第六章副词（思维导图+知识梳理+好题精炼）2022-2023初中英语中考语法归纳

第六章 副词
思维导图
知识梳理
一、副词的定义
副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及全句的词,主要用作状语,表示时间、地点、程度,方式等概念.
二、副词的形式
(一)简单副词
这类副词本身就是副词,没有特殊的词尾.now, how, there, quite, very, always, too, back, again等.
(二)由形容词＋词尾-ly变来的副词
这些多数是方式副词.如bravely, quickly, quietly, greatly, carefully, gladly, slowly, deeply, clearly, firmly, simply等.
(三)与形容词同形的副词
如 early, enough, far, fast, long, low, little, high, late, lively等.注意以下副词的不同意义:
close 接近 closely 仔细地 deep深的 deeply(表抽象意义)深地,很
free免费地,自由地 freely 无拘无束地 direct 直接地 directly 立刻
hard努力地 hardly几乎不 high 高地 highly(表抽象意义)高地
just正好,恰好 justly公正地 late迟地,晚地 lately 最近
most 非常;最 mostly 主要地 near 接近 nearly 差不多
wide广阔地;充分地 widely 广泛地
三、副词的分类
(一)时间副词
表示动作发生的时间.常见的有now ,then, soon, afterwards, before, lately, presently, early, late, later, immediately, soon, already, recently, still, today, tonight, tomorrow, yesterday, ago, yet等.
(二)地点副词
表示动作发生的地点.常见的有here, there, home, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere, everywhere, somewhere, nowhere, abroad, away, back, below, down, up, on, under, over, out, outside, backwards等.
(三)方式副词
表示动作发生的方式,这类副词数量最多,大多数以形容词加-ly构成.常见的有anxiously, awkwardly, angrily, absurdly, badly, bravely, calmly, carefully, carelessly, patiently, politely, proudly, properly, quickly, rapidly, suddenly, successfully, willingly, warmly等.
(四)程度副词
有时又叫强调副词,有的从程度上强调,用来回答how much这类问题,可用来修饰形容词、副词,有的还可用来修饰动词、介词短语、名词、代词和从句等.常见的有a bit, very, quite, rather, much, too, pretty, so, awfully, almost, entirely, nearly, never, partially, wholly, especially, even, exactly, just, only, simply等.这类副词一般位于它所修饰的词的前面.
(五)频度副词
描绘一定时间内动作发生的频率的副词.常见的有always, ever, frequently, never, often, rarely, seldom, sometimes, usually, unusually等.
(六)疑问副词(一般用于特殊问句句首)
主要用来构成特殊疑问句.常见的有how, when, where, why, what等.
(七)句子副词
这类副词往往和整个句子具有松散的语法关系,而并非修饰某个动词,actually, by all(no)means, decidedly, evidently, generally, frankly, indeed, in my opinion, unexpectedly, no , now, obviously, yes ,undoubtedly, luckily, seriously等.
(八)连接副词
用来连接句子、分句或从句,表示各种关系.
1.表示结果
therefore因此, accordingly从而
2.表示添补
besides此外, moreover再者
3.表示对比
however不管怎样, nevertheless然而
4.表示条件
otherwise否则
5.表示时间
then然后, lastly最后
(九)解释副词
常用来举例或列举,e.g.(=for example) 例如,for example 例如,i.e.(=that is)那就是.
(十)关系副词
常用来引导定语从句的有when, where, why等.
各类副词举例如下:
The bus arrived early.这趟车到得早.
If you don't try, you will never succeed.你如果不尝试,就决不会成功.
When and Where did you see him 你何时何地见到他的
I often write to her mother.我经常给她妈妈写信.
How well he looks!他看起来多么健康啊！
四、副词的句法功能
副词在句中主要用作状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句等;有时也用作表语、定语.
(一)作状语
This is a fairly useful tool.这是一件相当有用的工具.
She usually wears belt-bag that round her middle when she goes out.她外出时,经常在腰间系上腰包.
(二)作表语
The train is off.火车开了.
I must be off.我该走了.
School is over.放学了.
(三)作定语
Life here is full of joy.这儿的生活充满了欢乐.
Everyone there can speak English.那里的每个人都可以讲英语.
(四)用作宾语补足语或主语补足语
I saw him out with a girl.我看见他和一个女孩出去了.
He was called in.他被叫了进来.
五、副词的位置
(一)频度副词
频度副词的位置一般是置于be动词或助动词之后,若是其他动词则可置于之前.
They sometimes stay up all night.他们有时整夜不睡觉.
He can never understand.他永远也不会懂.
有些频度副词,如:sometimes, yet, soon, once, often等也可放在动词后面(句尾);有些频度副词如:sometimes, usually, always, often, soon等需要强调时,也可放在句首.
