2023届北京市部分区高三英语一模试题分类汇编：阅读理解（含答案）

2023届北京市部分区高三英语一模试题分类汇编
阅读理解
2023届北京市东城区高三一模英语试卷
第一节(共14小题;每小题2分，共28分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
Give a little sunshine!
The Council on Aging (COA) runs a telephone friendship project called the Sunshine Call Program, matching over-60s with a friendly volunteer for a daily chat over the phone. The aim is simple-to help ease the loneliness and repair social networks.
Sheila, 77, a retired teacher, lived alone. She has been receiving calls from Rianne, a volunteer, for over two months. “Talking to Rianne is something I really look forward to—a breath of fresh air. We talk about everything—theatre, her work, books we’ve read…Listening to someone else’s life enriches you and gives you something positive to focus on.” “At the beginning, I had no expectation of how the phone calls would go, but it’s wonderful that it’s led to a genuine friendship. Rianne helps me a lot …”
Are you ready to add a little sunshine to a senior’s life
The Sunshine Call Program initially links a volunteer with an isolated (独居的) senior for a daily call. When comfortable, the volunteer introduces a second senior to the call. Then another, until there are four seniors to one volunteer on what is essentially a conference call. Without having to leave the house, you will help the seniors meet and make new friends. They will then exchange phone numbers to chat on their own and reduce their isolation.
What are the volunteer qualifications
Volunteers must have access to the Internet and be willing to be trained on the use of a chat app. COA will provide all supplies required to make the calls. Besides, volunteers must agree to participate in monthly meetings with other volunteers and guest speakers. All volunteers must be willing to provide a recent Criminal Record Check, the cost of which will be borne by COA. And the most important volunteer qualification is a sense of caring and a desire to help seniors in the community!
If you wish to volunteer with our Sunshine Call program, never hesitate! Just CLICK HERE to fill out the application form.
21. Why does the passage mention Sheila’s experience
A. To show her loneliness
B. To share a sweet memory.
CTo stress the value of CoA
D. To praise Rianne’s kindness.
22One of the responsibilities of volunteers is
A. making weekly calls to seniors
B. visiting seniors during holidays
C. introducing new friends to seniors
D. teaching seniors to use smart phones
23. If you want to be a volunteer, what are you required to do
A. Learn the use of a chat app.
B. Prepare a computer by yourself.
C. Offer a letter of recommendation.
D. Have relevant working experience.
24. What is the purpose of the passage
A. To inform the readers of COA.
B. To invite seniors to sign up for COA
C. To introduce volunteer work in COA.
D. To advertise for new volunteers for COA.
B
This was the first communication that had come from her aunt in Jessie’s lifetime.
“I think your aunt has forgiven me at last,” her father said as he passed the letter across the table.
Jessie looked first at the autograph(签名). It seemed strange to see her own name there. There was a likeness between her aunt’s autograph and her own, a hint of the same decisiveness and precision. If Jessie had been educated fifty years earlier, she might have written her name in just that manner.
“You’re very like her in some ways,” her father said, as she still stared at the autograph.
“I should think you must almost have forgotten what Aunt Jessie was like, dear,” she said. “How many years is it since you last saw her ”
“More than forty,” her father said. “We disagreed. We invariably disagreed. Jessie always prided herself on being so modern. She read Darwin and things like that. Altogether beyond me, I admit.”
“And so it seems that she wants to see me.” Jessie straightened her shoulders and lifted her head. She was excited at the thought of meeting this mythical aunt whom she had so often heard about. Sometimes she had wondered if the personality of this remarkable relative had not been a figment(虚构) of her father’s imagination.
But this letter of hers that now lay on the breakfast table was admirable in character. There was something of intolerance expressed in its tone. It was just like what her father had told her.
Mr. Deane came out of his past memories with a sigh.
“Yes, yes; she wants to see you, my dear,” he said. “I’ve heard she has set up a school and helped many youngsters. I think you had better accept this invitation to stay with her. If she took a fancy to you, you could get a better education…”
He sighed again, and Jessie knew that for the hundredth time he was regretting his own past weakness...
25. How was the relationship between Jessie’s father and her aunt
A. It remained very close over the years.
B. It was broken when they were young.
C. It got tenser due to a misunderstanding.
D. It was uneasy for their financial differences.
26. From the passage we know Jessie was.
A. eager to meet her aunt.
B. cautious about her aunt’s invitation
C. angry with her aunt for ignoring her family.
D. puzzled by her aunt’s sudden interest in her
27. What can we learn from the passage
A. Jessie’s aunt promised to offer her better education.
B. Jessie’s aunt’s personality seemed to change a lot.
C. Jessie and her aunt were different in personality.
D. Jessie’s father felt sorry for what he had done.
C
Many people would answer the question of what makes us human by insisting that we are cultural beings. There is no doubt that we are. But one definition of culture is the totality of traditions acquired in a community by social learning from other individuals, and many animal species have traditions. Can we then say that some animals are cultural beings too
One approach to study culture in animals is the so-called Method of Exclusion (排除), in which scientists investigate behavioral variations across populations of one species. In a famous study, scientists learned that chimpanzee (黑猩猩) behaviors were socially passed on as they were present at some sites but not at others, despite having same ecological settings. For example, chimpanzees in Tai National Park in Ivory Coast are well-known for their nut-cracking skills. Chimpanzees in Gombe national part in Tanzania, on the other hand, do not crack nuts, although nuts exist in their environment too.
However, when applying the Method of Exclusion, one has to be very careful. There are other factors that could also explain the pattern of behavioral evaluation. For example, some of the chimpanzee techniques scientists evaluated occur in only one of the three subspecies. So it’s quite possible that these behaviors also have an innate component. This would mean that one chimpanzee subspecies uses a new technique not out of cultural tradition, but because the behavior is fixed to specific genes. Another factor that has to be excluded is of course the environment Chimpanzees in Mahale do not fish algae (水藻), simply because algae does not exist there.
But when we exclude all the variations that can be explained by genes or environment, we still find that animals do show cultural variations. Does that mean there is no real difference between them and us after all Not exactly: There is a fundamental difference between human and animal culture. Only humans can build culturally on what generations before us have learned. This is called “cumulative culture”. We don’t have to keep reinventing the wheel. This is called the “ratchet (棘轮) effect”. Like a ratchet that can be turned forward but not back, people’s cultural techniques evolve.
It is likely that behaviors we see today in chimpanzee cultures could be invented over and over again by individual animals themselves. In contrast, a child born today would not be able to invent a computer without the knowledge of many past generations.
