第十七章It和there be句型（思维导图+知识梳理+好题精炼）2022-2023初中英语中考语法归纳

第十七章 It和there be句型
思维导图
知识梳理
一、It的用法
在英语中,it的使用相当广泛,它既可以用作代词,也可用作引导词,还可用在强调结构中.
(一)作人称代词
这时it指前面已经提到过的人或事物.
-Where is the cat -猫在哪儿
-It is lying under the chair.-它躺在椅子下面.
He took off the first shoe and threw it on the floor.他脱下第一只鞋子,把它扔在地板上.
I've seen the film Gone with the Wind, It is very interesting.我看过电影《飘》.这部电影很有意思.
(二)作非人称代词
1.当说话者不清楚或无必要知道说话对象的性别时,也可以用it指代.
Is it a boy or a girl 是男孩还是女孩
There is someone knocking at the door. Who is it 有人敲门.是谁呢
2.it除可代替事物外,还可指时间、天气、距离、重量、状况或其他情况等
It's time for class.是上课的时候了.
It's warm today.今天天气暖和.It weighs 350 pounds.重量为350磅.
3.it有时不确指
How's it going with you 你近况如何
It was dull when Mary was away.玛丽不在,真没劲.
How is it going 情况怎么样
4.it还可用于强调结构
英语常用的强调结构为it is(was)+被强调部分(主语、宾语或状语)＋who(that)....一般说来,被强调部分指人时用who(that),指物时用that.
It is Li Lei that cleaned the classroom.是李雷打扫了教室.
It was yesterday that l bought the book.我是昨天买这本书的.
(三)作形式主语
为了避免将句中作真实主语的不定式短语、-ing分词短语和主语从句置于句首造成头重脚轻,习惯上用it作形式主语来指代后面的真实主语.
1.代替不定式短语
It is wrong to tell a lie.说谎是不对的.
It is necessary to buy that dictionary.有必要买下那本词典.
2.代替-ing分词短语
It is no use going there so early.这么早去那里没用.
It is no use learning without thinking.学而不思则罔.
3.代替主语从句
It is said that Mary is leaving for London tomorrow.据说玛丽明天要动身前往伦敦.
It is certain that we shall succeed.我们一定会成功.
(四)作形式宾语
当复合宾语中是以不定式短语、-ing分词短语或名词从句作宾语时,常用it作形式宾语,而把真正的宾语放在宾语补足语之后.
1.代替不定式短语
He thought it best to put on his cap.他认为最好还是戴上帽子.
I consider it important to ask the teacher.我认为问老师问题很重要.
We make it a rule to take a walk after supper.我们习惯于在晚饭后散步.
2.代替-ing分词短语
Do you consider it any good trying again 你觉得再试会有好处吗
I found it no use arguing with him.我发现和他辩论没有用.
3.代替宾语从句
Didn't I make it clear to you that I was not coming 我不是向你明确表示过我不来了吗
We found it strange that no one would take the money. 我们感到很奇怪,谁也不要这笔钱.
二、there be句型
(一)there be句型的用法
英语中有一个独特的句型叫There be句型,表示某事物或人的存在关系.其结构是:There be+某人／某物＋某地.There叫引导词,在句中不充当任何成分,译成汉语时,也不必译出,句中的主语是某人或某物,谓语动词be要与主语的数一致.当主语是由两个或两个以上的名词充当时,谓语动词be要跟它相邻的那个名词的数一致.
1.there be句型的肯定式
There were two books and three boxes on the table.桌上有两本书,三个盒子.
There are five different time zones in the States.在美国有5个不同的时区.
2.there be句型的否定式
“There be”结构的否定式是在be后加not或no.
There are not any boats on the lake.湖上没有船.
There were no classes this afternoon.今天下午没有课.
3.there be句型的疑问句
Is there anything I can do for you 我能为你做点什么吗
What scenic spots are there in Shanghai 上海有什么风景区
Are there many students in the classroom 教室里有许多学生吗
4.there be句型的反义疑问句
There be句型的反义疑问句的构成为“There be+主语＋其他,be(not)there ”.这与一般情况下的反义疑问句的构成是不同的.
