第十六章句子（思维导图+知识梳理+好题精炼）2022-2023初中英语中考语法归纳

第十六章 句 子
思维导图
知识梳理
一、句子的分类
句子是一个语言单位.它由词或词组按一定的语法规则组成,表达一个完整独立的思想.
在谈话时句子与句子之间有停顿,在书写时句末有标点符号(句号、问号或感叹号).句首的第一个字母要大写.
(一)按使用目的可分四类
1.陈述句 2.疑问句 3.祈使句 4.感叹句
(二)从结构上看句子可分为以下三种类型
1.简单句 2.并列句 3.复合句
二、陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句
(一)陈述句
陈述句用来说明事实或说话人的看法,读降调,句末用句号.陈述句的结构分为肯定式和否定式两种.陈述句的语序是主语在前,谓语在后.
1.陈述句的肯定结构
(1)陈述句的语序一般是主语在前,谓语在后.某些类型的句子由there, here引起,谓语为come, go的句子,常用倒装语序.Here comes Li Lei!李磊来了！
Here are three books. You may read any.这里有三本书,你可以读任何一本.
(2)主语与谓语的一致,句子中的谓语动词和主语在人称和数上必须一致.如:
My mother was at work yesterday.我母亲昨天上班了.
①谓语只跟主语的中心词保持一致,修饰词不影响主语的数.
A wallet with money and credit card was stolen from her.她装有钱和信用卡的一个皮夹被偷了.
②there be结构和其他倒装句中,谓语通常放在主语的前面,这时谓语是单数还是复数,要看后面的主语而定.
There is no water in the glass.杯子里没有水.
There aren't any flowers in front of the house.房前没有花.
③由and连接两个或两个以上的名词,或由“both...(and)...”连接的两个成分作主语,其谓语通常用复数形式.
Both the students are American.这两个学生都是美国人.
Both you and he are right.你和他都对.
由and所连接的两个名词,有时指同一个人和同一件事,此时and后面的名词前没有冠词,谓语要用单数.若后面的名词前有定冠词修饰,意味着是指两个人或两件事,谓语就要用复数.
Bread and milk is good for our health.面包和牛奶对我们身体有益.
The doctor and writer has come.那位医生兼作家来了.
④表示数量、时间、距离、金钱等的复数名词作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式.用于数学运算的数字作主语,谓语通常也用单数形式.
A hundred miles is a long way.100英里是一段长路.
Ten years is a moment in history.10年在历史上是一瞬间.
2.陈述句的否定结构
(1)凡陈述句中的谓语部分有助动词be, have/has(有)或情态动词can, may, must, could, will, shall, might时其否定式只需在它们后面加上not即可.
She isn't a student.她不是个学生.
We haven't built many new factories this year.今年我们没建多少新工厂.
He couldn't be a thief.他不可能是个小偷.
(2)如果陈述句中的谓语动词是行为动词,其否定式(句)要在行为动词前面加do not,如果谓语动词是第三人称单数,要在动词前面加does not,然后把第三人称单数形式的谓语动词改为动词原形.动词是过去式时,在动词前加did not,并改过去式为动词原形.
He doesn't like red shirts. He likes white ones.他不喜欢红色衬衣.他喜欢白色衬衣.
He didn't go to school yesterday and I didn't go to school either. 他昨天没去上学,我也没去.
Don't draw on the wall.不要在墙上乱画.
(3)当have用作行为动词时,有两种情况:
一是当have(has)或had的意义是“有”时,它的否定句既可以在后面加not,也可以在它前面加don't(doesn't)或didn't;疑问句既可以将它移到句首,也可以在句首加do(does)或did.
She has not (hasn't) a nice bicycle.
She doesn't have a nice bicycle.她没有一辆漂亮的自行车.
Has she a nice bicycle
Does she have a nice bicycle 她有一辆漂亮的自行车吗
二是当have(has)或had的意义不是“有”而是“吃、玩、买、使得”等意义时,变成否定句或疑问句时要借助助动词do(does)或did.
He doesn't have a good time at weekend.他周末玩得不开心.