They'll be back soon.他们很快就回来.
Usually I'm very careful.通常我是非常小心的.
(二)程度副词
一般放在所修饰的形容词、副词的前面,修饰动词时则取决于句中的位置.
She is a very good student.她是个非常好的学生.
The story is quite instructive.这故事很有教育意义.
特别强调时,也可将程度副词放在句尾.例如:
I've forgotten it completely.我把这事全给忘了.
enough用作副词,一般放在所修饰的词后面.
He didn't run quickly enough.他跑得不够快.
The house isn't big enough for us.这房子对我们来说不够大.
(三)地点副词
通常放在句尾,也可放在句首,一般不用于句中.
We heard her singing an English song outside.我们听见她正在外面唱一首英文歌.
Here you can find whatever kinds of books you want.在这里你可以找到各种你想要的书.
(四)时间副词
表示确定时间的时间副词一般放在句尾,有时放在句首.
Tomorrow they are leaving for Beijing.明天他们要去北京.
Yesterday she was late for class.昨天她上学迟到了.
(五)方式副词
方式副词在句中的位置比较灵活.
She drives too fast.她开车开得太快.
He hurriedly finished his supper and went out.他匆忙地吃完晚饭就出去了.点拨
及物动词和副词如:down, off, in, out, up等组成的动词词组,其宾语如果是名词,该名词一般放在副词之后,但也可放在副词之前:若是代词,该代词要放在副词之前.
Take off your coat.(或:Take your coat off./Take them of)脱掉你的外套.
Turn off the radio.(或:Turn the radio off./Turn it off.)关上收音机.
(六)疑问副词、连接副词
通常放在句子(或从句)的开头.
Where are they going 他们去哪儿
What are you going to do when you grow up 长大后,你打算干什么
How shall we do it 我们该怎么做呢
(七)副词的排列顺序
若句子存在几个副词时,一般按方式副词－地点副词－时间副词的顺序排列.
六、副词比较级和最高级的构成及其用法
同形容词一样,副词也有三个比较等级:原级、比较级和最高级.
(一)副词比较级、最高级的构成
1.规则变化
构成方法 原级 比较级 最高级
单音节词和少数双 音节词 一般在词尾加-er或-est fast hard near faster harder nearer fastest hardest nearest
以字母e结尾的副词加-r或-st late later latest
以辅音字母y结尾的副词,先变i,再加-er 或-est early earlier earliest
多音节词和部分双 音节词 在副词前加more或most quickly more quickly most quickly
carefully more carefully most carefully
2.不规则副词
原级 比较级 最高级
Well better best
Badly worse worst
Little less least
Much more most
Late later较迟,后来(指时间) latest最近(指时间) latter后来(针对前者而言) last最后(指顺序)
Far farther较远 farthest最远 further进一步 furthest最远,最大程度上
(二)副词比较级、最高级的用法
1.原级常用于as+副词原级＋as和not so/as+副词原级＋as结构as...as常用于肯定句,表示“······和······一样”;not so/as...as用于否定句,表示“不如”.
We must arrange everything as well as we can.我们要把一切尽可能安排好.
You didn't know so(as) much about that as I do.关于那件事,你了解得没有我这么多.
2.比较级常用于“比较级＋than”结构,有时than引导的比较状语从句可以省略,当than前后所使用的动词相同时,通常用助动词来代替原有的动词,而且该助动词也可以省略
比较级前可用much, far, a bit, a little, a great(deal),a lot, completely, even, still, yet等表示程度的状语.
She answered the question more clearly than her classmates did.她回答问题比她的同学回答得清楚.
It rains more often in the south than in the north.南方比北方雨多.
Li Ping jumped farther than Jim (did).李平跳得比吉姆远.
3.副词的最高级表示三者或三者以上(人或物)的比较,其中有一个在某方面超过其他几个时,要用最高级
副词的最高级前面可以加定冠词the,也可以不加.句中一般可带in和of引导短语来说明比较的范围.如:
The longest I can stay is three hours.我最多只能呆三小时.
Tom came to school(the)latest in his class.汤姆是班上到校最晚的.
4.可用“the+比较级·····,the+比较级······”结构,表示“越······就越······”的意思
The higher you climb, the farther you will see.你爬得越高,就看得越远.
The harder she studied, the more progress she made.她学习越努力,进步越大.
5.可用“比较级＋and+比较级”结构(两个同义副词比较级,后面不接than从句)表示“越来越·····”的意思
Jim runs faster and faster.吉姆跑得越来越快.
The students study harder and harder.学生们学习越来越努力.