28. Why does the author mention the example of the chimpanzees in two parks in Paragraph 2
A. To prove that culture does exist in animals.
B. To justify the uniqueness of the research method.
C. To compare how chimpanzees behave in different parks.
D. To stress the importance of environment in studying culture.
29. What does the underlined word “innate” in Paragraph 3 probably mean
A. Advanced. B. Inborn. C. Adaptive. D. Intelligent.
30. What can we learn from the passage
A. Cumulative culture is what sets humans apart from animals.
B. Culure in animals is as worthy to be valued as human culture.
CAnimals don’t have the ability to invent behaviors in a community.
D. The “ratchet effect” decides if humans can build on past experiences.
D
When Elinor Lobel was 16, a “smart” insulin (胰岛素) pump was attached to her body. Powered by AI, it tracks her glucose levels and administers the right dose of insulin at the right time to keep her healthy. It is one of the new ways that data and AI can help improve lives.
Books that criticize the dark side of data are plentiful. They generally suggest there is much more to fear than fete in the algorithmic(算法的)age.
But the intellectual tide may be turning. One of the most persuasive supporters of a more balanced view is Elinor Lobel’s mother, Orly, a law professor. In The Equality Machine she acknowledges AI’s capacity to produce harmful results. But she shows how, in the right hands, it can also be used to fight inequality and discrimination.
A principle of privacy rules is “minimization”: collect and keep as little information as possible, especially in areas such as race and gender. Ms Lobel flips the script, showing how in hiring, pay and the legal system, knowing such characteristics leads to fairer outcomes.
Ms Lobel’s call to use more, not less, personal information challenges data-privacy orthodoxy(正统观念). But she insists that “tracking differences is key to detecting unfairness.” She advocates g loosening of privacy rules to provide more transparency(透明)over algorithmic decisions.
The problems with algorithmic formulae(公式) are tackled in depth in Escape from Model Land by Erica Thompson of the School of Economics. These statistical models are the backbone of big data and AL. Yet a perfect model will always be beyond reach. “All models are wrong,” runs a wise saying. “Some are useful.”
Ms Thompson focuses on a challenge she calls the Hawkmoth Effect. In the better known Butterfly Effect, a serviceable model, Vin the prediction of climate change, becomes less reliable over time because of the complexity of what it is simulating(模拟), or because of inaccuracies in the original data. In the Hawkmoth Effect, by contrast, the model itself is flawed; it might fail to take full account of the interplay between humidity, wind and temperature.
The author calls on data geeks to improve their solutions to real-world issues, not merely refine their formulae—in other words, to escape from model land. “We do not need to have the best possible answer,” she writes, “only a reasonable one.”
Both these books exhibit a healthy realism about data, algorithms and their limitations. Both recognize that making progress involves accepting limitations, whether in law or coding. As Ms Lobel puts it: “It’s always better to light a candle than to curse the darkness.”
31. Ms Lobel intends to convey that
A. minimisation is a good privacy rule to go by
B. algorithms are currently challenged by data privacy
C. employing more personal data should be encouraged
D. identifying algorithms’ problems leads to better outcomes
32. What can we learn about “Hawkmoth Effect”
A. It develops from Butterfly Effect.
B. It emphasizes accuracy of original data.
C. It enjoys popularity in climate research field.
D. It is mentioned to show the model can be faulty.
33. Which of the following does the writer probably agree
A. Using algorithms to detect differences is hard.
B. The application of data and algorithms is limited.
C. The reliability of data should be attached importance to.
D. Improving algorithms involves accepting its imperfection.
34. Which would be the best title for this passage
A. The Algorithm’s Prospect B. The Algorithm’s Mercy
C. The Algorithm’s Complexity D. The Algorithm’s Recognition
2023届北京市西城区高三一模英语试卷
第一节(共14小题;每小题2分，共28分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
Dear Teachers and Parents,
This June, during Financial Literacy Month, we have some to share.
In 2015, a free online financial education course named FutureSmart was introduced to middle school students, specifically targeting this group at a time in their lives when financial habits take hold and grow.
Fast forward to today, FutureSmart, available in English and Spanish, has reached over 13,000 schools across all 50 states. More than two million students have completed the course, with almost half coming from low-to-moderate income families.
But we aren’t stopping there. We promise to reach four million more students by the end of 2025.
Why Because this moment calls for brave action. Never before have money management and investment decisions been so easy to conduct at any time or place through the use of a smartphone. It is time to offer students more critical financial literacy education to encourage them to make good financial decisions on a daily basis as they make their way through a complex world.
From weighing opportunity costs to delaying instant satisfaction for long-term financial gain, FutureSmart educates our youth using hands-on simulations (模拟) to introduce concepts like daily financial decisions and the rewards of long-term planning. Teaching young learners how to build solid financial foundations is an important step in building financially healthy communities.
Although our work is far from complete, we know that FutureSmart works. And it works exceptionally well.
In the largest study of its kind, supported by the MassMutual Foundation and EVERFI, the University of Massachusetts Donahue Institute (UMDI) recently concluded that 90% of students saw a statistically significant and educationally meaningful increase in knowledge after taking the FutureSmart course.
What’s more, these results were consistent across all student demographics including race, age, gender, school year, and socioeconomic status.
We have a long way to go to reach every single middle school student but we welcome the challenge. Together, our teams have started a movement to provide equal access to financial education, and we invite others to join us.
Visit to learn more and see how you can bring FutureSmart to the young people in your life.
MICHAEL FANNING RAY MARTINEZ
Head of MassMutual US President and Co-Founder of EVERFI
21. The course FutureSmart.
A. is offered in two different languages
B. requires skillful smartphone operation
C. has been bought by a large number of schools
D. targets students from low-to-moderate income families
22. How does FutureSmart introduce financial concepts
A. By establishing financially healthy communities.
B. By managing opportunities and rewards.
C. By simulating real-life situations.
D. By delaying financial gain.
23. After taking the course, the students should be able to.
A. improve their academic performance
B. accept financial challenges at any time
C. understand people from various backgrounds
D. build a stable financial foundation for the future
B
I was sitting in a chemistry lab class during my first year of university, nervous about the experiment we were to perform. I grabbed a pipette and, as I feared, my hand started to shake. The experience was disheartening. I was hoping to pursue a career in science, but I started to wonder whether that would be possible. I thought my dreams had crashed to the ground.
I was a boy born with brain damage. My family managed to find good doctors where we lived, in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg), Russia, and I took part in clinical trials testing new treatments. Shortly after my first birthday, I started walking and it became clear my intelligence function was unaffected. So, in some sense, I was lucky. Still, I couldn’t do some things growing up. Both hands shook, especially when I was nervous or embarrassed. My left hand was much worse than my right, so I learned to write and do simple tasks with my right hand, but it wasn’t easy to do anything precisely.