Does he have a good time at weekend 他周末玩得开心吗
(二)疑问句
是用来提出问题的句子.疑问句末尾用问号“ ”.疑问句有四类:一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反义疑问句.
1.一般疑问句
对某一种情况提出质疑,通常可以用yes或no回答的问句称为一般疑问句.一般疑问句通常读升调.
(1)把系动词、助动词、情态动词提前可以构成一般疑问句.
-Are you from America 你是美国人吗
-No, I'm from Australia.不是,我是澳大利亚人.
-Are you students 你们是学生吗
-Yes, we are.是的.
(2)如果谓语动词是行为动词,它前面又无助动词或情态动词,这时要在主语前面加上助动词,构成疑问句.
-Do you speak English 你说英语吗
-Yes, a little.是的,会说一点儿.
-Does he study hard 他学习努力吗
-No, he doesn't.不努力.
(3)一般疑问句与陈述句的转换.
陈述句中(单句)含有情态动词、系动词be、助动词have/has等词时,变一般疑问句只需将它们移至句首,然后将句号改成问号即可.如:
Are you going to the theatre 你要去剧场吗
Have you an apple 你有苹果吗
Must I go now 我现在必须走吗
如果陈述句中的谓语动词是行为动词(实义动词),变成一般疑问句须在句首加助动词do(谓语动词是第三人称单数形式时,在句首加does,将原第三人称动词改成动词原形).谓语动词是过去式时,句首加did,将动词过去式改成动词原形,其他情况一律在句首加do.
Does he swim every day 他每天游泳吗
2.特殊疑问句
用what, who, which等疑问代词或when, where, why, how等疑问副词引起的疑问句,叫做特殊疑问句.这种疑问句要求具体回答而不能用yes或no回答.句末要用问号,句子读降调.特殊疑问句由特殊疑问词(疑问代词或疑问副词)加一般疑问句构成.如:
What can I do for you 有什么事要帮忙吗
How do you go to school every day 你每天都怎么上学
Whom are you looking for 你找谁
点拨
将陈述句转化为特殊疑问句时,通常遵守下列原则:就物体提问用what;就人提问用who, whom;就时间提问用when(如果是就具体的时间提问还可用what time);就地点提问用where;就方式提问用how或by what;就for引导的一段时间提问用how long;就in引导的一段时间提问用how soon;就距离提问用how far;就原因提问用why;就数词提问用how much或how many(数词后面的名词是不可数名词时用how much,是可数名词时用how many);就周期、频率副词提问用how often.
3.选择疑问句
选择疑问句是说话人对问题提出两个或两个以上的选项,让对方选择回答.其结构是一般疑问句或特殊疑问句加选择部分,选择部分用or连接,朗读时前面用升调,最后一个选项用降调.回答时须选择回答,不能用yes或no回答.
-Is your friend a boy or a girl 你的朋友是男孩儿还是女孩儿
-She is a girl.她是女孩儿.
4.反义疑问句
反义疑问句由两部分组成,前一部分是陈述句,后一部分是简短的提问,中间用逗号隔开.
如果反义疑问句的前一部分为肯定形式,后一部分就用否定形式.反之,如果前一部分为否定形式,后一部分则用肯定形式.
读时,反义疑问句的前一部分用降调,后一部分在表示疑问时用升调,在表示强调时用降调.
对反义疑问句的回答,不管问题的提法如何,若事实是肯定的,就用yes,事实是否定的,就用no.第一部分是否定句,其英语回答和汉语回答有区别.
-You won't have supper, will you 你不吃晚饭了,是吗
-No, I won't.是的,我不吃了.
He went home late yesterday, didn't he 昨天他回家很晚,是吗
The TV set hasn't been repaired, has it 那台电视机还没有修理好,对吗
He has never been to Shanghai, has he 他从没到过上海,对吗
(1)在陈述句中的主语,如果是:something, anything, nothing, everything等时,简短问句的主语用it.
Everything is all right, isn'tit 一切都正常,不是吗
Nothing is wrong, is it 没什么不正常的,对吧
(2)在陈述句中的主语,如果是:anybody, everyone, everybody, somebody, no one等时,简短问句的主语用they或he.
