充
We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two.
我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。
独立主格结构的类型
FOUR
独立主格结构的类型
The girl _______(stare)at him , he didn’t know what to say.
The problems _______(solve), the quality has been improved.
An air accident happened to the plane, nobody _______(alive).
The meeting_______(over), they all went home.
The work ______(do),we went home.
With his homework______(do), Tom went out to play.
With his homework________(do), Tom can’t go out to play.
staring
solved
alive
over
done
done
to do
1. 逻辑主语+非谓语动词（不定式、现在分词、过去分词） 非谓语动词独立主格结构
2. 逻辑主语+(being)+表语(名词、形容词、副词、介词短语) 无动词独立主格结构
3. with/without + 复合宾语 （不定式、现在分词、过去分词、形容词、副词、介词短语、名词）
with的复合结构
独立主格结构有三种类型：
1. 逻辑主语+非谓语动词（不定式、现在分词、过去分词）
The girl staring at him, he didn’t know what to say.
The problems solved, the quality has been improved.
They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore.
(= As the girl stared at him)
(= As the problems were solved)
名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主谓关系
名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系。
名词/主格代词与不定式之间是将来的或具体的动作。
① “名词/代词 + 现在分词”结构
该结构在句中常作时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、方式或伴随状语等。现在分词通常表示动作正在进行（或表示主动）。有时现在分词不表示进行，而表示一般情况的状态或动作。
(1) 作 状语：
Everyone having sat down, the teacher began his class.
每个人都坐好后，老师开始上课。
(相当于时间状语从句: After everyone had sat down)
(2) 作 状语：
The boy leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest.
由那个男孩带路，我们没有困难就走出了森林。
(相当于原因状语从句: Because the boy led the way)
时间
原因
(3) 作 状语：
My health allowing, I will work far into the night.
我的健康许可的话，我愿工作到深夜。
(4) 作 状语：
The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.
学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都带着一张卡。
条件
方式或伴随
（相当于并列句：and each wears a card ...）
（相当于条件状语从句：If my health allows）
① “名词/代词 + 现在分词”结构
②“名词/代词+过去分词”结构
该结构在句中常作 时间状语、原因状语、方式或伴随状语、条件状语等。过去分词通常表示被动意义或完成意义。
(1) 作 状语：
The test finished, we’ll have our summer vocation.
考试结束以后，我们将开始暑假了。
(2) 作 状语：
Thousands of eyes fixed upon him, Nick felt on edge.
上千只眼睛看着他，尼克感到紧张。
时间
原因
（相当于时间状语从句：After the test is finished...）
（相当于原因状语从句：Because ..eyes were fixed upon him...）
(3) 作 状语：
When in trouble, Sam would sit alone, head bent.
萨姆遇到麻烦时，总是独自坐着，头低着。
(4) 作 状语：
More time given, we can finish the work.
如果给我们更多的时间，我们就能完成这项工作。
方式或伴随
条件
（相当于并列句 and his head was bent .）
（相当于条件状语从句：If more time is given to us ...）
②“名词/代词+过去分词”结构
由不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的动作
或状态，在句中常作 ，偶尔作 。
His friends to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.
No one to wake me up, I might be late for the first class.
原因状语
条件状语
他朋友今晚要来，所以正忙着准备晚餐呢
如果没人叫醒我，我会错过第一节课的。
(相当于状语从句：because ..will ..)
(相当于条件状语从句：if no.. woke me ..)
③“名词/代词+不定式”结构
【综合比较三种非谓语动词独立主格结构】
1. 名词或代词+不定式
其中的不定式通常表示即将要发生的动作。
2. 名词或代词+现在分词
其中的现在分词通常表示动作正在进行（或表示主动）。有时现在分词不表示进行，而表示一般情况的状态或动作。
3. 名词或代词+过去分词
其中的过去分词通常表示被动意义或完成意义。
Their room was on the third floor, it’s window overlooking the sports ground. 他们的房间在三层楼上，窗户俯视着操场。
1 、The manager looks worried，many things to settle.
经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。
（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle——将来与主动）
2 、The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.
学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都带着一张卡。
（每个人胸前都带着一张卡——进行与主动）
3 、Their room was on the third floor, it’s window overlooking the sports ground.
他们的房间在三层楼上，窗户俯视着操场。
（窗户俯视着操场——一般情况的状态或主动）
【综合比较三种非谓语动词独立主格结构】
4、The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.
许多事情已经处理好了， 经理看上去很轻松。
（事情已经处理好了，用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束——完成与被动）
5、The food cooked, the boy went to bed.