As a teenager, I faced a lot of bullying at school. Feeling alone, I joined a study group called “The natural world”. I thought that getting into the world of animals would keep me away from people. That’s how I came into the field of biology. At university, I enjoyed the lectures in my science classes. Many lab tasks proved impossible, however. As I struggled with my mood, I read a book about depression. From then on, the physiology of mental disorders became my scientific passion. I looked into what was being done locally and was excited to discover a lab that did behavioral experiments in rats to study depression.
At the end of my second year, I approached the professor of the lab to see whether I could work with her. I was afraid to admit I couldn’t do some lab tasks. To my relief, she was completely supportive. She set me to work performing behavioral experiments for others in the lab with the help of colleagues. I loved the supportive atmosphere and stayed there to complete my master’s and Ph.D.
I’ve come to realize that my hands aren’t the barrier I thought they were. By making use of my abilities and working as part of a team, I’ve been able to follow my passions. I’ve also realized that there’s much more to being a scientist than performing the physical labor. I may not collect all the data in my papers, but I’m fully capable of designing experiments and interpreting results, which, to me, is the most exciting part of science.
24. What was the author’s dream
A. To live a normal life. B. To become a scientist.
CTo get a master’s degree. D. To recover from depression.
25. The author said he was lucky in Paragraph 2 because.
A. he didn’t lose the function of both hands
B. he learned how to walk at the age of one
C. his family could afford to see good doctors
D. his brain damage didn’t affect his intellectual capacity
26. From the passage, it is clear that.
A. the author’s own depression inspired him to help others with mental disorders
B. the author was surrounded by a team who urged him to further his study
C. the author’s loneliness moved him towards the world of biology
D. the author finally finished the lab tasks on his own
27. What message does the author want to express
A. Loving yourself makes a difference. B. Opportunity follows prepared people.
C. A bright future begins with a small dream. D. The sun somehow shines through the storm.
C
Imagine a simple blood test that could flag most kinds of cancers at the earliest, most curable stage. Liquid biopsies could, in theory, detect a tumor (肿瘤) well before it could be found by touch, symptoms or imaging. Blood tests could avoid the need for surgeons to cut tissue samples and make it possible to reveal cancer hiding in places needles and scalpels cannot safely reach. They could also determine what type of cancer is taking root to help doctors decide what treatment might work best to destroy it.
Liquid biopsies are not yet in hand, because it is hard to find definitive cancer signals in a tube of blood, but progress in recent years has been impressive. Last year the journal Science published the first big prospective study of a liquid biopsy for DNA and proteins from multiple types of cancers. Though far from perfect, the blood test called CancerSEEK found 26 tumors that had not been discovered with conventional screenings.
Liquid biopsies can rely on a variety of biomarkers in addition to tumor DNA and proteins, such as free-floating cancer cells themselves. But what makes the search difficult, Ana Robles, a cancer biologist of the National Cancer Institute, explains, is that “if you have an early-stage cancer or certain types of cancer, there might not be a lot of tumor DNA,” and tests might miss it. The ideal blood test will be both very specific and very sensitive so that even tiny tumors can be found. To tackle this challenge, CancerSEEK looks for cancer-specific mutations (突变) on 16 genes, and for eight proteins that are linked to cancer and for which there are highly sensitive tests.
Simple detection is not the only goal. An ideal liquid biopsy will also determine the likely location of the cancer so that it can be treated. “Mutations are often shared among different kinds of cancer, so if you find them in blood, you don’t know if that mutation is coming from a stomach cancer or lung cancer,” says Anirban Maitra, a cancer scientist at the Anderson Cancer Center. To solve that problem, some newer liquid biopsies look for changes in gene expression. Such changes, Maitra notes, are “more organ-specific”.
On the nearer horizon are liquid biopsies to help people already diagnosed with cancer. Last year the government approved the first two such tests, which scan for tumor DNA so doctors can select mutation-targeted drugs. Scientists are working on blood tests to detect the first signs of cancer recurrence (复发) in patients who have completed treatment. This work is moving fast, but does it save lives
That is the question companies such as Thrive and Grail must answer for their broadly ambitious screening tests. “These companies have to prove that they can detect early cancer and, more important, that the early detection can have an impact on cancer survival,” Maitra observes.
28. According to the passage, liquid biopsies are expected to
A. flag cancer and determine the treatment
Bdetect cancer signals from a sample of blood
C. take images of tumors and prevent potential cancers
D. show types of cancer by measuring the amount of proteins
29. What can we learn from the passage
A. Signs of cancer recurrence are not detectable.
B. Different kinds of cancer have different gene mutations.
C. Biomarkers are much more reliable than tumor DNA and proteins.
D. Organ-specific cancers will be identified through changes in gene expression.
30. The author is mostly concerned about whether.
A. liquid biopsies can discover tumors conventional screenings can’t find
B. liquid biopsies can improve the application of mutation-targeted drugs
C. liquid biopsies can help save the lives of those with cancer
D. liquid biopsies can be developed for cancer prevention
D
Technology seems to discourage slow, immersive reading. Reading on a screen, particularly a phone screen, tires your eyes and makes it harder for you to keep your place. So online writing tends to be more skimmable and list-like than print. The cognitive neuroscientist Mary Walt argued recently that this “new norm” of skim reading is producing “an invisible, game-changing transformation” in how readers process words. The neuronal circuit that sustains the brain’s capacity to read now favors the rapid absorption of information, rather than skills developed by deeper reading, like critical analysis.
We shouldn’t overplay this danger. All readers skim. Skimming is the skill we acquire as children as we learn to read more skillfully. From about the age of nine, our eyes start to bounce around the page, reading only about a quarter of the words properly, and filling in the gaps by inference. Nor is there anything new in these fears about declining attention spans. So far, the anxieties have proved to be false alarms. “Quite a few critics have been worried about attention span lately and see very short stories as signs of cultural decline,” the American author Selvin Brown wrote. “No one ever said that poems were evidence of short attention spans.”
And yet the Internet has certainly changed the way we read. For a start, it means that there is more to read, because more people than ever are writing. If you time travelled just a few decades into the past, you would wonder at how little writing was happening outside a classroom. And digital writing is meant for rapid release and response. An online article starts forming a comment string underneath as soon as it is published. This mode of writing and reading can be interactive and fun. But often it treats other people’s words as something to be quickly harvested as fodder to say something else. Everyone talks over the top of everyone else, desperate to be heard.