Nobody likes this novel, do they 没有人喜欢这本小说,对吗
Everyone knows him in our class, don't they 我们班每个人都认识他,对吗
Everybody likes Beijing, don't they 大家都喜欢北京,是吗
Anyone knows the answer, doesn't he/ don't they 任何人都知道答案,是吗
(3)陈述句中包含有no, little, never, hardly等词构成否定形式,简短问句应用肯定形式.
We have never argued before, have we 我们过去没争执过,对吧
(4)如果陈述句是there be结构,在疑问尾句中,there可作主语.
There is something wrong, isn't there 出事了,不是吗
There is nobody in the room, is there 房间里没人,对吗
(5)陈述部分是I'm...句型的,附加部分一般是aren't I或ain't I.
I'm quite tall, aren't I/ain't I 我个子挺高,是不是
(6)陈述部分是I wish..结构时,其附加部分用may I构成,前后用肯定式.
I wish to go home, may I 我想要回家,可以吗
(7)陈述部分是祈使句时,附加部分问句一般用will you或won't you.
Give me a hand, will you 帮帮我,好吗
Come in and sit down, won't you 进来坐下,好吗
(8)Let's...后面附加问句,常用shall we/shan't we,有时也用OK.但以let us/me/him开头的祈使句,其后用will you, won't you.
Let's not watch TV before supper, shall we 咱们在晚饭前别看电视,好吗
Let me have a try, will you/won't you 让我试一试,好吗
(9)陈述部分的主句是I think(suppose, expect, believe, imagine...)加that从句时,附加部分的主语与动词要和从句中的谓语保持一致.要注意否定的转移现象.
I don't think he will be back in an hour, will he 我想他不会在一小时内回来,是吗
(10)陈述部分是You'd better...结构时,附加问句应用hadn't you/shouldn't you;若当陈述部分是you'd like...和you'd rather..结构时,附加部分应用wouldn't you.
You'd better come back early, hadn't you/shouldn't you 你最好早点回来,好不好
(11)当陈述句部分中的谓语含有情态动词must时,则要根据must的实际意义来决定附加问句:
当must表示“必须”时,附加问句是“mustn't+主语”.
当must表示“必要”时,附加问句是“needn't+主语”.
当must表示“推测”意义时,附加问句要根据陈述部分的不定式结构采用相应的主动词或助动词形式.
He must work hard next term, mustn't he 下学期他必须努力学习,对不对
They must renew the books, needn't they 他们要重新再借那本书,对不对
(三)祈使句
祈使句是表示请求、命令、建议等的句子,通常也称“无主句”.说话的对象是第二人称you, you常被省略.句末可以用感叹号也可以用句号.
1.肯定祈使句
这种祈使句在初中英语中是常见的句式之一,有时为了加强语气,在动词前加do或在祈使句末尾加上呼语.有时为了表达客气的语气,常在句首或句尾加please.在句尾加时,要用逗号与句子的前部分隔开.
Stop talking!停止说话！
Write down the new words, please.请把生词写下来.
Do be sure to write a letter to me.一定要给我写封信.
2.祈使句的否定式:祈使句的否定式在句首加上don't,有时加never
Don't worry about your son.别为你儿子担心.
Don't talk in class.课上别说话.
3.以let引导的祈使句
以let引导的句子也是一种祈使句,常用来表示建议或表明说话人的态度.如果说话人也参加所讲的动作,则在祈使句前面加Let's. let型祈使句的否定形式有两种:一种是在let前直接加don't,另一种是在let's后加not.
Let us decide whether to go or not.让我们来决定是否要去.
Let's stop now and finish later.咱们今天就到这里,以后再干吧！
Let's not talk about it.我们别谈论它了.
4.以no开头的禁止性祈使句,no后接名词或v.-ing形式.