There will be a big snow tomorrow, won't there 明天将有一场大雪,是吗
There is little milk at home, is there 家里没牛奶了,是吗
(二)there be句型需注意的几个问题
1.如果有两个或两个以上的主语,谓语动词be常和最靠近的那个主语在数上一致
There is a pen, two books and many pencils on the desk.桌子上有一支钢笔,两本书和许多铅笔.
There are two books, a pen and many pencils on the desk.
桌子上有两本书、一支钢笔和许多铅笔.
2.“there be”结构中的be可以有不同的时态,而且可以和助动词连用
There may be some dangerous animals on this island.这个岛上可能有些危险的动物.
There must be something wrong.一定是出了什么差错.
3.在这个结构中除用动词be之外,有时还可以用和be意义相近的其他动词像live, exist, stand, lie, occur, come ,remain等
Once there lived a lion in a forest.从前,森林里有只狮子.
There has occurred an accident on the road.马路上发生了事故.
There stands a beautiful mountain near the village.村旁有座美丽的山.
4.动词be还可与happen to, appear to, seem to, be going to, be sure to, be certain to, be likely to等“半助动词”相结合构成“there be”结构中的谓语
There happened to be a ruler here.这儿碰巧有把尺子.
There seemed to be lots of people there.那儿似乎有很多人.
There's certain to be trouble in the factory.工厂里肯定会有麻烦.
There's likely to be a large audience.可能会有很多听众.
(三)there be句型与have的用法区别
1.there be句型表示“存在关系”而have表示“所有、拥有关系”
He has a lot of friends.他有许多朋友.(所有)
She has seven sons.她有7个儿子.(拥有)
There are more than 2000 students in our school.我们学校有2000多学生.(存在)
2.当have表示“包括,存在”时,可以用there be句型替换
The year has four seasons.=There are four seasons in a year.一年有四季.
Beijing has many universities.=There are many universities in Beijing.北京有许多大学.
3.用have侧重主观,用there be侧重客观存在
I have a message for you.我给你带来个口信.
There is a message for you.有你的一个口信
4.当have的主语是人称意义很淡薄的we, they时,可以用there be句型替换.多出现在口语中.在这种情况下,用there be的句子中多数有介词短语,表示时间、地点、目的等.这时have表示“所有”的含义比较含糊或淡薄,主要是表示客观存在.有时,在have的宾语后还可能是不定式或分词短语
We've had a lot of rain lately.
There has been a lot of rain lately.最近下了很多雨.
好题精练
一、用it改写下列句子
1.To learn Chinese is difficult for a foreigner.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
2.Talking to him is no use.
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3.To spend a day on the beach is really great fun.
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4.The railway station is only three miles from the airport.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
5.For one to learn a foreign language in three months' time seems impossible.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
答案:
1.It is difficult for a foreigner to learn Chinese.
2.It is no use talking to him.
3.It is really great fun to spend a day on the beach.
4.It is only three miles from the airport to the railway station.
5.It seems impossible for one to learn a foreign language in three months 'time.
二、选择括号内的正确答案,注意存在句(there be)要主谓一致
( )1.There (is, are) some pens on Jack's desk.
( )2.There (is, are) many kinds of birds in the world.
( )3.There (is, are) a lot of problems in the country.
( )4.There (isn't, aren't) any mail for you today.
( )5.There (isn't, aren't) any letters in the mail for you today.
( )6.How many kinds of animals (is, are) there in this area
答案:
1.are 2.are 3,are 4.isn't 5.aren't 6.are
三、用there be结构和It结构翻译下列句子
1.街道两旁矗立着许多高楼.
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2.剧院有什么可看的
____________________________________________________________________________________________
3.我们学校前面有一个湖.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
4.你家有几口人
____________________________________________________________________________________________
5.这儿曾经有一个国王.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
6.我们要在几个月内学好一门外语是不可能的.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
7.你这么说,真是心肠好.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
8.众所周知,桂林是一个美丽的地方.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
9.和他一起工作很难.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
答案:
1.There stand a lot of tall buildings on both sides of the street.
2.What is there to see at the theatre
3.There lies a lake in front of our school.
4.How many people are there in your family
5.Once there lived a king here.
6.It is impossible for us to learn a foreign language well within a few months.
7.It's kind of you to say so.
8.It is well-known that Guilin is a beautiful place.
9.It is very difficult to work with him,