Perhaps we should slow down. Reading is constantly promoted as a social good and source of personal achievement. But this advocacy often emphasizes “enthusiastic”, “passionate” or “eager” reading, none of which adjectives suggest slow, quiet absorption.
To a slow reader, a piece of writing can only be fully understood by immersing oneself in the words and their slow comprehension of a line of thought. The slow reader is like a swimmer who stops counting the number of pool laps he has done and just enjoys how his body feels and moves in water.
The human need for this kind of deep reading is too tenaciousfor any new technology to destroy. We often assume that technological change can’t be stopped and happens in one direction, so that older media like “dead-tree” books are kicked out by newer, more virtual forms. In practice, older technologies can coexist with new ones. The Kindle has not killed off the printed book any more than the car killed off the bicycle. We still want to enjoy slowly-formed ideas and carefully-chosen words. Even in a fast-moving age, there is time for slow reading.
31. What is the author’s attitude towards Selvin Brown’s opinion
A. Favorable. B. Critical. C. Doubtful. D. Objective.
32. The author would probably agree that.
A. advocacy of passionate reading helps promote slow reading
B. digital writing leads to too much speaking and not enough reflection
C. the public should be aware of the impact skimming has on neuronal circuits
D. the number of Internet readers is declining due to the advances of technology
33. What does the underlined word “tenacious” in Paragraph 6 probably mean
A. Comprehensive. B. Complicated. C. Determined. D. Apparent.
34. Which would be the best title for the passage
A. Slow Reading Is Here to Stay
B. Digital Technology Prevents Slow Reading
C. Screen vs. Print: Which Requires Deep Reading
D. Reading Is Not a Race: The Wonder of Deep Reading
2023届北京市朝阳区高三一模英语试卷
第一节(共14小题;每小题2分，共28分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) Youth Forum is an annual initiative of the President of the Council. It has developed into a key platform where young people can contribute to policy discussions at the United Nations (UN). This year’s Youth Forum will take place from 25 to 27 April, 2023.
·Objectives
The Forum aims to engage young people in a dialogue with Member States, policymakers and other actors to voice their views and inspire actions on how to transform the world into a better place guided by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Participants will also have the opportunity to contribute to the preparatory process of the SDG Summit.
The 2023 Forum will address the theme on speeding up the recovery from the COVID-19 and the full implementation (实施) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. It will also review progress in the areas of affordable and clean energy, and sustainable cities and communities, ete.
· Format
The three-day event will feature plenary (全体出席的) sessions and regionally based discussions, with the last day designed for the preparation of the 2023 SDG Summit. Talented youth speakers will deliver short presentations in between sessions.
Participation in the Forum is by invitation only. The youth participants are selected by National Youth Councils, regional youth organizations, etc.
The event will be held in a mixed way allowing for opportunities for in-person and virtual participation. Participants will also be able to ask questions via social media.
· The voices from last year’s participants
2022 Forum Participants Takeaway! “The Youth Forum gave me the opportunity to discover the skills required to master public speaking. The time management is challenging but we finished all tasks even with a tight schedule.” 2022 Forum Participants’ Advice! “Using sources the team provides will increase the efficiency and effectiveness of completing tasks. I also strongly advise them to be open to hearing everyone’s different opinions from an objective point of view.”
21. The ECOSOC Youth Forum 2023 will________.
Adiscuss the global recovery issue
B. select the youth leaders for the UN
C. set goals for sustainable development
D. gather young people to build a platform
22. According to the passage, the young participants can ________.
A. register to join in the Forum personally
B. give brief speeches in plenary sessions
C. take part in the event online and offline
D. attend the SDG Summit after the Forum
23. What is the advice from 2022 participants
A. To be willing to consider various voices.
BTo make time arrangements a top priority.
C. To master public speaking skills in advance.
D. To be efficient with the help of policymakers.
B
I was four when Dad first showed me how to skim stones, a game in which one throws smooth flat stones into a river to make them jump across the surface. I’d pass hours on beaches with my brother, picking up muddy stones and skimming them. It was satisfying making them dance on the surface. That perfect skim, where the stone glided (滑行), brought me fantastic feelings-and still does. I was a competitive child and good at throwing. I enjoyed javelin (标枪) and was on a baseball team, but skimming stones was just for fun.
In adulthood, things changed. In August 2017, an advertisement for the All England Open Stone Skimming Championships drew my attention. I signed up and paid 2 for three stones. I skimmed 28 metres and tried again and again, buying more stones to feed my desire, finally reaching 37 metres, which won me third place. I drove home excitedly, and 20 lighter.
I returned to the 2018 championship, hoping for a champion. Walking on to the small throwing platform in my trainers, I threw a decent 44 metres and won. I spotted someone wearing a competition sweater with “World” written across it. “Where’s that ” I asked and he told me about the annual World Stone Skimming Championships in Scotland.
It was a month away and a six-hour drive. I thought about the cost and distance for weeks until, the day before the contest, the feeling of winning made a decision for me. “I’m going. ”I arrived at a hotel at 10 pm, but couldn’t sleep for nerves and excitement. Early the next morning, I drove to the crossing where the competitors had begun waiting. Ropes and buoys (浮标) marked a 63-metre couarse. I had no idea if my best score was good enough to win. When my name was called at the prize-giving ceremony that afternoon, I was overjoyed. I was the women’s world champion.
I’m a big believer in giving things a go. I’m 42, and to become a world champion at this stage is pretty left-field. It showed me it was worth jumping in the car that day, and proof that a childhood spent throwing muddy stones from beaches wasn’t wasted.
24. What did the author enjoy about the stone skimming as a child
A. The competitiveness of the sport.
B. The outstanding ability at throwing.
C. The satisfaction the glide of the stone brings.
D. The fun time she spent with her dad at the beach.
25. What mainly helped the author all the way through every championship
A. Her discipline.
B. Her desire to win.
C. Her confidence.
D. Her efforts on training.
26. What can we conclude from the passage
A. Take it easy in face of challenges.
B. Change the world by being yourself.
C. A bigger stage is ready for those who try.
D. Either I will find a way, or I will make one.
C
Clown fish live their adult lives in the protective arms of sea anemones, the small brightly colored sea animals attached onto rocks to house clown fish. Between birth and adulthood, however, the fish have to complete a treacherous journey. After hatching, they swim out to the open sea to finish developing. After maturing, the young fish swim back, during which they have to avoid a “wall of mouths” by sensing the unfriendly smells. With ocean acidification, a trend that is occurring worldwide, scientists began to wonder what might happen to fish’s sense of smell.