No photos!禁止拍照！
No parking!禁止停车！
(四)感叹句
1.用来表达说话时的惊异、喜悦、气愤等情绪.感叹句一般以“What(a/an)+名词”或“How+形容词(副词、动词)”开头,句末用“！”
What a good idea(it is)!真是个好主意！
What a lovely boy(he is)!他是一个多可爱的男孩儿！
What an interesting book!多有趣的一本书！
What happy children they are!他们是多幸福的孩子！
How well she speaks English!她英语说得真棒！
How he hated these beasts!他是多么恨这些野兽啊！
How interesting the film is!这部电影是多么有趣啊！
How hard he works!他工作是多么努力啊！
点拨
What引导的感叹句,如名词是可数名词单数,即可用What a/an+形容词＋名词······!
如名词是复数,即可用What+adj.+名词(复数)＋······
如名词是不可数名词,要用What+adj.+名词(不可数)
2.特殊感叹句
(1)在陈述句、祈使句或疑问句句尾加感叹号变成感叹句,表示某种强烈的感情.
He is such a nice man!他真是个好人！
She is so good-natured and so hard-working!她那么善良,那么勤劳！
The garden looks so lovely today!这花园今天真美啊！
(2)疑问句形式的感叹句
有些感叹句采取一般疑问句形式,以否定词开头,句尾用感叹号,在口语中用降调.
Isn't it a lovely view!多美的景色啊！
Wasn't it absurd!真荒谬！
(3)有时,用一个词或词组表示强烈的感情的句子也是感叹句.
Wonderful!太好了！
Really!真的吗！
Dear me!哎呀！
Great Heavens!天哪！
My goodness!我的天啊！
(4)以there、here引导的感叹句.
There she is!她在那儿！
Here he comes!他来了！
Here comes Tom!汤姆来了！
(5)以i或if only开头,表示强烈的愿望或遗憾.if也可表示沮丧、惊奇或恼怒.
If only I had not come back alone!假如我不是一个人回来的就好了！
(6)以may开头,表示愿望.
May you succeed!祝你成功！
May you both be happy!祝二位幸福！
(7)以who开头,表示惊奇.
Who would have thought it!谁能想得到啊！
Who else could have done it!还有谁会做这种事！
三、简单句、并列句、复合句
(一)简单句
简单句是由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成的句子.简单句的五种基本句型
1.主语＋不及物动词(＋状语)
We work.我们工作.
The rain stopped.雨停了.
He can swim.他会游泳.
The child is crying.孩子在哭.
The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起.
Mr. Green works hard.格林先生工作努力.
2.主语＋系动词＋表语
They are students.他们是学生.
The bike is new.那辆自行车是新的.
The map is on the wall.地图在墙上.
The children felt very happy.孩子们感到很高兴.
Beijing is getting more and more beautiful.北京变得越来越美.
3.主语＋及物动词＋宾语(＋状语)
She speaks English,她说英语.
They like the delicious food.他们喜欢美食.
Mr. Wu reads the newspaper.吴先生看报.
We often have dumplings.我们常吃饺子.
What do you have for lunch 你平日午饭吃什么
4.主语＋及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
She bought her son a new coat.她给她儿子买了一件新大衣.
Please tell me the way to the station.请告诉我去车站的路.
5.主语＋及物动词＋宾语＋(宾语)补语He won't let me go.他不让我走.
They called the baby Sarah.他们管那婴儿叫萨拉.
Last night when I passed her room, I heard her singing.昨天晚上,我经过她房间时,听见她在唱歌.
(二)并列句
并列句是由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起而构成的句子.
1.表示并列关系的连接词有and, not only...but also等连词
They talked happily and they forgot to give the money for the coat.他们愉快地谈着,(却)忘记了付衣服钱.
Not only are you funny, but also you are witty.你不仅风趣而且机智.
He did not go, nor did his brother go.他没有去,他的兄弟也没有去.
2.表示转折关系,用连词:but, yet, still, while, however, nevertheless等
It is very good, yet it can be better.这很好,但还可以更好.
Nodding the head means agreement, while shaking it means disagreement.点头表示赞成,而摇头表示不赞成.
A clock has no mouth but it can talk.钟没有嘴,但它能说话.
Summer is hot, but winter is cold here.这儿是夏热冬冷.
The plan had certain weaknesses, nevertheless we decided to adopt.