七、常用副词的用法比较
(一)already, yet, still
already用于肯定句,表示“已经”.yet用于否定句作“还”解,用于疑问句作“已经”解.still主要用于肯定句,放在be动词或情态动词后实义动词前,表示动作或状态的持续,作“仍然”解.
He had already left when I called.我打电话时,他已经走了.
It's already ten o'clock. Who is still washing there 已经10点钟了,谁还在那儿洗衣服
Have you found your ruler yet 你找到你的尺子了吗
点拨
(1)already在疑问句中有表示惊奇等感情的功能,但它通常被用来表示因事情进展迅速而吃惊,而still则表示因事情进展缓慢而吃惊.如:
Have you done it already 你已经做完了
Are you still reading the book 你还在读那本书吗
(2)yet和still可用于比较级前,表示程度
Tom sings well but Jim sings still better.汤姆唱得好,但吉姆唱得更好.
The manager has yet more important things to do.经理还有更重要的事要做.
(二)so, neither, nor
三个词都能表示后者和前者情况相似.so用于肯定句,用句型:so+助动词(系动词或情态动词)＋主语.neither和nor用于否定句,用句型:neither(nor)+助动词(系动词或情态动词)＋主语.
She likes dancing. So does he.她喜欢跳舞,他也一样.
Jack didn't like the play. Nor did we.杰克不喜欢这出戏,我们也不喜欢.
(三)too, also, either
这三个词作副词用时都含有“也”的意思,但用法是不同的.
1.too和also不能用于否定句,只能用于肯定句中.too用于句末,also用于句子中间
I enjoy swimming and like football, too.我喜欢游泳,也喜欢踢足球.
I'm tired, and hungry, too.我累了,(肚子)也饿了.
2.either只能用于否定句中,放在句末.too或either前面可以用逗号,也可以不用
Kate didn't go to the cinema and Lucy didn't go, either.凯特没去看电影,露西也没去看电影.
It's not easy, but it's not difficult, either.它不容易,但也不难.
(四)enough...to, too...to
1.enough to do sth.足以能够做某事
The window is low enough for him to touch.窗很低,他碰得到.
You are old enough to do the work alone.你已经大了,可以独立做这项工作了.
He is tall enough to reach the apple.他的个子高,能够着那个苹果.
2.too...to(do)太······以致不能
The milk is too hot to drink.牛奶太烫了,不能喝.
She's too young to get married.她太小不能结婚.
They spoke English too quickly for us to understand.他们讲英语太快,我们听不明白.
(五)now, just, just now
1.now与一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时连用时,意为“现在”
Where does he live now 他现在住在哪里
They are now doing some washing.她们正在洗衣服.
2.just常与现在完成时、过去完成时连用,表示“刚······”
We have just seen the film.我们刚看过那部电影.
He said he had just bought a dictionary.他说他刚买了一本字典.
3.just now和过去时连用,表示“刚才”(＝a moment ago)
He was here just now.他刚才在这.
4.和一般现在时或现在进行时连用时,just now与“just at the moment”同义,有加强now(此时)的语气的作用
We are very busy just now.我们此时很忙.
She is doing her homework just now.她此时正在做作业.
(六)ago, before
ago表示以现在为起点的“以前”,它必须和一些表示时间概念的词组搭配使用,常在一般过去时态的句子中修饰动词.before是指以过去或将来的某时刻“以前”,也可泛指以前,常和现在完成时、过去完成时和一般过去时连用.
I saw him ten minutes ago.10分钟前我见过他.
He told me that he had seen the film (two days)before.他告诉我他(两天)以前看过这部电影.
I never saw him before(=I have never seen him before.)我以前从来没见过他.
(七)although, though
一般情况下,although和though可互换使用,但在语言具体使用过程中,要特别注意以下几点:
1.although有增强语气的作用,比though的语气稍重,常用于各种正式文体;而非正式的口语或书面语中,though用得较为普遍
2.though常与even连用,表示强调.但不能说even although
(八)nearly, almost
都可译为“差不多,几乎”,常可通用.其区别:
1.nearly可以用在not后,意思是“远远不(够)”,而almost不能
I'm not nearly ready.我完全没有准备好.
I have 20,but that isn't nearly enough for the travel.我有20英镑,但那远远不够旅行的费用.
2.almost可以用在any, no, nobody, nothing, none, never前,而nearly不能
Almost no one believes her.几乎没人相信她.
I almost never saw him.我几乎没见过他.
3.though引导的让步状语从句可用部分倒装的形式(注意:倒装后位于句首的名词之前不用冠词),但although一般不这样用.
Young though she is, she has travelled to many countries.她尽管年轻,但已到过很多国家.
Hard though they tried, they couldn't make her change her mind.
尽管他们做了很大努力,却没法让她改变主意.