My team put 300 recently hatched clown fish in our lab. When we introduced a friendly fish odor (气味), they did not react. But when we introduced an enemy odor, they swam away. We then repeated the experiment with 300 new hatchlings from the same parents in the more acidic water-a level we can expect by the year 2100 if current trends continue. When we introduced friendly and unfriendly smells at the same time, the fish seemed unable to make up their minds, spending equal time swimming toward one smell and the other. They could sense chemical signals but couldn’t recognize the meaning of them.
It is always tricky to say that behaviors seen in a lab would also be seen in the wild. So we went to a sandy lake near one of the Great Barrier Reef’s northern islands to test how wild-caught damselfish would react to enemy smells after exposing them to acidic water. In a tank, about half of them held in water with acidity expected by 2050 were attracted to the unfriendly odor and half were not, yet not one held in water anticipated by 2100 avoided being attracted to the enemy odor. We then let the marked damselfish loose in the lake. The fish once held in the most acidic water swam farther away from their protective home. Can fish adapt Most studies have habituated fish to lifted acidic conditions over a few days or months-an extremely short length of time. The animals are not given a realistic opportunity to adapt. Yet some scientists thought that fish might escape the anger of ocean acidification, in part because early research done in the 1980s showed that certain animals had an astonishing ability to regulate their internal chemistry to survive acidified water. But maintaining normal functions such as avoiding danger is a different challenge.
At a minimum, confusion could place yet another stressor on fish already challenged by rising water temperatures, overfishing, etc. Further, if many ocean creatures start to behave strangely, entire food webs and ecosystems could come crashing down. Although the science is still new, the results appear to be lining up: ocean acidification is messing with fish’s minds.
27. What does the underlined word “treacherous” in Paragraph 1 probably mean
A. Risky. B. Hurried.
C. Mysterious. D. Helpless.
28. What can we learn about the fish in the acidic water
A. They lost their senses to chemical signals.
B. They were less likely to respond to threats.
C. Their behavior in the lab disappeared in the wild.
D. They tended to seek the protection from their home.
29. What can be inferred from the passage
A. The author’s study confirms previous findings.
B. Fish’s adaptation to acidic water is a matter of time.
C. Different fishes behave differently to acidity change.
D. The chances of restoring fish’s minds are yet to be seen.
30. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage
A. What Do Different Stressors Do to Ocean Creatures
B. What Does Ocean Acidity Mean to Ocean Creatures
C. How Does Ocean Acidification Destroy the Ecosystem
D. How Do Ocean Creatures Adapt to Ocean Acidification
D
A snake-robot designer a technologist, an extradimensional physicist and a journalist walk into a room. The journalist turns to the crowd and asks: Should we build houses on the ocean Like a think-tank panel, members of the team dream up far-out answers to the crucial problem, such as self-driving housing units that could park on top of one another in the coastal city center.
The setting is X, the enterprise which considers more than 100 ideas each year, in areas ranging from clean energy to artificial intelligence. Although only a tiny percentage become “projects” with far-reaching creativity, these projects exist, ultimately, to change the world, like Waymo, the biggest self-driving-car company. In the past 60 years, something strange has happened. As the academic study of creativity has thrived (蓬勃发展), the label innovation may have covered every tiny change of a soda can or a toothpaste flavor, but the rate of productivity growth has been mostly declining since the 1970s. John Fernald, an economist, points out that the notable exception to the post-1970 decline in productivity occurred when businesses throughout the economy finally figured out the breakthrough technology-information technology. John Fernald says, “It’s possible that productivity took off, because we picked all the low-hanging fruit from the IT wave. ”Actually, the world economy continues to harvest the benefits of IT. But where will the next technology shock come from
Breakthrough technology results from two distinct activities-invention and innovation. Invention is typically the work of scientists and researchers in labs, while innovation is an invention put to commercial use. Seldom do the two activities occur successfully under the same roof. They tend to thrive in opposite conditions; while competition and consumer choice encourage innovation, invention has historically progressed in labs that are protected from the pressure to generate profit.
Allowing well-funded and diverse teams to try to solve big problems is what gave us the computer and the Internet. Today, we fail to give attention to planting the seeds of this kind of ambitious research, while complaining about the harvest. “Companies are really good at combining existing breakthroughs in ways that consumers like. But the breakthroughs come from patient and curious scientists, not the rush to market,” says Jon Gertner, the author of The Idea Factory.
“Technology is a tall tree, ” John Fernald said. “But planting the seeds of invention and harvesting the fruit of innovation are entirely distinct skills, often mastered by different organizations and separated by many years. ” As for me, both of them are essential for technology, although they are relatively independent. I don’t think X is a planter or a harvester, actually. It is like building taller ladders. Nobody knows for sure what, if anything, the employees at such enterprises are going to find up on those ladders. But they’re reaching. At least someone is.
31. What is the main purpose of the first two paragraphs
A. To present the process of group discussion.
B. To illustrate X’s worry about big problems.
C. To reveal the importance of the crazy ideas.
D. To stress the varied backgrounds of the team.
32. What can we learn from the passage
A. Breakthroughs must stand the test of the market.
B. Innovation on necessities can promote productivity.
C. Invention develops slowly under the pressure of profit.
D. The harvest of innovation lies in some ambitious research.
33. Regarding John Fernald’s view on technology, the author is ____.
A. supportive B. cautious
C. uncertain D. critical
34. What can be inferred about X from the passage
A. It will focus on innovation.
B. It will have its outcome soon.
C. It may give in to its fruitless reality.
D. It may bring an encouraging outlook.
2023届北京市丰台区高三一模英语试卷
第一节(共14小题;每小题2分，共28分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
Give a little sunshine!
The Council on Aging (COA) runs a telephone friendship project called the Sunshine Call Program, matching over-60s with a friendly volunteer for a daily chat over the phone. The aim is simple-to help ease the loneliness and repair social networks.
Sheila, 77, a retired teacher, lived alone. She has been receiving calls from Rianne, a volunteer, for over two months. “Talking to Rianne is something I really look forward to—a breath of fresh air. We talk about everything—theatre, her work, books we’ve read…Listening to someone else’s life enriches you and gives you something positive to focus on.” “At the beginning, I had no expectation of how the phone calls would go, but it’s wonderful that it’s led to a genuine friendship. Rianne helps me a lot …”
Are you ready to add a little sunshine to a senior’s life
The Sunshine Call Program initially links a volunteer with an isolated (独居的) senior for a daily call. When comfortable, the volunteer introduces a second senior to the call. Then another, until there are four seniors to one volunteer on what is essentially a conference call. Without having to leave the house, you will help the seniors meet and make new friends. They will then exchange phone numbers to chat on their own and reduce their isolation.