这个计划虽然有某些缺点,但我们还是决定采纳.
3.表示选择关系,用连词:or, either...or, neither...nor, not...but, or else, otherwise等
Hurry up, or you'll miss the train.快一点,要不然赶不上火车了.
Either you are right, or I am.要么你对,要么我对.
Milk must be kept in a cool place, or else it will go bad.牛奶要放在阴凉地方,否则会变坏.
Neither has he improved his work, nor is he willing to.他既没有改进他的工作,而且也不愿意改进.
Do it now, otherwise it will be too late.现在就干,要不就太迟了.
4.表示因果关系,用连词:for, so, therefore等
My father did his work carefully, so he never made any mistakes.我父亲工作很认真,所以他从不出差错.
She might be ill, for she is absent from school.她没有来上学,可能是病了.
You are in the right, therefore we should support you.你是对的,所以我们应当支持你.
(三)复合句
复合句是指有两个或更多的主谓结构,其中有一个或多个主谓结构充当句子的某一或一些成分,如主语、宾语、表语、定语、同位语等.在这里我们只列举含宾语从句和状语从句的复合句.
1.宾语从句
在复合句中用作宾语的从句,叫做宾语从句.引导宾语从句的有:连词that(that可省略),whether/if;连接代词who, what, which, whose;连接副词when, where, why, how等.
(1)动词宾语从句.
能跟这类宾语从句的常见动词有:see, say, tell, answer, know, decide, find out, suggest, wonder, show, discuss, understand, advise等.
She said that she would come.她说她要来的.
Li Lei asked Jim why his family moved to France.李磊问吉姆为什么他家搬到法国.
Could you tell me how I can get to the zoo 您可以告诉我怎么去动物园吗
Whom do you think I met this morning 你猜我今天早上碰见谁了
She understood what I was talking about.她理解了我谈话的内容.
点拨
当主句的谓语动词是think, believe, suppose, imagine时,如果宾语从句要表示否定意义,往往通过否定主句来实现,这叫做“否定的转移”.主句的主语通常是I或we,谓语动词通常是一般现在时.
I don't think it's necessary to buy a bigger computer.我认为没有必要买一台较大的微机.
But I don't think chickens can swim.但是我想鸡不会游泳.
(2)介词宾语从句.
宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语.
She was never satisfied with what she had got.她从不满足于她已取得的.
She always thinks of how she can help those handicapped children to go to school.
她总是想如何能帮助残疾儿童上学.
(3)形容词之后的宾语从句.
形容词sure, glad, certain, afraid, pleased, happy等之后也可跟宾语从句.
I'm glad(that) you have come.我很高兴你来了.
I am sure that you will be a success in the future.我确信你将来会成功.
I'm afraid that you can't catch the train.我恐怕你赶不上火车了.
(4)主句与从句的时态.
宾语从句的时态原则上应与主句的时态保持一致.
①当主句是一般现在时时,宾语从句可根据实际情况使用任何时态.
I know that she will leave China tomorrow.我知道她明天将离开中国.
He believes that he has learned enough.他相信他学到了足够多的东西.
②当主句是过去时态时,宾语从句须用过去时态的某种形式.
She told people (that)Franz Liszt was her teacher.她对人们说弗朗兹·李斯特是她的老师.
He asked whose handwriting was the best.他问谁的书法最好.
③当宾语从句表示的是一个客观事实或真理时,即使主句是过去时,从句也用一般现在时态.
My father told me the sun rises in the east.爸爸告诉我太阳从东方升起.
(5)宾语从句的连接.
①当宾语从句是陈述句时,用that引导.
I know that you are a student.我知道你是一名学生.
He told us that he had been to America four times.他告诉我们他去过美国四次.
②当宾语从句是一般疑问句时,构成宾语从句用whether/if连接,句尾标点符号取决于主句.
Let me know whether you are coming.告诉我你是否要来.
He asked me if(whether) I knew John.他问我是否认识约翰.
I want to know whether(if)he lives there.我想知道他是否在那儿住.
点拨
当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时,连接词就用原特殊疑问词,但一定要注意从句的语序是陈述句语序,时态与主句相呼应,句末标点符号由主句决定.