(九)sometimes, sometime, some time
1.sometimes的意思是“有时,往往,不时地”
Sometimes we are busy and sometimes we are not.有时我们忙,有时我们不忙.
I sometimes have letters from him.我不时地收到他的信.
2.sometime的意思是“某个时候”,可指将来,也可指过去
We'll take our holiday sometime in May.我们将在五月份的某个时候休假.
Let's have dinner together sometime next week.下星期找个时间咱们一起吃顿饭.
3.some time的意思是“一段时间”,可以是几分钟、几小时、几天甚至几年
The fire went on for some time before it was brought under control.火灾持续了一段时间以后才得到了控制.
He stayed in Beijing for some time and then began to move on.他在北京住了些日子又继续搬迁.
(十)finally, at last, in the end
都有“最后”“最终”之意,常可互换,但用法不完全一样.finally通常在讲最后一个内容时用.
Finally I'd like to thank all of you for coming to the party.最后我想向所有出席这次聚会的人表示感谢.
at last有强烈的感彩,表示经过曲折“终于”.
He looked for it everywhere. At last he found it.他到处找,最后终于找到了它.
在表示将来的“最终”“终于”时,只能用in the end.
We believe that he will become a famous writer in the end.我们相信他最终将成为一名名作家.
(十一)maybe, perhaps, possibly和probably
都可译为“可能”“也许”.其区别:probably的可能性最大,可译为“十有八九”“很可能”.maybe和perhaps的可能性通常是50%.possibly可能性最小,可能性不超过30%.
好题精练
一、写出下列副词的比较级和最高级形式
1.fast________ ________ 2.early________ ________
3.well________ ________ 4.little________ ________
5.late________ ________ 6.hard________ ________
7.much________ ________ 8.correctly________ ________
9.quickly________ ________ 10.carefully________ ________
答案：
1.faster,fastest 2.earlier,earliest
3.better,best 4.less,least
5.later,latest 6.harder,hardest
7.more,most 8.more correctly, most correctly
9.more quickly, most quickly 10.more carefully, most carefully
二、根据句意,给下列句子填上适当的词
1.He doesn't run________ fast as I do.
2.My sister doesn't speak English as fluently(流利) ________ my brother.
3.The baby cried harder and________.
4.Does it rain________ often in summer in Shanghai than in Beijing
5.I'm________ hungrier now.
答案：
1.so/as 2.as 3.harder 4.more 5.a little/much
三、选择括号中适当的词填空
1.This boy is________ clever but________ lazy.(rather, quite)
2.I like Tom and Mary. They are________ nice people.(such, so)
3.There's________ anything in the bridge.(hardly, hard)
4.The piano is________ heavy to move.(too, enough)
5.Don't go now. It is________ raining hard.(yet, still)
6.He is ________ ready to help people. We like him.(always, never)
7.George is always________ .Now he is driving along the narrow road.(carefully, careful)
8.Our holiday was too short. The time passed very________ (quickly, quick)
答案：
1.quite,rather 2.such 3.hardly 4.too
5.still 6.always 7.careful,carefully 8.quickly
四、选择填空
1.Wu Dong learns English________.
A. good B. nice C. well D. fine
2.-How________ is it from your school to the post office
-Only a few kilometres.
A. long B. often C. soon D. far
3.My brother is good at drawing, I am good at it, ________.
A. too B. either C. neither D. also
4.- ________ did you go last weekend
-I went to the Great Wall.
A. What B. Where C. When D. Who
5.Who runs________ in your class
A. fast B. faster C. fastest D. more fast
6.Which do you like________, bread, rice or noodles
A. better B. best C. well D. much
7.Have you ever seen________ big panda before
A. a such B. such a C .so a D. a so
8.He eats________ food, so he is________ fat.
A. much too; too much B. much too; too many C. too much; much too D. too much; many too
9.Have you received a letter from Jim________
A. yet B. just C. never D. ever
10.I don't feel very________ today.
A. good B. well C. better D. nice
答案：
1-5CDABC 6-10BBCAB
五、用括号内词的适当形式填空
1.Tom studies________ (hard) than you.
2.He sang________ (badly) than any other boy in the group. His elder sister sang________ (well) of all.
3.She speaks English quite________ (well),but she doesn't speak as________ (well) as Mary.
4.I cannot run as________ (fast) as you. You run________ (fast) than me.
5.He writes________ (carefully) than she does. He doesn't write as________ (carefully) as she does.
6.Black swims________ (well) than I do, but he doesn't swim as________ (well)as my brother.
7.They all finished the work two hours________ (early) than usual.
8.I walk________ (slowly) than my sister.
答案：
1.harder 2.worse,best
3.well,well 4.fast,faster
5.more carefully, carefully 6.better,well
7.earlier 8.more slowly