What are the volunteer qualifications
Volunteers must have access to the Internet and be willing to be trained on the use of a chat app. COA will provide all supplies required to make the calls. Besides, volunteers must agree to participate in monthly meetings with other volunteers and guest speakers. All volunteers must be willing to provide a recent Criminal Record Check, the cost of which will be borne by COA. And the most important volunteer qualification is a sense of caring and a desire to help seniors in the community!
If you wish to volunteer with our Sunshine Call program, never hesitate! Just CLICK HERE to fill out the application form.
21. Why does the passage mention Sheila’s experience
A. To show her loneliness
B. To share a sweet memory.
CTo stress the value of CoA
D. To praise Rianne’s kindness.
22One of the responsibilities of volunteers is
A. making weekly calls to seniors
B. visiting seniors during holidays
C. introducing new friends to seniors
D. teaching seniors to use smart phones
23. If you want to be a volunteer, what are you required to do
A. Learn the use of a chat app.
B. Prepare a computer by yourself.
C. Offer a letter of recommendation.
D. Have relevant working experience.
24. What is the purpose of the passage
A. To inform the readers of COA.
B. To invite seniors to sign up for COA
C. To introduce volunteer work in COA.
D. To advertise for new volunteers for COA.
B
This was the first communication that had come from her aunt in Jessie’s lifetime.
“I think your aunt has forgiven me at last,” her father said as he passed the letter across the table.
Jessie looked first at the autograph(签名). It seemed strange to see her own name there. There was a likeness between her aunt’s autograph and her own, a hint of the same decisiveness and precision. If Jessie had been educated fifty years earlier, she might have written her name in just that manner.
“You’re very like her in some ways,” her father said, as she still stared at the autograph.
“I should think you must almost have forgotten what Aunt Jessie was like, dear,” she said. “How many years is it since you last saw her ”
“More than forty,” her father said. “We disagreed. We invariably disagreed. Jessie always prided herself on being so modern. She read Darwin and things like that. Altogether beyond me, I admit.”
“And so it seems that she wants to see me.” Jessie straightened her shoulders and lifted her head. She was excited at the thought of meeting this mythical aunt whom she had so often heard about. Sometimes she had wondered if the personality of this remarkable relative had not been a figment(虚构) of her father’s imagination.
But this letter of hers that now lay on the breakfast table was admirable in character. There was something of intolerance expressed in its tone. It was just like what her father had told her.
Mr. Deane came out of his past memories with a sigh.
“Yes, yes; she wants to see you, my dear,” he said. “I’ve heard she has set up a school and helped many youngsters. I think you had better accept this invitation to stay with her. If she took a fancy to you, you could get a better education…”
He sighed again, and Jessie knew that for the hundredth time he was regretting his own past weakness...
25. How was the relationship between Jessie’s father and her aunt
A. It remained very close over the years.
B. It was broken when they were young.
C. It got tenser due to a misunderstanding.
D. It was uneasy for their financial differences.
26. From the passage we know Jessie was.
A. eager to meet her aunt.
B. cautious about her aunt’s invitation
C. angry with her aunt for ignoring her family.
D. puzzled by her aunt’s sudden interest in her
27. What can we learn from the passage
A. Jessie’s aunt promised to offer her better education.
B. Jessie’s aunt’s personality seemed to change a lot.
C. Jessie and her aunt were different in personality.
D. Jessie’s father felt sorry for what he had done.
C
Many people would answer the question of what makes us human by insisting that we are cultural beings. There is no doubt that we are. But one definition of culture is the totality of traditions acquired in a community by social learning from other individuals, and many animal species have traditions. Can we then say that some animals are cultural beings too
One approach to study culture in animals is the so-called Method of Exclusion (排除), in which scientists investigate behavioral variations across populations of one species. In a famous study, scientists learned that chimpanzee (黑猩猩) behaviors were socially passed on as they were present at some sites but not at others, despite having same ecological settings. For example, chimpanzees in Tai National Park in Ivory Coast are well-known for their nut-cracking skills. Chimpanzees in Gombe national part in Tanzania, on the other hand, do not crack nuts, although nuts exist in their environment too.
However, when applying the Method of Exclusion, one has to be very careful. There are other factors that could also explain the pattern of behavioral evaluation. For example, some of the chimpanzee techniques scientists evaluated occur in only one of the three subspecies. So it’s quite possible that these behaviors also have an innate component. This would mean that one chimpanzee subspecies uses a new technique not out of cultural tradition, but because the behavior is fixed to specific genes. Another factor that has to be excluded is of course the environment Chimpanzees in Mahale do not fish algae (水藻), simply because algae does not exist there.
But when we exclude all the variations that can be explained by genes or environment, we still find that animals do show cultural variations. Does that mean there is no real difference between them and us after all Not exactly: There is a fundamental difference between human and animal culture. Only humans can build culturally on what generations before us have learned. This is called “cumulative culture”. We don’t have to keep reinventing the wheel. This is called the “ratchet (棘轮) effect”. Like a ratchet that can be turned forward but not back, people’s cultural techniques evolve.
It is likely that behaviors we see today in chimpanzee cultures could be invented over and over again by individual animals themselves. In contrast, a child born today would not be able to invent a computer without the knowledge of many past generations.
28. Why does the author mention the example of the chimpanzees in two parks in Paragraph 2
A. To prove that culture does exist in animals.
B. To justify the uniqueness of the research method.
C. To compare how chimpanzees behave in different parks.
D. To stress the importance of environment in studying culture.
29. What does the underlined word “innate” in Paragraph 3 probably mean
A. Advanced. B. Inborn. C. Adaptive. D. Intelligent.
30. What can we learn from the passage
A. Cumulative culture is what sets humans apart from animals.
B. Culure in animals is as worthy to be valued as human culture.
CAnimals don’t have the ability to invent behaviors in a community.
D. The “ratchet effect” decides if humans can build on past experiences.
D
When Elinor Lobel was 16, a “smart” insulin (胰岛素) pump was attached to her body. Powered by AI, it tracks her glucose levels and administers the right dose of insulin at the right time to keep her healthy. It is one of the new ways that data and AI can help improve lives.
Books that criticize the dark side of data are plentiful. They generally suggest there is much more to fear than fete in the algorithmic(算法的)age.
But the intellectual tide may be turning. One of the most persuasive supporters of a more balanced view is Elinor Lobel’s mother, Orly, a law professor. In The Equality Machine she acknowledges AI’s capacity to produce harmful results. But she shows how, in the right hands, it can also be used to fight inequality and discrimination.
A principle of privacy rules is “minimization”: collect and keep as little information as possible, especially in areas such as race and gender. Ms Lobel flips the script, showing how in hiring, pay and the legal system, knowing such characteristics leads to fairer outcomes.