2.状语从句
状语从句在整个复合句中起状语作用,用来修饰主句中的谓语动词、形容词或副词,有时用来修饰整个句子.它通常可以分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、原因状语从句、让步状语从句和结果状语从句8种.
(1)时间状语从句.
表示时间的状语从句,常由下列从属连词或短语引导
when 当······时 while在······过程中
after在·····之后 till(until)直到······,直到······才
the moment······就····· hardly...when刚······就
as一边······一边;当······时 before在······以前
as soon as-······就 since 自从······以来
no sooner...than刚······就
①when引导的从句:表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生,或主句的动作发生在从句之前.如:
It was raining when we arrived.我们到达时,天正下着雨.
The train had left when I got to the station.当我到达车站时,火车已经开走了.
②as引导的从句:表“当······时”,或“一边······一边······”;主句和从句的动作同时发生,强调伴随.
She went out as I entered the room.在我进入房间时,她走了出去.
He sings as he goes along.他一边走路,一边唱歌.
③while引导的从句:表示“当······过程中”,强调某一段时间内主句和从句中谓语动词所表示的动作在同一时期发生.
My mother was cooking while I was doing my homework.在我写作业时,我妈妈正在做饭.
I fell asleep while I was reading.我看着看着书睡着了.
④before引导的从句:一般主句的动作发生在从句之前.
Turn off the light before you go out.出去前,要关灯.
I said goodbye before I left.在我离开之前,我道了别.
We won't leave before she comes back.她回来后我们再离开.
⑤as soon as和the moment引导的从句:表示“－······就······”.
I'll tell you about it as soon as school is over.一放学我就告诉你这件事.
Buy your ticket as soon as you get to the station.你一到车站就买票.
⑥after引导的从句:表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后.
We found the letter long after he had gone away.他出去很久以后,我们才发现那封信.
I went to bed at about ten after I did my homework.我做完家庭作业之后大约十点钟去睡觉的.
⑦since引导的从句:表示“自从······以来”.
Where have you been since I saw you last 自从上次我见到你以后,你到哪里去了
Mr. Smith has never been to the cinema since he came to Guilin.
史密斯先生自从来到桂林以后从未去看过电影.
⑧在由“...until/till...”引导的时间状语从句中,当主句的谓语动词是短暂性动词时,主句须用否定结构;当主句的谓语动词是延续性动词时,主句则不一定用否定结构.
till和until均可用在“..until/till...”句型中,但在句型“Not until...”和“It was not until...that从句”中只用until,不用till.如:
It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散会之后他才开始教我英语.
She did not go to bed until/till he came back at 11 o'clock last night.昨晚她直到他11点回来才睡觉.
Please wait here until I come back.请在这儿等我,直到我回来.
⑨no sooner..than和hardly...when引导的从句:表示“刚······就······”.
从句中的动词一般用过去完成时,而主句中的动词一般用过去时.从句常倒装,把助动词had提到主语前面.
Hardly had I sat in the chair when someone knocked at the door.我刚坐下,就有人敲门.
(2)地点状语从句.
表示地点的状语从句,常由下列从属连词引导
where在·····地方 wherever无论在哪里
We should go where we are needed.我们应该到需要我们的地方去.
You can take it with you wherever you go.不论走到什么地方,你都可随身携带它.
(3)条件状语从句.
表示条件的状语从句,常由下列从属连词或连词词组引导
if假如,如果 unless 除非
suppose 倘若 (as)/so long as 只要
If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we are going to the Great Wall.如果明天不下雨,我们就去长城.
I'll help you today if you help me tomorrow.如果明天你帮助我,今天我就帮助你.
If you are tired, you may go to bed.你如果累了,就去睡觉.
He won't be able to catch up with us unless he runs faster.他不可能赶上我们,除非他跑得更快一些.
Suppose we fail, what shall we do next 倘若我们失败了,下一步我们要做什么
As long as we don't lose heart, we'll find a way to overcome the difficulty.
只要我们不灰心,我们就能找到克服困难的方法.