饭做好了，小孩去睡了。
（两个动作有先后，饭已做好，小孩才去睡觉的——完成与被动）
【综合比较三种非谓语动词独立主格结构】
2. 逻辑主语+(being)+表语(名词、形容词、副词、介词短语)
An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive.
名词/主格代词+形容词
The meeting over, they all went home.
名词/主格代词+副词
The boy went to the classroom, book in hand.
在这个结构中，如果逻辑主语与介词短语中的名词都是单数名词，在这些名词前习惯上不用冠词。但注意比较：
He stood under a tree, hand in pocket.
He stood under a tree, with a hand in his pocket.
名词/主格代词+介词短语
2. 逻辑主语+(being)+表语(名词、形容词、副词、介词短语)
I received many gifts, many of them books.
名词/主格代词+名词
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed.
There being no buses, they walked to the theatre.
There being +名词（代词）
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed.
It being holiday, all the shops were shut.
It being +名词（代词）
① 逻辑主语+名词
Many people come to visit the city , .
很多人来参观这个城市，其中大多数是外国人。
I received many Christmas gifts, .
我收到了很多圣诞礼物，其中一些是书籍。
most of them foreigners
some of them books
he fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon.
他和狼搏斗着，唯一的武器是一根棍棒。 .
② 逻辑主语+形容词
The men moved slowly forward, neck deep in the water, with their officers guiding them.
It stood silent in the noon sunlight, its door open.
He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.
他睡眼惺忪地转向我。
（his eyes和sleepy之间省去了being）
③逻辑主语+副词
Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away.
Lunch over, he left the house. But he was thinking.
School over , we all went home.
放学了，我们都回家了。
（school和over之间省去了being）
, I can’t focus my mind on the work.
音乐开着，我不能专心工作。
The music on
④ 逻辑主语+介词短语
I followed him here, climbed in, sword in hand.
He sat at the table, coat off, head down, and pen in hand.
The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand.
那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。
, it is going to rain soon.
天空黑云密布，很快就要下雨。
Dark clouds in the sky
高中英语 独立主格结构 课件(共37张PPT)
1. 在表示方式的独立主格结构中，为了使句子简洁,往往将“逻辑主语+介词短语”中的冠词或代词都省略。
The guard stood by the door, (a) gun in (his) hand.
She came in, (a) smile on (her) face.
2. 独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略：
一是在“There being + 名词”结构中；
二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。
There being no bus, we had to walk home.
It being Sunday, all the offices are closed.
高中英语 独立主格结构 课件(共37张PPT)
注意:
1. ________ no bus, we had to walk home.
A. There was B. There being
C. Because there being D. There were
2. _______, we all went swimming in high spirits.
A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather
C. It was fine weather D. It being a fine weather
3. ______, the hunter went into the forest.
A. A gun on shoulder B. A gun was on his shoulder
C. Gun on shoulder D. A gun being on shoulder
当堂检测
3. with/without + 复合宾语 （不定式、现在分词、过去分词、形容词、副词、介词短语、名词）
“介词with/without +宾语+宾语补足语”结构可以构成独立主格结构，在句中常作伴随状语、原因状语，也可作定语。上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现，即：
with/without
+
名词/代词
+
adj
adv
n
to do
doing
done
介词短语
1. with/ without +名词/代词+形容词
，the old man felt unhappy.
由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。
2. with/ without +名词/代词+副词
，she had to stay at home alone.
因为她姐姐出去了，她只能独自待在家里。
3. with/ without +名词/代词+介词短语
He stood at the door, .
他站在门旁边，手里拿着一台电脑。
With his son so disappointing
With her sister out
with a computer in his hand
高中英语 独立主格结构 课件(共37张PPT)
“with/ without”引导的独立主格结构
“with/ without”引导的独立主格结构
4. with/ without +名词/代词+不定式
, the boy looked upset.
5. with/ without +名词/代词+现在分词
，I stole into the room.
6. with/ without +名词/代词+过去分词
With his homework done, Peter went out to play.
The boy was crying ， .
Without any game to play
Without anyone noticing
with his toy broken
高中英语 独立主格结构 课件(共37张PPT)
注意：在with/without 复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。
With his homework done, Peter went out to play.
Without any game to play, the boy looked upset.
His homework done, Peter went out to play.
不可改为Any game to play,the boy looked upset.
“with/ without”引导的独立主格结构
1. ______ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.
A. As B. For C. With D. Through
2. With a lot of work _______, I have to sit up tonight.
A. do B. doing C. done D. to do
3. John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work ,he gladly accepted it.
A. finished B. finishing
C. having finished D. was finished
当堂检测
谢谢
观看
Absolute Structure
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