Ms Lobel’s call to use more, not less, personal information challenges data-privacy orthodoxy(正统观念). But she insists that “tracking differences is key to detecting unfairness.” She advocates g loosening of privacy rules to provide more transparency(透明)over algorithmic decisions.
The problems with algorithmic formulae(公式) are tackled in depth in Escape from Model Land by Erica Thompson of the School of Economics. These statistical models are the backbone of big data and AL. Yet a perfect model will always be beyond reach. “All models are wrong,” runs a wise saying. “Some are useful.”
Ms Thompson focuses on a challenge she calls the Hawkmoth Effect. In the better known Butterfly Effect, a serviceable model, Vin the prediction of climate change, becomes less reliable over time because of the complexity of what it is simulating(模拟), or because of inaccuracies in the original data. In the Hawkmoth Effect, by contrast, the model itself is flawed; it might fail to take full account of the interplay between humidity, wind and temperature.
The author calls on data geeks to improve their solutions to real-world issues, not merely refine their formulae—in other words, to escape from model land. “We do not need to have the best possible answer,” she writes, “only a reasonable one.”
Both these books exhibit a healthy realism about data, algorithms and their limitations. Both recognize that making progress involves accepting limitations, whether in law or coding. As Ms Lobel puts it: “It’s always better to light a candle than to curse the darkness.”
31. Ms Lobel intends to convey that
A. minimisation is a good privacy rule to go by
B. algorithms are currently challenged by data privacy
C. employing more personal data should be encouraged
D. identifying algorithms’ problems leads to better outcomes
32. What can we learn about “Hawkmoth Effect”
A. It develops from Butterfly Effect.
B. It emphasizes accuracy of original data.
C. It enjoys popularity in climate research field.
D. It is mentioned to show the model can be faulty.
33. Which of the following does the writer probably agree
A. Using algorithms to detect differences is hard.
B. The application of data and algorithms is limited.
C. The reliability of data should be attached importance to.
D. Improving algorithms involves accepting its imperfection.
34. Which would be the best title for this passage
A. The Algorithm’s Prospect B. The Algorithm’s Mercy
C. The Algorithm’s Complexity D. The Algorithm’s Recognition
2023届北京市延庆区高三一模英语试卷
第一节(共14小题;每小题2分，共28分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。
A
GREAT BOOKS TO TEACH CHILDREN ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE
Here is a shortened list of books sponsored by the magazines TIME and TIME for Kids that are suitable for primary schoolers. To make the list we considered how age-appropriate the material was, and whether the tone and story line left the reader feeling engaged and empowered rather than anxious or confused.
Experts recommend the youngest kids to read books that explore the beauty and fragility (脆弱) of nature. When developing an appreciation for the world around them, they can switch to books that show the cause and effect of how humans treat our planet, and why it’s important to respect the environment. For older primary school kids, picture books can illustrate how our use of fossil (化石) fuels contributes to global warming. Most of the books on the list also offer lessons about how children, families, schools, and communities can make a difference.
THANK YOU, EARTH: A LOVE LETTER TO OUR PLANET By April Pulley Sayre This photography book shows to us plants, animals and landscapes in vivid colors and descriptions. From up-close images of insects to pictures of mountain ranges, the pages introduce children to the planets’ diversity in a simple but effective way. THE LORAX By Dr. Seuss Thanks to its rhyme, and whimsical illustration, this classic tale is suitable for young children who can grasp the scarcity of natural resources, and also older kids who can see a danger in valuing profits over long-term environmental harm.
WE ARE WATER PROTECTORS By Carole Lindstrom A tribute to native tribes that are protecting the planet, this book vividly shows the harms of oil pipelines. Kids will see the value of community action, while adults will recognize the story of the native tribes Standing Rock Sioux’s fight against the Dakota Access Pipeline. POLAR BEAR, WHY IS YOUR WORLD MELTING By Robert E. Wells This book introduces the greenhouse effect with illustrations showing how sunlight gets trapped. It then explains fossil-fuel energy, and our reliance on it for electricity and transportation. The pages are full of science.
21. To make the book list for kids, what should be considered first
A. Confusing story line. B. The tone of anxiety.
C. The books sponsorship. D. Age-appropriate content.
22. What can kids learn from the book “WE ARE WATER PROTECTORS”
A. They can see the value of community action.
B. They can know how to protect the native tribes.
C. They can recognize the story of the native tribes.
D. They can understand the importance of oil pipelines.
23. Which book explains how the greenhouse effect come into existence
A. THE LORAX
B. WE ARE WATER PROTECTORS
C. POLAR BEAR, WHY IS YOUR WORLD MELTING
D. THANK YOU, EARTH: A LOVE LETTER TO OUR PLANET
B
It was the day of the big cross-country run. Students from seven different elementary schools in and around the small town of 100-Mile House, British Columbia, were warming up and walking the route through thick evergreen forest.
I looked around and finally saw David standing by himself off to the side by a fence. He was small for ten years old, with messy red hair. But his usual big toothy grin was absent today. I walked over and asked him why he wasn’t with the other children. The only response he gave me was he had decided not to run. What was wrong He had worked so hard for this event! David’s cerebral palsy (脑瘫) prevented him from walking or running like other children, but at school his peers thought of him as a regular kid. He always participated to the best of his ability in whatever they were doing. It just took him longer. He had stubbornly run a total of twenty three kilometres in practice runs to prepare for that day’s two-and-a-half-kilometre run, and he had asked me to come and watch. We sat down together on some steps, but David wouldn’t look at me.
I quietly said, “David, if you don’t want to run today, no one is going to make you. But if you’re not running because you’re afraid someone is going to laugh, that’s not a good enough reason. There will always be someone who will laugh and say mean things. Are you going to let them get in your way If you really want to run, David, then you run!” I held my breath as David took this in. Then he looked at the field and said, “I’m gonna run.”
The starter’s gun sounded. But he had only gone a few metres before he tripped and fell flat on the ground. My heart sank. As I started to shout encouragement, David picked himself up and started again. All the other runners had disappeared over the hill. But it didn’t matter. He had worked for it, and he wouldn’t give up!
I waited anxiously by the finish line as the most runners completed and another race had begun. Still no David! I started to feel sick. Had I done the wrong thing Could he have become lost Finally, a small figure emerged from the forest. David raised his arms in triumph as he crossed the finish line to wild cheers and applause. He caught my eye, flashed me a toothy grin and said, “That was easy!”