点拨
条件状语从句同时间状语从句一样,谓语动词常用一般现在时表示将来,当从句中的主语是人时,谓语动词可能会出现will do形式,但此处的will不表示将来而表示意愿.
(4)目的状语从句.
目的状语从句通常是指由so that, in order that引导的从句,从句中有情态动词can, could, will, would, may, might等.
People eat so that they may live.人们吃,目的是为了活.
My brother ran all the way to the station so that he wouldn't miss the train.
我弟弟(哥哥)一路跑到车站,以便能赶上火车.
I want to sit near the window so that I can see these words clearly.我要坐在窗口附近,以便能看清字.
They talked in a low voice in order that they should not be heard.他们谈话的声音很低,有意不让别人听见.
(5)比较状语从句.
表示比较的状语从句,常用下列从属连词引导
as...as 像······一样 not so...as同······不一样 more...than 比······更
①as...as表示:A同B一样······.为避免重复,从句中经常省略与主句相同的部分.
Guilin is as beautiful as Hangzhou.桂林和杭州一样美.
He worked nearly as fast as a skilled worker.他干得像熟练工人一样快.
②not so...as表示:A不如B(A同B不一样).
It is not so cold today as yesterday.今天不如昨天冷.
It isn't quite so good as I thought.它不如我原先想的那样好.
③more...than表示:A比B更······.
Tom works harder than any other student in his class.汤姆比他班上任何一名学生都努力学习.
Canada is a little bigger than the United states.加拿大比美国稍大一点儿.
(6)原因状语从句.
原因状语从句由because(因为),since(由于;既然),as(因为)从属连词引导.because语气强,回答“why”提问的问题.
I won't go with you because I am busy doing my homework now.我不能跟你去,因为我正忙于做作业.
Because it was wet, I didn't go out for a walk.因为地湿,我没有出去散步.
He didn't buy it, because it was expensive.因为太贵了,他没有买.
Since a lot of people make mistakes in life, Mr. Smith wanted to give John a chance.
既然许多人一生中会犯错误,史密斯先生决定给约翰一次机会.
As he did not know much English, he got out his dictionary and looked up the word" cough".
由于他英语懂得不多,他拿出词典来查“cough”这个词.
点拨
because, since, as, for的用法区别
(1)because表示直接的原因或理由,表示原因的语气最强,常表示必然的因果关系.回答以why引起的特殊疑问句,只能用because.
(2)since表示对方已经知晓,无须加以说明的原因或事实,语气比because稍弱.
(3)as表示的往往是十分明显的原因,听者或读者已经知道或能看得出来,语气较弱,比较口语化.
(4)for是并列连词,它引导的分句不表示直接的原因,而是用来附带解释或说明前面一句的情况.for引导的分句常位于第一分句之后,它们之间用逗号隔开.
(7)让步状语从句.
让步状语从句通常由although/though(虽然······但是······),even if(即使),however(无论怎样),whatever(无论什么),no matter who(无论是谁)等引导,我们在这里只讨论由although/though引导的让步状语从句.如:
Though he is young, he knows a lot.他虽然年岁小,但知道的很多.
Though he has walked a long way, he does not look a bit tired.
他虽然走了那么长的路,但看上去一点儿不疲倦.
We enjoyed ourselves, although (though) the weather was bad.虽然天气不好,可是我们玩得很开心.
Though we know that clean air is important, we are not doing enough to keep it clean.
尽管我们知道清洁的空气很重要,但我们并没有尽力去保持空气的清洁.
Although it was cold,(yet)I went swimming.尽管冷,我还是去游泳了.
No matter who asks for her help. She is ready to help.无论谁请她帮忙,她都愿意帮助.
点拨
although和though引导的让步状语从句可以进行句式转换,即把从句中的形容词、名词或副词前置,然后把although/though改成as.
Though Australia is very large, much of the land is sand.=Large as Australia is, much of the land is sand.
澳大利亚虽然很大,但有大部分陆地是沙地.
(8)结果状语从句.