24. What made David unable to run like other children
A. His mental problem. B. His physical condition.
C. His laziness. D. His hesitation.
25. David decided to run because ________.
A. he was encouraged to B. he wanted to be the first
C. he was laughed into doing it D. he knew it was a shorter distance
26. Which of the following can best describe David
A. Brave and talkative. B. Out-going and kind-hearted.
C. Lively and hard-working. D. Optimistic and strong-willed.
27. By using the phrase “a toothy grin” in the last sentence, the writer intends to tell us about David’s ________.
A. competence in finishing a run B. positive attitude towards life
C. ability to win cheers and applause D. efforts to catch others’ attention
C
Making use of the wind, the water or, for more than half of all plant species, animals, plants disperse (散播) seeds far and wide. Frugivores — animals such as gibbons that feed on the fleshy fruits of plants — eat and then excrete (排泄) seeds away from the original tree. The African savanna elephant can carry seeds up to a record-breaking distance of 65 kilometres. This ability to shift geographical ranges will be crucial to plants when it comes to surviving climate change. However, just like all gibbon species, the African savanna elephant is endangered, its population down by 60 percent over the past 50 years.
Researchers in Denmark and the USA have published a new study into how the loss of seed-dispersing animals could affect the resilience (恢复力) of forests and other natural ecosystems. According to their research, this loss has already reduced the ability of plants to move in pace with climate change by 60 percent, and in some areas by as much as 95 percent.
Evan Fricke, lead author of the study, explains that in order to reach these results, they pulled together existing data from all previous studies and used machine learning to develop models that could estimate the seed dispersal potential of any animal, even ones that are now extinct.
The researchers found that, historically, the decline of seed-dispersing animals has had the greatest influence on plants across the temperate (温带的) regions of North and South America, Europe and southern Australia. “Our temperate ecosystems have lost a lot of the natural seed-dispersal function that they would have had.” explains Fricke, referring to large mammals that were once widespread in these regions.
Nevertheless, the poor conservation status of many seed-dispersing tropical animals puts plants in regions such as Southeast Asia and Madagascar most at risk today. Without the preservation of such animals, global seed dispersal could decline by a further 15 percent. “The direct implication of this decline is that many plant species will be unable to keep pace with a changing climate,” says Fricke. “That means the potential loss not only of plant biodiversity but of the ecosystem functions that those plants provide.”
As wildlife is lost, plants can no longer adapt and survive and forests become less sustainable, which reduces the amount of carbon they can store. They also lose their ability to support wildlife. Whole ecosystems are disrupted. The conclusion, Fricke says, is clear: we must conserve currently endangered species and restore the populations of important seed dispersers. “Independent of climate change, rewilding has the potential to benefit our ecosystems, but in a changing climate, it has the added benefit of increasing the climate resilience of those ecosystems,” he says.
28. The author mentions the African savanna elephant in Paragraph 1 is to ________.
A. highlight the problem B. predict the ending
C. express an opinion D. provide a solution
29. What does Fricke conclude from the study
A. plants disperse seeds by way of animals excreting them.
B. rewilding can promote the climate resilience of our ecosystems.
C. seed-dispersing animals could hardly affect the natural ecosystems.
D. the loss of seed-dispersing animals has little influence on temperate regions.
30. Which would be the best title of the passage
A. The Resilience of Ecosystems
BThe Conservation of Seed-dispersing Animals
C. Animals That Spread Seeds Are Essential — And Under Threat
D. Animals That Spread Seeds Are Endangered — And Well Protected
D
We’ve heard for years that breakfast is the most important meal of the day. But, it actually might be even more important than previously thought, according to a study published in the Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, which examined the effects of skipping meals and meal frequency as related to mortality (死亡率) and heart health.
The study, which was published in August of last year, sought to find out if eating behaviors like meal frequency, meal skipping, and time between meals were associated with all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality.
The study consisted of 24,011 adults 40 years or older who participated from 1999 to 2014. Researchers looked at various eating behaviors of participants who self-reported their eating habits every 24 hours. Causes of death were tracked via death records through December 31, 2015.
After examining participants throughout the years, researchers found that certain eating behaviors were in fact linked to higher rates of premature death. Eating only one meal per day was associated with an increased risk of all-cause and CVD mortality while skipping breakfast was linked to an increased risk of CVD mortality, and skipping lunch or dinner was linked to an increased risk of all-cause mortality. Lastly, the study found that having meals too closely together (less than four and half hours apart) was also linked to all-cause premature death.
So, what does this mean for the average person “At the end of the day what matters is that an individual can meet their nutritional needs for optimal (最佳) health,” explains Keri Gans, author of The Small Change Diet, “and breakfast typically is a good vehicle for nutrients associated with a decrease in cardiovascular risk, such as fiber and vitamins”. “If by eliminating meals they are missing out on important nutrients their body needs, then long term that can be harmful to their health,” leads to a “higher risk for certain cancers and heart disease,” she says.
While this study was large and comprehensive in many ways, there are also many limitations. It was mostly based on a 24-hour, self-reported dietary recall, “which may not always be the best method for dietary assessment,” explains Gans. “The participants may not accurately recall what they ate or honestly report it leading to the potential of misinformation.” Researchers noted that it was impossible to consider the role of sleep in the relationship between food and mortality, as well as a host of other unmeasured factors.
The bottom line is that while these findings about the relationships between meal skipping and mortality are important, there are a lot more factors that go into premature death.
31. What are mainly discussed in Paragraphs 3 and 4
A. Research process and findings B. The cause and findings
C. Research subjects and purpose D. The topic and significance
32. What does the underlined word “eliminating” in Paragraph 5 most probably mean
A. Reducing. B. Overeating. C. Skipping. D. Consuming.
33. What can we infer from the study
A. Its limitations are fully taken into account in the study.
B. Consuming adequate nutrients is the key to maintain overall health.
C. The risk of all-cause premature death is unrelated to skipping dinner.
D. Researchers learned about eating behaviors by observing the participants.
34. What is the author’s attitude towards skipping breakfast
A. Favorable. B. Unconcerned. C. Skeptical. D. Disapproving.
答案：
2023届北京市东城区高三一模英语试卷
【答案】21. C22. B23. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍自然的未来奖 (FFN) 的目的，益处，资格和申请候选人等相关信息。
【21题详解】
细节理解题。根据小标题The Future For Nature aims to:中的“·Reward and fund individuals for their outstanding efforts in the protection of species of wild animals and plants. (奖励和资助在保护野生动植物物种方面做出突出努力的个人)”和“·Stimulate award winners to sustain their dedicated work. (激励获奖者保持他们的敬业精神)”可知，FFN的目标之一是激励保护工作，故选C。
【22题详解】
细节理解题。根据小标题The Future For Nature aims to:中的“·FFN is building a growing f