表示结果的状语从句,通常用下列从属连词引导
so(结果)因此、所以 that(结果)使得
so that (结果)所以 so...that 如此······以致(so后面跟形容词或副词)
such...that 如此······以致(such后面跟名词)
It was very warm, so that people could swim in rivers and lakes.天气很暖和,人们可以到湖里河里游泳.
The weather is so nice that all of us want to go to the park.天气那么好,我们大家都想去公园玩.
He has so many books that I don't know which one I should borrow.他有那么多书,我不知道该借哪一本.
点拨
(1)在so...that与such...that中间出现的是单数名词,且该名词前有形容词修饰时,这两种结构可互换,但要注意它们的词序不同:such+a/an+形容词＋名词＝so+形容词＋a/an+名词.
(2)如果被修饰的是不可数名词或复数可数名词时,一般须用such...that.
(3)如果不可数名词或复数可数名词前有many, much, little, few修饰时,则用so...that.
好题精练
一、对句中斜体字部分提问,并将下列句子改为特殊疑问句
1.The Blacks hoped to visit that school again.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
2.Tom often swims in this lake in summer.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
3.You may keep these books for two months.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
4.Ann didn't go to school yesterday because she was ill.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
5.He visited Shanghai with his two sisters.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
答案:
1.Who hoped to visit that school again
2.What does Tom often do in summer
3.How long may I keep these books
4.Why didn't Ann go to school yesterday
5.Who (whom) did he visit Shanghai with
二、读下列短文,仿照示例补全反义疑问句,并回答问题
Everybody loved eating at the corner coffee shop. One of the reasons was Lily, the waitress. She was always friendly. Nothing seemed to worry her. Lily smiled at all of the people in the shop and always got the orders right. Even on a rainy day, Lily's sweet smile would make everyone happy.
示例:This story is about sad people, isn't it →No, it isn't. It's about Lily, the waitress.
1.Lilywas not friendly,____________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
2.Lily only smiled at her boss, ____________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
3.Lily didn't get the orders right. ____________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
4.Lily didn't work in a coffee shop, ____________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
5.Lily wasn't a good waitress, ____________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
答案:
1.was she Yes, she was. She was very friendly.
2.didn't she No, she didn't. She smiled at all the people in the shop.
3.did she Yes, she did. She always got the orders right.
4.did she Yes, she did. She worked in a coffee shop.
5.was she Yes, she was. She was a very good waitress.
三、选择填空
1.-Thank you for helping me.
-__________ .
A. You are welcomed B. It's a pleasure
C. It's a small thing D. I'll appreciate it
2.“Isn't your uncle an engineer ”“ __________”
A. No, he isn't B. No, he is
C. Yes, he isn't D. Yes, he does
3.So you have done your homework, __________ you
A. have B. haven't C. do D. don't
4.-That television__________ expensive.
-Do you know__________
A. ought to be; how much it costs
B. may be; how much costs it
C. must be; how much it costs
D. need be; how much does it cost
5.The Yangtze River is__________ the Pearl River.
A. three times long as
B. three times as long as
C. as three times longer as
D. as long three times as
答案:
1-5BABCB
四、翻译下列句子
1.-你叔叔是工人还是农民 －他是工人.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
2.-澳大利亚队和朝鲜队哪个强 －可能朝鲜队强些.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
3.-你上学是乘公共汽车还是骑自行车 －都不是.我走着去.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
4.-李明、王方和刘东,谁的个子高 －李明高.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
5.别说话了,我们做练习吧！
____________________________________________________________________________________________
6.我口渴了,请给我一杯水.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
7.她跳舞跳得多好啊！
____________________________________________________________________________________________
8.我们听了一个多好的报告啊！
____________________________________________________________________________________________
答案:
1.-Is your uncle a worker or a peasant -He's a worker.
2.-Which is stronger, the Australian Team or the North Korean Team -Perhaps the North Korean Team is.
3.-How do you go to school, by bus or by bike -Neither. I go to school on foot.
4.-Who's the tallest, Li Ming, Wang Fang or Liu Dong -Li Ming is.
5.Stop talking. Let's do some exercises.
6.I'm thirsty. Give me a glass of water, please.
7.How well she dances!
8.What a good lecture we've had!